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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

REVo F. J. BAINE

KING'S

NEW VORK

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•AM OUTLIME HISTORY

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THE MATTHEWS-NORTHRUP CO., COMPUTE ART-PRINTING WORKS, BUFFALO, N. Y.

PAGES.

Index.— An extensive detailed list of pictures and complete index to subjects, names,

etc., is at the close of the volume 909-928

Historical.— New York of the Past, from the Earliest Times to tne Present, . . . 5-44
New York of the Present.— A Comprehensive Outline Description of the Whole

City — Area, Population, Wealth, Statistics, etc , 45-66

The Water Ways.— The Harbor and Rivers — Piers and Shipping — Fortifications

and Quarantine — Exports and Imports — Oceanic and Coastwise Lines, etc., . . 67-96

Transportation and Transit. — Railroads, Steam, Elevated, Cable, Horse and

Electric — Stages, etc., 97-126

Thoroughfares and Adornments. — Streets, Avenues, Boulevards, Alleys, Ways,

Parks, Squares, Drives, Monuments, Statues, Fountains, etc., 127-168

Overhead and Underfoot. — Bridges, Tunnels, Sewers, Water, Aqueducts, Reser-
voirs, Lighting by Gas and Electricity, Telegraph, Telephone, etc., 169-196

Life in the Metropolis. — Hotels, Inns, Cafes, Restaurants, Apartment-Houses,

Flats, Homes, Tenements, etc., 197-220

The Rule of the City. — The City, County, State and National Governments — Offi-
cers and Buildings, Courts, etc., 221-240

The General Culture. — Educational Institutions— Universities, Colleges, Academies,

and Seminaries ; and Public, Private and Parochial Schools and Kindergartens, . 241-272

The Higher Culture. — Art Museums and Galleries, Scientific, Literary, Musical and

Kindred Institutions, Societies and Organizations, 273-292

The Literary Culture. — Libraries, Public, Club, Society and Private, 293-302

Shrines of Worship. — Cathedrals, Churches, Synagogues, and other Places of

Religious Worship and Work, 303-382

Charity and Benevolence. — Institutions and Associations for the Poor and Unfor-
tunate— Homes and Asylums, and Temporary Relief , 383-418

The Sanitary Organizations. — Board of Health and Health Statistics — Hospitals,

Dispensaries, Morgue, Curative Institutions, Insane and other Asylums, .... 419-452

Reformatories and Corrections. — The Police Courts, Prisons, House of Refuge,

Penitentiaries, Work-House, House of Correction, etc., 453-464

Final Resting-Places. — Cemeteries, Burial-Places, Crematories, Church Yards and

Vaults, Tombs, etc., 465-482

Defense and Protection. — Police Department, Military and Militia, Army and Pen-
sion Offices, Fire Department, Fire Patrol, Detectives, etc , 483-502

Sociability and Friendship. — Clubs and Social Associations, Secret and Friendship

Organizations, 5°3_532

Amusement Places. — Play-Houses, Opera-Houses, Theatres, Public Halls, Muse-
ums, Outdoor Sports, etc., 533-564

Journalism and Publishing. — Newspapers and Periodicals, Book, Music and other

Publishing 565-592

Fire and Marine Insurance. — Offices and Companies for assuming losses by fires

and transit and Fire and Marine Underwriters' Associations, 593-614

Life-Insurance. — Companies for protection of widows, orphans and others, and for

providing incomes in advanced age, etc., and Life-Insurance Associations, . . . 615-634

Miscellaneous Insurance. — Companies for providing against accidents, explosions.

broken plate-glass, dishonest employees, loss of salaries, and for furnishing bonds, 635-642
Financial Institutions. — United-States Treasury and Assay Office, Clearing House,

National and State Banks, Bankers, Brokers, etc., 643-702

Fiduciary Institutions.— Trust and Investment Companies, Savings-Banks, Safe-
Deposit Companies, etc., 703-730

Financial and Commercial Associations. — The Custom House, Chamber of Com-
merce, the Stock, Produce, Cotton and other Exchanges, Board of Trade, Mercan-
tile and other Agencies, Warehouses and Markets, 731-762

Architectural Features. — Development in Architecture — Notable Office-Buildings

and Business Blocks. 763-786

Notable Retail Establishments. — Interesting and prominent Retail Concerns, nearly

all being unquestioned leading houses in their respective lines, 787-810

Notable Wholesale Establishments. — Some gigantic Firms and Corporations,

whose yearly transactions involve millions of dollars and extend over the earth, . 811-848

Notable Manufacturers. — An outline history of some preeminent industries car-
ried on or represented in New York, 849-908

ELECTRONIC VERSIOi
AVAILABLE

PREFACE. U1Z

NEVER before has any one put forth an illustrated history and
description of New-York City in a single volume at all compar-
able with " King's Handbook." This volume contains exactly 928
pages, more than 850 illustrations, thirty chapters, and an index of
twenty pages with 60 columns, containing over 4,600 items and about
20,000 references. The text furnishes an elaborate but condensed his-
tory and description of the city itself, and also of every notable public
institution and especially interesting feature. The illustrations give
many reminders of the past, and furnish an extensive series of pictures
of the present city, to an extent many times beyond that of any volume
yet published. Every plate has been made expressly for this book, and
so were nearly all of the original photographs. The whole has been care-
fully printed on an exceptionally fine quality of paper. Altogether, it
is the handsomest, the most thorough, the largest, the most costly,
and the most profusely illustrated book of its class ever issued for
any city in the world. Moreover, at its retail price of One Dollar, it
is the cheapest book of any class ever offered to the public.

The text has been prepared with the utmost care, and is the result
of the painstaking work of many individuals, chiefly of Moses Foster
Sweetser, four chapters ; Henri Pene du Bois, six chapters ; William
Henry Burbank, four chapters ; Lyman Horace Weeks, seven chapters ;
Henry Edward Wallace, two chapters ; John Collins Welch, two chap-
ters ; and one chapter each from Louis Berg and Charles Putnam
Tower. The manuscript has undergone a thorough revision at the
hands of several thousand people, each of whom is an authority on the
particular portion submitted to him, and the book thus becomes an
authentic volume. The text has been amplified, rectified, and verified
by Mr. Sweetser, the foremost American in this special field of litera-
ture. Valuable general assistance has also been given by Mr. Tower.

4 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Historical works, newspapers, special reports and hundreds of other
sources of information, entirely too numerous to permit of specific
acknowledgment, have been utilized.

The illustrations are almost wholly from specially-made photographs,
upwards of fifteen hundred negatives having been made by Arthur
Chiar, who has shown most remarkable skill in photographing exceed-
ingly difficult subjects. Some photographs were also made by Frank E.
Parshley, John S. Johnston, C. C. Langill and others. The designs for
the cover lining papers and the series of bird's-eye views were made
by the New-York Photogravure Company, the President of which is
Ernest Edwards. The outside cover design is by Ludwig S. Ipsen, of
Boston.

The entire mechanical work from cover to cover with slight excep-
tions, was done by The Matthews-Northrup Company, the famous Art-
Printers of Buffalo, whose establishment is one of the most complete of
the kind in the world, and whose President, George E. Matthews, and
Art-manager, Charles E. Sickels, are entitled to much of the credit for
the artistic effect of this volume.

If it were usual to dedicate a volume of this character, this one
would be dedicated to Charles F. Clark, the President of The Brad-
street Company, to whom I am indebted for substantial aid, valuable
suggestions, and hearty encouragement.

And now, after more than a year's solid labor, and an expenditure of
nearly Twenty-five Thousand Dollars, this first edition of " King's Hand-
book of New-York City" is submitted to the public, with the hope that
it will be found to be :

"Good enough for any body,
Cheap enough for everybody,"

and that the appreciation of the public will necessitate many editions.

MOSES KING, Editor and Publisher.
Boston, Sept. i, 1892.

USF3 Corrections and suggestions for future editions are invited.

New York of the Past, from the Earliest
Times to the Present.

^V^^^^^Wi^ T^HE HISTORY of the city of New York, in its

^%\ f^^^'S^^^ ^ Dutch, British, and American periods, abounds in

^v/ £^sf^ "^0^ episodes of deep interest, illustrating the development

$ \ ^f^^^^\^ °f a petty fur-trading post into the great cosmopolitan

metropolis of the Western Hemisphere. Many ponder-
ous volumes have been devoted to this worthy theme,
with a wealth of illustration and much grace of literary style ; and yet but a part of
the wonderful story has been told. In this brief chapter an attempt is made to exhibit
a few vignettes from the nearly three centuries of annals pertaining to the Empire
City, and to give a few intimations of her lines of advance and of successful endeavor.
Manhattan was the original place-name. Munnok was an Indian word for
"island"; in Abenaqui, Menatan; in Delaware, Menatey; in Chippewa, Minis.
Thus Grand Menan, in the Bay of Fundy ; and Manati, the ancient Indian name
of Long Island ; and Manisees, the old name of Block Island. Menatan was any
small island ; Menates or Manisees, the small island. The island on which New
York stands was sometimes spoken of as tlthe island," Manate, or Manhatte ;
sometimes as "a small island," Manathan, Menatan, or Manhatan y and some-
times as "t/ie small island," Man/iaates, Manattes, and Manados. The same root
appears in Manhanset, Montauk (Manati-auke), and other Indian place-names.
Campanius speaks of " Manataannng, or Manaates, a place settled by the Ditch,
.who built there a clever little town, which went on increasing every day."

The first recorded visitor to this jocund region was Verrazano, a Florentine
navigator and traveller, who was serving at that time as a French corsair. He
sailed from Brittany in the Danphine, in 1524, and cruised up the American coast

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

DUTCH MAP OF NEW YORK, 1656.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 7

from Cape Fear to New-York Bay, where his ship lay at anchor for a few days,
sending boats up the river and meeting a kindly reception from the natives. There
is a tradition that ships of the Dutch Greenland Company entered the North River
in 1598, and wintered there, the crews dwelling in a fort which they had con-
structed on the. shore.

But the first practical and undoubted discovery of our harbor and river was due
to Henry Hudson, an English mariner, at that time in the employ of a Holland
trading corporation. In 1609 the Dutch East India Company sent Hudson out on
a voyage of discovery ; and after making landfalls at Newfoundland, Penobscot
Bay, Cape Cod and Delaware Bay, he entered the harbor of New York. In his little
ship, the Halve-Maen ("Half-Moon "), with the orange, white and blue flag of
Holland floating from the mast, the bold explorer ascended the Hudson River,
through the mountains, nearly to the site of Albany, trading with the native tribes

DUTCH COTTAGE AT NEW YORK, 1679.

on the way. He had hoped and fancied that the grand stream might be the long-
sought northwest passage to the East Indies ; and when the shoaling water above
Albany indicated that it was but an ordinary river, he turned about and dropped
down the stream and spread his sails for Europe. He carried back the report that
the new-found country contained many fur-bearing animals ; and the dwellers under
the cold northern skies of Holland needed and prized furs for winter clothing. The
very next year some Dutch merchants sent out a ship to trade here, and in its crew
were several of the sailors of the Half-Moon. In 1611 Adriaen Block visited Man-
hattan, and carried thence to Europe two sons of an Indian chief, the first New-
Yorkers to visit the Old World. The next year Block and Christiaensen were sent
across in the Tiger and the Fortune, by several enterprising Amsterdam merchants,
to open trade at Manhattan. Christiaensen built Fort Nassau, near the site of
Albany, and started a flourishing trade with the Mohawks ; and erected a group of
log huts near the southern point of Manhattan (45 Broadway) ; and Block built
here a vessel, the Onrust (or "Restless"), in which he explored the coast eastward

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

to Block Island. This brave little vessel was the pioneer of the vast commerce of
New York, which has since that day borne its flags over all seas, and to the remotest
ports of both hemispheres.

In 1614 the States-General chartered the United New-Netherland Company, of
Amsterdam merchants, to traffic here for three years ; and under the orders of this
corporation traders penetrated far inland, and the treaty of Tawasentha was con-
cluded with the Indians. In 1 62 1 the Dutch Government chartered the West India

"THE DUKE'S PLAN," MADE FOR JAMES, DUKE OF YORK, ABOUT 1664.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 9

Company, with the powers of making treaties, maintaining courts, and employing
soldiers ; and three years later their ship New Netherland entered the North River,
bearing a colony of 1 10 Walloons, or people of French origin from southern Holland!
Some of these stayed at Manhattan, and others scattered throughout the country.

Nearly all who had come to Manhattan hitherto were transient fur-traders and
servants of the company. The Walloon immigration marks the first real and per-
manent colonization of the new land, as a place of homes. The new-comers

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BRADFORD'S MAP OF NEW YORK, 1728.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

brought their families, and also horses and cattle, sheep and swine, and farming
implements and seed.

In 1625 came the first specimen of the New-York girl, now the delight of two
hemispheres, in the diminutive person of Sarah Rapaelje, "the first-born Christian
daughter " in the colony. The first white male child born on Manhattan Island was
Jean Vigne, who appeared in 1614. His mother owned a farm at the corner of Wall
and Pearl streets, and on the hill back of it stood a great windmill. Vigne was a
farmer and brewer, and three times schepen of the town. He left no children.

The first director sent out by the West India Company to govern its North-River
trading-post was Captain Mey ; who was succeeded, in 1625, by William Verhulst.
A year later four ships arrived, bringing fresh relays of colonists and 103 head of
cattle.

In 1626 the Sea-Mew arrived in the harbor, bringing Peter Minuit, the new
Director-General, and the first of the four notable rulers of the colony. His earliest
official act was the purchase of Manhattan Island from the savages, the payment

being in beads,
"?1

buttons and other
trinkets to the
value of 60 guild-
ers (or $24). This
policy of purchas-
ing land from the
Indians was fol-
lowed by all the
Dutch rulers and
colonists.

Manhattan was
then a forest-
bordered island,
swampy along the
shores, and rising

inland to low hills crowned with oaks and hickories. On the line of Canal Street
tidal marshes and ponds stretched from river to river, and were covered with
sea-water at high tide. Wolves and panthers prowled among the rugged ledges
and dense thickets beyond, whence an occasional bear sallied forth to dine at ease
on the Netherland sheep ; and hungry deer ran swiftly southward to trample down
the settlers' crops, and enjoy the taste of their corn and wheat. Near the Battery
stood a group of the mean precursors of the vast cosmopolitan civilization which
was destined to rise on this site ; and farther up the island, a few groups of wigwams
and communal houses stood in the open valleys, near the corn and tobacco fields
of the aborigines. The houses of the Dutch trading-post were of one story, includ-
ing two rooms, with chimneys of wood, roofs of straw, furniture hewn out of rough
planks, and wooden platters and spoons. In 1626 the village had 200 inhabitants,
which were augmented to 270 by 1628. About this time it assumed the name of
Fort Amsterdam, in memory of the metropolis of the Dutch Republic.

The United Netherlands which thus bore Manhattan as a favored child was then
conspicuous in Europe in commerce and the mechanic arts. Her dauntless bat-
talions had just shattered forever the power of Spain, and her fleets defied the marin-
ers of England by cruising up and down the English Channel with brooms at their
mast-heads. Her cultivation in literature was exemplified in Grotius and DeWitt,

RHINELANDER'S SUGAR-HOUSE

WILLIAM AND ROSE STREETS.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

1 1

Avy

NEW YORK IN 1728, LYNE'S MAP.

THE IRREGULAR PORTION OF THE CITY, AS ORIGINALLY LAID OUT.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Barneveld and William the Silent, and by the great University of Leyden, famous
throughout Christendom. In art, her Rembrandt and Rubens, Van Dyck and
Teniers, were painting those pictures which are still the admiration of Europe.
The most adventurous spirits of this wonderful nation sought new fields beyond
the sea, and made a deep and enduring impress on the nascent city and common-
wealth.

Most of Minuit's colonists were merely servants of the West India Company,
without the rights of owning land, manufacturing, or trading with the Indians.

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NEW YORK IN 1776. MAJOR HOLLAND'S MAP.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

They came to Manhattan only to work for the company, and of this they had enough,
building cabins, stone warehouses and mills. Near the Bowling Green (on the site
of No. 4 Bowling Green) they also erected Fort Amsterdam, a bastioned earth-
work with three sides, and walls crested with red cedar palisades. Minuit sent his
secretary, De Rasieres, in the barque Nassau to Manomet, in Massachusetts, whence

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NEW YORK IN 1789. ENGRAVED BY P. R. MAVERICK.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

he journeyed to Plymouth, and opened friendly communications and trade relations
with the Pilgrim colony. Boston had not yet been founded. About the same time
Huyck and Krol came hither as "consolers of the sick;" and began Christian
observances in the colony by reading the Scriptures and Creeds in the upper room of
the horse-mill. Manhattan in 1629 and 1630 sent to Amsterdam 130,000 guilders'
worth of goods, being a large balance in favor of the colony. In 163 1 the Manhattan
ship-yard built the great ship New Netherlands of 800 tons and 30 guns, one of the
largest vessels then afloat.

In 1633 Director-General Wouter Van T wilier reached Manhattan in the frigate
Zoutberg, bringing in a prize Spanish caravel, and having in his company the first
accredited clergyman on these shores, Dominie Everardus Bogardus, and the first
professional schoolmaster, Adam Roelandsen. While New England depended on
her fisheries, and Virginia on the tobacco trade, New Netherland shipped grain to
Boston and over-seas, and rich peltries to Holland.

Van Twiller brought with him 104 Dutch troops, the first soldiers to enter Man-
hattan ; and for their proper accommodation he erected barracks, and enlarged and
strengthened Fort Amsterdam. His colonists were never so happy as when draining their

huge pewter tank-
ards ; and to pro-
vide means for these
joyous revels, he
erected a profitable
brewery. The most
conspicuous objects
on the island were
the tall windmills
which he built, and
whose slowly re-
volving arms re-
called to the burgh-
ers the similar
works towering over

"YE EXECUTION OF GOFF, YE NEGER OF MR. MOTHIUS, ON YE COMMONS." .1 fai"-a\VaV Uiead-

ows of Holland. But Van Twiller, fat and moon-faced, low of stature and dull of
wit, was a shrewd trader and self-provider, and secured as his own private property
Nutten (Governor's) Island and Blackwell's Island and other valuable properties.
He also granted to Roelof Jans 62 acres of land along the North River, between
Fulton and Christopher Streets, and reaching Broadway near Fulton Street. In
167 1 the heirs sold this domain to Governor Lovelace, and it became incorporated
with the King's Farm. This united estate was presented by Queen Anne to Trinity
Church in 1703. Van Twiller's successor, William Kieft, little, fussy, fiery and
avaricious, ruled from 1638 to 1647 ; and built a stone tavern near Coenties Slip, the
stone church of St. Nicholas, in the fort, and a distillery. In his time hundreds of
New-Englanders, flying from religious intolerance, settled in the province, and the
Indian tribes of the lower Hudson swept the Dutch settlements with torch and
tomahawk, and even shot guards on the walls of Fort Amsterdam. Angered at
Kieft's imposition of taxes, and at his unwise Indian policy, the burghers united
against him, and inaugurated popular government here. Scores of unarmed and
friendly Indians were massacred in their camp at the foot of Grand Street by Dutch
soldiers, who also slaughtered 80 more at Pavonia, without resistance, and even

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

larger numbers at Canarsie and Greenwich. At the end of the Indian war in 1645
there were but 100 persons left at Manhattan, and 1,500 in the province. The poor
little colony, the plaything of a foreign commercial corporation, drooped rapidly,
especially after the West India Company began to lose money here, and so its
officers planned to absorb the best lands in the new domain and to assume feudal

NEW YORK IN 1778. THOMAS KITCHIN, SENIOR'S, MAP. FROM THE LONDON MAGAZINE.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

prerogatives, under the title of
tailed the company's privileges

" Patroons. " The States-General, therefore, cur-
greatly, and colonists began to pour in from all

parts, so that in 1643
eighteen different na-
tionalities were repre-
sented in New Ams-
terdam alone.

The cosmopolitan
growth of the future
city was prophesied
early in the 17th cen-
tury by the Amster-
dam Chamber, which
declared that when its
population and navi-
gation "should be-
come permanently es-
tablished, when the
ships of New Nether-
land ride on every part
of the ocean, then
numbers, now looking
to that coast with
eager eyes, will be al-
lured to embark for
your island." The
accuracy of this pre-
diction has been veri-
fied to an extent quite
more than desirable,
especially during the
last half century.

The irregular lines
of the lower New-
York streets are due
to the fact that the
colony grew for thirty
years before streets
were laid out, and the
settlers built their
cabins wherever they
liked. There were but
two public roads, the
Boston (or Old Post)
road, from the Battery
along Broadway and
the Bowery; and the
ferry road, from the
fort along the lines
of Stone Street and

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

Hanover Square to the Brooklyn ferry at Peck Slip. De Perel Straat (Pearl Street)
was on the water side ; Water, Front and South Streets all having been reclaimed
from the river. Pearl Street is the oldest in New York, and was built upon in 1633,
being followed closely by Bridge Street. The most ancient conveyance of property
now on record in New York shows that Van Steenwyck sold to Van Fees a lot of
3,300 square feet on Bridge Street for $9.60. The first lot of land granted on
Broadway (then called De Heere Straat) was in 1643, to Martin Krigier, who
erected here the celebrated Krigier's Tavern, on whore site rose the King's Arms
Tavern, afterwards the Atlantic Gardens (9 Broadway).

The next (and last) Director-General was Petrus Stuyvesant, a veteran of the
West- Indian wars, wearing a wooden leg banded with silver. He was an autocratic,
decided and vigorous ruler ; and sturdily fought the colonists, patroons, and Home
Government in the interests of the West India Company. Lutherans, Baptists,
Quakers and other dissenters from the Reformed religion were persecuted, and

■■"■■■■ ^>v-*<$rv

NEW YORK IN 1775. FORT GEORGE, FROM THE HARBOR.

Stuyvesant forbade the mustering of the burgher guard, and ousted the municipal
council of the Nine from their honorary pew in the church. Fearful of attack from
England and New England, the gallant old soldier fortified the town in 1653 with a
breastwork, ditch and sharpened palisades, running from the East River nearly to
the North River, and garnished with block-houses. This defensive wall was 2,340
feet long. From Lombard Street it followed the crest of the bluff along the North
River as far as the fort. Fort Amsterdam, on the site of the brick block southeast
of Bowling Green, was built of small Holland brick, and contained the governor's
house, the church, and quarters for 300 soldiers. It stood from 1635 until 1790-91.
The quaint little Dutch seaport was governed from its picturesque stone Stadt
Huys, in front of which stood a high gallows. Here often gathered the entire body
of the people, from the black-gowned schepens and the richly-clad patroons and
merchants down to the common populace, whose men were clad in jackets and
wide baggy breeches, and their women in bodices and short skirts. The site of the
Stadt Huys is now occupied by No. 73 Pearl Street. Pearl Street was then known

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

as "the Road to the Ferry" (to Brooklyn) ; and passed through the wall at the
Water Gate, which was strengthened by a block-house and a two-gun battery.
Before the end of the century these defenses were augmented by the Slip Battery of
ten guns, near Coenties Slip ; the Stadt-Huys Battery of five guns ; the Whitehall
Battery of fifteen guns ; a wall with bastions and postern gates along the North
River ; and stone bastions near Broadway and Nassau Street. An arched gate-
way spanned Broadway where that avenue crossed the walls ; and other gates
and posterns occurred at convenient points. During the second Dutch dominion
it was the duty of the Schout (or Mayor) to walk around the city every morning
with a guard, and unlock the gates, after which he gave the keys to the com-
mander of the fort. At evening he locked the gates and posted sentries and
pickets at exposed points.

Outside the town wall a footpath led to the ponds near by, and because this way
had been made by the Dutch lasses going to the ponds to wash clothes, it was called
T^Maagde Paatje, or the Maidens' Path, and later Maiden Lane. Inside the wall,
Broad Street stretched its lines of little gabled brick and stone houses, and a narrow
canal ran down its center. Farther down came Whitehall, the fashionable quarter,

VIEW OF NEW YORK IN 1746--MIDDLE DUTCH AND FRENCH CHURCHES.

with prim, bright gardens of dahlias and tulips, and orchards surrounding its quaint
step-gabled houses of small black and yellow brick, and Stuyvesant's town house of
Whitehall. Bowling Green was at an early day set apart for a parade-ground and
■village-green, and for public festivities and solemnities, May-poles and the games of
the children ; and here also great Indian councils were held. It was for many
decades known as "The Plain "; and here, in 1658, was established the first market-
house in the city. Every morning the village herdsman passed through the streets,
blowing his horn, at which the settlers turned their cattle out from their yards, and
they were formed into a common herd, and driven along Pearl Street to the present
City-Hall Park, which was then known as De Viae kte ("The Flat"). At night
the herdsman drove back the cattle, leaving at each citizen's door his own good

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

milch cow. Sometimes, perchance, he lingered in the great cherry orchard,
near Franklin Square, from which the modern Cherry Street derives its name ; or
loitered along the edge of Beekman's Swamp, now given over to leather-dealers ; or
rested under the shadow of the barn-like church, near Whitehall ; or watched the
whirling arms of the windmill on State Street. Stuyvesant also founded (in 1658)
the village of Niew Harlaem, on the northern part of Manhattan, and began a good
highway thitherward. It was during Stuyvesant's time, in 1653, that the West
India Company incorporated Niew Amsterdam as a city, with a government mod-
elled on that of Amsterdam, and composed of a schout, two burgomasters and five
schepens. The city thus created had 1,000 inhabitants and 120 houses. Moreover,
in 1650, Dirck Van Schelluyne, the first lawyer here, had opened his practice.

Between 1656 and 1660 most of the seventeen streets were paved with cobble-
stones, and provided with gutters in the middle. The first to be paved were De
Hoogh Straat (Stone Street) and De Brugh Street (Bridge Street). In 1658 the

NEW YORK IN 1746--LOWER MARKET AND LANDING.

first fire-company came into existence, under the name of "The Rattle Watch. "
It numbered eight men, who were to stay on watch and duty from nine in the even-
ing until morning drum-beat. At the same time the equipment of the fire-depart-
ment was prepared, in the importation from Holland of a supply of hooks and ladders
and 250 fire-buckets. The gabled ends of the houses faced the streets, and were
(even in the cases of wooden edifices) decorated with a checker- work of small black
and yellow bricks, all of which were imported from Holland until Stuyvesant's time.
Iron figures showing the dates of their erection were fastened in the gables between
their zig-zag sides. The main doors of the houses had heavy and well-polished
brass knockers ; and over each cresting gable a quaint weather-cock whirled with
the breeze. Sitting on the stoops or under the low eaves, or leaning over their
half-doors, the burghers discussed the problems of their day amid clouds of tobacco
smoke. Every house had its garden, with places for horse and cow, pigs and
chickens, and a patch of cabbage and a bed of tulips. The parlor, carpeted only
with fine white sand, contained the great camlet-valanced bed, with homespun linen
and grotesque patch -work quilts, the iron-bound oaken chest of linen, the corner
cupboard, with the small but precious store of plate and porcelain ; the tea-table,

20 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

stiff Russia-leather chairs, flowered chintz curtains, quaint old pictures, and the fire-
place, surrounded with storied Dutch tiles. The kitchen was the home-room, with
the large square dining-table, the vrouw's spinning-wheel, the burgher's capacious
chair and pipe, and the immense fire-place, with its hooks and iron pots, and chimney-
corner seats sacred to children and stories. A fair city lot could still be obtained for
$50, and the rent of a very good house did not exceed $20 a year. For there were
many troubles still surrounding the good burghers, betwixt the aggressive Yankees
on the east, the Swedes on the-south, and the aboriginal citizens of the neighboring
hills and valleys. As late as the year 1655 the Indians attacked the town with 1,900
warriors, in 64 canoes, and within three days killed 100 Dutch settlers and captured
150 more, mainly in the suburbs.

Under the lead of Peter Minuit, formerly Director-General of New Netherland,
and with the aid of Queen Christina, Swedish colonies had been established on the
Delaware River, in 1638, and subsequently enlarged and increased by many expedi-
tions from Sweden. The Dutch West India Company claimed all this region by
right of prior settlement ; and finally, in 1655, Stuyvesant assembled 600 soldiers and
seven vessels in the harbor of Niew Amsterdam, and sailed around to the Scandina-
vian forts, which he captured in succession. Thus fell New Sweden. But the
heavy cost of these hostilities and of the Indian wars drained the treasury of the
West India Company, and paved the way for the approaching fall of New Nether-
land.

Great Britain had always claimed that the Hudson-River country belonged to
her, by virtue of Cabot's discoveries in 1497, and had made several formal protests
against the Dutch occupation. The claim was perhaps not well grounded ; but
Britain feared the fast-increasing naval and commercial power of Holland, and deter-
mined to reduce it wherever possible. Gov. Bradford of Plymouth had asserted
Great Britain's ownership of Manhattan, in a letter to Minuit ; and Captain Argal
had planned to drive away the colonists, with a naval force from Virginia, as early
as the year 16 13. The West India Company also applied to King Charles I. for
permission to trade to the ports of England and her colonies — a proceeding which
did not tend to clear the Dutch title. Calvert, Lord Baltimore's secretary, informed
the Dutch envoy that Maryland extended to the frontiers of New England. "And
the New-Englanders claim that their domain doth reach to Maryland," answered
the envoy; "where then remains New Netherland?" To which Calvert coldly
replied: "Truly, I do not know." The Connecticut Legislature in 1663 informed
Stuyvesant's commissioners that it "knew of no New Netherland province." The
New-England towns on Long Island, in 1663, petitioned Connecticut to annex and
protect them, and after several appeals from them, and from Stuyvesant to the Eng-
lish and Dutch governments, the Duke of York, Lord High Admiral of Great Bri-
tain, sent out a fleet, which in 1664 appeared before the town, and seized it, subject
to negotiations between the home governments. Stuyvesant cried out, that in pref-
erence to surrender, "I would much rather be carried out dead;" but his clergy
and people refused to permit a battle, and the Dutch garrison was allowed "to
march out with their arms, drums beating and colors flying." Since the governments
of Great Britain and Holland were in profound peace at this time, the successful
naval expedition was in reality a cold-blooded and treacherous buccaneering attack ;
but the Duke of York was the brother of the British King, who had granted to him
all the territory between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers. Moreover, he had
more men and heavier guns at the point of dispute. Captain-General Stuyvesant
retired to his Bowerie farm, where for eighteen years, until his death, he dwelt in

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

quiet dignity, enjoying a placid rural life. On this lovely and tranquil estate, and
on the present site of St. Mark's Church, he erected a chapel wherein he was in due
time buried.

Thus closed the Dutch regime in New York. Its ruling impulse, the aggran-
dizement of a commercial company, differed widely from the movements of religious
enthusiasm or national pride which inspired the foundations of the English and
French colonies in America. From the start, it was a business community, and all
its development has been near the original lines of effort. In the present era of
mercantile and industrial supremacy, when the sagacity developed by business, and
the wealth created thereby, establish religious missions, equip armies, create nations
and fill the homes of the people with comfort, New York, London and Paris are the
three capitals of the world. The Dutch founders, practical, sagacious and earnest,

were influenced by
the refined and
vivacious French
Huguenots, who
settled among
them, and by their
sturdy and enter-
prising fellow-col-
onists from New
England; while
the varied traits of
the German Pala-
tines, the Swedish
emigrants and
many other nation-
alities tended still
further to build up
here a cosmopoli-
tan and tolerant

community, broad in views, fearless in thought, energetic in action, and free from the
limiting provincialisms of Puritan or Cavalier, or of New France or New Spain.

As soon as the town with its 1,500 inhabitants had passed under British rule, it
was officially named New York, in honor of the Duke of York, its new lord. Thus
the name of the quiet old provincial town on the English River Ouse, the Eburacum
of the Romans, where Constantine the Great was proclaimed emperor, became
attached to the future metropolis of the Western World. According to the monk-
ish tradition the name was derived from that of King Ebraucus, who ruled in York-
shire at about the same period that David reigned in Israel. This ancient sovereign
was said to have had twenty wives, twenty sons and thirty daughters ; and yet, in spite
of these circumstances, he ruled over his people for three-score years. Through the
same change of name, "by a strange caprice in history, the greatest State in the
Union bears the name of the last and the most tyrannical of the Stuarts."

Holland entered the following year into a two-years' war with Great Britain,
whose fleets she well-nigh swept from the seas. By the treaty of Breda, however,
she yielded New York to the British, receiving in exchange Surinam and other val-
uable possessions, which still remain under her flag.

The first British governor was Colonel Richard Nicolls, a wise, tactful and hand-
some officer, who knew the Dutch and French languages as well as he did his own.

JUMEL mansion,

HEIGHTS, ONCE WASHIf

HEADQUARTERS.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

This honest gentleman ruled from 1664 until 1668, and happily conciliated the
varied elements in his little principality. Colonel Francis Lovelace, the despotic
governor between 1668 and 1672, ordered May races at Hempstead, bought Staten
Island from the Indians, and established the first mail between New York and Bos-
ton, to be of monthly operation. He also founded the first merchants' exchange on
Manhattan. It started its barteringsin 1670, when the easy-going Dutch and English
shopkeepers began the cus-
tom of meeting every Friday
noon at the bridge over the
Broad-Street canal. The
hour of meeting was marked
by the ringing of the Stadt-
Huys bell ; and the mayor
was required to be at the
assembly to prevent disturb-
ance. . In 1673 a Dutch fleet
of twenty-three vessels and
1,600 men entered the har-
bor and exchanged broad-
sides with the fort, by which
serious losses were occa-
sioned. Then 600 stout
Dutch troops were landed,
at the foot of Vesey Street,
and joined by 400 burghers.
The army marched down
Broadway to attack the fort,
but this stronghold prudent-
ly surrendered, and the ban-
ner of the Dutch Republic
once more floated in suprem-
acy over the city and harbor,
and up the Hudson, and
over New Jersey and Long
Island. The name New
York was repudiated, and in
its place the Lowland com-
modores ordained that New
Orange should be the title of the city. The new government lasted but little more
than a year, and then the province was restored by the States-General to Great Bri-
tain ; and Edmund Andros, a major in Prince Rupert's cavalry, came over as gov-
ernor of the territories of the Duke of York in America. In Andros's time, the
canal on Broad Street was filled ; the tanners were driven out of the city and re-
established their tan-pits in the remote district now between Broadway, Ann Street
and Maiden Lane ; the slaughter-houses were also driven into the country and set-
tled at Smit's Vley, now the intersection of Pearl Street and Maiden Lane ; all
Indian slaves were set free ; and the burghers secured the exclusive right of bolting
and exporting flour from the province. The latter monopoly, during its sixteen
years of operation, trebled the wealth of the city and ten-folded the value of its real
estate, 600 houses having been built and the local fleet augmented to 60 ships.

FRAUNCES' TAVERN, CORNER OF BROAD AND PEARL STREETS.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

In 1678, the aggregate value of all the estates in the province was $750,000;
and a planter with $1,500, or a merchant worth $3,000, was accounted a rich man.
A considerable export trade in furs and provisions, lumber and tar was carried on
with European ports. The slaves on Manhattan were rated in value at about $150
each, and had been brought from Guinea and the West Indies. In 1712, when there
were about 4,000 negroes in the city, a hot outbreak of race hatred occurred, and
nine whites were slain by negro conspirators in Maiden Lane. The wildest excite-
ment followed, and fears of a general insurrection ; but the garrison and militia
quelled the outbreak with unsparing hands. Six Africans committed suicide, and
21 were executed, most of them by hanging or by burning at the stake. One was
broken on the wheel, and one hung in chains until he starved. A similar panic

FEDERAL HALL AND PART OF BROAD STREET, 1796.

broke out in 1741, when conflagrations at Fort George, on the Battery, and else-
where, were attributed to the slaves acting in collusion with the hostile power of
Spain. In this wild popular frenzy 14 negroes were burned at the stake, 18 hanged,
and 71 transported.

In 1683 the governorship was devolved upon Thomas Dongan, an Irish Catholic
soldier, then recently lieutenant-governor of Tangier, in Africa, and subsequently
Earl of Limerick. This able and prudent statesman convened in the old fort on the
Battery a council and elective assembly which enacted "The Charter of Liberties, "
providing for religious freedom and liberty of choice in elections, and forbidding taxa-
tion without the consent of the people. The city was now divided into six wards,
although its entire assessed value of property lay under ^80,000. After five years
of happy rule, Governor Dongan was removed, and New York, New Jersey and the
Eastern Colonies were united in the Dominion of New England, with Sir Edmund
Andros as Governor-in-Chief, and Francis Nicholson in charge of New York.
After the Bostonians had deposed and imprisoned Andros, Jacob Leisler, a German
captain of the train-bands, seized the government of New York, and held it for over
a year, during which there was one bloody fight between the local train-bands in the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

fort and British infantry in the town. After Governor Sloughter had arrived,
Leisler was tried for treason, and convicted ; and suffered the penalty of death by
hanging, on the edge of Beekman's Swamp, where the Sun building now stands.

During the period between 1690 and 1700, New York carried on a large trade
with British East-Indian pirates, sending out liquors, ammunition and other com-
modities, and at the pirates' haunts exchanging these for Oriental fabrics and carpets,
jewels and gold, perfumes and spices. Some of these freebooters were New-York-
ers, and several successful pirate chiefs visited the city. Captain Robert Kidd, "so
wickedly he did," recruited at this port most of the buccaneers who sailed with him
on his last three-years' voyage to the Red Sea.

Governor Benjamin Fletcher, a luxurious soldier of fortune, and courtier, ruled
New York from 1692 until 1698; and received large gifts from the pirates. His
successor was the Earl of Bellomont, a pure and honorable governor, who restored
the Leislerian (or
people's) party to
power, and hung
all the pirates he
could catch. Next
came Lord Corn-
bury, the nephew
of Queen Anne,
and a silly, venal
and bigoted de-
bauchee, who
ruled here from
1702 until 1708.

The Dutch
Reformed people
had long been
content to wor-
ship in the stone church in the fort; but in 1691-93 they erected on Exchange
Street (now Garden Street) the finest church in the province, a quaint and high-
steepled brick structure. Next came the Church-of-England people, dissatisfied with
services in the fort chapel ; and to this society Gov. Fletcher in 1696 gave the reve-
nue of the King's Farm for seven years, which encouraged them to build a new
chapel on the site of the present Trinity. The First Presbyterian Church, now on
Fifth Avenue, near nth Street, is descended from the church of the same faith
erected on Wall Street in 1719. The quaint towers of the French Huguenot and
Middle Dutch Churches rose high above the gables of the houses near Broad Street.

From 1 7 10 to 17 19, the little royal court at New York was dominated by Gov.
Robert Hunter, formerly a Scottish general under Marlborough, and a friend of
Addison and Swift. He founded the court of chancery ; fought for religious liberty ;
and predicted American independence ("The colonies are infants at their mother's
breast, but such as will wean themselves when they become of age. ")

In 1692 the municipality cut up the Clover Pastures, and laid out Pine and Cedar
Streets, and others ; and further increased its dignity a year later by appointing a
town-crier, dressed in proper livery, and by building a bridge across Spuyten-Duyvil
Creek. Four more years passed, and then the night-watch came into existence, to
patrol the streets of lonely evenings. The watchmen moved about on duty from
nine o'clock until the break of day, traversing their beats every hour, with bells,

BANK OF NEW YORK.

MC EVER'S MANSIuN.

WALL STREET, BELOW WILLIAM, IN 1800.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

proclaiming the condition of the weather and the hour of the night. The dark high-
ways were lighted by lanterns put out on poles from every seventh house. In front
of the City Hall stood the cage, pillory, and whipping-post, as terrors to thieves and
slanderers, vagrants and truants ; and the ducking-stool, to cool the ardor of scolds
and evil-speaking persons. Now also began the era of street-cleaning, when each
householder was ordered to keep clean his section of street, and the street sur-
veyor received directions to root up weeds. In 1696 the city made its first appro-
priation (of £26) for cleaning the streets. At the same time, "the street that runs
by the pie-woman's leading to the city commons" was laid out, and became Nassau
Street.

Hunter's successor was another gentleman of Scottish origin, William Burnet,
the son of the famous Bishop of Salisbury ; and after a rule of eight years, he in

NEW YORK IN 1805.

turn gave place to Col. John Montgomery, another Scot, and an old soldier and
member of Parliament. During this period, Greenwich and Washington Streets
were made, by filling in along the North River.

With the dawn of the year 1730 a fortnightly winter stage to Philadelphia was
established. A year thereafter the municipal authorities imported from London
two Newnham fire engines, able to throw water seventy feet high ; and organized a
fire-department of twenty-four strong and discreet men.

From 1743 to 1753 the city and province were governed by Admiral George
Clinton, the son of an earl, who ruled with the rough temper of a sailor, and retired
from his administration, enriched by plunder, after many a hot contest with the
people. During this period, in 1 752, the Royal Exchange was opened, at the foot
of Broad Street, with its spacious assembly-hall for merchants, and a famous coffee-
room. The Chamber of Commerce received its incorporation in 1770, by Royal
Charter.

In 1 75 1 the Assembly appointed trustees to take charge of funds raised for a
college ; and the next year Trinity Church offered to give the site for the proposed
institution. In 1753 the entering class of ten members began its studies in the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

vestry-room of Trinity ; and in another year King's College received its charter.
The building was erected in 1756-60, on the site long held by the college, between
Barclay, Church and Murray Streets and College Place.

The tremendous power of New- York journalism and publishing, which is now
felt all over the continent, began in the humblest way far back in 1693, when the
Council invited William Bradford to settle in the city as official printer, for "^"40 a
year and half the benefit of his printing, besides what served the public." He
issued the first bound book in New York, the Laws of the Colony, in 1694; and in
1725 began the publication of The New^York Gazette, a semi-official organ of Gov.
Burnet's administration, printed weekly, on foolscap paper. Nine years later The
Weekly Journal came into being, to resist the Government, and Zenger, its editor,

THE NEW TRINITY CHURCH AND PART OF WALL STREET.

was sent to prison, and various numbers of the paper were burned by order. The
Gazette was the organ of the aristocracy, and the Journal stood as the champion of
the people. After Editor Zenger had languished in prison for nine months, he was
tried, and received a triumphant acquittal, to the immense delight of the people,
who bitterly resented this first attempt to muzzle the press.

The Brooklyn ferry was started in the earliest days of the colony, and consisted
of a flatboat worked by sweeps, the ferryman being summoned by blasts of a horn.
It was not until 1755 that a packet began running semi-weekly to Staten Island;
and the Paulus-Hook (Jersey-City) ferry began its trips in 1763, followed in 1774
by a ferry to Hoboken.

In the year 1765 the Stamp Act was passed, and the disruption of America and
England began. The New-Yorkers forgot their old-time local controversies, and
took sides in the new contest. Rivington's Gazetteer stigmatized the patriots as
rebels, traitors, banditti, fermenters of sedition, sons of licentiousness, and the like ;
and Game's Mercury and Holt's Journal proclaimed the Royalists to be ministerial
hirelings, dependent placemen and informers.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

A congress of delegates from nine colonies met at the New- York City Hall and
passed a Declaration of Rights and an address to the King. When the stamped
paper arrived from England, under naval escort, the Sons of Liberty refused to
allow its use, and the Common Council compelled the surrender of the paper to the
corporation. The city and province were then under the rule of the venerable
Lieutenant-Governor Cadwallader Colden, a Scottish Jacobite and scholar, who
lived in New York from 1708 until his death in 1 7 76. He endeavored to repress
the popular tumults, but prevented the fort from firing on the rioters. The military
commander was Gen. Thomas Gage, who afterwards received from the New-
Englanders the brevet title of "Lord Lexington, Baron of Bunker Hill." Major
James of the Royal Artillery had his beautiful estate of Ranelagh near the present
West Broadway ; Sir Peter Parker's estate of Yauxhall was at the foot of Warren
Street ; and Murray Hill, the seat of Robert Murray, the Quaker merchant, occu-
pied the domain between Fourth and Fifth Avenues, and 36th and 40th Streets.

The Commons, now the City-Hall Park, were often crowded by assemblies of
citizens, to whom the tribunes of the people, Sears and Scott, McDougall and Wil-

BUILDINGS IN CITY-HALL PARK IN 1809.

lett, Livingston and Hamilton, made fiery addresses, although strong detachments of
the 16th and 24th British Regiments lay in adjacent barracks. Thence the populace
marched to the fort, at evening, bearing 500 lights, and beat against its gates, defied
its grape-shot, insulted the officers, spiked the guns of the Battery, and burned
Governor Colden's coach, and an effigy of the ruler. The Liberty Pole was set up
on the Commons, amid hilarious festivities, attended with a barbecue, and the drink-
ing of twenty-five barrels of beer and a hogshead of punch. Thrice the red-coats of
the 24th Regiment cut down this emblem of popular sovereignty, but when they
laid it low for the fourth time, the alarm-bells toiled, the shops were closed, and the
citizens made a series of attacks on the soldiers. The hottest skirmish occurred on
Golden Hill f John Street;, where the Sons of Liberty beleaguered and beat a large
detachment of the 16th, and themselves received many bayonet-thrusts and other
wounds. After this outbreak, the patriots erected on the Commons a lofty iron-
bound pole, crowned by a vane bearing the word Liberty. This stood fast until the
city fell into the hands of the British army. In 1770 the people erected an eques-
trian statue of George III. on Bowling Green ; and also a marble statue of William

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Pitt, at Wall and William Streets. When the British ships laden with taxed tea
arrived at New York, the people seized the London and emptied all her tea-chests
into the river, and compelled the Nancy to put about and sail back to England.

On the Sunday after the battle of Lexington, a breathless horseman galloped in
over the Boston road, bearing the startling news. The citizens immediately seized
the public stores and colony arms ; over-rode the local authorities ; formed a govern-
ing Committee of One Hundred ; and enthusiastically welcomed the New-England
delegates to the Continental Congress. A few weeks later, the frigate Asia fired a
broadside through the city, injuring several people, and damaging the houses along
Whitehall.

The Provincial Congress, fearing a descent on the city by royalist troops from
Ireland, summoned help from New England ; and Gen. Wooster marched down

OLD CUSTOM HOUSE AND VICINITY IN 1825.

with 1,800 Connecticut militia, and encamped for several weeks at Harlem, sending
out detachments to cover the coast from British marauders. Under this protection
the Sons of Liberty seized the Royalist supply-depots at Greenwich Village and at
Turtle Bay (at the foot of East 47th Street), and removed thirty cannon from the
Battery. The Tories included the landed proprietors, the recent English immigrants,
and the Episcopalians ; while the patriot party was made up of the Dutch and
Huguenots, the New-Englanders and Scots, the Dissenters and the artisans. The
influence of the principal families inclined the General Assembly and Provincial Con-
gress strongly toward Royalism ; and caused the province to move more slowly in the
direction of independence than its neighbors had done. But the great mass of the
people were in favor of freedom, and in time crushed out the Tory legislative influences.
During these troublous days, Isaac Sears, one of the leading New- York patriots,
rode down from Connecticut, with a band of light horsemen, and destroyed the press
and other apparatus of Rivington's Royal Gazetteer, and carried off the type to be
made into bullets. Early in 1776 Gen. Charles Lee marched into New York with
1,200 Connecticut troops, and encamped on the Commons, whence his detachments

3°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

disarmed the Tories, and began to fortify the city. Lee was succeeded by Lord
Stirling, and he by Gen. Putnam ; and the Third New- Jersey Regiment and troops
from Dutchess and Westchester Counties and from Pennsylvania entered the city.

Governor Tryon took refuge on the British fleet, and the garrison of the Royal
Irish Regiment was sent away to Boston. As soon as the New-England metropolis
was delivered from the enemy, Washington marched his army to New York ; and
here on the 9th of July, 1776, the Continental troops were assembled by brigades to
have the Declaration of Independence read to them. One brigade was drawn up on
the Commons, and in the hollow square Washington sat on horseback while an aide
read the historic document. The same day the citizens pulled down the gildeddead
equestrian statue of George III. on Bowling Green, and sent it off into Connecticut,
where it was con-
verted into 48,000
bullets ; and thus
the Royalist
troops had "melt-
ed majesty" fired
at them from pat-
riotic muskets.
Three days later
the British frig-
ates Rose and
Ph<znix sailed up
the Hudson, firing
on the city as they
passed, and tak-
ing post above.
By mid -August

the hostile fleet in the Bay numbered 437 sail, bearing the armies of Howe, Clin-
ton and Cornwallis, and the King's Guards and De Heister's Hessian division, num-
bering 31,000 soldiers in all. Again the Rose and Phcenix sailed past the city,
bound downward, and firing broad-sides through its streets and buildings.

The defences of New York (aside from the Brooklyn lines) consisted of Fort
George, six guns, and the Grand Battery, 18 guns; the Whitehall Battery; and
field-works at Coenties Slip and at Catherine, Madison, Pike, Clinton, Broome, and
Pitt streets, and Grand and Mulberry streets, besides others near Trinity Church,
and heavy barricades in the streets. In due time 21,000 British troops landed at
Gravesend, and shattered Putnam's army of 9,000 men, holding the Brooklyn lines.
Almost a fortnight later five frigates demolished the American defences at Kip's
Bay (foot of East 34th Street), and scattered their garrisons in wild panic, which
was communicated to the troops on Murray Hill, as the English grenadiers advanced.
Putnam retreated from the city by the Bloomingdale Road. The Continentals rallied
on Harlem Heights ; defeated the enemy in some hot skirmishes ; and then retreated
into Westchester. The military officers had discussed the question of burning ihe
city, to prevent it being made a winter-quarters for the British army ; but Congress
forbade this extreme measure. Nevertheless, on the 2i*t of September a fire acci-
dentally broke out in a low tavern near Whitehall Slip, and destroyed 493 houses,
obliterating nearly all the North-River side of the city west of Broad Street and
Broadway. The British troops believed that the torch had been applied by the
Americans, and bayonetted or threw into the flames a number of citizens. At mid-

RESERVOIR OF MANHATTAN WATER WORKS ON CHAMBERS STREET, IN 1825.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

November, Gen. Howe and 9,000 men stormed the outworks of Fort Washington,
and compelled the surrender of that strong fortress, the last American post on Man-
hattan Island. Thenceforward for over seven years New York lay in the hands of
the enemy, a prostrate city under martial law, the chief depot for the soldiers and
stores of the invading army, and the place of captivity where their prisoners of war
were confined. The Dissenters' churches were turned into hospitals and prisons,
and the Middle Dutch Church became a riding school for cavalrymen. The munici-
pal government existed no longer, and about the only commerce was that of the
sutlers' shops.

In the East River lay the horrible prison ships in whose disease-infested holds so
many American soldiers were confined. It is related that in the Jersey alone over

10,000 prisoners of
war perished. The
American officers
and dignitaries were
consigned to the
new jail (now the
Hall of Records).
Several of the great
sugar houses, in-
cluding Rhineland-
er's, near William
Street, were also
used as prisons for
captives from the
Continental armies.

BROADWAY, FROM BOWLING GREEN, IN 1828. ^n the 25th Ol

November, 1 783, the
rear-guard of Sir Guy Carleton's British army embarked at the Battery. The
American advance-guard, composed of light infantry, artillery and the 2d Massa-
chusetts Regiment, marched down the Bowery and Chatham, Queen and Wall
Streets to the corner of Broadway and Rector Street. After these came Gen.
Washington and Gen. Clinton, the City Council, a group of veteran generals, and
other functionaries. A few weeks later, Washington bade farewell to his officers,
at Fraunces' Tavern, at the corner of Broad and Pearl Streets.

The first American Congress under the Constitution met in 1789, in the handsome
old City Hall, at the corner of Wall and Broad Streets. Here, on the gallery over-
looking Wall Street, which was packed with vast and silent crowds, Livingston, the
chancellor of the State of New York, administered the oath of office to the first
President of the United States, April 30, 1789. For a year thereafter New York
was the capital of the Republic (as it had been for five years previously) ; and the
President and Cabinet officers, Congressmen and foreign ambassadors and their
families made up a brilliant and stately Court circle. The ruins of the great fires,
and the squalor of the British garrison's "canvas town," were replaced by new
buildings ; the streets were cleared from the rubbish which had for years choked
them up; and new shops and warehouses showed tempting arrays of wares. Wall
Street, the favorite promenade, was brilliant with richly dressed ladies and hardly
less showy gentlemen, and the carriages of the Republican aristocracy crowded
Broadway down to the Battery. The finest mansion in the city was built in 1790,
from the public funds, for the occupancy of Washington and his successors in the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Presidential office. Before its completion, the seat of government was moved to
Philadelphia, and so the splendid house with its Ionic-colonnaded front became the
official residence of Governors Clinton and Jay. It occupied the site of the ancient
fort, and was afterwards replaced by the Bowling-Green block.

The holiday of New Year's had been introduced by the first Dutch colonists on
Manhattan, and their descendants had kept it up faithfully, and with abundant good
cheer. Washington thus advised a citizen, during one of these receptions : "The
highly favored situation of New York will, in the process of years, attract numerous
immigrants, who will gradually change its ancient customs and manners ; but, what-
ever changes take place, never forget the cordial observance of New Year's Day."

The Tammany Society was formed in 1789, as a patriotic national institution,
with a government of a Grand Sachem (chosen from thirteen sachems), a Sagamore,
and a Wiskinskie. Many Indian forms and ceremonials were adopted ; the months

NORTH BATTERY, AT THE FOOT OF HUBERT STREET.

were "moons"; and the seasons were those of snow, of blossoms, of fruit. With
a view of conciliating the hostile tribes on the borders, the society took also the
name of Tammany, an Indian chief. In its early years, some of the most conspicu-
ous and respected of New-Yorkers belonged to this order, which, indeed, did not
become a political party institution until the days of the Jefferson administration.

It was impossible for New York to become the permanent capital of the United
States, because Congress demanded that the Federal District thus dignified should
be ceded to the Nation. Neither the local nor the State authorities would consent
to this alienation of territory and wealth. Washington made excursions on Long
Island and elsewhere, in search of an appropriate location, but without success. His
heart was on the Potomac, where, after a ten years' sojourn at Philadelphia, the
National capital was at last established.

The tract known successively as De Vlackte, the Commons, and City-Hall Park,
in 1785 contained the Alms House and I louse of Correction, the public gallows, the
Bridewell (on part of the City Hall's site) and the New Jail (now the Hall of
Records). The present City Hall was begun in 1803, Mayor Edward Livingston

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

laying the corner-stone. The front and sides were of Massachusetts marble ; but
the back, or northern side, was built of red sandstone, because it was thought that
the city would never grow to any importance to the northward of the new edifice.
As a contemporary writer said, the northern front "would be out of sight to all
the world." When this building was finished, in 1812, at a cost of $500,000, it
was generally conceded to be the handsomest in the United States.

At the beginning of the century, Broadway had a length of about two miles,
paved for little more than half this distance, and lined with comfortable brick houses.
Here and there between the houses the view passed down the bay, and out through
the Narrows. The homes of the gentry and the rich merchants were along lower
Broadway and the Battery, where their occupants could enjoy the beautiful views

Broadway. C1TY HALL AND PARK, AND PARK THEATRE. PARK R0W-

and refreshing air of the bay. At little over a mile from the Battery the paving
ceased, and Broadway became a rather straggling road, with houses at intervals, and
the indications of streets planned for the future. Broad Street in its width recalled
the old canal that once flowed down its centre, but had long since vanished. Wall
Street possessed many fine residences, and the handsome Federal Hall. The dry-
goods marts occupied much of William Street, which afforded a bright spectacle on
days favorable for shopping. Most of the other streets were narrow and winding,
and lined with small red-brick houses with tiled roofs. On the west side, where the
great fire of 1776 had occurred, the streets had been widened and straightened, and
provided with brick sidewalks and gutters. The first sidewalk in the city was on
Broadway, between Vesey and Murray Streets, constructed of brick and stone, and
hardly a yard wide. The numbering of houses began in 1793. Broadway was built
up only as far as Anthony Street ; the Bowery Lane, to Broome Street ; the East-
River shore, to Rutgers Street ; and the North- River shore, to Harrison Street.
Beyond the steep Anthony-Street hill, Broadway plunged sharply into the Canal
3

34 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Street valley, between the Fresh Water Pond and the Lispenard Meadows. At
Astor Place, Broadway ceased, its line being crossed by the wall of the Randall
farm.

The favorite duelling ground was a lonely grassy glade in the woods of Wee-
hawken, high above the Hudson, and allowing glimpses of New York through the
surrounding trees. The combatants were rowed across from the city, and clambered
up the rocky steep to the scene of their fight. The most mournful event in Ameri-
can duelling annals occurred here, July II, 1804, when the antagonists were
Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Treasury, and founder of the
National financial system, and Aaron Burr, Vice-President of the United States.
Hamilton had characterized Burr as a "dangerous man," and helped to defeat his
political schemes ; and Burr challenged him to mortal combat. Hamilton did not
fire at his antagonist, but Burr, with a carefully aimed shot, mortally wounded him ;
and he died the next day, in the presence of his wife and seven children. This
dreadful encounter closed the practice of duelling in the civilized States of America ;
and at the same time put an end to the public career of Burr.

The development of the higher culture in the Empire City received an impetus
in 1784, by the re-chartering of the long-closed King's College, under the more
republican title of Columbia College. Twenty years later the New- York Histori-
cal Society was organized, followed by the College of Physicians and Surgeons in
1807, and the American Academy of Fine Arts in 1808. The education of the
children rested in the hands of parochial, charity and private schools until 1806,
when a small public school came into existence, from the contributions of wealthy
citizens, and small State and city appropriations. The Free School Society in 1809
erected a large brick building on Chatham Street ; and in 1825, six schools were in
operation, not as charities, but open to all comers.

New York may be called the cradle of steam navigation, which has completely
revolutionized the world's commerce ; for although other localities had seen at an
earlier day vessels propelled by steam, yet here occurred the first profitable and
successful ventures in this line on a large scale. In 1807 the Clermont was built,
from the designs of Robert Fulton, the inventor, and with capital furnished by
Chancellor Robert R. Livingston ; and in spite of all the evil prognostications of the
conservative, she made a triumphant run from New York to Albany in thirty-two
hours. As it took the ordinary packets from four to six days to run between the
two cities, the rapid success of steam navigation on the Hudson followed as a neces-
sity, especially after 181 7, when the time of passage was reduced to eighteen hours.

The navigation of Long- Island Sound by steamboats was soon inaugurated by a
line opened in 181 8 from New York to New Haven, followed by another to New
London, and in 1822 by the New- York & Providence line. The advance from the
ugly little Clermont and the slow and dirty vessels of her class to the magnificent
steamboats of modern days was largely due to a young Staten- Island ferryman,
Cornelius Vanderbilt, who came to New York in 1829 and established new and im-
proved lines on the Hudson and the Sound.

The first steam vessel to dare the storms of ocean was the Phoenix, built by Col.
John Stevens of Hoboken, in 1807, and a year later sent around from New- York
harbor to Philadelphia, by the sea passage. In 181 1 Stevens opened between
Hoboken and New York the first steam ferry in the world ; and this was followed
the next year by Fulton's lines to Jersey City and Brooklyn. The first steam frigate
in the world, the Fulton, was built from a Congressional appropriation of $320,000,
under Robert Fulton's supervision ; and made its successful trial-trip to Sandy

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Hook in 1 8 14. Transatlantic steam navigation was inaugurated by the Savannah,
built at New York in 181 9 and sent thence to Savannah, Liverpool, Copenhagen,
Stockholm and St. Petersburg. In 181 2 Col. Stevens made the plans for a circular
iron- clad war-ship, with screw propellers.

* About the year 1810 the city began a rapid development to the northward. The
Brevoort estate, between Broadway and the Bowery road and nth Street; Henry
Spingler's farm, between 14th and 16th Streets, west of the Bowery ; Nicholas
Bayard's West Farm, covering 100 acres between Broadway and McDougall Street,
and running north from Prince Street ; the Bayard-Hill estate, between Broadway
and the Bowery and Broome Street ; the 260-acre domain established by Sir Peter
Warren, in the region of Gansevoort and Christopher Streets ; and many other

estates and farms
were invaded by
the City Commis-
sioners. Legions
of stalwart labor-
h^ ers levelled the

hills and filled the
E3m^^M0f?s hollows ; and new
iwKaw— streets were laid

out with efficient
engineering skill
and foresight.
Oftentimes the
irate landlords as-

CORP. THOMPSON'S MADISON COTTAGE, IN 1852. SITE OF THE FIFTH-AVENUE HOTEL. Sailed {}}Q SU1VCV-

ors with dogs, hot water, cabbages and other distressful methods ; but the work
went steadily on, especially above Houston Street, whence they laid out the island
into parallel numbered cross streets and broad north and south avenues, distinguished
by numbers or letters.

When Trinity Church, in 1807, erected St. John's Chapel, in Varick Street, it
was regarded as quite beyond civilization, and the parish received much blame for
planting their new mission opposite a bulrush swamp, tenanted only by water
snakes and frogs. About the same time, the Lutheran society got into financial
straits, and a friend offered to give it four acres of land at the corner of Broadway
and Canal Street. This largess was declined by the church on the ground that the
land was not worth the cost of fencing it — which was doubtless true at the time.

The Collect was a broad and placid pond, favored by skaters in winter,
and boating parties in summer. But it lay in the path of the northward advance of
the city, and therefore, in 1809, a drainage canal was cut and bordered on either side
by shade trees and a pleasant street (afterwards Canal Street). It was proposed in
1789 to make a public park of this beautiful pond and its shores ; but the scheme
came to naught, on the ground that New York would never grow within accessible
distance of this lonely region.

The intersection of Leonard and Centre Streets is not far from the centre of the
pond, which had a depth of sixty feet. On the same site now stands the gloomy
prison of the Tombs, the abode of so much misery and wickedness. The Collect
was famous as the place where a steamboat with a screw propeller was first tried, in
1796, when John Fitch, its inventor, steamed around the pond several times, in an
eighteen-foot propeller. Among the spectators were Chancellor Livingston and

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

other prominent New-Yorkers. About this time Oliver Evans aroused considerable
popular amusement by saying that "The time will come when people will travel in
stages moved by steam engines from one city to another, at fifteen or twenty miles an
hour."

When Great Britain declared the ports of Continental Europe to be blockaded,
and Napoleon retorted by proclaiming all vessels trading with Great Britain liable to
seizure, American shipping suffered grave losses; and President Jefferson (in 1807)
ordered all our commercial fleets to remain in our ports, and forbade the shipment
of cargoes on foreign vessels. He believed that warring Europe, thus deprived of
American breadstuffs, would hasten to acknowledge our neutral rights. During this

OLD NEW-YORK POST-OFFICE. SITE OF THE MUTUAL LIFE-INSURANCE BUILDING, ON NASSAU STREET.

year of interdict the shipping of New York's merchant-princes decayed at their
anchorages, the warehouses were closed and abandoned, and the clerks were dis-
charged because there was no work for them.

The War of 181 2 broke out in the same year that the City Hall received its finish-
ing touches ; and within a few weeks the city had fortified her approaches, and sent
to sea 26 privateers, manned by 2,239 bold sailors. Such a hornet's nest must needs
be closed, and so from 1813 until the end of the war the mouth of the harbor was
blockaded by tall British ships-of-the-line. The naval headquarters of the enemy
was at Gardiner's Island, east of Long Island, whence their squadrons off Sandy
Hook, or blockading New London, could be reinforced or supplied. In expectation
of a dash from the enemy, New York was strongly fortified by the voluntary labor
of its citizens, and new lines of defence covered the heights of Brooklyn and Harlem,
with forts on the islands and at the Narrows and around Hell Gate. The city was
held by a garrison of 23,000 men, mostly of the State troops.

The first great trunk line of railway finished from New York to the West was
the Erie, which ran its trains as far as Dunkirk, on Lake Erie, in 1 85 1. The line
from Albany to Schenectady was opened in 1832, and in 1853 became a part of. the
newly organized New- York Central, whose rails reached Buffalo a year later. The
Hudson-River Railroad, from New- York to Albany, was opened in 1851, and in
1869 became a part of the New- York Central system.

The horse-railroad, of such incalculable importance in street traffic, was inaugu-
rated in 1832, when the Fourth- Avenue line began its trips, running from Prince

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Street as far as Murray Hill. The first street-car ever built was made by John
Stephenson, with compartments, roof seats, and the driver in the roof.

Another valuable modern convenience, illuminating gas, was introduced in 1825,
with pipes traversing Broadway from the Battery to Canal Street.

After the War of 181 2, the famous packet lines began their service, the Black -
Ball in 1816 and the Red-Star in 1821, running swift and handsome ships nearly
weekly between New York and Liverpool, and making the run across eastward in
from 15 to 23 days. Depau put four ships on the Havre packet service in 1822;
and Grinnell, Minturn & Co. began to send monthly packets to London in 1823.
After 1840 Low, Griswold & Aspinwall inaugurated the sailing of clipper-ships to
China and California, and their vessels performed the most wonderful feats — as
when the Flying Cloud ran from New York to San Francisco, making 433^ statute

FIVE POINTS IN 1859, VIEW FROM THE CORNER OF NORTH AND LITTLE WATER STREETS.

miles in a single day; or the Sovereign of the Seas sailed for 10,000 miles without
tacking or wearing ; or the Dreadnought made the passage from Sandy Hook to
Queenstown in nine days and seventeen hours.

The wonderful Erie Canal was built between 1816 and 1825, and became the
most prominent factor in the growth of the Empire City, bringing to her docks the
illimitable products of the Great West (then without railways), and carrying back
much of her vast imports. The telegraph was not then known ; and the news of
the opening of the canal was carried in 81 minutes 550 miles from Buffalo to Sandy
Hook by the successive reports of a line of cannon, ten miles apart. A group of
canal boats containing Gov. Clinton and other magnates descended the canal to
Albany, and were thence towed down the Hudson to New York, and out to sea,
escorted by many flag-bedecked vessels and barges. At Sandy Hook, Governor

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Clinton emptied into the ocean a keg of Lake-Erie water, and other unique ceremonials
were solemnly and decorously performed.

John Jacob Astor, a native of Waldorf, near Heidelberg, came to the New
World in 1784, in his twenty-first year, and entered the fur-trade in the Empire
City, keeping also a stock of London piano-fortes. He had himself incorporated as
the American Fur Company ; bought out the Mackinaw Company and all its forts ;
established a line of trading-posts across Oregon ; and developed a rich China trade.
This typical merchant lived on the site of the present Astor House, and frequently
entertained Irving, Halleck, and other literary men and scholars.

In 1834 occurred the Anti- Abolition riots, in which for the first time the National
Guard was called out to restore order ; and a few months later the same potent peace-
makers came into service to quell the stone-cutters' riots, and lay under arms .on
Washington Square for several days. In December, 1835, a fire in the lower part

VIEW FROM THE SCHOOL-HOUSE IN 42D STREET, BETWEEN SECOND AND THIRD AVENUES, IN 1868.

of the city burned over 13 acres, with 700 buildings and $20,000,000 worth of prop-
erty, and was stopped only at the wide gaps made by blowing up houses with gun-
powder. This portentous calamity showed the need of more water for the growing
city; and the Croton Aqueduct, begun in 1835, delivered water on Manhattan
Island in 1842, and was completed in 1845, a^ a cost °f $9,000,000. The old Man-
hattan Water Works, whose reservoir stood on Chambers Street, were thus rendered
valueless.

The University of the City of New York dates from 1 83 1 ; the Sun from 1833 >
the Herald from 1835 '■> t^ie Tribune from 1 841 ; the Times from 185 1 ; and the
World from i860. Other notable achievements of this period were the opening of
the Croton Aqueduct in 1842 ; the founding of the Astor Library in 1848 ; and the
opening of the World's Fair in the Crystal Palace in 1853.

In 1825 the region north of Astor Place was still devoted to farms and orchards,
with a gray old barn on the site of Grace Church, and a powder-house on Union
Square. The fashionable summer evening resort was the Vauxhall Garden, stretch-
ing from Broadway to the Bowery, near the present Astor Library, and famous for
its trees and flowers, band-music and fire-works, and cakes and ale. In the triangle
where Third Avenue and Fourth Avenue come together, stood the grocery store of

40 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Peter Cooper, where the uptown lads exchanged berries picked in the Bleecker-
Street pastures, for taffy and cakes.

Greenwich village occupied the region about the present Greenwich Avenue ;
and to the northward, near West 23d Street, the roofs of Chelsea Village peered
over the trees. In 1797 the State Prison of Newgate was opened at Greenwich,
and served as a terror to evil-doers during full a quarter of a century.

For a number of years after 1825 the vicinity of St. John's Park was the Court
end of the city, with the mansions of the Lydigs, Pauldings and other prominent
families. In this vicinity, at the foot of Hubert Street, stood the frowning old
North Battery, with its empty embrasures.

The old Potter's Field, now known as Washington Square, became fashionable
about ten years later ; and here dwelt the Rhinelanders and Johnstons, Griswolds
and Boormans, and other well-known families.

The convergence of several streets where Fourth Avenue met the old Bowery
road made it necessary to leave there a broad common, which was at times used as
the Potter's Field, much of its area being also covered with rude shanties. Not
until 1845 was tnis ru&ged and filthy field improved into the present Union Square,
which was soon surrounded by fine mansions, and up nearly to the time of the War
for the Union remained the Belgravia of Manhattan. Only a few houses were to be
seen above Union Square in 1845. Gramercy Park was laid out by Samuel B. Rug-
gles, and presented to the owners of the sixty neighboring lots, to induce the erection
of attractive houses here. Where the old Boston Road met the Bloomingdale Road
lay another broad area of waste land, in olden times a burial-place for the poor, and
from 1806 to 1823 the site of a United-States arsenal. Here the first House of
Refuge was founded, in 1825, with six boys and three girls ; and remained until it
burned down in 1839. During the mayoralty of James Harper (one of the famous
publishers), between 1844 and 1847, tn^s dreary region was cleared and beautified,
and became the famous Madison Square. The chief house here in 1852 was the
little story-and-a-half cottage of Corp. Thompson, on the site now occupied by the
Fifth-Avenue Hotel.

One of the most wonderful of modern inventions, the electric telegraph, was
inaugurated by the experiments of Prof. S. F. B. Morse, in the University of the
City of New York. A line of telegraph was completed from New York to Phila-
delphia in 1845 > to Boston in 1846 ; and to Albany in 1847.

In 1849, Macready, the celebrated English actor, played Macbeth in the Astor-
Place Opera House. The populace supposed that Edwin Forrest's ill reception in
England, a few years before, had been due to Macready's hostile influence ; and
they attacked the Opera House, 20,000 strong, during the play, scattering the
police, and breaking the windows with paving stones. The Seventh Regiment
cleared the vicinity, after a pitched battle, in which 150 soldiers were severely
injured and 70 of the mob.

The commercial and therefore conservative spirit of modern New York naturally
held back from the dread hostilities foreshadowed in i860; and by monster petitions
and peace societies endeavored to arrest the storm. Mayor Fernando Wood even
outlined a plan to make it a free city, like those of mediaeval Germany, inviting
the trade of the world by nominal duties. But after the first guns were fired, in
South Carolina, the spirit of temporizing vanished like a dream, and patriotism and
loyalty possessed all classes with full inspiration. Within ten days 8,000 volunteer
troops left the city for the South, including the 7th, 6th, 12th and nth Regiments
of militia. In this metropolitan centre also were organized the famous and efficient

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

THE BLIZZARD OF MARCH 11th, 12th, AND 13th, 1!

PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN JUST AFTER THE STORM, BY_LANGILL.

42 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

societies, the United-States Sanitary Commission and the United-States Christian
Commission, and the Union Defense Committee, whose efforts placed 40,000 soldiers
under the National colors. New- York City alone sent 116,382 patriotic troops into
the field, besides raising scores of millions of dollars for the needs of the Republic.

The terrible Draft Riot of 1863 was caused by popular discontent with the
impressment of citizens into the army, a feeling which was intensified by the incen-
diary editorials of certain Democratic journals, and was not sufficiently discouraged
by Gov. Seymour. On July 13th, a mob plundered and burned the provost-
marshal's office, at Third Avenue and 46th Street, and then scattered through -the
city, bent on deeds of rapine and murder. The Tribune office was sacked ; the col-
ored Orphan Asylum on Fifth Avenue went up in flames ; the grain-elevators at the
Atlantic Docks were burned; and negroes and soldiers were slain or grievously mal-
treated wherever found. The closed shops, the streets clear of their customary
traffic, and even of omnibuses and horse-cars, and many of the houses prepared like
fortresses for defence, gave the city a singular and ominous appearance, which was
increased by the mad roars of the mob, the clattering of cavalry along the pavement,
the roll of volley-firing, and the heavy booming of artillery, sweeping the riotous
vermin from the streets. The police behaved with extraordinary valor, but were
unable to completely control this vast uprising of foreign-born anarchists, until the
arrival of strong military forces, aided by the personal efforts and appeals of the
Governor, the Mayor, and Archbishop Hughes. More than 1,000 men were killed
and wounded and $2,000,000 of property was destroyed.

The long-continued supremacy of the degraded classes in municipal politics
reached its crown of infamy after the close of the War for the Union, when William
M. Tweed, a low ward-politician, was elevated to one of the chief offices of the city.
In conjunction with other and similar conspirators, he elaborated a shrewd scheme,
by which, within a few months, the city was robbed of $20,000,000. The new-
County Court House alone furnished $7,000,000 of this amount. In 1871, through
reason of a disagreement among the municipal officials, the damning documents in
the case of "The Ring" passed into the possession of the New-York Times, which
immediately printed the entire history of this gigantic robbery, and itemized the
amounts stolen. The other leading newspapers also came out against the detected
thieves, the citizens organized a committee of seventy, and most of the culprits fled
to Europe or Canada. Tweed was imprisoned, but escaped to Spain, whence he
was returned to the outraged metropolis, and finally died in jail.

The events of later days in New York are familiar to all readers of the newspapers —
that is to say, to all Americans. The development of education, of public charities,
of artistic and literary culture, of vast works of public utility, have gone forward
mightily, and to the great glory of the community. Occasionally, a great financial
flurry, like the Black Friday of 1869, or the panic of 1873, threatens to unsettle
values and bring ruin to thousands. Now and then a riot occurs, like that of 1 871,
when 29 policemen and soldiers were killed and wounded, and 104 of their assailants,
in the attack of the Irish Catholics on the parading Orangemen. Other years see
the rejoicings upon the completion of great public works, like the Park-Avenue
improvements, costing $6,000,000, in 1875 '■> tne hlowing-up of Hell Gate, in 1876;
and the dedication of the East-River Bridge, in 1883.

The year 1886 saw the unveiling of Bartholdi's wonderful statue of "Liberty
Enlightening the World," with its attendant civic and National ceremonials. Then
also came the trial of the aldermen bribed by persons seeking the franchise of the
Broadway Surface Railroad. The same year saw the local Anarchists sent to prison,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

the great street-car strikes, and the twentieth annual encampment of the Grand
Army of the Republic.

The most notable event of 1888 was the great blizzard of March 11-13, with its
stoppage of transportation, food panic, the forming of an ice-bridge across the East
River, and other unseasonable phenomena.

In 1889 the hundredth anniversary of the inauguration of George Washington as
President of the United States was celebrated here by a three-days' festival, with a
naval review by President Harrison, a march-past of 50,000 soldiers from 21 States,
a civic parade of 75,000 persons, and other imposing ceremonies.

In 1890 the Holland Society began to mark historical localities in New York by
inscribed brass plates ; and the Washington Memorial Arch was founded. Then
also occurred the centennial celebration of the organization of the Supreme Court
of the United
States, the unveil-
ing of the Greeley
statue, the con-
ventions of iron
and steel manu-
facturers and of
mining engineers.

In 1 89 1 the
chief events were
the founding of
the Grant monu-
ment, the opening
of the Museum of
Art on Sundays,
the attack on Rus-
sell Sage, the visit
of Prince George
of Greece, the

burning of the Fifth- Avenue Theatre, the decision of the Tilden will case, and the
opening of the Carnegie Music Hall.

In 1892 occurred the terrible Hotel-Royal holocaust, the successful Actors' Fund
Fair, the great gathering of the Society for Christian Endeavor, the running of
cable cars on Broadway and Third Avenue, the re-districting of the city into thirty
Assembly districts, and the publication of "King's Handbook of New- York City."

Thus pauses, for the time, the record of History. What may be in store for the
proud New-World metropolis, who can say ? She may be destined to sink beneath
the waves that gave her life, like the drowned cities of the Zuyder Zee ; or to be
irretrievably shattered by hostile armaments, like Tyre ; or to tranquilly fade away
into commercial death, like Venice. Yet such fates can hardly be imagined as
awaiting the Empire City of the Western World, now in the full flush of her
success and power, and leading in the van of modern life and thought. She has
appalling problems to face — the inflowing of half-pauperized foreigners, the menace
of the submerged tenth, the evils of municipal misgovernment, the rise of a many-
millioned plutocracy, and other serious and perilous questions. But public opinion
is awakening on all sides to their consideration, and the grand old city will doubtless
meet the strong new troubles with stronger new remedies, just as in the days that
are past she has faced and conquered so many other threatening perils.

THE LOEW BRIDGE, BROADWAY AND FULTON STREET.

V t&-*~

(?'''/*$

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^ai^gpngiiFFr <

A. Comprehensive Outline Description of the Whole City —
Area, Population, "Wealth, Statistics, Etc.

TO-DAY the City of New York is not only the metropolis of the United States,
but in population, in wealth, in influence, in enterprise, in all that best dis-
tinguishes modern civilization, it is the rival of the great capitals of the Old World.

The Area actually within the limits of the city includes Manhattan Island,
Governor's Island, in New-York Bay ; Blackwell's, Ward's, and Randall's Islands,
in the East River ; and a considerable section of the mainland north of the Harlem
River, and west of the Bronx. From the Battery, at the southern extremity of Man-
hattan Island, to the northern line of the city is a distance of sixteen miles. On the
island, which is 13^ miles long, the width of the city varies from a few score rods
to 2^ miles ; and north of the Harlem its greatest width is 4^ miles. The area of
Manhattan Island is nearly 22 square miles, or 14,000 acres ; and with the section on
the mainland, the city has a total of 41^ square miles, or 26,500 acres. In the
process of growth and annexation New York has absorbed many villages, once its
outlying suburbs, and whose memories even now exist in popular local designations,
despite the fact that they have become parts of the metropolis. Thus down-town
are Greenwich and Chelsea ; farther uptown, in the vicinity of Central Park,
Bloomingdale and Yorkville ; above the park, Harlem and Manhattanville ; then
Carmansville, Washington Heights and Inwood ; and on the mainland, that was
annexed in 1874, are Port Morris, North New York, Claremont, Fairmount, Morris-
ania, West Farms, Spuyten Duyvil, Mosholu, Williamsbridge, Fordham, Tremont,
Mount St. Vincent, Mott Haven and Melrose, and other villages. The insular part
of the city is thickly built up and heavily populated, save in certain territories in
Harlem, Bloomingdale, Yorkville, and Washington Heights ; but even there build-
ing is going forward with rapidity. In the annexed district development has been
retarded by the lack of transit facilities, but is now proceeding steadily, and this
section promises to become an important residential quarter.

The Population has grown in a phenomenal manner during the last half-cen-
tury; In 1830, it was 202,000; in i860, 805,000; in 1880, 1,206,500. In 1890
the United-States Census gave the city 1,513,501 population; the Health-Board
statistics, 1,631,232; and the police enumeration, 1,710,715. In February, 1892,
there was a State enumeration that showed a population of 1,800,891. The yearly
vote of the city is one vote for every 7| inhabitants. New York is thus the first city
of the United States in population, and that too within a more contracted area than
those rivals that come nearest to her in number of inhabitants — Chicago and Phila-
delphia. The overflow of the city goes out into the surrounding region ; and has
built up cities, towns and villages that would scarcely have existence were it not for
the activity of Manhattan Island.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

PRUDUCt EXCHANbE TUWE

"times.

NEW-YORK CITY.

LOOKING SOUTHWEST FROM THE "WORLD" DOME.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

POST OFFICE.

NEW-YORK CITY.

LOOKING WEST FROM THE "WORLD

-%i

f >. . ***""""

CITY-HALL PARK.

48 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Greater New York comprises the city, with its suburban environs in the State
of New York. It takes in the City of New York ; the counties of Kings and Rich-
mond ; the western portions of the towns of Eastchester and Pelham, in Westchester
County ; and Long-Island City, the towns of Newton, Flushing, Jamaica and the
westerly portion of the town of Hempstead, in Queens County ; making a total area
of 318 square miles, with a population of nearly 3,000,000. A commission to en-
quire into the expediency of consolidating this territory into one city was appointed
under an act of the New- York State Legislature, in 1890, and has reported in favor
of the project. Andrew H. Green, the father of the movement, is also the Presi-
dent of the Commission. Greater New York will thus be the second city of the
world, leaving Paris behind ; and still provided with a line of great suburban cities
pertaining to New Jersey, and hence isolated from its political life, though united
with it socially and industrially.

The Nationalities represented in New York make it the most cosmopolitan
city in the world. It has more Irish than Dublin, and more Germans than any
German city except Berlin. There are sections almost entirely given over to people
of foreign birth or descent, each nationality forming a colony by itself. Thus, we
have the French, the German, the Italian, the African, the Chinese, the Hebrew,
the Spanish and the Arab colonies. The English-speaking foreigners, as the Irish,
the English and the Scotch, have assimilated more readily with the native popula-
tion ; and so have the Germans, to a considerable extent. Other nationalities have
kept themselves more nearly intact.

The Surroundings of few cities are more remarkable than those of New York.
The urban territory and the surrounding country is historic ground. In the lower
streets many old houses still stand, or localities are distinguished that recall Rev-
olutionary and pre-Revolutionary days ; and on the hills of upper Manhattan, and in
the Trans-Val region, modern enterprise has not yet destroyed all the ancient land-
marks. Along the west flows the noble Hudson, renowned as one of the world's
most beautiful rivers ; and on the east, the East River leads into Long-Island
Sound. Up and down Long Island are numerous beautiful and historic villages ;
and along the south shore of the island extend the great popular summer-resorts,
Coney Island, Rockaway Beach, Sheepshead Bay and their rivals. The harbor is
one of the largest, safest and most beautiful in the world. A hundred navies could
ride at anchor upon its waters. The Lower Bay, almost surrounded by the shores
of Long Island, Staten Island and New Jersey, is a magnificent sheet of water.
Coming up through the Narrows, between the picturesque shores of Long Island and
Staten Island, the view is enchanting ; and the land-locked upper harbor, sheltered
by the hills of the two islands and of New Jersey, with the point of Manhattan
Island reaching down into it between the two great rivers, the indications of a phe-
nomenal commercial energy exhibited on every hand, the Statue of Liberty, and
the towering buildings of the city, present a scene never to be forgotten.

The Municipal Administration is conducted mainly by the Mayor and the
heads of departments, several of whom are chosen by popular vote, and the others
appointed by the Mayor. Municipal legislation is in the hands of the Board of
Aldermen, which consists of one member elected from each of the twenty-four
Assembly Districts in the city ; and a president, who is elected at large, for a term
vDf two years. In 1893 the Board will include 32 members.

The City Finances, according to the last report of the Comptroller, for the
year ending January 1, 1892, shows the receipts were : From taxes, $32,861,779,
from other sources, $6,656,255; moneys borrowed, $27,289,497. Total receipts,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 49

$66,848,769. The expenditures were, by appropriation, $35,775>772> and on
special and trust accounts, $31,072,997. The total funded debt was $150,298,870 ;
or, less the amount in the sinking fund, $97,515,436. This debt is bonded at from
2^ to 7 per cent, interest, a considerable part of it being at 2\ and 3 per cent., a
handsome testimonial to the credit of the city.

For the year 1892 the final estimate of appropriations allowed amounted to
$35,881,205. Of that sum $3,000,000 is providedfor by receipts from miscellaneous
sources, leaving $32,881,205 to be raised by taxation. Of this amount $5,151,771
was for interest on the city debt ; $1, 190,428 for the redemption and installments of
the principal of the city debt; $2,398,505 for State taxes and State common schools ;
$3,148,770 for the Department of Public Works ; $1,003,150, for the Department
of Public Parks ; $2, 1 70, 1 25, for the Department of Public Charities and Corrections ;
$5,045,468, for the Police Department ; $1,978,540, for the Department of Street-
Cleaning ; $2,301,282, for the Fire Department ; $4,448,356 for the Board of Educa-
tion ; $1,098,810, for Judiciary Salaries ; and $1,232,716 for Charitable Institutions.

The Judiciary is partly elected and partly appointed by the Mayor. The
elected officials are the seven judges of the Supreme Court, with a salary of $11,500
each ; the six judges of the Superior Court, with a salary of $15,000 each ; the six
judges of the Court of Common Pleas, with a salary of $10,000 each ; in the Court
of General Session, one Recorder and three judges, salary, $12,000 each; in the
Surrogate Court, one Surrogate, $15,000; in the District Court, eleven justices,
$6,000 each ; Sheriff, $12,000 and half the fees; and District Attorney, $12,000.
The principal appointed officials are fifteen Police Justices, $8,000 each ; six Assist-
ant District Attorneys, at $7,500 each ; and one Commissioner of Jurors, at $5,000.
Legal advice can be secured from 6,000 lawyers.

Political Divisions separate the city into thirty Assembly, eight Senatorial
and ten Congressional districts. At the last election, in 1891, 239,898 votes were
cast, or twenty per cent, of the total State vote. Within ten or fifteen miles of the
New- York City Hall there is a vote of about 447,000, or over thirty-eight per cent,
of the whole State.

The Police Department numbers 3,654 men, and has a deservedly high rep-
utation for efficiency. The arrests number about 90,000 yearly.

The Fire Department has 1,400 employees, in twelve battalions; and over
200 pieces of apparatus, including 91 steam fire-engines, four water-towers and
three fire-boats. There are 1,000 miles of wire and 1,200 boxes for the fire-alarm
telegraph. Fire destroys over $4,000,000 of property in this city every year.

The Number of Buildings includes 90,000 dwelling-houses in the city, and
25,000 business-houses, making a total of more than 115,000. Over 1,100 new
buildings, valued at more than $13,000,000, are erected yearly. The real-estate val-
uation for purposes of taxation is $1,464,247,820, which fixes the actual value at
over $4,400,000,000. The assessment value of personal property is $321,609,518,
making a total of $1,785,857,338. The tax rate is $1.90 per hundred.

The Deaths in 1890 were 40,103, at a rate of 24.58 in a thousand ; and in
1891, 43,659, or 25.97 m a thousand ; being lower than the average for ten years past.

Streets, Sewers, Water, Etc. — There are 575 miles of streets ; 444 miles of
sewers, constructed at a cost of over $22,000,000 ; 685^ miles of water-mains, and
8,800 hydrants; and 16 public bathing places, used in 1891 by 3,750,000 bathers.
The streets are lighted at night by 27,100 gas-lights, 1,200 electric lights, and 140
naphtha lamps. The city has 144 piers on the North and East Rivers; and 13

public markets.
4

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KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

ill

CITV HALL.

NEW-YORK CITY

LOOK.NG WEST-NORTHWEST FROM THE "WORLD" DOME.

WARREN STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

COUNTY COURT HJUSt

COURT OF GENERAL SESSIONS

NEW-YORK CITY.

LOOKING NORTH FROM THE "WORLD" DOME.

52 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Public Buildings belonging to New York include the City Hall, a fine
example of the Italian Renaissance architecture ; the County Court-House, an
imposing Corinthian structure of white marble, which nominally cost many millions,
and is a memorial of the peculations of the notorious Tweed ring ; the Jefferson-
Market Court-House, a handsome building of brick and sandstone, in the Italian
Gothic style ; the Hall of Records, in City-Hall Park ; the Tombs, a substantial
and grim-appearing edifice, in the purest Egyptian style; the new Court-House,
just approaching completion, near the Tombs ; the famous Castle Garden, at the
Battery, long used as a receiving station for immigrants ; and many department
buildings. Two other imposing public structures, both works of engineering skill,
belong in part or in whole to the city — the East-River Bridge to Brooklyn, and
the Washington Bridge, over the Harlem River.

The Water-Supply comes from the Croton water-shed, about 30 miles from
the city. Besides natural lakes in that region, there are artificial reservoirs giving a
total storage capacity of 17, 150,000,000 gallons. Work now in progress in the con-
struction of new dams will more than double this storage capacity. The supply is
practically unlimited, and with abundant storage facilities 350,000,000 gallons a day
would be assured. Water is brought down to the city by the old aqueduct, which
hasa carrying capacity of 75,000,000 gallons each day. The new aqueduct which was
opened in 1890 has a carrying capacity of 320,000,000 gallons each day. It cost over
$25,000,000. In the city proper there are storage and receiving reservoirs that will
hold 1,266,000,000 gallons. The daily consumption is 110,000,000 gallons, and the
present storage capacity at the watershed would meet all needs for three months.

The Militia constitutes a full brigade of the National Guard of the State.
There are seven regiments, two batteries, one cavalry troop, one signal corps, and
one naval battalion, with 274 officers and 5,365 men.

Local Traffic is effected by the elevated railroads, horse-cars and cable-cars,
and the Fifth-Avenue stage-line. There are five lines of elevated roads (33 miles),
under one management, four running practically the length of Manhattan Island,
from the Battery to the Harlem River ; and the fifth extending out into the trans-
Harlem district. There are 17 surface street-car railroad companies, running cars
over 42 main lines and branches. One line across town in Harlem and up Washing-
ton Heights (seven miles) has been operated by cable for several years ; and cable-
power is about to be substituted for horse-power on Broadway and Third Avenue.

The Ferries (with the exception of the East-River Bridge and the several
Harlem-River bridges) afford the only means of communication between Manhattan
Island and the surrounding localities. There are 38 ferry lines, including thirteen
to Brooklyn, and thirteen to New Jersey.

Steam Railways to the number of 23 serve New York directly. Only four of
these enter the city proper — the New- York Central & Hudson- River, the New- York
& Harlem, and the New- York, New-Haven & Hartford, which come into the Grand
Central Depot, at 42d Street ; and the New- York & Northern, which has a depot at
155th Street and Eighth Avenue. The depot of the Long-Island Railroad is at Long-
Island City ; and on the New-Jersey side of the Hudson River are the depots of the
Pennsylvania, the Baltimore & Ohio, the New-Jersey Central, the Delaware, Lacka-
wanna & Western, the Erie, the Lehigh- Valley, the New-Jersey Southern, the Ontario
& Western, the West-Shore, and many connecting lines.

Steamboats run from New York to Albany, Troy and other ports on the Hud-
son River ; to Boston, Newport, Providence, Bridgeport, New Haven, Fall River
and other New-England ports ; to Long Branch, Sandy Hook and elsewhere on the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 53

New- Jersey coast ; and to many places on Long Island. There are over thirty such
lines, and not fewer than 150 steamboats thus employed, including the palatial boats
that are in commission on the Sound routes to Boston, on the Hudson River, and
on the summer routes to Sandy Hook and Long Branch. For speed, safety, beauty
and elegance of appointments these boats surpass anything in the world.

Coastwise and Ocean Traffic to and from the port of New York reaches
enormous proportions. In the trans- Atlantic fleet there are over 120 steamships,
belonging to fourteen regular lines to Europe, and lines to Brazil, Central America,
the West Indies, Mexico, Venezuela, Trinidad, Newfoundland and other foreign
ports, and to the chief Atlantic domestic ports. In the European fleet the great
ocean greyhounds are floating palaces that represent the perfection of modern marine
architecture. From foreign ports the yearly arrivals of steamships number 3,000,
and sailing vessels reach about the same number. From domestic ports there are
1,700 steamships and 14,000 sailing-vessels. The total tonnage of the shipping at
this port is 5,000,000 yearly.

Federal Interests of paramount importance are concentrated in New York,
which is second only to Washington in this particular. The Custom House, the
Assay Office and the Sub-Treasury, all close together on Wail Street, represent the
Federal Government financially. Here is the main port of entry for foreign trade
for the whole country. The business transacted through the Custom House in 1890
amounted to : dutiable imports, $349,217,107; free imports, $193, 155,771 ; specie,
$20,369,499; total, $562,735,987 ; on which duties were collected to the amount of
$163,238,278. Of these imports $146, 143,028 were of dry goods; and all other
merchandise amounted to $396,223,460. In the same time the exports were :
Domestic goods, $339,458,578; foreign goods, $8,184,783; specie, $41,646,121 ;
making a total of $389,289,482.

At the Sub-Treasury during the year 1 89 1 the receipts were $1,227,000,000.
Enormous quantities of bullion are annually passed through the Assay Office.

The Post Office is the centre for the railway mail service of the Eastern and the
Middle States, and the distributing point for foreign mail to and from Europe.
More than 3,000 men are employed. The United-States Courts hold their sessions
in the Post-Office building.

Immigration pours a steady tide into the United States through the port of
New York. Immigrants were formerly received at Castle Garden, but they are now
landed at Ellis Island, where the United-States Government takes charge of them.
In no year since 1880 has the number of immigrants fallen below 300,000. In 1890
they reached 358,510; and in 1891, 430,887.

The Military Department of the East has its headquarters here, and the
Major-General and his staff reside on Governor's Island. Detachments of troops
are in garrison at Fort Hamilton and Fort Wadsworth, which face each other across
the Narrows on the Long-Island and Staten-Island shores respectively ; at Fort
Schuyler, upon Throgg's Neck, where the East River and Long-Island Sound meet ;
and at Willett's Point, on the Long-Island shore, opposite Fort Schuyler. These
fortifications would, perhaps, be of small avail against the heaviest modern naval
armaments, but the Government is improving the defences at these stations, and pro-
jecting new works at Sandy Hook and Coney Island, so that the city and harbor shall
have adequate protection in case or war.

The United-States Navy-Yard (virtually a part of New York, although
across the East River, in Brooklyn) is the most important naval station in the
country; and employs over 2,000 men continually. The dry dock cost over

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

•i::

■ ■ 1 IHi. . : * r

COURT OF GLNERAL SESSIONS

POLICE CUUBT.

NEW-YORK CITY.

LOOKING NORTHEAST FROM THE "WORLD" DOME.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

»*» l« -2 j3 .13'

STAATS ZEITUNQ.

CITY-HALL BRANCH ELEVATED RAILROAD.

NEW-YORK CITY.

LOOKING EAST-NORTHEAST FROM THE " WORLD " DOME.

LLIAM STREET.

56 KJNG'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

$2,000,000, and is unequalled anywhere in the world. The Government property-
covers 144 acres, and has a mile of water-front. Besides the shops and officers'
houses, there are Marine barracks and a naval hospital.

The Wealth concentrated in the hands of residents of New York is almost
inconceivable. Many vast fortunes have been made here ; and many enormously
wealthy Americans have come here to live and enjoy the fortunes accumulated
elsewhere. A recent table of the wealth of New- York's millionaires estimates that
at least two New-Yorkers are worth more than $100,000,000 each ; six more have
above $50,000,000 each; more than thirty are classed as worth between $20,000,000
and $4.0,030,000 ; and 325 other citizens are rated at from $2,000,000 to
$12,000,000 each.

The Commerce and Finance cannot be adequately measured in words or
figures. The aggregate transactions every day reach an amount so stupendous that
the figures are beyond comprehension.

The Banks include 50 National banks, with a capital of $50,000,000, and
resources of $509,869,109 ; 45 State banks, with a capital of $17,372,700, and re-
sources of $181,422,000; 25 savings-banks, with deposits of $324,221,000, from
787,506 depositors; and 19 trust-companies, with capital of $19,650,000, or gross
assets of $255,000,000.

The Clearing House does a business amounting to from $35,000,000,000 to
$50,000,000,000 yearly, and its daily transactions range from $125,000,000 to
$250,000,000. Since it commenced in 1853 it has transacted business to the enor-
mous amount of over $1,000,000,000,000.

The Stock Exchange has a membership of 1,100; and its aggregate transactions
amount to many millions of shares a year. The Produce Exchange has 3,000
members; and the Maritime Exchange, 1,365. There are 2,362 members in the
Consolidated Exchange, where often in a single day 75,000 shares of stock are
dealt in, and where almost incalculable quantities of petroleum are sold yearly.
There are also ninety-six Trade-Associations. In and about Wall Street 289 of the
leading railroads of the country have their main or important offices.

The Office Buildings comprise many notable structures. In the down-town
business-districts alone, there are several hundred great office-buildings which are
hives of industry. Many of them have a business population every day more than
equal to the population of a large country village. Such buildings as the Mills, the
Equitable, the Havemeyer, the Bennett, the Potter, the Pulitzer, the Times, the
Washington, the Columbia, Temple Court, the Western Union, the Postal-Tele-
graph-Cable, the Mutual Life, the Jersey Central, the Lackawanna, and a score of
others, are notable for their grandeur and solidity and elegant appointments.

The Manufactures in 12,000 factories give employment to over 500,000
people, who make every year $600,000,000 worth of goods, of which clothing, books
and papers, cigars and pianos, constitute the largest amounts.

The Publishers of the United States are well represented or located in New-
York City, where more books are yearly published than in all the rest of the country
combined. There are thirty leading publishing concerns, and others of lesser
importance. In periodical publications there is even more activity.

The Papers and Periodicals comprise 43 daily newspapers. Of these, one
is French, five German, two Italian, two Bohemian, one Spanish and one Jewish.
There are eight semi-weekly papers, 325 weekly, nine bi-weekly, and 333 semi-
monthly. Among the weeklies are papers for the Germans, the Hungarians, the
Hebrews, the Irish, the Norwegians, and the Hollanders. The monthly publications

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 57

lead off with Harpers' Magazine, the Century, Scribner's, the Cosmopolitan, the North
American Revieiv and the Fornm, and run up a list of 372. There are 14 bi-monthlies
and 21 quarterlies. All the varied social, religious, literary, political and business in-
terests are served by these periodicals. The most important groups can be classed
thus: Religious, 53 ; commercial, 15 ; sporting, 8 ; art, 5 ; literary, 64 ; mechanical,
5; socialist, 2; German, 15; secret societies, 9; legal, 3; theatrical, 6; scientific,
7; medical, 22; educational, 12; agricultural, 3; Spanish, 4; and fashions, 7.

The Churches own and occupy more than 400 church buildings, valued with
their land and foundings at upwards of $50,000,000. They represent every phase
of religious belief, and together they have a seating capacity of nearly 300,000. The
Protestant Episcopal Church leads, with 88 buildings ; closely followed by the
Roman Catholic, with 75 ; then come the Presbyterian, with 65 ; the Methodist-
Episcopal, 63 ; the Baptist, 46 ; the Jewish, 44 ; the Reformed Dutch, 27 ; the
Lutheran, 21 ; the Congregationalist, 7; the Reformed Presbyterian, 5; the Afri-
can Methodist Episcopal, 6 ; the United Presbyterian, 5 ; the Unitarian, 3 ; the
Universalist, 3 ; and all others, including Swedenborgians, Moravians, Christian
Israelites, Friends, Plymouth Brethren and Missions, 45.

Religious Work in conjunction with the churches is served by many societies
and associations. Most prominent among these is the American Bible Society,
which, since it started in 1816, has published over 56,000,000 copies of the Bible ;
has printed the Bible in more than eighty different languages and dialects ; has
had receipts of nearly $21,000,000 ; and owns a large building, valued at nearly
$500,000. The Young Men's Christian Association is housed in its own building,
that cost $500,000, and it occupies a broad field of usefulness in promoting the
spiritual, intellectual, social and physical welfare of the community. It supports
fourteen branches, of which the most important are the Young Men's Institute, in the
Bowery, and the Railroad Branch, which occupies a house on Madison Avenue,
built and presented to it by Cornelius Vanderbilt. In local missionary work the
New-York City Mission and Tract Society is preeminent, maintaining churches,
libraries, missions, gymnasiums, and Sunday-schools. Each of the leading denomi-
nations supports one or more missionary societies, publication-houses, and organiza-
tions for the propagation of their religious tenets. Three-score missionary societies
cover the foreign and home field.

The Charities (according to a published directory of the charitable and benev-
olent societies) number more than 700, not including scores of small associations,
that never appeal to the public. More than 200 are prominent, and labor unremit-
tingly and effectively in relieving the poor and suffering of every class and national-
ity. Many of these associations maintain hospitals and homes. Besides all the
hospitals, there are a score of homes for the poor, sick and convalescent. Thirty
asylums are provided for orphans and destitute children ; fifteen asylums for the
blind, the insane, the deaf and the crippled ; twenty homes for the aged ; and
numerous temporary refuges for the poor and friendless. Some of these are munic-
ipal institutions ; and others receive municipal aid. But, aside from civic appro-
priations, charitable contributions from private sources yearly amount to many
millions of dollars. In addition, much is given in the form of permanent endow-
ments and new buildings. The Children's Aid Society alone maintains twenty-one
industrial and twelve night schools ; keeps open six lodging houses ; has every year
under its charge 37,000 boys and girls ; and spends nearly $400,000. Another
notable and unique charity is the Fresh-Air Fund, through which poor children are
sent into the country every summer.

ffJT.

NEW-YORK C ' '

LOOKitn woru

ICING'S HA XD BOOR' OF NEW YORK.

NEW-YORK CITY.

LOOKING SOUTHEAST FROM THE " WORLD -' DOME.

60 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Charitable and Correctional Institutions of the city are located
chiefly on the islands in the East River. Blackwell's Island, 120 acres in extent,
has the penitentiary, almshouse, workhouse, charity hospital, hospital for incurables
and other institutions. Over 7,000 persons, including criminals, charity patients,
officials and attendants live upon the island, which is maintained chiefly by convict
labor. A recent proposition that is being favorably entertained looks to the removal
of these institutions to a location on the main land, and the transformation of the
island into a beautiful public park. On Randall's Island are the Idiot Asylum,
the House of Refuge, Nursery, Children's Hospital, and Infants' Hospital and
schools. The usual population of the island is between 2,500 and 3,000. On
Ward's Island are the Insane Asylum for Males, the Homoeopathic Hospital, the
State Emigrant Hospital, and other noble institutions. On Hart's Island is another
lunatic asylum and a convalescent hospital ; and on North Brother Island is the
Riverside hospital for contagious diseases. At Islip, Long Island, is an insane
asylum. The city maintains the Bellevue, Emergency, Gouverneur, Harlem,
Reception and Fordham hospitals in the city proper. Municipal aid to the amount
of nearly $1,250,000 is given for the support of 29 private or State asylums, reform-
atories and charitable institutions, and altogether the city pays out for these purposes
more than $3,300,000 annually.

The Hospitals of New York are not surpassed elsewhere in the world for
extent, completeness of appointment, and general excellence of management. The
most skilful medical service is at the command of the suffering ; and the reputation
of the physicians for skill has travelled even to Europe, so that in recent years Euro-
pean physicians have sent patients across the water to New- York hospitals for treat-
ment in special cases. Particularly is this true of surgery, in which New- York
practitioners are without superiors. The leading hospitals are Bellevue, established
in 1826, and maintained by the city ; New York, chartered by King George III. of
England in 1771, and opened to the public in 1 791 ; Roosevelt, opened ini87i, and
supported by the endowment of James H. Roosevelt ; St. Luke's (Protestant Epis-
copal), incorporated in 1850 ; St. Vincent's (Roman Catholic), 1857 ; Lebanon
(Hebrew), 1889; Mount Sinai, opened in 1872 ; New- York Eye and Ear Infirmary,
1822; New-York Ophthalmic, 1855 ; Presbyterian, 1852 ; and the Sloane Maternity
and Vanderbilt Clinic, endowed by the Vanderbilt family to the amount of $1,000,-
000. Other hospitals devoted to special diseases bring the number of these institu-
tions up to nearly seventy. There are dispensaries and infirmaries for the free treat-
ment of the sick in all parts of the city, to the number of over fifty.

The Educational Work of New York is preeminent, and her teaching facili-
ties yearly attract thousands of students from all parts of the country. The public-
school system, broad in scope and thorough in instruction, is in charge of a Board
of Education composed of 21 commissioners. The number of school buildings is
135, and in these 240,000 children are taught by 4,200 teachers. There are 108
grammar schools, 118 primary schools and departments, 29 evening schools, two
colleges, one training school, one nautical school, and 48 corporate schools in
reformatories and asylums. The College of the City of New York has a yearly
attendance of 900 young men ; and the Normal College of 1,600 young women.
These two institutions complete the system of public schools.

Advancing beyond the public schools we find educational institutions of higher
grade, that in number and in character combine to make New York one of the
great university-towns of the world. In the front rank stands Columbia College,
one of the five oldest and greatest colleges of the country. With its five depart-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK 6l

ments, Arts, Mines, Law, Political Science, and Medicine, and its Barnard College
for Women, it is in effect, as well as in name, a university. Scarcely second to
Columbia is the University of the City of New York, which has three well-equipped
departments. Both these institutions have had brilliant careers, and the names of
scores of men like Barnard, Drisler, Chandler, Quackenbos, Dwight, Morse,
Mott, Butler and others, great in various branches of professional attainment, are
identified with them. There are 3,000 students yearly instructed in these two
universities.

The Union Theological Seminary (Presbyterian), and the Episcopal General
Theological Seminary are the next most prominent higher educational institutions.
Combined they have a yearly register of over 2,000 students. To these must be
added the medical schools, Bellevue, Physicians and Surgeons, University, Homoeo-
pathic, and a dozen like institutions, in special fields. There are several prosperous
Catholic colleges, like Manhattan, St. John's, and St. Francis Xavier.

The prominent law-schools are those connected with Columbia College and the
University of the City of New York, both unsurpassed in facilities and thoroughness
of training ; and drawing students from all parts of the world.

Private schools of all grades are numerous. The Cooper Union Schools for free
instruction in the sciences, mathematics, art, engraving, telegraphy, and other
branches, is one of the grandest philanthropic institutions in existence. Over 4,000
students are taught yearly, most of whom are young tradesmen or mechanics who
attend the evening classes. The Trade School is another institution on a large scale
for practical instruction in common employments.

The Libraries, special and general, are numerous and large. The Aguilar Free
Library and the Free Circulating Library have several branches each ; and the
Apprentices' Library contains nearly 90,000 volumes. The millions left by the will
of Samuel J. Tilden provided a great free library ; and even now that the will has
been set aside, the generosity of one of the heirs will in the near future make up a
part of the loss. The Mercantile Library is the largest circulating library in the
city. It contains 240,000 volumes. The Astor Library, richly endowed by the
Astor family, with a quarter of a million volumes, mostly valuable for reference
rather than for popular reading, is much frequented by students and investigators.

The useful Columbia-College Library has over 100,000 volumes. At the Cooper
Union there are 30,000 volumes of a miscellaneous character, and several hundred
newspapers and magazines are regularly received. The library of the New-York
Historical Society is valuable in Americana. The Lenox Library contains more
rare editions of Bibles, Shakespeariana and Americana, and ancient manuscripts than
other institutions in this country. It has only a few more than 30,000 volumes, but
most of these are priceless in value. The libraries at the City Hall ; the Bar
Association, 35,000 volumes; the American Institute, 15,000; the New-York
Society, 90,000; the Bible Society, 4,000 rare volumes; the Law Institute, 35,000;
and the Young Men's Christian Association, 40,000, are useful institutions. There
are more than a score others of lesser importance, generally serving the needs of
some special class. The libraries attached to the Art Museum and the colleges and
seminaries, as Union Theological Seminary (59,000), St. Francis Xavier (25,000),
and Manhattan College (17,000), are also* note-worthy.

In Art and Architecture, New York leads the country. It is the Mecca
towards which artists from all other sections turn. The studios of America's greatest
painters, sculptors and designers are here, and the native school of art has always
displayed its fullest and most admirable powers in this city. To-day the names of

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

SHOT TOWCR.

SPRUCE AND WILLIAM STREETS.

NEW-YORK CITY.

LOOKING SOUTH FROM THE " WORLD » DOME.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

'ILLIAM STREET.

PROOUCE EXCHANGE TOWER.

NEW-YORK CITY.

LOOKING SOUTH-SOUTHWEST FROM THE "WORLD" DOME.

64 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

such painters as Huntington, Inness, Chase, Millet, Weir, Porter, Parton, Beck-
with, J. G. Brown, Blum, Crane, Gay, Moran and Shirlaw, and of such sculptors
as St. Gaudens, Elwell, Ward, Warner, Hartley, and scores of others not less
accomplished, sufficiently uphold the claim of New York to preeminent distinction
in this respect. The general art taste of the community is revealed on every side,
especially in the local architecture, which has attained to a remarkable degree of
excellence during the last few years. The Vanderbilt houses, the Stewart mansion,
the Union-League-Club buildings, the Madison- Square Garden, the Metropolitan
Opera House, the Casino, the Carnegie Music Hall, St. Patrick's Cathedral, the
City Hall, the Tribune Building, the Times Building, the World Building, the
Academy of Design, Grace Church, the Produce Exchange, the Mutual- Life and
the Equitable-Insurance buildings, the Imperial, Astor, Savoy, Holland and New
Netherland hotels, the Tiffany house, the new Court House, Trinity Church ; the
record might be continued for pages without exhausting the list of buildings that
give architectural distinction to the city. The Huntington mansion, the Metro-
politan Club House, the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, the Havemeyer Office
Building, the American Fine-Arts Building, and a score of other residence and
business structures are either projected or in process of erection. Every conceivable
style and variation of style is represented by admirable examples, Colonial in the
houses of old Greenwich and Chelsea villages, Gothic in Trinity and other churches,
Doric in the Sub-Treasury building, Corinthian in the Court House, Ionic in the
Custom House, Egyptian in the Tombs, Italian Renaissance in the City Hall and
the Produce Exchange, Florentine in the Lenox Library and the W. K. Vanderbilt
house, Moorish in the Tiffany house, the Temple Emanu-El and the Casino, Vene-
tian in the Academy of Design, Byzantine in the German Catholic Church of the
Most Holy Redeemer and St. George's Church, and contemporaneous "Queen
Anne" in the Union-League Club House, and many private residences around about
Central Park. Nor in this connection can the public statues and memorials be
ignored. Among them are many admirable examples of art, such as the Farragut
statue, by Augustus St. Gaudens ; the equestrian Washington, by H. K. Browne ;
the Indian Hunter, the Horace Greeley, and the Washington, by J. Q. A. Ward ;
the Union-Square Drinking-Fountain, by Olin Warner; the Diana on the Madison-
Square-Garden tower, by Augustus St. Gaudens ; the Still Hunt, by Edward Kemys ;
the Egyptian Obelisk, in Central Park ; the Tigress and Young, by Augustus Caine ;
the Washington Memorial Arch, by Stanford White ; the Grant Mausoleum ; and
the magnificent colossal Statue of Liberty on Bedloe's Island, by Bartholdi.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art easily stands at the head of institutions of its
character in this country. It now has treasures valued at over $6,000,000, housed
in a building that has already cost nearly $1,000,000, and is not yet completed. In
these galleries are many famous pictures presented to the Museum from the Stewart
and other private collections, the Wolfe collection of pictures by modern masters
(valued at half a million), the Marquand old masters, the Di Cesnola collection of
Cypriote antiquities, the E. C. Moore collection of ceramics, the Brayton-Ives Jap-
anese swords, the Marquand, Charvet and Jarves glass, the Stuart and Astor laces,
the Drexel and Brown musical instruments, the Baker Egyptian mummy and
other cloth, the Ward Assyrian antiquities, a remarkably large collection of casts
from the antique, and other valuable and interesting possessions. The New-York
Historical Society has a valuable collection of portraits of distinguished Americans,
the Durr collection of old Dutch paintings, the Abbott collection of Egyptian
antiquities, the Lenox Nineveh marbles, and other art-treasures second only in extent

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 65

and value to the possessions of the Metropolitan Museum. In the Lenox Library-
there is a precious collection of pictures, including works of most of the great
masters of modern times. Recent bequests bring this institution into close rivalry
with the Metropolitan Museum and the Historical Society.

The private galleries in New York are not equalled by those in any other Amer-
ican city. The finest collections belong to the Vanderbilts, the Astors, the
Belmonts, the Havemeyers, the Rockefellers, H. G. Marquand, J. A. Bostwick,
Thomas B. Clarke, C. P. Huntington, Henry Hilton, D. O. Mills, Jay Gould, Morris
K. Jesup, J. W. Drexel, Robert Hoe, and many other eminent collectors, who
constitute a band of picture lovers and buyers such as no other American community
can boast of. The portraits in the Governor's room at the City Hall, and in the
Chamber of Commerce, and the Academy of Design's collection of works by its
members are interesting. All the leading clubs possess good paintings, and they make
exhibitions of these and loaned pictures from time to time. Nearly all the fashiona-
ble hotels show fine collections of paintings in their saloons, offices and public rooms.
Not much attention has yet been given to art in New-York church interiors. In St.
Thomas's, the Church of St. Mary the Virgin, the Church of the Transfiguration,
the Church of the Heavenly Rest, Grace Church, St. Patrick's Cathedral and
Trinity Church, there are mural paintings, mosaic and sculptured reredoses, statu-
ary and painted windows. A score of art-stores show the best productions of
American and European painters, and during the season there are numerous exhibi-
tions. The National Academy of Design has autumn and spring exhibitions ; the
Society of American Artists, the Salmagundi Club, the Etching Club, the American
Water-Color Society, and other art organizations hold annual exhibitions.

The Parks of New York are commensurate with its great development. Bowling
Green was the first public park ; and the fashionable folk dwelt about it in the old
Dutch and Colonial times. In the main part of the city the principal reservation
for the people is Central Park, one of the handsomest public breathing-places in the
world. It contains 840 acres, which have been beautified at an expense of over
$15,000,000, with landscape-garden features, statuary, play-grounds and prome-
nades. Part of the park is still left in a state of nature. Morningside Park (of 32
acres) and Riverside Park (of 178 acres), the latter overlooking the Hudson River
for nearly three miles, are two of the most beautiful public places in the city. Many
smaller squares and parks are generally made attractive with shrubbery and flowers.
North of the Harlem River are six parks : The Van Cortlandt, of 1,070 acres ; the
Bronx, of 653 acres ; the Crotona, of 135 acres; St. Mary's, of 25 acres; Clare-
mont, of 38 acres; and Pelham-Bay, of 1,740 acres. At present these properties,
which cost the city $10,000,000, are unimproved. They are distant from the
populated part of the city, but are already much frequented by those who wish a
rustic outing in the wild woods and pastures. In time these parks, which are con-
nected by parkways, will form a system that in extent, in natural beauty and in
adornment will have no rivals. A new park on the west bank of the Harlem River
at Washington Heights is also projected.

Amusements numerous and varied enough to suit all tastes and all purses range
in character from the Metropolitan Opera House to the low concert-saloons of the
Bowery and Eighth Avenue. The legitimate theatres are thirty-six in number, and
at least five others are projected or building. Several of these remain open the year
round, comic opera holding the stage throughout the summer months. All of them
have a season of at least forty weeks. The Metropolitan Opera-House is the home
of German and Italian grand opei-a, and during the last ten years the productions

66 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

there have been on a scale of magnificence and musical excellence rivalling the
most famous European opera-houses. The receipts for the opera season have
amounted to about $200,000 annually, in recent years, leaving a deficiency of $100,-
000 to be made good by assessments upon the stockholders, who are the leaders in
wealth and society. The Madison-Square Garden, a large and architecturally beau-
tiful structure, has an amphitheatre where horse-shows and dog-shows patronized
by fashion are held, and where the circus annually exhibits. In addition, it has a
theatre, a restaurant, a roof-garden, a concert-room, and a ball-room. The old
Academy of Music, once devoted to grand opera, but now given over to the spectacular
drama ; the luxurious Fifth-Avenue ; Palmer's arid the Star, both rich with memo-
ries of Lester Wallack ; the handsome Casino, where comic opera reigns the year
round ; Amberg's and the Thalia, where performances in German only are given ;
Daly's, and the Lyceum, with their admirable stock companies ; the handsome
Garden Theatre ; the Madison-Square Theatre, with its permanent farce comedy ;
these are the most important. In all the legitimate theatres combined there is a
seating capacity of nearly 60,000. The dime-museums and other low-priced places
will accommodate at least 10,000 more. Even with this total the supply does not
exceed the demand. It is estimated that every year there is spent in New York for
amusements of this character at least $6,000,000.

In Chickering Hall, Music Hall, the Lenox Lyceum, the Berkeley Lyceum,
Hardman Hall and the concert-room of the Metropolitan Opera-House most of the
high-class musical entertainments are given. Notable concerts of the year are those
by the Philharmonic Society, the Symphony Society, the Oratorio Society, the
Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Liederkranz and the Arion Society.

Clubs and Clubmen are legion throughout New- York City. Every conceiva-
ble social, political, religious, professional and business interest is concentrated in
this manner. A list of the leading clubs in the city would include the names of over
fifty, such as the Union League, Manhattan, Union, Metropolitan, Lotus, Century, New-
York, St. -Nicholas, Colonial, Aldine, Authors', University, German, Knickerbocker,
New- York Athletic, New- York Racquet, Players' and Manhattan Athletic. All
these have comfortable homes, and the houses of many are palatial. The purely
sporting clubs and associations, such as the American Jockey Club, the American
Kennel Club, the Coney-Island Jockey Club, the yacht clubs, the bicycle clubs, and
so on down to those of minor importance will number a hundred or more, and there
are at least 150 clubs of a miscellaneous character. There are fully 300 clubs of
good standing in New York, with a membership of upward of 100,000. Few men
of New York do not belong to at least one club, and most of them have membership
in several. The desirable clubs are usually full to their extreme limit.

The Hotels, comprising about a thousand of all kinds, include a full hundred
excellent hotels, a large proportion of them strictly first-class, with a world-wide
reputation. The Fifth- Avenue, Windsor, Gilsey, Hoffman, Imperial, Brunswick,
Brevoort, Plaza, Murray-Hill, Buckingham and Astor House are notable. Recent
important additions to the list either just completed or building are the Holland
House, the Waldorf, the Savoy and the New Netherland.

The Harbor and Rivers - Piers and Shipping — fortifications

and Quarantine — Exports and Imports — Oceanic and

Coastwise Lines — The Ocean Greyhounds.

THE harbor of New York is perhaps the most interesting in the world, for it
has been the portal of a new world and a new life for millions of men and
women. It is as beautiful, furthermore, as it is interesting, from the hill-girt gate-
way of the Narrows up into the broader spaces between Bayonne and Gowanus,
with the high blue Orange Mountains crowning the view to the northwest, the
rampart-like Palisades frowning down the Hudson, and verdant islands here and
there breaking the vivid blue of the bay. On all sides the assembled cities encircle
the waters with their masses of buildings, the forests of masts by the waterside, the
immense warehouses and factories along the pier-heads, and the spires, domes and
towers of the beautiful residence-quarters beyond. At night, the harbor is girded
about by myriads of yellow and colored lights and white electric stars, and dotted
with the lanterns of vessels in motion or at anchor.

The Lower Bay and its tributary Raritan Bay and Sandy-Hook Bay are
formed by a triangular indentation of the coast, between Monmouth County, N. J.,
Staten Island and Long Island, partly protected from the sea by Sandy Hook and
Coney Island, and the long bar and shoals extending between them. The channel
is devious and at times difficult, and numerous buoys, beacons and light-houses mark
out the path of the inbound ships. At the head of the Lower Bay the maritime
route leads through the Narrows, a magnificent water-gate a mile wide, hemmed in
between the bold hills of Staten Island and Long Island, and bordered by heavy
batteries. Beyond this remarkable portal opens the Upper Bay, or New- York Har-
bor, an admirable land-locked haven eight miles long and five miles wide, the grand
focal point of North-American Atlantic commerce.

The Water-Front of Manhattan Island available for vessels is about 25 miles
l°ng> J3 miles being on the North River, 9 on the East River, and the rest on the
Harlem River. There are seventy-three piers on the East River, below East nth
Street ; and seventy on the North River, below 12th Street.

On one side of the harbor is the mouth of the magnificent Hudson River, flow-
ing down for 300 miles, from the Adirondack Mountains, navigable for 148 miles to
Albany and Troy, and the outlet of the Erie Canal, bringing down immense sup-
plies of grain from the West. On the other side is the entrance to Long-Island
Sound, "The Mediterranean of the West," giving an admirable marine route to the
ports of New England and the remote East. The strategic position of the city, for
purposes of commerce, is one of unapproachable strength and excellence, and has
been skillfully availed of by the merchants and public men of this active community ;

68 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

and the commerce of the East and the West converges here in immense volume, on
the waters of one of the finest American harbors.

The East River is a deep and swift tidal strait twenty miles long, joining
New- York harbor, at the Battery, with Long-Island Sound, at Willett's Point.
Most of the western shore is formed by New-York City ; and the eastern shore
includes Brooklyn, and other communes of Long Island. It is the avenue of a vast
commerce, and with its many ferry-boats and immense white steamboats flying to
and fro presents a pleasantly animated scene. The narrow channel of Hell Gate,
near Astoria, was for two and a half centuries a terror to mariners, with its swift
eddies and currents, setting over a reef of sharp rocks. Between 1870 and 1885 these
ledges were undermined and blown up with nitro-glycerine, by Gen. Newton and a
corps of engineers, at a cost of many millions of dollars ; and since that time navi-
gation here has been much less perilous.

Harlem River is an arm of East River, seven miles long, partly navigable for
small vessels, and connecting near its head with the much-winding Spuyten-Duyvil
Creek, a shallow tributary of the Hudson River. These two streams separate Man-
hattan Island from the mainland, and form the proposed route of the ship-canal
between them.

The North River, on the western shore of the great city, preserves a name
applied for nearly three centuries to that stretch of the Hudson River extending in
front of Manhattan. The old Dutch colonists named the Delaware the South River,
and the Hudson they called the North River. It is a noble straight-channeled
reach of deep water, a mile wide and a score of miles long, and gave ample soundings
for the Great Eastern, as it does now for the Majestic and the City of New York.

The lower water-side streets are occupied generally by small irregular buildings,
sail-lofts, the haunts of riggers and outfitters, ship-owners and ship-chandlers, mys-
terious junk shops, and a vast variety of drinking-places, sailors' boarding-houses,
and shops for small-wares. Street-railways run along the pier-heads ; and a contin-
uous crowded and noisy procession of drays and carts pours up and down the streets,
or entangles itself in hopeless blocks, overflowed by tides of objurgations and hearty
profanatory expletives.

The Piers and Wharves are for the most part exceedingly irregular and
rather unsightly, being of various lengths, and constructed of wood, upon myriads of
piles," around and between which the free tides swirl and eddy. Though devoid of
the architectural symmetry and structural massiveness of European quays, the water-
front of New York is well-fitted for its uses, and has also a singular picturesqueness
and diversity of outline and character. Some years ago a well-considered plan was
devised and begun, to replace the crazy-looking wharves w'ith a systematic and
imposing line of stone piers and docks ; but this transformation is a very costly
process, and has made but little advance. In 1892 the Legislature passed a bill
providing " for the recreation and health of the people of New York by setting aside
certain piers along the river-front." The plan involves the construction of very
large two-story pavilions on the pier-ends, the lower stories being devoted to com-
mercial purposes, and the high-arched upper floors forming fresh-air gardens, with
music and flowers and sea-views, for the pleasure of the people. The piers at Bar-
clay and Perry Streets, on the North River, are being fitted up for this fortunate
service ; and there are to be four similar roof-gardens on the East-River front.

In going up the North-River side, from the Battery, there is a continual succes-
sion of varied and busy scenes, the headquarters of the Coney-Island steamboats; the
huge piers of the Pennsylvania Railroad ; the trim vessels of the New-Orleans, Bos-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

ton, and Cuba steamships ; the huge white floating palaces of the Sound lines to
Fall River and Providence and Norwich ; the docks of the Hudson-River lines ; the
Texas and Old-Dominion boats ; and the resting-places of the unrivaled ocean-grey-
hounds of the Guion, Inman, White Star, Cunard and French lines. Along the
East River a long space is given up to the large sailing-ships, bringing in cargoes
from all parts of the world, and with their lofty masts and long yards interwoven
against the sky. Then come the grain-laden canal-boats from the West, hundreds
of fruiters from the West Indies, and a line of ferries, above which appear several
dry-docks, followed by iron-foundries, lumber-yards, and old steamers laid up in
ordinary. Almost every variety of vessel is found in these waters, the brilliant
excursion-steamboats, melodious with band-music, and waving with flags and
streamers ; ark-like
canal -boats from
the Great Lakes,
distended with
wheat and corn ;
the swift Norfolk
schooners, redolent
of fine tobacco and
of early vegetables;
oyster-boats from
the Connecticut
coast, small and
pert in outlines and
motion ; huge full-
rigged ships from
Calcutta, laden
with indigo ; sooty
steam-barges from
the Pennsylvania
coal-regions; Nova-
Scotia brigs, laden
with fine apples and
potatoes; heavy old
whalers, making
port after long
Arctic voyages ;

schooners from the West Indies and Honduras, crammed with tropical fruits ;
fishermen from the Grand Banks, heroes of the saltest northern seas ; Medi-
terranean merchantmen, with rich cargoes from the Levant ; and hundreds of
other types, each full of interest and attraction. The loom of the great environ-
ing cities, the breadth and life of the confluent waters, the intense and joyous
activity of motion, combine to give this cosmopolitan picture an unusual breadth
and life.

Space fails to tell of the Barge Office at the Battery, and its customs inspectors
and sailors' dispensary ; of the natty flotilla of the Battery boatmen ; of Ellis Island
and its great buildings for the reception of immigrants ; of the United- States Navy
Yard, at Brooklyn, the chief naval station of the Republic ; of the wonderful docks
on the Brooklyn side, the home of a universal commerce ; and of scores of other
interesting scenes which surround the gateway of the New World.

UNITED-STATES BARGE OFFICE, BATTERY PLACE.

70 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

The Military Defences of New- York City are formidable, as far as the old

style of warfare goes. It remains to be seen how efficient they may be when confront-
ing the untried and uncertain naval monsters of the new era; and acting under the
support of chains of torpedoes, dynamite guns, and the battle-ships of the new
American navy. New mortar-batteries of great power are about to be constructed
on Sandy Hook and near Long Island, to command the remote Lower Bay ; and
Fort Lafayette and other points will be occupied by immense steel turrets.

Fort Wadsworth, the most powerful of the military defences of New York, is a
three-tiered casemate work of granite, on the Staten-Island shore of the Narrows.
On the heights above stands the heavily-armed Fort Tompkins; and along the chan-
nel-side extends a line of water-batteries. From this place a triple fire, water-line
and casemate and plunging,- -could be converged upon a hostile vessel in the narrow
channel.

On the Long-Island shore, at the Narrows, opposite Fort Wadsworth, and only
a mile distant, glower the heavy stone casemates of Fort Hamilton, on a military
reservation of 96 acres. Just off-shore, on an artificial island, stands Fort Lafayette,
built in 18 1 2-22, and celebrated as a prison for political captives and disloyal per-
sons during the civil war. The inflammable parts of the fort were burned in 1868,
and the remaining buildings are used now only for storing ordnance supplies.

Fort Wood, on Bedloe's Island, is a star-shaped work, finished in 1841, and
mounted then with seventy guns. The wonderful colossal statue of Liberty Enlight-
ening the World rises from a pedestal on the parade-ground.

Wiilett's Point was fortified in 1862, by the National Government, to close the
entrance to the East River from Long-Island Sound. It is the headquarters of the
Battalion of Engineers, U. S. A. Across the entrance of the East River looms the
ponderous casemated defence of Fort Schuyler, whose construction was begun
in 1833.

Governor's Island, within 1,000 feet of the Battery, and six miles inside of
the Narrows, is the headquarters of the Military Department of the East, and the
usual residence of the commanding general. It is a beautiful island, of 65 acres,
with a far-viewing parade-ground, surrounded by fine old trees and the quarters of
the officers; an arsenal containing scores of heavy'cannon and endless pyramids of
cannon-balls ; magazines and hospitals ; the headquarters of the Military Service
Institution, with its library and picture-gallery ; and the interesting Military Museum,
rich in battle-flags, weapons ancient and modern, and Indian curiosities. The
chief defence on Governor's Island is Fort Columbus, a star-shaped stone fort mount-
ing 120 guns, and with enclosed barracks for the artillerists. On the point toward
the Battery stands Castle Williams, an old-fashioned and picturesque three-story
fortress, circular in shape, built between 1808 and 18 1 2.

The Quarantine Station defends the port of New York (and with it the
entire continent) against the entrance of dangerous and pestilential diseases. The
danger of epidemics being brought in by foreign vessels was guarded against as early
as 1647; and in I710 the Council ordered that all West-Indian vessels should be
detained at Staten Island. In 1758 the Provincial Legislature enacted laws for the
protection of the port in this regard, and established a quarantine station at Bedloe's
Island. One of the first measures of the State Legislature, in 1784, was a re-enact-
ment of this law. Ten years later, the station was moved to Governor's Island, but
the citizens of New York were rather uneasy at having the pest-house so near them.
In 1 801, therefore, it was again transferred to Tompkinsville, Staten Island, where it
remained for more than sixty years. But in the course of time, as Staten Island

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 71

became thickly settled, its people made serious objections to the continuance of so
undesirable a neighbor; and in 1857 the State Legislature ordered the selection of
another site. This was found at Sandy Hook, but the opposition of New Jersey
rendered it impossible. The next move appeared in the erection of buildings for
the purpose at Seguin's Point, on the south part of Staten Island. The neighbor-
ing residents were incensed at the project, and attacked the establishment by night,
and set fire to it. This summary process approved itself to the people of Tompkins-
ville, who also made a night attack upon the existing station, and thoroughly
destroyed it. Richmond County was forced to pay for these nocturnal raids, but
the result justified the acts, and the State gave up its attempt to establish the quar-
antine here. In 1859 a commission including Horatio Seymour, John C. Green,
and Gov. Patterson adopted the idea of a floating hospital ; and the old steamship
Falcon entered upon the duty, with an anchorage below the Narrows. In 1866-70
the artificial Swinburne Island was constructed, on the sand-bar of West Bank, and
now has rows of hospital wards, a crematory and mortuary, and a dock and break -

T r

BAY AND HARBOR FROM BEDLOE'S ISLAND, ABOUT 1840.

water. Hoffman Island, built in 1868-73, is a quarantine of observation and isola-
tion, for immigrants who have been exposed to dangerous epidemics. The Lower
Quarantine is marked by yellow buoys, and has a ship moored for a floating station,
where vessels from infected ports are boarded. Their arrival is signalled thence to
the main Quarantine Station, six miles above, on Staten Island, from which the
proper officials go down to board them. The swift little tug-boat of the station
passes the day in rushing from one incoming vessel to another, and the health-
officers are kept busy in inspecting their passengers and crews. In a single year
7,600 vessels and 370,000 passengers have been examined here. The New-York
quarantine is the most complete, thorough and efficient in the world.

The harbor is guarded from law-breakers, and "wharf-rats," mutineers and riot-
ers, river-thieves and smugglers, as much as possible, by the police of the Thirty-
Sixth Precinct, which has jurisdiction over the waters and wharves adjoining the
city, along both rivers, and down as far as Robin's Reef. The police headquarters

72 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

is on the steamboat Patrol, and several row-boats are continually moving along the
rivers and up into the docks, manned by officers of the law, looking after thieves,
fires, lost property, suicides and drowned persons.

The Exports and Imports of America find their foremost clearing-houses
in this peerless harbor, with its rich adornments of Nature, and improvements and
defences of art. One hundred years ago the total export and import trade of the
United States was below $50,000,000 annually. At present (including specie) it is
nearly $2,000,000,000, of which the imports reach $900,000,000. The exports of
cotton are over $290,000,000 ; of grain, breadstuffs, and provisions, an equal value ;
and of specie, $180,000,000. The foreign commerce for 1890 and 189 1 was the
largest in the history of the nation. Nearly two-fifths of the exports of the Republic
go from New York, which sends out $370,000,000 yearly, to $107,000,000 from
New Orleans, $74,000,000 from Baltimore, $70,000,000 from Boston, and $37,-
000,000 from Philadelphia. Two-thirds of the imports to the United States enter
at the port of New York. Less than one-fourth the trade is under the American
flag, which has a tonnage of 928,000 in the foreign trade, and 3,409,000 in the
coastwise trade, besides 87,000 in the fisheries. New York owns 2,000 sailing ves-
sels, of 409,000 tons; 1,000 steamers, of 375,000 tons; and 900 canal-boats anil
lighters, of 167,000 tons.

During a single year over 2,000 grain-laden steamships sail from New York,
which ships one-third of the American grain and breadstuffs, in spite of its heavy
port and storage charges. The hold is filled with grain in bulk ; the between-decks
with grain in bags. The port has a storage capacity of 26,000,000 bushels, in 22
stationary elevators and 31 floating elevators ; and grain-ships can be loaded at the
rate of 458,000 bushels an hour.

New York receives every year over 200 tramp steamships, 136 from transatlantic
ports, and the rest from other American harbors. Many of them come to this great
maritime clearing-house for orders, or enter in ballast, seeking cargoes. These
Avanderers of the seas have engines of low power, with small consumption of coal,
and cross the ocean in from fifteen to twenty days, with cargoes of heavy character,
and including all sorts of merchandise. Here also are seen the singular tank-steam-
ships, partly owned by the Standard Oil Company, and carrying over seas from
30,000 to 35,000 barrels of oil, pumped into the hold, which is divided into half-a-
dozen or more great tanks. One of these singular floating reservoirs can be filled with
petroleum in twelve hours. On their return-voyages from Europe the tanks are
partly filled with water-ballast. Vessels of somewhat similar construction are
employed in transporting molasses from Cuba.

There are several score of fruit steamers plying between the Central-American
and West-Indian ports and New York, bringing bananas and cocoanuts, oranges and
pineapples, and mostly sailing under the Norwegian flag. Between the outer hull
of steel and the inner hull of wood opens a considerable space, which is packed with
charcoal, for refrigeration. They have triple-expansion engines, steam steering-gear,
and, in many cases, twin-screws, and are built for the trade, with three open decks
and separated deck-planks, to ensure free circulation of air, and prevent the fruit
from becoming heated. Their seasons are spring and summer, after which most of
them go into the grain and general freighting business to and around Europe.

Before the days of steam, the Atlantic Ocean was traversed by several famous
packet-lines, like the Black Star ships of Grimshaw & Co., the Black Ball line of C.
H. Marshall & Co., the old Black Stars of Williams & Guion, the packets of the
Tapscot Line. The large-st accommodations were for 30 cabin and 20 second-cabin,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

and a varying number of steerage passengers in a ship, the rates being higher than
in the modern steamships. These ocean racers were built on the finest and most
graceful lines, with vast expanses of canvas spread from their towering masts ; and
their passages across were of remarkable swiftness. The Red Jacket made the trans-
atlantic voyage in 13 days and \\\ hour; and the Dreadnaught in i860 made the
run from New York to the Irish coast in 9 days and 17 hours. In 1864 the clipper
Adelaide left New York at the same time as the Cunard steamship Sidon, and
entered Liverpool before her, in 12^ days. At the present time many sailing ships
ply to and from the port of New York, and among them are enormous four-masted
steel vessels, with a capacity of 6,000 tons of freight.

The science of steam navigation, which has revolutioned modern commerce,
changed the aspect of naval warfare, made travel by sea speedy and pleasant, and
united the remote places of the earth, had its beginning in the noble harbor of New
York. Various Spanish and German, British and American inventors claimed to

NEW-YORK HARBOR, FROM EAST-RIVER BRIDGE, IN 1S92.

have discovered the principles of marine engines, at periods running from the Middle
Ages down to the close of the eighteenth century ; but it was reserved for Robert
Fulton to practically apply this idea, and to perfect and develop it, so that his fleet
of vessels had an immediate economic value for transporting passengers and freight.
This successful demonstration of a great new principle resulted in a rapid spread
of the discovered power all over the maritime world. Fulton's Clermont was
launched at Jersey City, in 1807, and ascended the Hudson River to Albany.
Almost at the same time, John Stevens, of Hoboken, built the Phoenix, and sent her
around to Philadelphia, the pioneer of all ocean-going steamers. Following New
York's example, the St. -Lawrence River received a steamboat, in 1809; the Ohio
and Mississippi, in 181 1 ; and the Scottish Clyde, in 1812. The first steamship to
cross the ocean was the Savannah, built at New York, and equipped with folding
paddle-wheels, which were taken out and laid on the deck when not in use. In

74 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

1 819 this little 380-ton vessel steamed from Savannah to Liverpool, Cronstadt, and
Copenhagen. In 1838 Brunei's steamship Great Western, of 1,340 tons, steamed
from Bristol, England, to New York, in fifteen days; and the Sirins ran across from
London and Cork to New York.

In 1850 the Collins Line began its operations, and built up a fleet of five mag-
nificent American steamships — the Pacific, Arctic, Adriatic, Baltic, and Atlantic,
built at a cost of $4,000,000, and operated under a large subsidy from the United-
States Government. The first two were lost* at sea; the cost of the voyages far
exceeded the receipts ; the subsidy was withdrawn ; and in 1858 the Collins Line
ceased to run.

There are now thirty great transatlantic steamship lines between New York
and Europe, some of them with several sailings each week. They have eighty-five
passenger steamships, bringing to New York yearly nearly 100,000 cabin passengers,
four-fifths of whom are returning Americans. Their eastern ports are Liverpool,
Southampton, London, Newcastle, Hull, Moville (Londonderry), Queenstown, and
Glasgow, in the British Islands ; Havre, Bordeaux, and Boulogne, in France ; Ant-
werp, Rotterdam, and Amsterdam, in the Low Countries; Copenhagen, in Denmark;
Hamburg, Stettin, and Bremen, in Germany ; Christiana and Christiansand, in
Scandinavia ; and several Mediterranean ports. The capital embarked in these
lines is $500,000,000. The offices of most of the steamship lines are on lower
Broadway, or at "Steamship Row," on Bowling Green, where they occupy a block of
ancient brick houses once dwelt in by the merchant-princes of New York.

The Inman Line (Inman and International Steamship Company, Limited,)
opened its operations in 1850, under the title of the Liverpool, New- York & Phila-
delphia Steamship Company, running at first only between Liverpool and Philadel-
phia. Its earlier ships were the City of Berlin, City of Chester, and City of Rich-
mond, built in 1873-74; and the City of Chicago, in 1883. The City of Berlin,
with her 520 feet of length, was for some years the largest steamship in the world,
except the Great Eastern. She is still running on the line. William Inman of
Liverpool was the managing director of the company from 1854 until his death, in
1 88 1. In 1886 the old company dissolved, and its fleet and good-will were
purchased by the International Navigation Company of Philadelphia. As the line
had nominally to be owned and operated by a British corporation, the present
company was formed. The new management determined to mark a new era in
ocean-navigation by building two immense unsinkable steamships, of unrivalled
swiftness, and provided with every possible comfort for passengers. In 1887 tne
enormous City of Paris and City of New York, each 580 feet over all in length, with
a displacement of 10,500 tons, and over 18,000 horse-power, were begun, at Clyde-
bank. The City of Paris has made the fastest transatlantic voyage on record, in
5 days, 15 hours and 58 minutes. The City of New York made her first voyage in
1888; the City of Paris, in 1889. The new Inman boats are provided with double
bottoms, so that the inner skin would keep out the water if the outer one was
broken ; with twenty water-tight compartments separated by solid bulkheads, and
fronted by an immensely thick collision bulkhead, near the bow ; and with twin-
screws, having totally independent triple-expansion engines and mechanisms, so that
if one becomes disabled, the ship can be carried into port with the other. Each
steamship can carry 1,200 passengers and 2,700 tons of freight. The depth of the
vessels, from the top of the deck-cabins to the keel, is 59 feet ; and the extreme
breadth is 63^ feet. Each ship carries many of its first-class passengers on the
promenade and saloon decks, some in suites of sitting-room, bed-room, bath-room,

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and toilet-room, and others in rooms arranged with berths folding up like those of
a Pullman car, so that by day the place becomes a pleasant sitting-room. The other
first-class cabins, on the main and upper decks, are of greater size than usual, and
elegantly and comfortably furnished. The dining-saloons are rooms of singular
beauty and convenience, with high arched ceilings and choice architectural and
artistic decorations. Every device calculated to increase the comfort of passengers
has been combined in these splendid ships, which are at once swift, secure and
sumptuous, as strong as battle-ships and as luxurious as Belgravia drawing-rooms.
The kitchens are isolated, and ventilated into the main smoke-stacks.

Hydraulic power is used instead of steam for the daily work of steering, hoist-
ing out supplies, and many other duties ; and its operation is very nearly noiseless.

The offices of the
Inman company,
at 6 Bowling
Green, New York,
and 3 Cockspur
Street, London,
are equipped with
reading and writ-
ing rooms and
ladies' rooms for
the use of travel-
lers. The steam-
ships at present
sail from Pier 43,
N . R . , every
Wednesday. But
the Inman com-
pany has recently
acquired from the

city the largest and finest pier in New-York harbor, at the foot of Vesey Street, and
known as New Pier 14, or Washington Pier. This they are rapidly fitting up in the
most approved manner, and it will probably be made, in many respects, the most
commodious pier in the world in its admirable provision for passengers and freight.
The rates of first-cabin passage are from $50 to $650, depending on the ship, the
season, the number in a state-room, and the location. The former price is for a
passage in one of the smaller steamers, before April 1st; the higher rate is for a
summer passage on one of the two great racers, for one person occupying a suite of
rooms on the promenade or saloon deck. The larger steamers accommodate each
over 500 first-cabin and 200 second-cabin passengers ; and have spacious state-rooms,
ventilated by electric-driven fans, and containing scientific plumbing, and other
modern improvements. Since over nine-tenths of the Inman stock is owned by
American capitalists, Congress in 1892 admitted to American registry the City of
Pa?-is and the City of New York, thus laying the foundation for a great merchant
navy. For this privilege the Inman Company is compelled to build 21,000 tons of
steamships in American dockyards, and they propose that these new boats shall
surpass in swiftness, luxury and ingenuity of construction everything now floating
on blue water. Some part of the $150,000,000 now paid by the United States
for transatlantic traffic may thus be turned, by the skill of our shipbuilders,
into American channels; and the nation may thus also acquire a strong and

PIER 43, NORTH RIVER, FOOT OF BARROW STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 77

useful auxiliary navy, available in time of war for swift cruising and transport
purposes. The placing of its finest ships under the Stars and Stripes will attract to
the Inman Line an immense patronage from true Americans. The prosperity and
enterprise of the Inman Line are due to the International Navigation Company, of
Philadelphia, owners of a controlling interest of the stock of the Inman Company,
and also owners and managers of the well-known Red Star Line, plying between
New York, Philadelphia and Antwerp.

The White Star Line (or Oceanic Steam Navigation Company), founded in
1870, sent out in 1875 tne Britannic and Germanic, steamships of a new type, of
great length, and equipped with powerful compound engines. Fourteen years later,
in 1889, the magnificent Teutonic and Majestic were, launched, each of them 582 feet
long, and of nearly 10,000 tons displacement. In March, 1891, the Majestic crossed
from Queenstown to New York in 5 days, 18 hours, and 8 minutes, and the Teutonic
made the same voyage in 5 days and 16^ hours, the average being 20^ knots an
hour, and the swiftest day's run reaching 517 knots. Each of these giants of the
sea can carry 1,200 passengers and 2,500 tons of freight ; and each of them cost
above $2,000,000. They are built of Siemens- Martin steel, and each is propelled
by two independent sets of triple-expansion engines, with manganese bronze propel-
lers. They are minutely divided by athwart-ship and longitudinal bulk-heads,
ensuring rigidity, strength and security. There are family and single-berth state-
rooms, ivory-and-gold Renaissance saloons, smoking-rooms decorated with embossed
leather and fine marine paintings, a library-room with well-filled book-cases and
luxurious furniture, and many other very comfortable departments. The first-cabin
rates are from $80 to $600, depending on the steamship, the season, and the loca-
tion of the state-room. Among the other vessels of the line are the Oceanic, its first
boat ; the Belgic, Gaelic, Adriatic and Celtic ; and the Coptic, Doric and Ionic. All
these were built at Belfast, Ireland. The company's dock is at the foot of West
loth Street. The twin-screw steamships Naronic and Bovic, Tanric and Nomadic,
and the Runic and Cujic are used for freight exclusively, and cross in ten days. In
a single voyage, the Nomadic has carried 9,591 tons of freight; and the Cujic has
brought to New York at one time 77,000 boxes of tin-plate.

The Cunard Line was established by Samuel Cunard, of Halifax, David
Mclver, of Liverpool, and George Burns, of Glasgow; and began its voyages in the
year 1840. Its official title was the British and North- American Royal Mail Steam
Packet Company. The first Cunarders were paddle-wheel vessels, of wood, and
bore the names — Britannia, Acadia, Columbia, and Caledonia. These four steam-
ships carried the mads between Liverpool, Halifax and Boston, for which the com-
pany received $400,000 yearly. The mail service has ever since been an important
perquisite of the Cunard Company. The fleet was increased by the Hibernia, in
1843 '■> the Cambria, in 1845 > the America, Niagara, Europa and Columbia, in
1850 ; the Asia and Africa ; the Persia, in 1855 ; and the Scotia, in 1862. The
CJiina, launched in 1862, was the first iron screw steamship in the Cunard fleet. In
1874, the Bothnia and Scythia were launched; and in 18S1, the Servia. In 1884-85,
appeared the Etruria and the Umbria, each of over 8,000 tons, and in their day the
sovereigns of the seas. The two last-named are celebrated for their great comfort
and speed ; and each has accommodations for 1,600 passengers. The Cunard New-
York fleet includes the Etruria, Umbria, Aurania, Gallia, Servia and Bothnia, sail-
ing on Wednesdays and Saturdays for Queenstown and Liverpool. The first-cabin
fare from New York to Liverpool is from $60 to $125. The Cunard dock is at
Pier 40, N. R., at the foot of Clarkson Street.

78 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Guion Line dates from 1864, when its great new steamships succeeded
its line of wooden sailing-packets, established in 1842. The construction of the
Arizona, in 1879, inaugurated the wonderful rivalry which has since stimulated the
ocean lines to increase the size, speed and comfort of their ships. The Arizona was
of 5,164 tons, and crossed in 7 days and 3^ hours ; and her sister-ship, the Alaska,
built in 1881, of 6,932 tons, and 11,000 horse-power, made a still better record.
These two enormous ships have accommodations for about 1,200 passengers and
2,000 tons of freight each. The other vessels — the Nevada, Wisconsin, and
Wyoming were built at Jarrow, England, between 1868 and 1870, and are smaller.
All the Guion boats are of iron, with water-tight compartments. The cabin passage
rates vary from $50 to $100, and upward, according to the ship or the location of
the berth. The Guion dock is at Pier 38, N. R., at the foot of King Street.

The Anchor Line, founded in 1852, by Thomas Henderson, has on its service
between New York and Glasgow, six fine steamships, with weekly sailings. The
Ethiopia, Devonia, Circassia and Anchoria are each of between 4,000 and 5,000 tons.
The Furnessia, of 6,500 tons, is a fine vessel, with electric lights, water-tight com-
partments, and a rich furnishing. The City of Rome, built in 188 1, at Barrow, has
a gross tonnage of 8,415, with four masts, three funnels, and a magnificent equip-
ment for passenger accommodation The Anchor cabin fares from New York to
Glasgow are from $50 to $100. The Anchor dock is at Pier 54, N. R., foot of
West 24th Street. The route is across to the bold north coast of Ireland ; up
Lough Foyle to Moville, where passengers for Londonderry get on a tender ; across
the North Channel and the Firth of Clyde ; and up the wonderfully interesting
River Clyde for 25 miles to Glasgow. This company also has West-Indian,
Mediterranean and Indian services.

The Allan-State Line, between New York, Londonderry, and Glasgow, was
founded in 1872 by a Glasgow company, under the name of the State Line. The
New- York fleet includes the Clyde-built steamships State of California, State of
Nebraska, and State of Nevada, strong and comfortable vessels of iron or steel, with
saloons amidships, and electric-lighted parlors and sitting-rooms and state-rooms on
the main deck. The California was built on the Clyde, in 189 1, and is 400 feet
long, with a tonnage of 4,500, eight water-tight compartments, triple-expansion
engines, steel boilers, and accommodations for 1,000 passengers. This line carries
large quantities of freight, and is thus able to make very low rates for passengers
who are not in a hurry to get across. Its first-cabin rates are $40, or $75 for the
trip over and back. The steamships leave the foot of West 21st Street Thursdays.
The Allan Line also sends out freight steamships, which bring back passengers.

The Wilson Line owns thirty vessels, with a tonnage of 114,000, mainly
devoted to freighting. There are four services from New York, running to Hull,
London, Newcastle and Antwerp. The Hull steamships sail from Hoboken (cabin
fare, $45), and carry no steerage passengers. The London steamships include
several 4,500-ton vessels. They are largely devoted to carrying cattle.

The National Line, founded in 1863, runs from New York to Liverpool and
London, and has twelve large steamships, once favorite passenger-boats, but now
entirely devoted to freighting. In a single trip, one of these vessels has carried over
1,000 head of cattle.

The Atlantic Transport Line, running every ten days between New York
and London, is also devoted to freight.

The Bristol City Line, at the foot of West 26th Street, and the Manhanset
Line for Avonmouth, whose pier is at Jersey City, have a large freight business

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

with Bristol and South Wales, served by weekly steamships on each route. The
English coast is also reached by the Hamburg-American and North German Lloyd
splendid steamships, calling at Southampton, from or for New York every day
or two.

The Compagnie Generale Transatlantique, usually known as the "French
Line," was founded in i860 by Parisian capitalists ; and serves the route between
New York and Havre with six fine express mail steamships, La Tonraine, La
Bourgogne, L.a Normandie, La Champagne, La Bretagne and La Gascogne. Each
of these vessels can accommodate 1,300 passengers, and carries 2,500 tons of freight.
Several of them were built at St. Nazaire, France, by the company ; and so also
was La Touraine, with a tonnage of 10,000, and 12,000 horse-power, and costing
$2,000,000. She has made the run from Havre to New York in six days and 8^
hours. The other ships are of 7,000 tons each. The vessels of the French Line

"FRENCH LINE" '. COMPAGNIE GENERALE TRANSATLANTIQUE. STEAMSHIP "LA TOURAINE."

are mainly commanded and entirely manned by officers and sailors of the French
navy, and are equipped so as to be convertible into armed cruisers in time of war.
Festivals and holidays are celebrated on these ships with peculiar enthusiasm, and
lines of bright flags adorn them from bow to stern on such occasions. The table is
supplied with all the variety and daintiness of the Parisian cuisine, and the wines
served are famous for their excellence. The saloons, smoking-rooms, music-room
and other public parts of the ships are beautifully and appropriately decorated with
pink and gold panels, mahogany and marble pillars, mirrors, paintings, Japanese
inlaid work, embossed leather wall-hangings, and other exquisite adornments.
These ships furnish the luxury of a first-class hotel. The French Line has enjoyed
a singular immunity from accident, and its ships are of steel, with water-tight com-
partments and cellular bottoms. Although they attain a high rate of speed, and
make remarkably quick transits, the perils of the sea are averted by unceasing vigil-
ance and admirable seamanship. In the latter part of the voyage the vessels
command pleasant views of the Channel Islands and the great naval city of Cher-
bourg, and then swing around the French coast to Havre and the mouth of the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

S -n

82 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

River Seine. Special trains meet the steamships on their pier at Havre, to carry the
passengers and luggage to Paris, whence their route may be taken for any part of
the continent. Trunks may thus be checked from New York to Paris direct. The
first-class fares on this line are from $80 upward. The pier is No. 42, N. R., at the
foot of Morton Street. The office is at 3 Bowling Green, Augustin Forget being
the general agent for the United States and Canada.

The Compagnie Generale Transatlantique bought out several lines at the time of
its foundation, and now has 75 steamships, including Mediterranean, West-Indian
and South-American services.

The "French Line" enjoys the highest class of patronage, and carries a full
proportion of the eminent people travelling between the two continents. It is
specially popular from the fact that its steamships run about as promptly and as
reliably as to time as railroad trains, and the general elegance, attentive service,
exquisite cuisine, efficient management, and the whole appointments are not sur-
passed by any of the ocean steamship lines.

The Bordeaux Line, originating in 1880, runs three British-built steamships,
the Chateau lafite, Panama and Tancarville, making the voyage in nine days.

The Netherlands Line calls at Boulogne-sur-Mer.

The North German Lloyd Line (Nord-Deutscher Lloyd) was organized in
1857 ; and between 1881 and 1886 constructed the express steamships Elbe, Werra,
Fulda, Eider, Ems, Aller, Trave, and Saale, equipped with triple-expansion engines.
Since that date it has built the Lahn, Spree, and Havel, single-screw vessels, with a
speed of 187 knots an hour. The Kaiser Wilhelm II, launched at Stettin in 1888,
is the largest of the fleet, with a gross tonnage of 6,990. The Havel has crossed
from New York to Southampton in 6 days and 19^ hours. These vessels have
German officers and crews, and are celebrated for their capital accommodations for
passengers. A special feature is the music, furnished daily by a band on each ship.
Steamships leave Hoboken semi-weekly for Southampton, thence traversing the
English Channel and the North Sea to Bremerhaven (i^- hours by rail from Bremen).
The first-cabin rates are from $70 to $150. The express-boats have an average
accommodation of 1,150 passengers and over 2,000 tons of freight. The North
German line also has services to the Mediterranean ports, Australia, China, and
South America, employing seventy steamships. The Ocean Steam Navigation Com-
pany, between New York, Cowes and Bremen, was established in 1847, with the
steamships Washington and Hermann, each of about 4,000 tons. This was an
American line, and was abandoned when the mail-subsidy ceased.

The Hamburg-American Packet Company, running a weekly express-
line from New York (Hoboken) via Southampton to Hamburg, and a regular service
from New York direct to Hamburg, was founded in 1847, and sent out its first steam
vessel in 1856 ; and now owns 54 steamships. It numbers among the modern ves-
sels of its fleet the magnificent Fiirst-Bismarck, Augusta Victoria, Normannia, and
Columbia, twin-screw express mail steamships of from 10,000 to 12,000 tons each,
and 13,000 to 16,000 horse-power, with a speed of between 19 and 2of knots an
hour. The Fiirst-Bismarck has made the voyage between New York and South-
ampton in 6 days and nf hours, the fastest time ever made between those ports.
They take passengers from New York to London regularly in less than a week. The
express-boats are built of steel and teakwood, with double bottoms and numerous
water-tight compartments, double keels, Edison incandescent lights, and richly
decorated saloons, music-rooms and smoking-rooms, and large state-rooms, some of
them with connected bath-rooms, and others en suite. The first-cabin fares are

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

from $75 to $250. After leaving Southampton, the express-boats make a run of
twenty-four hours to Cuxhaven, at the mouth of the River Elbe, whence passengers
are taken to Hamburg by railway. The four greater boats are devoted to the
Express Service ; and the Regular Service employs the Bohemia, Gellert, Wieland,
Dania, Rhcetia, Rugia, Suevia, Scandia, Russia, and other vessels, running to Ham-
burg direct, with first-cabin fares at from $45 upward.

The Union Line, also managed by the Hamburg Company, runs from New
York (Brooklyn) to Hamburg direct, but takes steerage passengers only. Its
steamships are the Sorrento, Amalfi, Marsala and Taormina.

The Hamburg-American Company's Baltic Line sends its vessels from
New York (Hoboken) to Copenhagen and Stettin every three weeks. The cabin
fare is $50. The company has also lines from Hamburg to Philadelphia, Baltimore,
New Orleans, Venezuela, Aspinwall, Cuba, St. Thomas, Hayti, Porto Rico, and
Mexico; and a winter express-service from New York to Gibraltar, Genoa, and Naples.

The Red Star Line, started in 1871, plies between New York (Jersey City)
and Antwerp direct, and Philadelphia and Antwerp, weekly, carrying the Belgian
and American mails. The rates are from $50 upward for first-cabin passage, the
distance being 3,457 miles, and the usual time from ten to twelve days. The Fries-
land was built in 1889, of Siemens-Martin steel, on a fine clipper model, and with
ten water-tight compartments, and a tonnage of 7,116. The Westemland and
Noordland are sister-ships, of steel, built by the Lairds at Birkenhead in 1883 ; and

RED STAR LINE STEAMSHIP " FRIESLAND,

the sisters Rhynland and Belgenland were launched at Barrow in 1879. The popu-
lar PVaesland dates from 1880 ; the Pennland, from 1882; and the Switzerland, from
1874. The Nederland, Pennsylvania and Illinois are for steerage passengers only.
The Red Star boats are very comfortably arranged, with family rooms, dining rooms
on saloon deck, electric lights, isolated kitchens, saloons decorated with rare wood-
work and paintings, perfect ventilating apparatus, and smoking-rooms with tiled

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

floors and mahogany walls. The voyage eastward leads first to the Scilly Islands
and the Lizard, whence the course is laid up the English Channel, in sight of Eddy-
stone Rock, the Bill of Portland, the Isle of Wight, Hastings and Dover, with the
French coast visible on the right. Then the steamship heads across the North Sea,
passing Dunkirk and Ostend, and entering the Scheldt River at Flushing, forty miles

RED STAR LINE STEAMSHIP " WESTERNLAND.

above which it reaches Antwerp. This port was chosen as the Continental terminal
on account of its central geographical position, within about six hours' railway ride
of Paris, Strasburg or Frankfort, and in the very heart of the quaint and fascinating
Low Countries.

The Netherlands-American Steam-Navigation Company was founded in
1872, and runs weekly boats from New York (Hoboken) to Rotterdam or Amster-
dam, touching at Boulogne-sur-Mer to land passengers for Paris, four hours distant
by railway. The fleet includes the steamships Spaarndam, Maasdam, Veendam,
IVerkendam, Amsterdam, Obdam, Rotterdam, Didam and Dubbeldam, the first seven
having been built at Belfast, and the other two at Rotterdam (in 1891). The
Maasdam and Veendam were formerly the White- Star liners Republic and Baltic.
The Netherlands boats are four-masters, with four decks and eight water-tight com-
partments, and very commodious equipments. The first-cabin rates are from $45
to $70. The route traverses the Atlantic Ocean and the English Channel, with
pleasant views of the coasts of England and France and the port of Boulogne, and
ascends the River Maas, an arm of the Rhine, fourteen miles by Vlaardingen and
Delfthaven to Rotterdam. The steamships sailing on Wednesday do not call at
this port, but go on to Amsterdam, traversing the costly North- Sea Canal from
Ymuiden, about fifteen miles. Either of these great ports has favorable railway
communication with Paris, Vienna, Berlin and all other cities of Continental Europe.

The White Cross Line runs between New York and Antwerp, with the
steamships Hermann and De Ruyter.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

HELL GATE, FROM GREAT BARN ISLAND, ABOUT 1825.

The Thingvalla Line in 1879 began its voyages from New York to Norway
and Sweden, with Scandinavian officers and crews and flag, and bearing the mails.
The run across takes from eleven to twelve days ; and the first-cabin fares are $50
and $60. The steamships are the Hekla, Thingvalla, Norge and Island, making
fortnightly sailings from Hoboken to Christiana and Christiansand, in Norway, and
Copenhagen, in Denmark.

The Insular Navigation Company (Empreza Insulana Navegacao) runs from
New York to the Azore Islands in nine days (fare, $ 60), to Madeira (by transfer)
in eleven days ($75), and to Lisbon in fifteen days ($90). It is a Portuguese line.
The Vega is a fine-
ly equipped 4, -
000-ton steam-
ship.

Peabody's
Australasian
Line is owned
and operated by
Henry W. Pea-
body & Co., of 58
New Street, New
York, one of the
most important of
the large mercan-
tile houses en-
gaged in the for-
eign commerce of

S VESSEL OF HENRY W. PEABODY & CO. >S AUSTRALASIAN LINE.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

the port of New York. The business of this firm extends to nearly all parts of the
globe, but is more especially with Great Britain, Australasia, India, the Philippine
Islands, and Yucatan, in all of which countries they have either their own branch
houses or regularly established agents. They
are also well known, and have extensive
dealings in Mexico, Central and South
America, the West Indies, and South Africa.
It is, however, in connection with the Aus-
tralian shipping and commission business,
which has for a long time been one of the
most important mercantile interests of the
port of New York, that the firm of Henry
W. Peabody & Co. is perhaps best known.
In this business, which comprises the pur-
chasing and shipping to the British colonies
of Australia and New Zealand of the pro-
ducts of the United States and Canada of
every description, Henry W. Peabody & Co.
have taken a foremost place since 1859.
They established between the United States
and Australia the regular line of sailing ves-
sels known as Peabody's Australasian Line,
of which the present firm are still the pro-
prietors. In this service Henry W. Peabody
& Co. have constantly under charter or load-
ing, in New York, first-class ships, in which
they take all freight offering for the various
Australian ports.

The Mediterranean Trade is accom-
modated by several lines, and by many
"ocean tramps," bringing to New York
yearly 1,500,000 boxes of Sicily oranges and
lemons, 600,000 barrels of Spanish grapes,
and vast quantities of nuts and dried fruits.
Many passengers for Southern Europe and
the Levant avail themselves of these routes,
which lie far south of the storms and ice of
the North Atlantic. There are lines of
steamships running monthly from New York by the Mediterranean Sea and Suez
Canal to the ports of India, China and Japan. They are usually laden with heavy
freights, and bring back valuable cargoes of tea.

The North German Lloyd in 1891 inaugurated a fortnightly service to the
Mediterranean, with the first-class vessels Fidda and Werra, running from New
York to Genoa in less than eleven days, and calling at Gibraltar. First-cabin
passages vary from $80 to $150. At Genoa connection is made with the same
company's Eastern steamships, for Port Said and beyond.

The Anchor Line also sends steamships every ten days from New York to
Gibraltar, Naples, Genoa, Leghorn, Messina and Palermo. The fares are : to
Gibraltar, $60 to $80; to Naples, $80 to $100; to Genoa, Leghorn, and Messina,
$100 to $120; and various excursion rates are provided.

MEiNhY W. PEABODY & CO. 'S OFFICES, 58 NEW ST.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 87

The Florio-Rubattino Italian Line sails fortnightly from New York for
Gibraltar, Marseilles, Genoa, Naples, Messina and Palermo, connecting with steam-
ships for Egypt, the Black Sea and the West Indies. They take a far southerly
course, below the range of ice, fogs and gales, in twelve days reaching Gibraltar,
where a stop is made, and connecting boats run east to Algiers, Tangier, Oran, and
Spanish ports. A seventy-hours' run thence leads to Genoa, where connections are
made with the same company's daily steamers for Leghorn, Naples, Messina,
Palermo and North Africa, or for Bombay (in nineteen days) and Calcutta and ports
in Ceylon and Cochin China, Hong Kong and Shanghai, besides Levantine, Greek
and Black-Sea, Egyptian and Red-Sea ports.

The Fabre Line sends the Neustria, Massilia, and other steamships from
Brooklyn to Naples and Marseilles every two or three weeks, charging from $65 to
$75 for first-class passage. The time to Naples is from 16 to 18 days.

The Western Seas, to their uttermost ends, are traversed by steamships and
sailing vessels, loaded by or for the Empire City.

To the Southern and Gulf coasts, the West Indies, and the Central-American and
South-American ports, there are several first-class sea-routes, served by fine vessels,
and much used for winter excursions, as well as for freighting. An inexpensive
voyage of two or three days conducts the traveller from the snow-bound northern
coasts to lands of perennial summer, the lovely semi-tropical Bermudas, the ever-
popular Bahamas, the Lesser Antilles, the summer-lands of Cuba, Hayti and
Jamaica, and the coasts of Mexico and the Spanish Main.

The Red-Cross Steamships Miranda and Portia visit Halifax, Nova Scotia,
and St John's, Newfoundland, in the cold and bracing North, every ten or fifteen
days, making the outward voyage in five days (fare, $34 ; or $60 for the round trip
of twelve days). The route lies through Long-Island and Vineyard Sounds, and re-
quires fifty hours from New York to Halifax, and an equal time thence to St. John's.
Hence these swift vessels run 240 miles northward along the grand marine scenery of the
Newfoundland coast to the pyrite-mines of Pilley's Island, in the Bay of Notre Dame.

The Mallory Line steamship Winthrop, 1,143 tons> leaves New York every
Saturday for Bar Harbor, Maine (arriving Monday; fare, $9.50, exclusive of state-
rooms and meals), Eastport, and St. John, N. B., (arriving Monday afternoon;
fare, $10), connecting for all ports in Eastern Maine and the Maritime Provinces.

The Maine Steamship Company sends out its swift new 2,000-ton steam-
ships Manhattan and Cottage City thrice weekly, at 5 P. M., from Pier 38, E. R.
(foot of Market Street). During the same night they traverse Long-Island Sound,
and the next morning they stop at Cottage City, Martha's Vineyard. Sailing thence
eastward through Vineyard Sound, and past lone Nantucket, and up along sandy
Cape Cod, the boat reaches Portland at nightfall, twenty-seven hours from New
York (fare, $5 ; round trip, $8). Thence railways diverge to all the famous
Maine resorts, and to the White Mountains.

The Metropolitan Line sends its large and powerful freight-steamships
thrice weekly, from Pier 11, N. R., to Boston, by the outside passage around Cape
Cod. They carry freight only. It was the H. F. Dimock of this line that sank the
costly Vanderbilt yacht Alva, in July, 1892, near Martha's Vineyard.

The Clyde Steamship Company has lines of steamers running between
Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Norfolk, New Berne,
Richmond, Troy, Albany, Wilmington, N. C. ; Georgetown, S. C. ; Charleston, S. C.
and Jacksonville, Fla. ; and on the St. -John's River between Jacksonville, Palatka
and Sanford and intermediate landings ; also between New York and Turks Island,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Haiti and Santo Domingo, and other West-India ports. Their line between New
York, Charleston, S. C. , and Jacksonville, Fla., comprises the following first-class
passenger steamers : Iroquois, Cherokee, Algonquin, Seminole, Yemassee and Dela-
ware, which sail from the company's wharf, Pier 29, E. R., on Mondays, Wednes-
days and Fridays.

The Clyde steamships for the far South pass down the beautiful harbor of
New York in the glory of the late afternoon, traversing the Narrows, and rounding
the lonely Sandy Hook. In about fifty hours they reach the historic city of Charles-
ton, the pride of South Carolina, passing into the harbor by the famous Fort
Sumter and Fort Moultrie. Here the vessel sojourns for about eight hours, giving
ample opportunity for an inspection of the city, rising undaunted from the ruins of

CLYDE'S STEAMSHIP PIER, AT FOOT OF ROOSEVELT STREET, NEW YORK.

bombardments and earthquakes. From Charleston a short and pleasant voyage out-
side of the Sea Islands of Carolina leads down to the low semi-tropical coast of
Florida, the land of flowers and oranges. The great steamship enters the St. -John's
River, and runs up its broad course for 25 miles, to the city of Jacksonville, from
which railway or river routes reach all parts of the State. Clyde's St. -John's River
Line runs thence southward up this famous river for 193 miles, by Green Cove
Springs, Palatka, Astor, Blue Springs, and many other landings, to Sanford, the
terminal point of seven railways, and the main distributing point for South Florida.
The general office of the Clyde Line is at 5 Bowling Green ; and its dock is at Pier
29, E. R., at the foot of Roosevelt Street, under the great Brooklyn Bridge. The
steamers of the West-India Line leave from Pier 15, E. R. , as advertised.

The Clydes have been active in the building and management of steamships for
more than half a century. Thomas Clyde, the founder of the house, was a co-laborer

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

with John Ericsson, as early as 1837, in introducing the screw-propeller. He built
the steamship John S. Ale Kim, the first screw-steamer ever constructed in the
United States for commercial purposes, and was one of the originators and owners
of the first line of propellers — the Ericsson Line, which to-day has a service between
Philadelphia and Baltimore. The John S. McKim, by the way, was a twin-screw
ship. This steamer conveyed Col. Jefferson Davis and his regiment of Mississippi
troops from New Orleans to one of the Mexican ports during the Mexican War.
Strange to say, it was a Clyde steamship, the Rebecca Clyde, which brought President
Jefferson Davis, of the Confederacy, a prisoner from Savannah to Fort Monroe, in 1865.
In 187 1 the Clydes built for their ship, George W. Clyde, the first compound
engine ever set up in this country, and in 1886 built the first large triple-expansion
engines in America. They were placed in their ship Cherokee. In 1888 the Clydes
also built the steamer Iroquois, the first steel steamship ever built for commercial
purposes in this country.

The Old Dominion Steamship Company has a fleet of eight large steam-
ships, the Seneca, 3,000 tons, Guyandotte and Roanoke, 2,354 tons each, the Old
Dominion, IVyanoke, Richmond, City of Atlanta, and City of Columbia. Their sail-
ings are from the foot of Beach Street, Pier 26, N. R., New York, at 3 P. M., four
times a week to Norfolk, Old Point Comfort and Newport News, Va., in 24 hours
(fare, $8, including meals and state-room berth) ; three times a week to Richmond

PECK SLIP, EAST RIVER.

in 36 hours (fare, $9); and thrice a week to West Point, Va. At Norfolk connection
is made with the company's auxiliary steamboat, Newbeme, running through the
sounds to Newberne and Washington, N. C. The Luray, Accomack and other
auxiliary boats visit many landings on the waters of Virginia and North Carolina.
The Savannah Line (Ocean Steamship Company) controls the handsome
American-built vessels Kansas City, City of Birmingham, City of Augusta, Tallahas-
see, Chattahoochee, Nacoochee, and City of Savannah, nearly all of which have a ton-
nage of 3,000 or over. They sail four times a week from New Pier 35, N. R., at
the foot of Canal Street ; and reach Savannah in 55 hours (fare, $20).

9°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

The City of St. Augustine, freight-steamer, sails every three weeks from the foot
of Clinton Street, to St. Augustine, Florida.

The Cromwell Steamship Company dispatches a steamer every Wednesday
and Saturday from Pier 9, N. R., New York, to New Orleans direct. The fleet
includes the largest and finest vessels in this coastwise trade, built of iron, exclu-
sively for this route, and first-class in every respect. The cabin fare is $35 ; and
return tickets good for six months cost $60. This is a six days' voyage, the round
trip, with four days at New Orleans, taking sixteen days.

The Morgan Line is devoted to freight, exclusively, and runs semi-weekly
boats from New York to New Orleans, handling a vast quantity of freight to and
from New Orleans, Texas, Mexico, and the Pacific Coast.

The Mallory Line (New-York & Texas Steamship Company) owns the iron
steamships Concho, Lampasas, Alamo, San Marcos, Colorado, Rio Grande, State of
Texas, City of San Antonio, N'uecesa.nd Comal, aggregating 31,000 tons, running from
Piers 20 and 21, E. R., New York, to Galveston, Texas, twice or thrice a week ; to
Key West, every Saturday ; and to Brunswick, Georgia, and Fernandina, Florida,
every Friday, or oftener. They have light and airy state-rooms, above the main
deck, well-supplied tables, commodious smoking and bath-rooms, and other com-
fortable accommodations for passengers.

The New-York & Cuba Mail Steamship Company (Ward Line) owns the
Niagara, Saratoga, and City of IVas/iiugtou, running from Piers 16 and 17, E. R.
(foot of Wall Street), New York, every Wednesday. They reach Havana in from

HOBOKEN FERRY PIER, NORTH RIVER, FOOT OF CHRISTOPHER STREET.

four to five days, connecting with steamers for all parts of the West Indies, and for
Mexico and the Spanish Main, England, France and Spain. Ward's Wednesday
Fteamers from New York go to Havana, and to Matanzas, Cardenas and Sagua la
Grande, alternately visiting Caibarien monthly.

Ward's Mexican Line, including the Yumuri, Yucatan, Orizaba and City of
Alexandria, leaves New York every Saturday, and goes on from Havana to Progreso
(the port for Merida, in Yucatan), Tampico and Vera Cruz, 263 miles by rail from
Mexico, returning by Progreso and Havana. Every week a Ward steamer calls at
Tuxpam and Campeche, alternately. The company's steamer Manteo runs between
Frontera, Laguna and Campeche. The Wards also send fortnightly the steamships
Cienfuegos and Santiago to Nassau, arriving in three days, and thence running

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 91

through the Bahama Islands, and around to beautiful old Santiago de Cuba, and 325
miles further to bright modern Cienfuegos. This is a favorite excursion-route in
winter, and affords various interesting combination and round tours. The single
cabin fares are : from New York to Havana, or to Nassau, $40 ; to Santiago,
Cienfuegos, Tampico, or Vera Cruz, $60; with steerage at about half these rates.
The Ward fleet includes also the steamships of the former Alexandre Line, and has
several very handsome and commodious vessels, efficiently managed.

The Compania Transatlantica is a Spanish mail line, sending steamships
every ten days from Pier 10, E. R., New York, to Havana, the voyage taking four
days. The steamer sailing on the 20th of each month also goes on to Progreso and
Vera Cruz, in Mexico ; and the steamer on the 30th goes from Havana to Santiago
de Cuba ; La Guayra and Puerto Cabello, in Venezuela ; Sabanilla, Cartagena,
and Colon, in Colombia ; and Puerto Limon. At Havana, close connections are
made for Spanish ports. The passage-rates (from which 25 per cent, is discounted
for excursion-tickets) are : From New York to Havana, first-cabin, $35, second-
cabin, $25, steerage, $15; to Progreso, $55, $35 and $20; Vera Cruz, $60, $40
and $25 ; to Santiago de Cuba, $65, $45 and $30 ; to La Guayra, $80, $ 60 and
$45 ; to Cartagena, $93, $72 and $54 ; to Cadiz, Spain, $190, $145 and $50.

The Quebec Steamship Company has weekly sailings from mid-January to
June, and fortnightly the rest of the year, between New York and Bermuda, the
fine 2,000-ton iron steamships Trinidad and Orinoco making the voyage in 55 hours.
The fares are $30 for the first cabin, and $20 for the second cabin. The dock is at
New Pier 47, N. R., at the foot of West 10th Street. The Quebec Line also sends
steamers every ten days from New York to St. Croix, St. Kitts, Antigua, Montser-
rat, Guadaloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, and Barbadoes, at fares varying
at from $50 to $60. These vessels connect in the Windward Islands with steam-
ships for the other West Indies, and for England and France. The Bermuda Line
is much patronized in spring by persons in search of health or respite from bad
weather, who find delight in the serene climate of these beautiful coral islands,
abounding in flowers and fruits, and one of the impregnable and strongly garrisoned
naval stations of the British Empire.

The New-York & Porto-Rico Line sails from the Atlantic Dock, Brook-
lyn, at regular intervals, for the famous Spanish island of sugar and coffee, cotton
and tobacco.

The Trinidad Line has its pier at the Union Stores, Brooklyn, and brings
from the far-away British island, under the Venezuelan Andes, large cargoes of tropi-
cal products. Its steamboats — the ^^Arand Arecuna — sail every ten days, carrying
cabin passengers.

The Clyde West-India Line sends steamships to Turk's "Island, Hayti,
Puerto Plata, Samana, Sanchez and San-Domingo City.

The Atlas Steamship Company, of New Pier 55, N. R. , dispatches ves-
sels twice weekly to the West Indies and the Spanish Main. The Atlas fleet includes
twelve Scotch-built iron or steel steamships, of which the Adirondack and Alene are
of 2,500 tons each, and the Athos, Alvo, and Ailsa are of 2,200 tons. Each has
eight compartments, double bottoms, triple-expansion or compound engines, and
state-rooms for sixty passengers on the main deck forward, the saloon being a
steel house above. An Atlas vessel runs from New York to Hayti, 1,348 miles, fare
$60; and thence to Savanilla (1,833 miles from New York), the old Spanish fortress
of Cartagena, and Puerto Limon, ninety miles by railway from San Jose, the capital
of Costa Rica. The run thence to New York is 2,008 miles ; fare, $75. Other

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

steamships run to Kingston, Jamaica (fare, $50), connecting with the company's
coastal-boats Arden and Adula, for the thirteen outports on the island of Jamaica.
This coastal trip is very popular among visitors to Jamaica.

The Honduras and Central-American Company sends its steamships
"Jason and Argonaut from Atlantic Dock, Brooklyn, fortnightly, to Kingston
(Jamaica), Greytown (Nicaragua), Belize, Livingston, Truxillo, and other tropical
ports.

The Pacific Mail Steamships sail from the foot of Canal Street, Pier 34,
N. R., every ten days, for Colon, connecting there with the Panama Railway for the
Pacific Coast. The distance by this route from New York to San Francisco is 5,220
miles ; and the fare is $90, or $40 for forward-cabin passengers. The time is about
25 days. The steamships are the Columbia, City of Para, Newport and Colon.

The Red " D " Line, at Harbeck Stores, sends out the large American-built
iron steamships Venezuela, Caracas, and Philadelphia every ten days to the chief
ports of Venezuela. The fare is $80 ; or $50 for second-class. The steamships are
of 2,500 tons burden or more; and have water-tight compartments, electric lights
and bells, large smoking-rooms and social halls, and other comforts. The route

SOUTH STREET AND HARBOR.

leads from New York through the Mona Passage, between San Domingo and Porto
Rico ; and at six days out reaches the quaint Dutch island-colony of Curagoa, 1,763
miles from Sandy Hook. Thence a night's run of 1 1 1 miles leads to Puerto Cabello,
a busy coffee-port, thirty miles by railway from beautiful Valencia. Another night
voyage of seventy miles takes one to La Guayra, celebrated in Kingsley's IVestzuard
Ho, and 27 miles by an Andes-climbing railway from Caracas, the mountain-girt
capital of Venezuela. The smaller Red " D " steamer Maracaibo runs regularly over
the 214 miles from Curagoa to Maracaibo, a city of 35,000 Venezuelans, exporting

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 93

hides, coffee and cocoa, and standing near a great inland sea. The Merida runs from
Curac,oa to La Vela de Coro, sixty miles.

The Royal Dutch West-Indian Mail Line (Koninklijke West-Indische
Maildienst) has the Prim Willem I. and five other steamships, leaving New York
every three weeks, and running to Port au Prince, $60 ; Aux Cayes, Jacmel, and
Curacoa, $75; Puerto Cabello, La Guayra, Cumana, and Carupano, $80; Trinidad
and Demerara, $90; and Paramaribo, $100. From the last port the ships cross
the Atlantic to Havre, France, and Amsterdam, Holland.

The United-States & Brazil Mail Steamship Company sends its swift
American-built steamships Finance, Advance, Allianca, Seguranca, and Vigilancia,
from Robert Pier, Brooklyn, about every third week, from New York to St. Thomas,
6 days ; Martinique, 7 days; or Barbadoes, W. I., 8 days ; lowest fare $50 (cabin)
and $30 (steerage); to Para, Brazil, 13 days ; to Maranham, 26 days; to Pernam-
buco, 19 days ; to Bahia, 22 days; to Rio de Janeiro, 26 days (lowest fares, $150
and $75) ; to Santos, 29 days ; and by connecting boats to Montevideo, 30 days ;
and Buenos Ayres, 31 days (lowest fares, $190 and $75). This is the only passen-
ger line from the United States to the entire east coast of South Amei ica. The
Seguranca and Vigilancia, are first-class steel steamships of about 4,200 tons, fitted
for 180 cabin passengers and ample steerage, with triple-expansion engines, electric
lights, ice machinery, pneumatic bells, and elegant social halls and state-rooms.
This company also runs semi-weekly freight-steamers.

The Sloman Line runs freight-boats between New York and the Brazilian ports.

Norton's Freighting Vessels sail to the ports of the River Plate.

Busk & Jevons send occasional vessels down the South-American coast.

The Booth Line sends a monthly steamship to Para and Manaos (on the
Amazon River), and another to Para, Maranham and Ceara, with passenger accom-
modation at from $75 to $125.

The waters of the bays, rivers and sounds for a hundred miles about New York
are traversed by great fleets of passenger-steamers, varying in size from the tiny craft
which visit the nearer islands to the immense and magnificent vessels which traverse
Long-Island Sound and the Hudson River. No other port in the world has such
noble boats as these last mentioned, which, with their superb halls, grand staircases,
and spacious dining-rooms, resemble floating hotels of the first class. In summer
an immense passenger and excursion business is done by the suburban steamboats,
especially by those running to Coney Island and Rockaway Beach, to Sandy Hook
and the coast toward Long Branch, and to the Fishing Banks outside.

The Fall-River Line has its headquarters at the foot of Murray Street,
whence in the pleasant season it dispatches at late afternoon two of the vessels of
its fleet, the Puritan, Pilgrim, Plymouth, or Providence. They arrive early the next
morning at the Massachusetts port and cotton-manufacturing city of Fall River,
whence connecting trams run to Boston in eighty minutes. These are undoubtedly
the largest, most magnificent, and most perfectly-equipped vessels in the world, used
for interior navigation. They are lighted by electricity, steered by steam, enlivened
by orchestral music, and provided with meals a la carte. In spring, autumn and
winter the Fall-River line sends out but one boat daily.

The Providence Line steamboats leave from Pier 29, N. R., at late afternoon
daily (except Sunday), from May to November, and traverse the entire length of the
East River, Long-Island Sound, and Narragansett Bay, arriving at six o'clock the
next morning at Providence, Rhode Island. Parlor-car trains connecting run to
Boston, 42 miles, in 75 minutes ; and to Worcester. The Connecticut and Massa-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

chusetts are beautiful vessels, decorated in white and gold, with dining-rooms on the
main decks, and fine orchestras.

The Norwich Line steamships City of Worcester and City of Boston leave Pier
40, N. R., New York, at 5 o'clock, P. M., and run eastward up the Sound to New
London, where passengers take the trains at early morning for Boston, Worcester
and other New-England cities. This is a very commodious route, served by large
and handsome first-class steamboats, and giving easy access to Yankee-land.

The Stonington Line sends a fine steamboat at 5.30 o'clock every afternoon
from New Pier 36, N. R. , up Long-Island Sound to the quaint little Connecticut
port of Stonington, where it connects with swift trains to Boston and other New-
England cities. This route is served by the new steel steamers Maine and New
Hampshire and other fine boats ; and is especially desirable in winter, or when rough
sea-winds make the longer Sound routes uncomfortable.

Other Eastern Lines are those to Saybrook and Hartford, daily, ascending the
picturesque Connecticut River ; to Bridgeport, the busy manufacturing city on the
Connecticut shore ; to New Haven, the seat of Yale University ; to Stamford, South
Norwalk, New Rochelle and Port Chester ; and to the towns on the north shore of
Long Island, like
Sea C liff and
Sands Point, Ros-
lyn and Glen Cove,
Sag Harbor and
Shelter Island,
Southold and
Whitestone.

The Hudson-
River Day Line
is designed entire-
ly for passenger
service, and car-
ries no freight.
The richly fur-
nished private parlors, for parties ; the main-deck dining-rooms, commanding the
river-scenery ; and other unusual appointments, give this line a large popularity.
The swift iron steamboats New York and Albany depart every morning (except
Sunday) from the Desbrosses-Street Pier and the 22d-Street Pier, N. R., from about
May 28th to October 15th, ascending to Albany (fare, $2).

The People's Line and the Citizens' Line run by night from Canal and
Christopher Streets to Albany and Troy (fare $1.50).

The Homer Ramsdell Transportation Company runs a nightly line of
steamboats between New York and Newburgh, carrying large amounts of freight
and many passengers.

This company is the successor of the firm of J. & T. Powell, who established a
line of sloops in 1802. The freighting business was continued by means of sailing
vessels until about 1830, when steamboats were first employed. In 1835 Thomas
Powell built the steamer Highlander, and she was run on the route until 1848,
when the barge Nexvburgh, built by Powell, Ramsdell & Co., replaced her; in
1 85 1 the barge Susquehanna was built, and run in connection with the ATewburgh;
and in 1870 the barge Charles Spear was purchased, and with the Susquehanna and
Minisink made a daily line, each of the boats making two trips a week.

FULTON FERRY, FOOT OF FULTON STREET, EAST RIVER.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

Powell, Ramsdell & Co. were succeeded by Homer Ramsdell & Co. in 1865, and
the business was carried on under that name until 1880, when Mr. Ramsdell and his
sons (the grandsons of Thomas Powell) formed the present company. In 1886-7

RAMSDELL LINE TO NEWBURGH I HOMER RAMSDELL TRANSPORTATION CO., FOOT OF FRANKLIN ST., NORTH RIvtR.

a return was made to the use of steam in the forwarding business, and the barges
were replaced by the handsome steel propellers Newburgh and Homer Ramsdell,
which afford to the public express freight accommodations unsurpassed by any other
water or railroad line in the country.

The distance between New York and Newburgh is sixty miles, and the wonder-
ful expanse of the Hudson River between the two cities include some of the finest
scenery in the world, the tremendous rocky walls of the Palisades, the broad expanses
of the Tappan Zee, the legend-crowned villages of Tarrytown and Peekskill, the
busy scenes around Haverstraw and Nyack, the palaces of the millionaires about
Yonkers and Dobb's Ferry, the magnificent gateway of the Highlands, the State
National-Guard's camp-ground at Peekskill, the gray old United-States Military
Academy at West Point, the far-viewing summer-hotels of Cornwall, and then the
venerable and beautiful city of Newburgh, the home-port of the Ramsdell boats.
Nearly two centuries ago a band of Lutheran exiles from the devastated Palatinate
of the Rhine settled here, under the patronage of Queen Anne ; and since that far-
past day the present great, flourishing and enterprising city has grown up on these
pleasant hills. The New- York pier of the Homer Ramsdell Transportation Co. is
at the foot of Franklin Street, North River.

Other Hudson-River lines lead to Yonkers, Tivoli, Nyack, Peekskill, Fishkill,
Fort Lee, Sing Sing, Tarrytown, etc.

Another fleet of white steamers ploughs the waves daily to the New-Jersey ports,
Elizabethport and Keyport, New Brunswick and Bergen Point, Sandy Hook and
Red Bank, South Amboy and Perth Amboy, Atlantic Highlands and Seabright.

The Ferry-Boat, as now in use around New York, was designed by Fulton
and Stevens, and is remarkably well adapted to its uses, especially with regard to
the terminal floating bridges and the spring piles along the slips. The first ferry
was established in 1642, by Cornelius Dircksen, from near Peck Slip to Fulton

96 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Street, Brooklyn ; and for nearly two centuries the transits were made in barges,
row-boats or pirogues. From 1814 to 1824 horse-boats were used, being propelled
by horses working a wheel by means of a treadmill between twin-boats ; and these
in turn were succeeded by steam ferry-boats. Scores of these vessels now traverse
the waters around the city, carrying the suburbans to and from their work, and are
well crowded morning and evening. They are swift, staunch and powerful craft,
much more serviceable than they appear ; and they make quick and frequent pas-
sages, when the fogs and floating ice of winter do not hinder. There are dozens
of these routes to Brooklyn and Long-Island City, Jersey City and Hoboken and
many other localities, the fare being from one cent upward. On account of their
light draft, good speed and great strength, armed New-York ferry-boats were found
useful as gun-boats on the Southern rivers, during the civil war; and Capt. Zalinski
thinks that they would be valuable adjuncts in the naval defence of the Empire City,
when armed with pneumatic dynamite guns.

Staten Island one of the loveliest of suburban regions, is reached by large
ferry-boats running in 25 minutes from the Battery to St. George, whence rapid-
transit railways diverge to the many villages nestling among the hills and along the
shores of this sea-fronting island.

The waters about New York are traversed by about 400 tow-boats or tugs,
equipped with very powerful engines, and competent to pull the heaviest ships, or
strings of laden canal- boats. Most of them are below 100 tons each ; but the Penn-
sylvania Railroad twin-screw tugs Amboy and Raritan, the ocean-tug Luckenback,
and the mighty drawers of canal-boats — the Vanderbilt and the Oswego — reach
above 250 tons each. Some of these tow-boats have engines of 900 horse-power.

Yachts and Yachting, with an endless number of yachting and boat-clubs,
are conspicuous features hereabouts. Nowhere else in the world are there such fleets
of white-winged racing boats, flying like huge birds over the harbor and rivers, and
swooping away in great bevies up the Sound eastward to Newport. The regattas
and cruises of the many local yacht-clubs are events of the liveliest interest, and
eager tens of thousands follow them far out to sea, beyond the Scotland Light-
ship. The patriarch of all these noble maritime amusements is the New-York
Yacht Club, the oldest in the United States (founded in 1844), which has in its fleet
260 boats. Many steam-yachts also cruise about Manhattan, varying in magnitude
from the puffy little naphtha-launch up to the superb sea-going private steamships of
the Vanderbilts, Bennetts, and other rich families.

NEW-YORK CENTRAL & HUDSON-RIVER RAILROAD COMPANY'S ELEVATOR.

Railroads - Steam, Elevated, Cable, Morse and Electric —
Stages, Subterranean Transit, Etc.

THE need of opening communication between New York and the West was
recognized as early as the days of Queen Anne, when the first attempt was
made in this direction. The Colony appropriated ^500 to certain men to open
a route from the Hudson River westward, the first section being from Nyack to
Sterling Iron-works, over which a road was ordered wide enough for two carriages,
with the overhanging boughs of the trees cut away. In 1673 Col. Francis Lovelace,
the second British Governor of New York, established a mail-route between New
York and Boston. This primitive establishment consisted of a single messenger,
who, for the "more speedy intelligence and dispatch of affairs," was ordered to
make one round trip each month, with letters and packages. The Puritan town to
the eastward having thus been accommodated, in 1729 certain enterprising spirits
established a fortnightly line of stages to Philadelphia, the Quaker town to the
southward. In the same year (so sure was the march of progress), proposals were
issued for a foot post to Albany. In 1 793 the running time of the "small, genteel,
and easy stage carriages" between New York and Boston was between three and
four days, and three trips were made weekly each way. The fare was four-pence
a mile.

The subject of intercommunication between the little fringe of settlements along
the Atlantic Coast and the great Mississippi-Ohio Valley was one of the most cher-
ished projects of George Washington. As a Provincial military officer, or member
of the Virginian House of Delegates, or commander-in-chief of the American armies,
or President of the United States, he always kept this theme in view, and in person
crossed the Virginian mountains, and examined the valleys of the Potomac and the
Mohawk, to find the best route for a canal. He regarded the West (" the flank and
rear of the Union," as he called it) as likely to be lured away from the Republic by
Great Britain, on the north, or by Spain, on the south. As he remarked : "The
Western States hang upon a pivot. The touch of a feather would turn them any
way." The crops of the West could not be moved to market, so great was the
expense of transportation. To carry a ton of wheat from Buffalo to New York cost
$100, where it now costs $1.50. Great arks floated down the Delaware, Susque-
hanna and Ohio Rivers, laden with produce ; but the voyage was very long, and the
returns were uncertain. The first attempt to relieve this blockade was made by build-
ing canals, beginning with the one opened in 1802 from the lower Mohawk to Oneida
Lake and Lake Ontario. The completion of the Erie Canal, in 1825, revolutionized
the commerce of America, and gave New-York City the place of commercial
metropolis of the continent. Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia attempted to
7

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

win the West by similar constructions, but their canals reached only to the foot of
the Alleghany Mountains. Ohio, Indiana and Illinois built canals connecting the
Ohio and Mississippi Rivers with the Great Lakes, at Cleveland, Toledo and Chi-
cago ; and by the year 1840, 8,500 miles of canal were in operation.

But a new unifying and civilizing agency was about to enter the world's service.
In 1826 the Stockton & Darlington Railway, in England, showed the feasibility of
moving trains by steam-power. In 1827 a tramway of three miles was built near
Quincy, in Massachusetts, to transport granite from the quarries to tide-water. New
York had cut off the Western trade of the other Atlantic ports, by its Erie Canal ;
and Baltimore hastened to avail itself of the newly discovered mechanism of the rail-

NEW-YORK CENTRAL & HUDSON-RIVER RAILROAD TRACKS ABOVE 98TH STREET.

way, to offset the canal. Accordingly, the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad was char-
tered in 1827, and began grading in 1828. The first locomotive used in America
was the Stourbridge Lion, imported from England, and started on the Carbondale &
Honesdale Railroad, in 1829. It was too heavy for the unsubstantial rails then in
use, and had to be given up. The second locomotive to run in America was called
The Best Friend of Charleston, and was built at the West-Point Foundry Works, on
the Hudson, in 1830. It belonged to the South-Carolina Railroad, which for some
years was the longest continuous line in the world. Another locomotive from the
same works was placed on the Mohawk & Hudson Railroad, in 1 83 1. In the mean-
time, the Baltimore & Ohio line had been using horses to draw the trains between
Baltimore and Frederick ; and had made elaborate experiments to see if the cars
could not be propelled by sails.

With all the Atlantic States reaching inland by lines of iron rails, New York also
advanced in the same direction, and the result appears in a remarkable system of
railways, excelled by none in the world outside.

The New-York Central & Hudson-River Railroad is the only route which
runs from New- York harbor to the Great Lakes over the territory of a single State.
Its main line, from New York to Buffalo, 44 if miles, is one of the most perfectly
appointed and equipped railways in the world, and for the greater part of its course

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

100

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

has four parallel tracks, of
which two are reserved for
passenger trains exclusively.
The company controls over
3,000 miles of steel-rail
track, and has 1,130 loco-
motives, 1,200 passenger
cars, 40, 500 freight and other
cars, and 123 steamboats and
other craft. The sum of
$15,000,000 is paid yearly
to the 25,000 employees of
the company, being more
than half of the working expenses of the road. The cost of the road and equip-
ment has exceeded $157,000,000, which is mainly represented by capital stock
of $90,000,000 and a funded debt of $65,000,000. In a single year the New-
York Central company has carried more than 16,000,000 tons of freight, equal-
ling the movement of over 3,000,000,000 tons for one mile ; and 20,000,000
passengers. The Grand Central Station on 42d Street, enormous, well-placed and
commodious, covers 257,312 square feet, and contains 19 tracks, and the general
offices of several railways. Daily 50,000 persons arrive at or depart from this

RIVERDALE STATION, N. Y. C. & H. R R. R.

MOTT-HAVEN STATION, 138TH STREET, NEW-YORK CENTRAL & HUDSON-RIVER RrtlLhOAD.

station, on 245 trains, of 800 cars. The stations at Mott Haven, at Riverdalc,
and elsewhere are very commodious and highly available. The Central trains (and
also those of the routes to New England) traverse Manhattan Island, from the Grand
Central Station to the Harlem River, by a series of sunken tracks and viaducts whose
construction cost many millions of dollars. Then they follow for over 100 miles the
eastern shore of the Hudson River, "the Rhine of America, " crossing the inflowing
streams on massive bridges, and passing the mountain-promontories by rock tunnels

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

IOI

Or broad artificial terraces. Scores of famous villages and cities and historic locali-
ties are passed ; and along the route the magnificent panorama of the Hudson River
and its enwalling mountains and fruitful plains is unrolled before the delighted vision.
Here is the dark line of the Palisades, frowning across the placid Tappan Zee ; the
classic region where the names of Major Andre, Benedict Arnold, Mad Anthony
Wayne, Hendrick Hudson, Captain Kidd and George Washington are oddly com-
bined with those of the Livingstons and Philipses, with the valorous trumpeter
Anthony Van Corlaer and Jan Peek, and Rambout Van Dam ; the noble Highlands
of the Hudson, the Dunderberg, and Anthony's Nose, Storm King and Cro' Nest ;
the historic batteries of West Point, where the art of war was studied for years by
Grant and Sherman, Sheridan and McClellan, Lee and Longstreet ; Newburgh, with
its triumphal arch and Washington's headquarters ; Poughkeepsie, the seat of Vassar
College ; and noble views of the Catskill Mountains, the home of Rip Van Winkle.
At Albany the New-York Central line turns up the great natural highway which
the Mohawk River cut through the Alleghany Mountains ; and for nearly 300 miles

"EMPIRE-STATE EXPRESS," NEW-YORK CENTRAL & HUDSON-RIVER RAILROAD.
FASTEST LONG-DISTANCE TRAIN IN THE WORLD. PHOTO. BY A. P. YATES, OF SYRACUSE, N. Y.

traverses the grandest railway route in the world, with its continuous four tracks,
side by side. On this rosary-chain are strung numerous important cities, like Schenec-
tady and Amsterdam, Utica and Rome, Syracuse and Rochester, closing at thronged
and busy Buffalo, "The Queen City of the Lakes." On the great highway of nature
between New York and Buffalo, some of the most remarkable of railway runs have
been made, crowning the world's record for long-distance rapid transit. September
14, 1 89 1, a train traversed the stretch of 436 miles between New York and East Buffalo
in 425! minutes, making on some sections a speed of 78 miles an hour. As a result
of this experimental trip, the New- York Central established its Empire-State
Express, which daily makes the run between New York and Buffalo in 8 hours and
40 minutes, an average of over 52 miles an hour. This is the fastest long-distance
train in the world.

102

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

At Buffalo the through trains of the New- York Central pass on to the rails of the
lines for the farther West, the Lake-Shore, or the Michigan Central. Some of the
finest trains in the world serve this magnificent route to the West, with Wagner
drawing-room cars, buffet, smoking, dining, cafe and library cars, and standard,

MORRISANIA STATION, NEW-YOKK CthTRAL

IVER RAILROAD.

buffet and private-compartment sleeping-cars. The New- York and Chicago Limited,
the Southwestern Limited, the North-Shore Limited, and the Chicago, St. Louis and
Cincinnati Express-trains are marvels of comfort and luxury.

The old terminal station of the Hudson-River Railroad, at 30th Street and Tenth
Avenue, New York, is mainly used as a freight depot, although passenger trains for
all stations on the western side of Manhattan Island, up to Spuyten Duyvil, are still
despatched thence.

The northern connections of the Central lines are made mainly at Albany, Troy,
Herkimer and Utica, and reach Saratoga and the Adirondacks, both shores of Lake
Champlain, Montreal and Ottawa, the Green Mountains of Vermont, and the Thou-
sand Islands of the St. Lawrence. Myriads of metropolitans every year seek these
scenes of vernal beauty for their season of summer rest.

The history of the New-York Central Railroad dates back to the earliest days of
the railroad in America. Its first link was the Mohawk & Hudson, chartered in
1826, and completed in 1831, and afterward re-named the Albany & Schenectady.
Tnis was the first railroad in New- York State, and for a long time stationary engines
were used on parts of its line. Another route westward from the Hudson, the
Schenectady & Troy, received its charter in 1836, and began operations in 1842.
Meanwhile, the Utica & Schenectady had been opened in 1836, and the Syracuse &
Utica in 1839; the Auburn & Syracuse in 1838, and the Auburn & Rochester in
1841 ; the Lockport & Niagara-Falls in 1838, and the Attica & Batavia and Tona-
wanda lines (afterward united as the Buffalo & Rochester) in 1842. All these and
other roads were consolidated under the special law of 1853 into the New- York
Central Railroad Company, giving a through route between Albany and Buffalo.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

103

Several other connecting lines were subsequently leased, and then merged into the
New-York Central system. The Hudson-River Railroad was chartered in 1846, and
opened from New York to East Albany in 185 1. In 1869 occurred the consolida-
tion which made up the New- York Central & Hudson -River Railroad.

The New-York & Harlem Railway, operated by the New- York Central,
was chartered in 1831. It reached 14th Street in 1832 ; 32d Street in 1833 ; York-
ville in 1834; Harlem in 1837; Williamsbridge in 1842; White Plains in 1844;
Dover Plains in 1848; and Chatham Four Corners in 1852. The line cost $23,-
500,000 to build and equip, and is 127 miles long, from New York to Chatham,
where it connects with the Boston & Albany Railroad. It was leased in 1873 for
401 years to the New-York Central Company, which pays eight per cent, on the
capital stock, and interest on the funded debt. This picturesque route to the north
follows the Bronx, Neperhan and Croton Valleys for many miles, through the pleas-
ant farming lands of Westchester, Putnam and Dutchess Counties, and near the

SWITCH TOWER CONTROLLING ALL TRAINS ENTERING THE GRAND CENTRAL DEPOT.

Taconic Mountains. Among the charming summer-resorts near the line are Lake
Mahopac and the Berkshire Hills, and farther connections lead to the finest scenery
of the Green Mountains.

The West-Shore Railroad was organized in 1880, and the following year
became possessed of the Jersey-City & Albany line, from Weehawken to Fort Mont-

104 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

gomery. The first through-train between Weehawken and Buffalo was run in 1884,
but the road passed into the hands of a receiver during the same year, and in 1885
was sold to a new company, which leased it to the New-York Central & Hudson-River
Railroad for 475 years. The West-Shore route thus became an important and inter-
esting division of the Central system. It follows the western bank of the Hudson
River nearly to Albany, and thence crosses the rich midland counties to Buffalo on
a route nearly parallel with that of the New-York Central line. The West-Shore
trains may be reached at the Pennsylvania depot in Jersey City, or at Weehawken
(by ferry from Jay Street or West 42d Street).

The Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad Co. was organized in
i860 by the amalgamation of the Watertown & Rome Railroad Co. and the Potsdam
& Watertown Railroad Co., and has since acquired by consolidation numerous
small lines in the northern part of the State, and also, on April 14, 1886, the Utica
& Black-River Railroad, which, up to that time, was its chief competitor. The
Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad and its leased lines were leased in perpe-
tuity to the New- York Central & Hudson-River Company March 14, 1 89 1. The
New- York Central, appreciating the value of this new acquisition, and its capabilities
of becoming the largest and most important tourist traffic route in America, proceeded
at once, with its usual enterprise, to raise to Trunk-Line standard that portion of
the newly acquired property patronized by summer-travel. This has been accom-
plished by hard work and the outlay of a very large sum of money, — nearly $1,000,-
000, — in permanent improvements, and relaying the road with heavy steel rails,
renewing and reballasting the road-bed, replacing wooden bridges with strong new
ones of stone and iron, etc., all of which enables the company to inaugurate a new
era in Northern New-York passenger service. The improvement of the equipment
and service has kept pace with the road-bed. Standard locomotives, capable of
hauling the heaviest passenger trains at high speed, have been added to the motive
power. In carrying out the policy of developing summer-travel, by offering every
facility, the New-York Central & Hudson-River Railroad has placed in service new
fast trains, through from New York and from Buffalo to points on the Rome, Water-
town & Ogdensburg Railroad, equipped with new coaches, new Wagner sleeping
and drawing-room cars, and buffet smoking and library cars.

The Dunkirk, Allegheny- Valley & Pittsburgh Railroad, from Dunkirk to Titus-
ville, was recently leased by the New-York Central & Hudson-River Railroad.

The Pennsylvania Railroad was incorporated in 1846, and chartered in
1847, to build a line from the Harrisburg and Lancaster route to Pittsburgh or Erie.
The State system of transportation, built between 1828 and 1834, at a cost exceeding
$14,000,000, consisted of a railway from Philadelphia to Columbia, 82 miles; a
canal thence to Hollidaysburg, 172 miles; the Portage Railway, across the Alle-
ghany Mountains to Johnstown, 36 miles; and the railway thence to Pittsburgh, 104
miles. This route resulted in great benefit to the sections through which it passed,
but it was a slow, costly and complicated system, and proved unremunerative to the
State. For years the route between Philadelphia and Columbia was served only by
horse-cars, making the transit in nine hours, with relays every twelve miles. The
superior facilities offered by New York and Baltimore threatened to leave Pennsyl-
vania out of the race, as a competitor for Western trade, and therefore local patriotism
was highly stimulated to construct a new and first-class route across the State. The
project was advocated by the press and in public meetings ; and committees went
from house to house asking subscriptions to stock. With the funds thus raised, and
under the wise direction of Chief Engineer J. Edgar Thompson, the Pennsylvania

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

105

io6

KINGXS HA AW BO OK OF NEW YORK.

PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD \ FERRY BOAT.

Railroad began its construction works in 1847, between Harrisburg and Lewistown ;
and in 1854 the entire route, from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, went into operation.
In 1861, after a contest of six years, the company bought the State lines, for $13,-
570,000. Mr. Thompson held the presidency of the company from 1852 until his
death, in 1874, when he was succeeded by Col. Thomas A. Scott, who had been for
twenty-four years connected with the company, and had been vice-president since
i860. After constructing its magnificent trunk line across the Keystone State, the
company prolonged its routes farther westward by securing control of several lines

PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD DEPOT, JERSEY CITY. INTERIOR OF TRAIN-HOUSE.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

107

to the great trade-centres of the West ; gained an admirable entrance to New York
by acquiring the United New-Jersey lines ; found an outlet at Baltimore by getting
control of the Northern Central Railroad; completed and opened the Baltimore
& Potomac line, to Washington ; and came into possession of numerous minor
routes.

The New- Jersey part of the Pennsylvania system includes the plant of the
United New- Jersey Railroad and Canal Companies, leased in 1 871, for 999 years,
at a deservedly high rental. This confederacy was formed in 1831, by the prac-
tical unification of two companies chartered a year before — the Delaware &
Raritan Canal and the Camden & Amboy Railroad, both of which were finished in
1834. Two years later the United Companies got control of the Philadelphia &
Trenton line (opened in 1834), and in 1867 they consolidated interests with the
line of the New- Jersey Railroad & Transportation Company from New Brunswick

PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD '. CORTLANDT STREET, NEW YORK.

to Jersey City. The section from Jersey City to Newark was opened in 1834, and
for some years was used only by horse-cars. In 1836 it reached Rah way ; and in
1839 its trains arrived at Philadelphia.

The new passenger station at Jersey City is larger than the Grand Central Depot
in New York, and has a length of 6535- ^eet» with a width of 256 feet, and a height
of 112 feet. It is reached from New York by the steam ferry-boats of the com-
pany, running from Cortlandt Street and Desbrosses Street. The Pennsylvania
Railroad has already bridged West Street at their Cortlandt- Street Ferry, and is
rapidly putting into service a fleet of double-deck ferry-boats, so that eventually
passengers will be able to pass from Cortlandt or Desbrosses Streets to the upper
decks of the ferry-boats, above the confusion of West Street, and thence on the
same level to their trains in the Jersey-City Station.

The Pennsylvania Railroad has one of the most perfect equipments in the world,
with heavily ballasted road-bed, steel rails, track tanks, block signals and the very
best cf rolling stock in all forms. Every successful device known to modern rail-

to8

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

road science has been adopted and utilized by this vigilant and wealthy corporation.
The discipline of its great army of officials and men is of such an admirable charac-
ter that the Pennsylvania has long served as a seminary for the most efficient railroad
men in all parts of the country. The grand route westward by the Pennsylvania
line from New York and Philadelphia to Cincinnati and Chicago, Indianapolis and
St. Louis, and remoter points in prairie land, is one of the most interesting and

PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD \ DESBROSSES-STREET TA3SENGER-STATI0N, WEST STREET, NEW YORK.

diversified on the continent. It leads across the richest and most densely settled
part of New Jersey, past Newark, New Brunswick, Trenton and other historic
cities ; and for a long distance down the garden-like valley of the Delaware. The
great terminal at Philadelphia is the model railway station of the world, vast in
area, impressive in architecture and equipped with many conveniences devised by
the most ingenious minds. From the City of Brotherly Love the traveller south-
ward-bound passes down across the State of Delaware and through Wilmington, its
metropolis, and on to the great city of Baltimore, and to Washington, the capital of
the Republic, where connection is made with the great Southern lines for the lower
Atlantic and Gulf States. The traveller westward-bound from Philadelphia trav-
erses a rich and historic country, by quaint old Lancaster and picturesque Harris-
burg, and crossing the broad Susquehanna River ascends the lovely glens of "The
Blue Juniata." At Harrisburg the track is 310 feet above the sea, at Lewistown
488, at Tyrone 886, and at Altoona 1,168. Here begins the wonderful climb ot
the Alleghany Mountains, and the track attains its highest point at 2, 168 feet
above the sea, where it passes through a tunnel, 3,612 feet long, and reaches the
western slope and the ravines descending toward the Ohio. Before reaching the
tunnel, the train swings around the wonderful Horse-shoe Curve, a marvel of engi-
neering skill, and overlooking dim blue leagues of valleys and mountain ranges.
At Johnstown, of tragic memory, the line has descended to 1,184 feet above the
sea, and at Pittsburgh its elevation is only 748 feet. At this point, the famous iron
and steel city, connections are made for all parts of the interior and Western
States, and the through cars pass directly on to the rails which shall bear them
indefinite distances along the path of the Star of Empire, across the fruitful plains

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

109

of the prairie States, and even beyond the solemn walls of the Rocky Mountains
and the Sierra Nevada.

Never before and nowhere else has betler provision been made for the luxury
of travellers. On these great routes run trains on which, while flying at the rate of
forty miles an hour, the weary voyager may undress and retire to rest, in a curtained
alcove or an enclosed state-room ; and sleep in a comfortable bed while gliding over
500 miles of American land. At morning he may arise and refresh himself by ab-
lutions in running water, with fresh clean towels ; or take a full bath in a bath-tub ;
or be shaven and shorn by the train barber. At meal-times, the tables are set in
the dining-car, as daintily equipped and served and as richly supplied as in a good
hotel ; and a leisurely repast is enjoyed, while the train sweeps on, at nearly a mile
a minute, up the Susquehanna or Juniata Valley. When one grows weary of looking
out at the changing landscape, through broad windows of transparent plate glass,
he may walk forward securely through the cars and their vestibuled connections, to
the library-car, with its fine shelves of books and periodicals, and its desks, all sup-
plied with stationery, for people who want to write letters or telegrams. The train
also has its comfortable lounging places for smokers, who may purchase their nico-
tinous sedatives there ; and an artist in liquids stands ready to fabricate every variety
of the cup which cheers. The accustomed pains of travel have thus been replaced
by a triumphal course of pleasure, reaching from New York to Chicago, or St.

PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD : FREIGHT DEPOT, WEST STREET.

Louis, or San Francisco, or Mexico ; and the hospitality and good cheer, the freedom
and comfort of the Empire City project themselves over the entire continent.

Wonderful system, admirable discipline, and perfect mastery of all departments
of the science of railroading characterize the Pennsylvania Railroad in all its his-
tory, development and present operations, and place it among the pre-eminent cor-
porations of the world.

Many of the conspicuous luxuries and conveniences of modern through travel
were devised by the Pennsylvania Railroad, and first put to practical test on its lines

I IO

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

of travel. And this spirit of enterprise, so predominent in the past, is and always
will be characteristic of the company, and ensures for its patrons the latest and best
things known in the modern life of railroading, in respect to luxury, speed and safety.
The Central Railroad of New Jersey (of the Reading Railroad Sys-
tem). Nowhere within easy distance of New York are found so many charming

CEMTRAL BUILDING--WEST STREET, FOOT OF LIEERTY STREET—CENTRAL RAILROAD OF NEW JERSEY DEPOT.

residential spots as those reached by the trains of the Central Railroad of New
Jersey, whose system of suburban traffic is admitted to be nearly perfect.

Operating 1,353 miles °f track, the Central Railroad of New Jersey offers a
greater diversity of travel to seashore, mountain, lake, glen, coal and iron region,
and near by large manufacturing points, than any line leading out of the metropolis.

The commodious and magnificent depot at Communipaw is reached by ferry from
the foot of Liberty Street, North River. In conjunction with the Philadelphia &
Reading Railroad this line forms a part of the famous Royal Blue Line from New York
to Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, and the South and West. It traverses the
entire length of the garden-like little State, bringing to the New-York market the pro-
ducts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Running westward, it passes through Eliza-
beth and Easton, Allentown and Mauch Chunk, and the marvellous anthracite coal
region between Tamaqua and Scranton, including the whole length of the Valley of
Wyoming and the Lehigh Valley. Its suburban service extends as far as Somerville,
and every evening conducts a vast peaceful army of business men from the rush and
roar of the metropolis to the flourishing towns and villages of Central New Jersey.

What a race of mortals we are in this latter part of the nineteenth century, as
compared with our slow-going ancestors of the last century ! How they were lazily
jolted along till every bone was almost unhinged, in the slow old stage-coach, taking
the dust in pound doses, or traveling weary and foot-sore over the old-time lonely
pike. Some of the modern railroad travel is not very much better than then, it is
true, and the luxury you enjoy on the line of the New-Jersey Central Railroad, as com-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

ill

pared with such, is as superior as railroad travel is to the old-fashioned method.
Think of a cozy, cushioned seat, by a broad plate-glass window, on a road-bed over
which you glide along almost as smoothly as over the calm waters of an inland sea,
with a panorama of views of hill and valley, of bustling town and quiet borough
and sleepy hamlet, and conceive something better than such a ride, if you can.

To Greenville, Bayonne City, Newark, Elizabethport, Elizabeth, Roselle, Cran-
ford, Westfield, Fanwood, Netherwood, Plainfield, Dunellen, Bound Brook and
Somerville, the train service is unsurpassed. Superior coaches, lighted by gas and
steam-heated, are sent flying on their journey with such frequent regularity that the
suburban resident along the line of the Central Railroad of New Jersey reaches his
home long before the citizen on Manhattan Island has passed above 23d Street.

CENTRAL BUILDING; CENTRAL RAILROAD OF NEW JERSEY, LIBERTY AND WEST STREETS, NEW YORK.

112

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

To Budd's Lake, Schooley's Mountain, Lake Hopatcong, Eaglesmere, Highland
Lake ; to the beautiful valley of the Lehigh, with lovely Glen Onoko, bustling Mauch
Chunk and the famed Switchback gravity railroad, to which may be added many
mountain resorts, the service of the Central Railroad is an incomparable one.

To omit mention of the superb steamers of the Sandy-Hook Route, owned and
operated by the Central Railroad Company, would be to leave untold one-half of

CENTRAL RAILROAD OF NEW JERSEY. DEPOT IN JERSEY CITY.

the attractions of Jersey travel. Three palatial steamers, the Monmouth, Sandy
Hook and St. Jo/ins, leave Pier 8, North River, foot of Rector Street, daily and Sun-
day during the summer season, at frequent intervals, for Atlantic Highlands, con-
necting there for Highland Beach; Navesink Beach, Normandie, Rumson Beach,
Seabright, Low Moor, Galilee, Monmouth Beach, Long Branch, Elberon, Deal
Beach, Asbury Park, Ocean Grove, Avon, Bel Mar, Como, Spring Lake, Sea Girt,
Manasquan, Brielle and Point Pleasant. The thousands of wealthy cottage-owners
along the New- Jersey shore who daily travel by the Sandy-Hook boats attest the
high standard of marine service of this popular line, which affords to the stranger-
tourist a never-ending source of surprise and comment at the perfect service enjoyed.

An all-rail route from the foot of Liberty Street, New York, gives the traveller
an equally prompt service to the above-named coast-resorts, together with quick tran-
sit to Red Bank, Lakewood, Atlantic City, Tom's River, Bay Side, Barnegat Park,
Forked River, Waretown and Barnegat Bay.

The entire coast-line, from Sandy Hook to Barnegat Inlet, is an almost continu-
ous summer-resort, with enormous hotels, colonies of handsome cottages, camp-
meeting grounds, and all the other accessories of modern watering-place life. The
memories of Grant and Garfield still haunt the bluff of Long Branch ; the State
troops of New Jersey encamp along the plains of Sea Girt ; the light-houses flash
across the sea from the Navesink Highlands and Barnegat ; the Methodists assemble
their devout classes at Asbury Park and Ocean Grove j and the perfume of the pines

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK 113

overflows the sands of Key East. In a way, this strip of wave-beaten coast, in win-
ter "The Graveyard of the Sea," in summer becomes the most popular and delight-
ful suburb of the great city, abounding in piquant varieties of scenery and of humanity.
The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad had its inception in
the little Ligett's-Gap Railroad, down in Pennsylvania, which was incorporated in
1832, and 19 years later became the Lackawanna & Western, running from Scran-
ton northwest to Great Bend. Two years later, upon consolidating with the Dela-
ware & Cobb's-Gap Railroad, it took its present title, although the line did not
reach the Delaware River until 1856. A year later, the company leased the War-
ren Railroad, then just opened from the Delaware River to New Hampton Junc-
tion, N. J. Meantime, the Morris & Essex Railroad, chartered in 1835, na<^ been
built from Hoboken across the hill-country of northern New Jersey to Phillipsburg,
which it reached in 1866; and two years later it was favorably leased to the Dela-
ware, Lackawanna & Western, which thus secured a terminal on New-York harbor.
While thus triumphantly planning its route to the seaboard, the company also
turned its attention northward and westward, securing the line to Owego and
Ithaca in 1855 ; that to Syracuse and Oswego, in 1869 ; that to Utica and Richfield
Springs in 1870 ; and that from Binghamton to Buffalo, in 1882. These and other
annexed routes and new sections constructed, gave the company its present splendid
system, reaching from opposite New York to Lake Ontario and Lake Erie and
down through the coal-regions of Pennsylvania to Wilkes-Barre, Scranton and North-
umberland. These routes are served by 550 locomotives and 36,000 cars of all
kinds. The eastern terminal of the Lackawanna system, at Hoboken, is reached

DELAWARE, LACKAWANNA & WESTERN RAILROAD '. DEPOT IN HOBOKEN.

by ferries from Barclay Street and Christopher Street, New York. The through
main line from New York to Scranton, Elmira and Buffalo, 409 miles long, is trav-
ersed daily by several express-trains, connecting at Buffalo with the routes for the
farther West. This Lackawanna route leads to some of the most charming sum-
mer-resorts in northern New Jersey, like Lake Hopatcong, Budd's Lake, and
Schooley Mountain, and the noble scenery of the Delaware Water Gap and Pocono

114 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Mountains. The Morris & Essex Division gives access to the most beautiful of all
the suburbs of New York, the villages around the Orange Mountains, the Oranges,
Montclair, Summit, Short Hills, Madison and Morristown, whose pure highland air
and pleasant scenery are widely celebrated. The suburban traffic on this division
has assumed great proportions, and is yearly increasing, on account of the desire of
New-York business men to keep their families and to spend their own leisure days

ELEVATED RAILROAD NEAR COENTIES SLIP, EAST RIVER.

in the beautiful region of New Jersey, where the climate is of such sovereign salu-
brity that people are sent hither, even by physicians in Europe, as to a sanitarium.
The suburban train-service is kept up to the highest point of efficiency, and affords
the best of facilities, whether one goes northward on the route by Passaic and
Mountain Yiew, or westward by Newark and Orange, Summit and Madison.
Largely on this account, the region of the Orange Mountains, so richly endowed
with landscape-beauty and pastoral charm, has become perhaps the favorite resi-
dence-district in the outer suburbs of New York, and presents the aspect of a great
park, adorned with hundreds of pleasant country-seats and dozens of dainty hamlets.

The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Building, at William Street and
Exchange Place, completed and opened in 1892, is one of the notable structures of
the financial district. It measures 85 feet on William Street, and 60 on Exchange
Place, is ten stories in height, and is in the Italian Renaissance style of architecture.
The materials of construction are granite for the foundation and basement, and
Indiana limestone above. The imposing entrance-arch on Exchange Place is sup-
ported on piers of polished granite. A pleasing effect has been gained by facing the
masonry of the lower two stories, and leaving that of the upper stories rough, as the
blocks of stone came from the quarry. The building is first-class in all respects.

The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad has a large interest in the Staten-Island
Rapid Transit Railroad and its warehouse and shipping piers on the Bay of New

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

115

DELAWARE, LACKAWANNA & WESTERN RAILROAD COMPANY.

GENERAL OFFICES ! EXCHANGE PLACE AND WILLIAM STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

York, and turns its freight traffic to this terminal, reaching the Arthur-Kill Bridge
to Staten Island by its New-York Division, from Cranford, N. J. From the bridge
the cars run over the Staten-Island Rapid Transit Railroad to St. George, whence
they are conveyed on floats to the pier at New York. Passengers for the Balti-
more & Ohio routes to the South and West cross the ferry from Liberty Street to
the station of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, at Communipaw, and take the
vestibuled Pullman trains of the Royal Blue Line for Philadelphia and Baltimore,
Pittsburgh and Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis.

The New-York, Ontario & Western Railway was organized in 1866,
under the name of the New- York & Oswego Midland Railroad, and opened its entire
line in 1873, but passed into the hands of receivers the same year, and was after-
wards sold and reorganized. The Ontario & Western owns and leases 500 miles of
track, and runs from New York to Oswego, having branches to Scranton, Ellenville,
Edmeston, Delhi, Rome and Utica, and a trackage right over the West-Shore road
from Cornwall to Weehawken. Ferries run from Jay Street and West 42d Street to
the terminal station at Weehawken, whence for over fifty miles the line follows the
Hudson River, with many beautiful episodes of scenery. From Cornwall it turns
westward through the rugged spurs of the Highlands, and beyond Middletown it
crosses the Shawangunk Mountains. After passing Summitville, the line ascends
the Delaware Mountains, which are surmounted at Young's Gap, 1,800 feet above
the sea. The Middle Division of the route is celebrated for its picturesque scenery
and for its many trout-streams, and great forests abounding in game. Next conies

ELEVATED RAILROAD IN COENTIES SLIP. PRODUCE EXCHANGE TOWER.

the picturesque counties of Sullivan and Delaware, in the outer ranges cf the Cats-
kill Mountains, and abounding in bright lakes. After a long run across the hilly
farm-lands of Chenango and Madison, the road bends around the broad Oneida
Lake for more than a score of miles, and descends the valley to Oswego, one of the
chief ports of Lake Ontario. Connections thence to the northward and westward
are offered by the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg line, reaching from the St. -
Lawrence Valley to Niagara Falls.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 1 17

The New-York, Lake-Erie & Western Railroad forms one of the grand
routes between the Empire City and the West, and, in spite of its many financial
vicissitudes, has an enormous business, and controls dozens of tributary lines. The
Legislature in 1825 ordered the surveying of a State road through the southern tier
of counties, from the Hudson River to Lake Erie ; but the project was soon aban-
doned as impracticable. In 1832 the New-York & Erie Railroad Company received
incorporation, and Col. De Witt Clinton, Jr., reconnoitred its projected route. The
company was organized in 1833, and the route was surveyed the next year, by Ben-
jamin Wright, at the cost of the State. New surveys occurred in 1836, and parts of
the line were begun. The credit of the State was granted to the amount of several
million dollars ; and in 1 841 a section of track between Goshen and Piermont went
into operation. Nevertheless, a year later the road passed into the hands of a
receiver ; and it required subscriptions of $3,000,000 to the stock, by the merchants
of New York, to energize the work. At last, on May 14, 1851, the great task was
completed, and two trains ran over the entire line, from the Hudson River to Lake
Erie, bearing the President of the United States and Daniel Webster, and a great
company of notables. It was intended that the Erie line should end at Piermont,
on the Hudson, but the directors soon saw that their terminal should be at New
York, and therefore they arranged with the Union, Ramapo & Paterson, and Pater-
son & Jersey-City Railroads, to run trains over their lines from Suffern to Jersey
City. The Erie Company owns or leases 800 locomotives, 450 passenger cars, and
42,000 freight and other cars and controls 3,000 miles of track. The Erie station
at Pavonia Avenue, Jersey City, is reached by ferries from the foot of Chambers
Street and West 23d Street. The line runs out across northern New Jersey to the
Delaware Valley, which it follows for nearly 100 miles through a country of great
landscape beauty. Then it crosses the mountains to the Susquehanna Valley, and
so reaches the cities of the southern tier, and passes on to Dunkirk or Buffalo.
There it connects with the main routes to the West and Southwest, the Chicago
Express and the St. -Louis Express running through with wonderful speed and
security. The Erie also has vestibuled trains to the Pennsylvania coal regions.

The Richmond & Danville Railroad, by its famous " Piedmont Air Line, "
forms the chief link in the grand route from New York to the Gulf States. Its
Southwestern Limited train makes the run from New York to Atlanta in less than
24 hours, and to New Orleans in less than 40 hours ; and the Birmingham Limited
passes from New York to Birmingham, the great iron-making city in the heart of
Alabama, in 31 hours. These trains, which start from New York over the Penn-
sylvania Railroad, are made up of the most modern Pullman sleeping and hotel cars,
connected by vestibules. Running down from New York by Philadelphia and Balti-
more, at Washington they pass on to the rails of the Richmond & Danville Company,
and traverse the Virginian country, so famous during the Civil War, by Alexandria
and Fairfax, Manassas and Culpeper, Charlottesville and Lynchburg, Danville and
Salisbury, Spartanburg and Atlanta. The diverging lines of the company also reach
Richmond and Raleigh, Columbia and Augusta ; and connect for Florida and the
Southwest. The Piedmont Air Line is the route from New York to the beautiful
"Land of the Sky," that region of the Western Carolinas where the Alleghany
Mountains reach, in scores of peaks, an altitude greater than that of any other high-
lands east of the Rocky Mountains. The dry, pure air of these plateaus and ridges
has a great and deserved repute for its healthy and recuperating excellence ; and the
remarkably picturesque scenery of the French Broad River and the North-Carolina
and Georgia mountain-resorts has been a great attraction to tourists, who are well

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

cared for at the large modern hotels of Asheville, and other localities. Myriads of
travellers, bound from New York to the South and Southwest, avail themselves of
this grand route of travel. Among them are men interested in the great commercial
and industrial activities of the Alleghany region and the Gulf States ; invalids seek-
ing the balmy and invigorating air of the Southern highlands, the truest fountain of
health and new life ; and pleasure-tourists on their way to the orange-groves of
Florida, the magnolias of Mobile, the little Paris of New Orleans. For all these,
and all others southwestward bound, there is no route like the Piedmont Air Line.

The New-York, New-Haven & Hartford Railroad was formed in 1872
by a consolidation of the New- York & New-Haven and the Hartford & New-Haven
Companies. The line begins at Woodlawn, N. Y., and runs to Springfield, Mass.,
122^ miles, its total trackage, owned and leased, exceeding 900 miles. The com-

MOTT-HAVEN CANAL.

pany runs its trains from Woodlawn to New York over the Harlem Railroad by
virtue of an agreement made in 1848, the tolls paid to the Harlem being about $1,000
a day. The company owns 200 locomotives and 5,000 cars, and has a first-class
road-bed and equipment. The entrance to the great gateway of land-travel from
New York to New England and the remoter East is the Grand Central Depot, and
the only route leads over the rails of the New- York, New-Haven & Hartford line.

All the railway trains between New York and Boston pass over this route, at
least as far as New Haven, beyond which they may follow the Springfield Route,
the Air Line or the Shore Line. It also gives access to many beautiful resorts on
the shores of Long-Island Sound, such as New Rochelle, with its groups of patrician
villas ; Greenwich, with its famous Indian Harbor ; Stamford, near the sea-viewing
Shippan Point ; tranquil old Fairfield, the legend-haunted Thimble Islands, historic
New London and Watch-Hill Point. This company also controls the New-Haven
& Northampton line, from New Haven to Conway Junction, Mass., 95 miles, leased
in 1887; tne Hartford & Connecticut- Valley Railroad, from Hartford to Fen wick,
Conn., on Long-Island Sound, 46 miles, leased in 1877; the Naugatuck Railroad,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

119

from Stratford Junction to Winsted, Conn., 61 miles, leased in 18S7 ; the Shore
Line, from New Haven to New London, Conn., 487 miles, leased in 1870; and
several other minor lines.

The New-York & New-England Railroad runs from Boston to Fishkill-
on-Hudson, N. Y. , with branches to Providence, Worcester, Springfield, Norwich,
Woonsocket, Pascoag, Rockville, and other Eastern cities. ": Its trains enter the
Grand Central Depot in New-York City by passing over the New-York, New-Haven
& Hartford line from Willimantic, or Hartford, Conn. Every day the famous ' ' White
Train" leaves New York and Boston at 3 P. M., always making the run between the
two cities in exactly 5| hours, with only four stops in the 213 miles. They run
between Willimantic and Boston, 86 miles, without a stop. This route is shorter
by twenty miles than any other between Boston and New York ; and is served by
parlor-cars, dining-cars, royal buffet smoking-cars, and other fine coaches, whose
colors of white and gold are very unusual and attractive. The White Train runs by
way of Willimantic and the Air Line ; and there is also a train leaving New York

NEW-YORK & NEW ENGLAND RAILROAD; "THE WHITE TRAIN," BETWEEN NEW-YORK AND BOSTON.

and Boston at noon, and running by way of Hartford. The New-York & New-
England Company also owns the famous Norwich Line of steamboats, between New
York and New London, Conn., where it connects with trains for Boston. The
Quaker-City Express runs between Boston and Philadelphia, by way of the Pough-
keepsie Bridge and the Reading system, in twelve hours. This line also runs through
Pullman trains between Boston and Washington without change of cars, by the
ingenious device of taking them on board a great transfer steamboat at the Harlem
River, and carrying them down the East River and around to the Pennsylvania-Rail-
road station at Jersey City.

The New- York & New-England Railroad gives convenient access to many of the
most famous cities and towns of Connecticut and the adjacent States, like Danbury,
famous for its hats ; Waterbury, whose watches are not unknown ; Willimantic,
where 1,500 operatives make the famous six-cord sewing-cotton; Putnam, with its
score of busy mills ; Norwich, on the pleasant hills at the head of the Thames ; New
London, always charming as a summer-resort ; and busy groups of manufacturing
communities in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. The first-class equipment of the

120

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

railway and its efficient and vigilant management give it great value as one of the
foremost avenues leading eastward from New York, and ensure its increasing success
and popularity in the future.

The New-York & Northern Railway has its station at 155th Street and
Eighth Avenue, on the upper part of Manhattan Island, and runs thence northward
54 miles, between the main line and Harlem route of the New- York Central Railroad,
to Brewster, on the Harlem line. It follows the valley of the Harlem River as far
as Kingsbridge, and thence strikes across Van Cortlandt Park and into Yonkers, to
which it runs many rapid-transit trains daily for the convenience of suburban resi-
dents. Beyond this point it reaches Tarrytown, Sleepy Hollow and Pocantico
Hills, in the region made classic by the genius of Washington Irving. Farther
north, the line passes near Croton Lake, the great reservoir of the New-York water-
supply ; and Lake Mahopac, a favorite summer-resort among the wooded hills of
Carmel. At Brewster the route meets the tracks of the Harlem Railroad and the
New- York & New-England Railroad, crossing the latter on its way from Boston to
the Hudson River. The stretch of 51 miles from High Bridge to Brewster, oper-
ated by the Northern Line, belongs to the New- York, Westchester & Putnam Rail-
way, the successor of the New- York & Boston Railroad. It was opened in 1S80,
and is under a fifty years' lease to the Northern line. Various plans have been
suggested to run through trains from Boston to New York by way of Brewster and
the New-York & Northern, and thus to secure for the New- York & New-England
Company an independent entrance to the metropolis. The terminal station of the
Northern line is easily reached from lower New York by the Elevated Railroad, on
Sixth Avenue or Ninth Avenue.

The Long Island Railroad for a long time had its eastern terminus at
Hicksville, but in 184 v it reached Greenport ; and the mails between New York and

SOUTH-FERRY STATION — ELEVATED RAILROAD.

Boston were then carried by this route, being transferred by steamboats from Green-
port to the Connecticut shore. The company was chartered in 1834. By succes-
sive consolidations and leases the company now controls more than 500 miles of track
on Long Island, including two nearly parallel lines, each about 100 miles long, from
Brooklyn and Long-Island City to Sag Harbor and Greenport. Branches lead to
Long Beach, Rockaway and Manhattan Beach, on the ocean front ; and to Flushing,
Whitestone, Great Neck, Oyster Bay, Northport and Port Jefferson, on Long-Island
Sound. This capital system of railways brings to the metropolis the abounding

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

121

farm-products of the island, and gives access to the scores of suburban villages and
famous seaside resorts. The Hunter's-Point station of the Long-Island Railroad
is reached from New York by the ferries from James Slip and East 34th Street.

The New-York and Sea-Beach Railroad connects at Bay Ridge with the
boats of the Staten-Island Rapid Transit Company, from the foot of Whitehall Street,
the terminus of the elevated roads and the Broadway and Belt-Line surface roads.

ELEVATED RAILROAD AT 110TH STREET AND NINTH AVENUE.

From Bay Ridge it runs down to West Brighton, Coney Island. In 15 minutes,
Brooklyn passengers connect with it by the Brooklyn City Elevated Railroad. It is
a double-track standard-gauge line, six miles long, opened in 1879.

The Brooklyn, Bath & West-End Railroad, reached by ferry from White-
hall to 39th Street, Brooklyn, leads in 6| miles to Coney Island. It was built in
1864; and in 1892 began running to the tide-water ferry-house, by the South-Brook-
lyn Railroad & Terminal Company's costly new roadway.

The Brooklyn & Brighton-Beach Railroad is a double-track line, 7^ miles
long, running from Atlantic Avenue, Brooklyn, to Brighton Beach, across Flatbush.

The Staten-Island Rapid-Transit Railroad is reached by ferry from the
foot of Whitehall Street; and gives access to all- the important villages on "the
American Isle of Wight." The Rapid-Transit Company was chartered in 1880, and
in 1886 opened its line from Arrochar to Bowman's Point, opposite Elizabethport.
In 1884 it effected a ninety-nine years' lease of the Staten-Island Railroad, chartered
in 185 1, and seven years later completed from Clifton to Tottenville. The lines of
this company have a considerable value as leading from the metropolis to the rising
suburban villages on the island. Their chief service, however, is in handling the
enormous freight brought by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad hither, across the
Arthur-Kill Bridge, and down to tide-water at St. George and other points.

Local Transit. — The immense population of the metropolis of the New World
and the necessity of moving myriads of men daily to and from their place of business,
have given rise to many successive problems as to transportation, whose solutions have
been of an interesting and ingenious character. The great length of the island, and

122

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

FIFTH-AVENUE STAGE AT THE CATHEDRAL.

its separation from the shores on either side by broad and deep tidal estuaries have
given the necessary travel thereon a unique character, compelling successive devel-
opments of the modes of locomotion.

Stage Coaches were the first means employed for local transits. Departing
at stated and infrequent intervals, and with much fanfare of horns, they ran from the
taverns on the lower part of the island, over the Old Boston Post Road and the

Bloomingdale Road, to the
little embowered hamlets on
the north. These vehicles
went through many evolu-
tions, and increased amaz-
ingly in numbers, until lower
Broadway at times was al-
most blockaded with their
huge and swaying forms.
This main artery of the city
retained its omnibuses for
many years after they had
disappeared from the other
avenues, and only relin-
quished them when the vast-
ly more comfortable street-
car system came into use.
The modern development of
the old-fashioned stage-coach is now seen on Fifth Avenue, which is traversed every
few minutes by low-hung stages, beginning their courses at Bleecker Street and run-
ning north along the elegant patrician thoroughfare to 86th Street, at the Metro-
politan Museum of Art, the last mile or more being alongside Central Park. Some of
these conveyances used in pleasant weather have seats on their roofs, and it is a favo-
rite diversion to ride up the Avenue thei*eupon, especially in the late afternoon,
observing the splendid panorama of architecture and metropolitan life.

Street-Cars. — In the course of time the rattling omnibuses of the provincial
era were found ill-adapted to the transportation of the ever-increasing thousands of
urban travellers, and ingenious inventors set to work to discover some new method
of transit, at once more competent and more comfortable. This was found in the
horse-car, whose idea is a gift from the city of New York to the civilized world, and
has been of inestimable benefit to mankind. Nearly thirty years after their adop-
tion here they were first introduced in Europe by George Francis Train, a citizen
of New York, and now they are in constant use
in hundreds of cities of Europe, Asia and Oceania,
besides American cities and villages from Seattle
to Key West.

The New-York & Harlem, the first street-
railway in the world, was chartered in 1 83 1, and in
1832 opened its entire line from Prince Street to
Harlem Bridge. The cars were like stage-coaches,

balanced on leather springs, and each having three compartments, with side-doors ;
while overhead sat the driver, moving the brake with his feet. From this germ
has grown up the present immense and efficient street-car system of the Empire
City, which is used by millions of passengers and reaches almost every part of

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 123

the island, with its lines along both water-fronts and up nearly all the north and
south avenues and across town at a score of points. It was for a time thought
that the introduction of the elevated railways would ruin the business of the street-
cars, but this result has not followed, and the surface lines are still as fully employed
as ever.

The First & Second Avenue Line runs from Fulton Ferry to the Harlem
River, with branches to Worth Street and Broadway and to Astor Place and Broad-
way, and to the Astoria Ferry.

The Third-Avenue Railroad is one of the ancient street-car lines, its charter
dating from 1853. The company has 28 miles of track, from the City Hall to
Harlem (130th Street), with branches from Manhattan Street to 125th Street, E. R.,
and on Tenth Avenue from 125th Street, near Manhattanville, to 186th Street.

The Fourth-Avenue Line runs from the Post Office to the Grand Central
Depot, with a branch to the Hunter's-Point Ferry. The Madison-Avenue line runs
from the Post Office to Mott Haven.

The Sixth-Avenue Railroad was chartered away back in 1851, and runs from
the Astor House (Vesey Street and Broadway) to Central Park. The line properly
begins at Canal and Varick Streets, but the track thence to Vesey Street and the
branch along Canal Street are owned in common with the Eighth-Avenue Company.
The company owns 120 cars and 1,100 horses.

The Seventh- Avenue Line runs from Whitehall to Central Park, and beyond
to Washington Heights. It owns 420 cars and 1,200 horses. The cost of construc-
tion was $4,500,000.

The Eighth-Avenue Railroad controls 20 miles of track, from Broadway and
Vesey Street to the upper part of the island. It was chartered in 1855.

The Ninth-Avenue Line has 16 miles of track, extending from Broadway and
Fulton Street to Manhattanville (125th Street). It was chartered in 1859.

The Cross-Town Lines include those on Charlton, Prince and Stanton
Streets ; from the Hoboken Ferry by Christopher, 8th and 10th Streets to the
Greenpoint Ferry ; from the 23d- Street Ferry by Grand and Vestry Streets, to the
Desbrosses-Street Ferry (to Jersey City) ; from the Grand-Street Ferry to the Cort-
landt-Street Ferry; along 23d Street, from the Erie Ferry to the Greenpoint Ferry ;
and many others.

The Northern Wards also have numerous street-car lines, reaching Morris-
ania, Tremont, Fordham, West Farms, Port Morris and other villages north of the
Harlem River.

The Broadway Line is one of the latest-built of the street-car routes. It
traverses Broadway, from the South Ferry to Central Park, giving admirable facili-
ties for reaching all parts of this grandest thoroughfare of the world. The construc-
tion of the line met with a most determined opposition from a great number of citi-
zens, who feared that their favorite commercial avenue would be ruined by the intro-
duction of the rails; and a charter was obtained only after protracted controversies, and
resulted in grave municipal complications. But the anticipated annoyances have not
been realized, and the line is now one of the most important and useful in the city ;
and happy was the day for New-Yorkers when the old-fashioned, slow, cumbersome
and noisy omnibuses gave way to the swift, quiet and neat horse -cars.

Cable-Cars, so successfully used in many American cities, are about to be in-
troduced in New York on several of the main lines of tramway, and notably on Broad-
way and Third Avenue, whose routes have been constructed with this modern system
of propulsion, so that passengers may be, and are, carried by them for marvelously

124

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

low fares. The trolley system of electric railways will probably get an entrance
into New York in time, although it has been unable to overcome a certain singular
prejudice felt here against it, in spite of the success of the trolleys in so many other
cities.

The Elevated Railroad is the crowning achievement in solving the problems
of rapid transit. By its aid the New-Yorkers fly through the air from end to end of
their teeming island at railway speed and in comfortable and well-appointed cars.
The simplicity of their structure and the free gift to the companies of the right of
way enable these routes to be built at a fraction of the cost of the urban rapid-
transit lines in other great cities. Instead of being whirled through the darkness
and monotony and poisonous air of almost continuous tunnels (as in London),
the New-Yorkers are borne along, swiftly and comfortably, high up above the
streets, in view of the wonderful changing panorama of the Empire City, and in
a fresh and wholesome atmosphere. A ride on the London Metropolitan Railway
is a depressing necessity ; but a flight along the New-York elevated rails is a
refreshment.

The movement for elevated railways grew very strong in 1866, and during the
following year more than forty plans were submitted to the Legislature. The sys-
tem of Charles C. Harney was accepted, and the inventor was allowed to build an
experimental track along Greenwich Street from the Battery to 29th Street. If it
succeeded Harvey was to have permission to extend the line to the Harlem River,

but if it failed it must be taken
down. The system was commenced
in 1867, but the means of locomo-
tion then used was a wire rope
drawn by a stationary engine.
This method was unsuccessful,
and the matter lay in abeyance
for several years. The company
failed in 1870, and was succeeded
by the New- York Elevated Rail-
road Company, which began the
use of small locomotives on the
tracks. The Manhattan Railway
Company was formed in 1875, anc^
in 1879 it leased, for a term of
999 years, the New-York Elevated
Railroad and the Metropolitan
Elevated Railway, both of which
were chartered in 1872 and opened
in 1878. The lease was modified
in 1884. The New- York line cost
$20,500,000 for construction and
equipment, and the Metropolitan
cost $23,300,000. The Manhattan
Company has about 300 locomotives and 1,000 cars, and carries 215,000,000
passengers yearly.

In 1 89 1 the Manhattan Company secured control of the Suburban Rapid-Transit
Railroad, running from 129th Street and Third Avenue, in Harlem, and through
Mott Haven and Melrose to Central Morrisania (171st Street and Third Avenue).

PASSENGER ELEVATOR AND STATION, ELEVATED RAILROAD,
EIGHTH AVENUE AND 116TH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

125

This system is in process of extension to West Farms, Bronx Park, Fordham and
other localities.

The main elevated railway lines are along the East Side, on Second and
Third Avenues, two parallel routes from the lower part of Manhattan Island to
Harlem ; the Sixth-Avenue line, along the middle of the island ; and the Ninth-
Avenue line, nearer the Hudson River, from South Ferry to Central Park and the
Harlem River, at West 155th Street. The railways are carried on girders resting upon
wrought-iron lattice columns, usually along the line of the curb-stones, and from 37
to 44 feet apart. In some cases each side of the avenue has its elevated track, one for
the up-trains, the other for the down-trains. Elsewhere the girders run clear across
the narrower streets, and the two tracks are brought close together over the middle

CABLE-CARS ON THE EAST-RIVER BRIDGE, NEW-YORK END.

of the street. On some of the wider and less crowded avenues, the columns and
tracks are placed in the middle. The stations are about one-third of a mile apart ;
and in the busy hours of the day trains pass them about every minute, drawn by
powerful locomotive engines. The crowded junction points of the lines, the stations
in mid-air, the swallow-flight of the light trains, the perfect system and discipline
of the arrangements, command admiring wonder, and make an especially vivid
impression upon foreign visitors. The lofty curving trestles of iron near 110th
Street were justly characterized by De Lesseps as one of the most audacious of
engineering feats.

Projected Subterranean Transit. — However rapidly the facilities are in-
creased, the needs of the city seem to increase even more rapidly, and the capacity
of the elevated lines is already overstrained, especially at certain hours of the day.
Consequently, new methods are in process of being worked out, and all possible
routes between the Battery and Harlem are being studied by competent engineers.

126 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

In the belief that the existing surface and elevated railways occupy as much of the
land and air of the city as can properly be used, attention has been directed to sub-
terranean routes, to be bored under Broadway for its entire length. The Rapid-
Transit System proposed in 1891 by William E. Worthen, the chief engineer of the
commission, provided for a tunnel under Broadway and the Boulevard, from the
Battery to Spuyten Duyvil, containing four railway tracks, the outside ones for
local trains and the inside ones for express trains, running at forty miles an hour.
From 14th Street the East-Side branch diverges up Fourth and Madison avenues to
the Grand Central Depot. The trains are to be run by electric power, and the
stations and tunnels ventilated by powerful fans and brightly lighted by electricity.
The lines and plan of construction have been approved by the Mayor and Common
Council, and the Supreme Court has authorized the condemnation of land for the
route. It now remains for the Rapid-Transit Commissioners "to sell at public
auction the right, privilege and franchise to construct, maintain and operate such
railway."

America is the Temple of Liberty, and New York is its Beautiful Gate. Other
portals there are : Boston and Baltimore, New Orleans arid San Francisco, and
many more, but their aggregate of travel and traffic falls below that of this imperial
city. In the days of the Caesars all roads led to Rome ; but in this happier century
all routes, by sea or land, converge upon this wonderful harbor. Millions of
European immigrants have first touched the land of peace and freedom here ; and
armies of travellers in search of pleasure or variety, or along the lines of trade and
commerce. Here centre the routes of travel between the rich and prosperous North
and the happy and beautiful South, and between earnest New England and its
daughter States of the West. Hundreds of thousands of people from all parts of
the Republic visit the great city every year for its own sake, because nowhere else
are there such abundant facilities for pleasure, for enlightenment, for business.
Here, therefore, is the supreme clearing-house for travellers of all kinds, and on all
errands.

Along these close converging tracks of steel, each more noble than the Appian
Way, hundreds of trains arrive and depart daily, with every variety of traveller,
from the Westchester suburban to the New-Zealand globe-trotter. The White Train
and other famous convoys fly thence to New England and the remoter East ; the
Empire-State Limited and the Erie Flyer to the North and West ; the Royal Blue
and the powerful Pennsylvania trains to the West and South ; and scores of other
routes have their almost continuous processions of cars, bound for innumerable
destinations. Nowhere else in the world is there such a focal point of travel as this.

Another interesting feature in the relation of New-York City to the railway
systems of America appears in its overmastering financial control of many of their
chief lines. It is hardly possible to construct and equip a new route anywhere
without securing some part of the needed capital from this treasure city ; and if the
enterprise is promising and feasible there is always plenty of money at hand for the
purpose. The little rock-bound canon of Wall Street has furnished the means to
construct thousands of miles of track in all the country between Tampa Bay and
Eastport, and between Senora and Seattle. The great trust-companies of New
York are the guardians of incalculable amounts in mortgage-bonds and other obliga-
tions, and at their offices many railway companies, both near and far, pay their
dividends. The Vanderbilt, Gould, Corbin and other far-reaching systems have
their headquarters here, and from this impregnable financial fortress control the
destinies of unnumbered myriads of American people.

Streets, Avenues, Boulevards, Alleys, "Ways, F*arlts, Squares,
Drives, Monuments, Statues, Fountains, Etc.

IN NEW YORK all roads lead not to Rome, but to the Battery. There the
city had its beginning ; and to-day, after three centuries of" municipal existence
and of steady expansion northward, the stupendous commercial and financial inter-
ests of the metropolis are still in that vicinity. The trains of the elevated railroads
all run to the Battery, and all the principal street-car lines trend in that direction.
Naturally a topographic tour of the city begins at that point.

The Battery was once the court end of the town. Fortifications were erected
here by the first Dutch settlers. Castle Garden was once a fort on a ledge in the

BATTERY PLACE -- WASHINGTON BUILDING -- PRODUCE EXCHANGE.

bay, connected by a causeway with the main land. As time wore on, the Castle
became a peaceful summer-garden and a concert-hall. The Lafayette ball was
given there in 1824, and there Jenny Lind, the Swedish Nightingale, made her
American debut. From 1855 to 1891 Castle Garden was the immigrant-depot, and
many millions of persons from Europe have passed through its portals on their way
to make homes for themselves in the New World. Now the Garden has changed
character again. It is temporarily the headquarters for the Naval Reserve Battalion ;
and will soon be devoted to a public aquarium. The United-States Revenue Barge-
Office is situated there, on the water-front. Battery Park contains about 21 acres.
It is well kept, with green lawns, flowers and shade-trees, and is a delightfully <;ool
place in summer time. In colonial days the homes of New- York's wealth and aris-
tocracy looked down upon this lovely spot. Several of the old houses still remain,

128

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

but for the most part they have made way for huge warehouses and gigantic office
buildings.

Bowling Green, a small triangular plot on the northern confines of Battery
Park, is rich with traditions. Here stood the equestrian statue of King George III.
Lord Cornwallis, Lord Howe, Sir Henry Clinton, George Washington, General
Gates, Benedict Arnold, Talleyrand and other famous folk lived in this vicinity.
Just south of the Green is the site of Fort Amsterdam, built by the Dutch in 1626.
The Produce Exchange, the Welles Building, the Standard Oil Company Building,
the Washington Building, the Columbia Building and other notable architectural
structures now distinguish the locality.

Broadway, which starts from Bowling Green, is one of the longest and grand-
est business thoroughfares of the world. It is not always imposing, but it is always

WHITEHALL STREET, LOOKING TOWARDS BROADWAY. ARMY BUILDING.

interesting ; and in general appearance, variety of scenes and impressive air of busi-
ness and social activities it has, all in all, no rival on either continent. It is the
main business artery of the city. On and about it, down -town, are hundreds of
great buildings, bee-hives of industry, some of which have a business population
equal to that of a country-town. The street is packed from sunrise to sunset with
processions of merchandise, trucks, vehicles and cars, and the sidewalks are crowded
with hurrying thousands, all on business intent. There are few loiterers and few
pleasure-seekers in this part of the town. Financial institutions, shipping interests,
the wholesale dry-goods and other branches of business monopolize lower Broadway
and the adjacent streets.

" At its inception Broadway is dignified with the great buildings that have already
been referred to as surrounding Bowling Green ; and the offices of the foreign
consuls and the steamship companies and immigrant boarding-houses jostle them.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

129

At every step northward appear tall buildings, the Columbia, Aldrich Court, the
Tower, the Consolidated Exchange, the Manhattan Life-Insurance Company, the

BOWLING GREEN, AND STATE STREET.

Union Trust Company, the United Bank, and others. Opposite Wall Street is
Trinity Church and graveyard, breaking the monotony of the busy scene. Once
Broadway ended at this point, and meandered beyond as a green country-lane. The

■M'-

LOWER BROADWAY, LOOKING NORTH, FROM MORRIS STREET TO TRINITY CHURCH.

imposing Equitable Building, extending from Pine to Cedar Streets, stands where in
1646 good old Jan Jansen Damen lived, and shot the bears that prowled about his
orchards. More great buildings : the Boreel, the Williamsburg City Fire, the
9

i3o

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Mutual Life, the Evening Post, the Western Union, the Mail and Express, the
Herald, — and then Broadway reaches Park Row and City- Hall Park. There is
St. -Paul's Chapel, its back turned to the great thoroughfare. Opposite is the
National Park Bank, and beyond is the famous Astor House, and the Post Office.
A little farther on, not on Broadway, but within sight, across City- Hall Park, are

ON SQUARE.

the Potter Building, and the newspaper buildings — the Times, Sun, Tribune,
World, and Staats-Zeitung. In the park itself are the City Hall and the Court-
House, and just beyond is the Stewart Building. The East-River Bridge terminates
at City-Hall Park, in the midst of these noble architectural piles. The Postal-
Telegraph-Cable Building, at the corner of Murray Street, and its neighbor, the
Home Life-Insurance Building, will be imposing 13 and 14-story structures. The
quadrangle formed around the southern end of the City-Hall Park by the newspaper

BROADWAY AND SIXTH AVENUE, NORTH FROM 34TH STREET.

buildings, the City Hall, and the Post Office is, without doubt, the grandest square
on the American continent.

From the City Hall northward as far as Grace Church, at 10th Street, wholesale
business-houses practically monopolize Broadway. At Duane Street will be the
elegant twelve-story building of the Mutual Reserve-Fund Life Association, a splen-
did white-marble structure. At Leonard Street the New-York Life-insurance
Building attracts attention, and near Lispenard Street is the fine edifice of the
Ninth National Bank. Just beyond is Canal Street, in its name a reminder of the
time when a canal ran across the island. Farther north are the Metropolitan Hotel

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

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2 -v

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132

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

and Niblo's Theatre, the conspicuous Rouss Building, the Manhattan Savings Insti-
tution, the newly remodelled Broadway Central Hotel, the old New-York Hotel,
then the Stewart dry-goods emporium, occupying an entire block between Broadway
and Fourth Avenue, 9th Street and 10th Street, and then the beautiful Grace
Church. At nth Street is the first-class dry-goods establishment of James McCreery
& Co. In this vicinity a literary centre has grown up. The publishing house of D.
Appleton & Co. is a few blocks below in Bond Street ; Charles Scribner's Sons, in
Broadway, opposite Astor Place ; the Aldine Club and the Astor Library, in Lafay-
ette Place ; the University of the City of New York, in Washington Square ; the
Cooper Union and the Mercantile Library, in Astor Place ; the American Book Co.,
a monopoly of the school-book business; Wm. Wood & Co., in 10th Street ; the

FOURTEENTH STREET, BETWEEN FIFTH AND SIXTH AVENUES.

United-States Book Co., in 16th Street; Dodd, Mead & Co., in 19th Street; and
other publishing houses and new and second-hand book-stores are near at hand in all
directions.
^ At 13th Street, leaving the Star Theatre, where for a generation shone the genius
of Lester Wallack, Broadway at 14th Street debouches into Union Square, and, de-
flecting slightly to the west, pursues the rest of its course up-town diagonally across
the avenues, instead of parallel to them.

Here is the retail shopping district, from 10th Street to above 23d Street. In
Broadway, 14th Street and 23d Street principally, the prominent retail establish-
ments are the wonder and the admiration of all who see them, and in extent and in

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

133

BROADWAY, FROM THE BROADWAY CENTRAL HOTEL TO GRACE CHURCH.

BOND STREET TO TENTH STREET.

134 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

variety of goods they are not surpassed elsewhere in the world. It has been esti-
mated that the trade in this district annually amounts to over $500,000,000. A few
play-houses are still found as far south as 14th Street, but the main theatre-region
is in Broadway, or within about a block's distance, between 23d and 42d Streets.
Within that distance- — about a mile — are Proctor's 23d-Street Theatre, the Mad-
ison-Square, the Garden, the Lyceum, the Fifth-Avenue, Herrmann's, Daly's, the
Bijou, Palmer's," the Standard, Harrigan's, the Park, the Casino, the Metropolitan
Opera House, the Manhattan Opera House, and the Broadway. The new Empire
Theatre is being built at the corner of 41st Street. Broadway is also an avenue of
great hotels. Up-town it has the St. Denis, at nth Street ; the St. George, at 12th
Street ; the Morton, at 14th Street ; the Continental, at 20th Street ; the Aberdeen
and Bancroft, at 21st Street; the Fifth-Avenue and the Bartholdi, at 23d Street;
the Albemarle, at 24th Street ; the Hoffman, at 25th Street ; the St. James, at 26th
Street ; the Victoria and the Coleman, at 27th Street ; the Gilsey and the Sturtevant,
at 29th Street; the Grand, at 31st Street; the Imperial, at 32d Street; the Marl-
borough, at 36th Street ; the Normandie, at 38th Street ; the Oriental, at 39th
Street; the Gedney, at 40th Street; the Vendome, at 41st Street; the St. Cloud
and the Metropole, at 42d Street ; the Barrett, at 43d Street ; and the Gladstone,
at 59th Street.

Above 42d Street Broadway yet maintains something of the residential character
that long ago disappeared from it below. Many large apartment-houses face it as
it nears Central Park, at 59th Street. There with another turn westward it broadens
out into a wide asphalt-paved thoroughfare, with a shaded parkway in the center,
and is henceforth known as the Boulevard. It is a long but exceedingly interesting
walk up Broadway from Bowling Green to Central Park — about five miles.

The Boulevard, virtually a continuation of Broadway, beginning at the Park,
goes on for nine miles farther, through the pleasant upper part of the city that is
being rapidly covered with handsome houses, apartment-buildings and churches. It
passes over the hillside between Riverside Park and Morningside Park, where
Columbia College, the Protestant-Episcopal Cathedral and the Grant Monument are
soon to rise, and down into the ravine at Harlem, and then up again upon historic
Washington Heights, still a region of beautiful country-homes of old New-York
families, and on to the end of the island at Spuyten-Duyvil Creek, by the old Kings-
bridge road. The Boulevard includes two capital roadways, separated by a central
strip of lawns, trees, and flowers. When finished, it will be one of the most beau-
tiful driveways in the world, traversing, as it does, the remarkably picturesque
region between Central Park and the Hudson River, much of the way over high
ground, commanding beautiful views.

Fifth Avenue is celebrated the world over as the grand residence street of the
aristocratic and wealthy families of the metropolis. In recent years business has
encroached upon its boundaries, but despite all it still maintains its prestige and its
biilliant character. There was a time when some people regarded residence in Fifth
Avenue as an indispensable requisite to pre-eminent social recognition. In recent
years this notion has been decidedly relaxed, and grand residences of prominent
people arise on many of the cross streets immediately out of the avenue, and in Mad-
ison Avenue, Park Avenue, around the various squares and parks, in the newly-laid-
out streets, and in other favored localities ; but nevertheless a luxurious residence in
Fifth Avenue is a sort of stamp, or patent of rank. From Washington Square for
a distance of nearly four miles northward, Fifth Avenue is lined with handsome
residences, club-houses, churches and hotels that give abundant evidence of wealth

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

136

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

«r"

12 3D STREET.

MOUNT MORRIS SQUARE.

and luxurious tastes. In the lower part of the avenue many of the old New- York
families still hold their mansions, despite the proximity of trade. Between 14th and
23d Streets, business has almost entirely pushed out residences, and only a few years
will elapse before it will be in full possession of the usurped territory. The Man-
hattan Club has gone up-town to 34th Street ; the Lotos is preparing to move ; and
the Union must soon follow. The Judge, the Methodist Book Concern, and the
Mohawk buildings, three large, handsome structures, have been erected recently,
and are prophetic of the transformation now taking place in this part of the avenue.

PARK AVENUE, LOOKING NORTH FROM 55TH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

'37

ST. BARIHOLuMEW'S CHURCH. MANHATTAN ATHLETIC CLUB.
MADISON AVENUE, LOOKING NORTH FROM 42D STREET.

HOLY TRINITY CHURCH.

PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL.

CHARLES F. CLARK. JOHN KINS.

MADISON AVENUE, EAST SIDE, BETWEEN 69TH AND 70TH STREETS.

i3«

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

At 23d vStreet, Fifth Avenue crosses Broadway and makes the western border of
Madison Square. From this point northward to 42d Street business is in the
ascendant. Many of the private houses that once lined the avenue are gone, and
many of those that remain are not used for residences. Art-galleries, book-stores,
bric-a-brac shops, fashionable millinery and dressmaking establishments, publication
offices, clubs and hotels are rapidly making this an aristocratic business street.

Above 42d Street are the palaces of some of New York's millionaires. The Van-
derbilt houses are regarded as the finest examples of domestic architecture in the
United States. They do not stand entirely alone, however, in respect to beauty.
The Stevens house, now owned and occupied by ex-Secretary-of-the-Navy William
C. Whitney ; the C. P. Huntington mansion, nearly completed ; the houses of
Robert Goelet, R. F. Cutting, and others add distinction to the mile of avenue

OLD CLINTON MARKET, WEST AND CANAL STREETS.

between 42d Street and Central Park ; and in the same district live less pretentiously
but none the less elegantly such well-known New-Yorkers as Jay Gould, Governor
Roswell P. Flower, Darius O. Mills, Henry M. Flagler, Ogden Goelet, Washington
E. Conner, Russell Sage, Chauncey M. Depew, and William Rockefeller. Above
59th Street, facing the Park, are other splendid mansions, among them the homes of
Henry O. Havemeyer, and the Robert L. Stuart house. And on Madison Avenue,
which, only a block away, runs parallel with Fifth Avenue, is the Villard Florentine
palace, part of which is now the home of Whitelaw Reid, the editor of the Tribune,
and ex-United-States Minister to France. On the same avenue stands the pictur-
esque Tiffany house, and others scarcely less notable.

Fifth Avenue is the great hotel thoroughfare of the city. In that respect it sur-
passes even Broadway, its closest rival. It has the Brevoort, at Clinton Place ; the

HARLEM VIEW, LOOKING EAST FROM 137TH STI

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

139

JEANNETTE PARK, COENTIES SLIP.

Berkeley, at 9th Street ; the Lenox, at 12th Street ; the Logerot, at 20th Street ;
the Glenham, at 22d Street ; the Fifth-Avenue, at 23d Street ; the Brunswick, at
25th Street ; the Victoria, at 27th Street ; the Holland, at 30th Street ; the Cam-
bridge and the Waldorf, at 33d Street ; the St. Marc, at 39th Street ; the Hamilton
and the Bristol, at 42d Street ; the Sherwood, at 44th Street ; the Windsor, at 46th
Street; the Buckingham, at 50th Street; the Langham, at 52d Street; and the Plaza,
Savoy and New Netherland at 59th Street.

Fifth Avenue is also a street of churches. On it stand Ascension (Episcopal),
at 10th Street ; the First Presbyterian, at 12th Street ; the Collegiate Reformed,

SOUTH STREET, NORTH FROM THE BATTERY.

at 29th Street ; the Brick Presbyterian, at 37th Street ; the Jewish Temple Eraanu-
El, at 43d Street ; the Divine Paternity (Universalist), at 45th Street ; the Heavenly
Rest (Episcopal), near 45th Street ; the Collegiate Reformed, at 48th Street ; St.

140

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Patrick's Cathedral (Roman Catholic), at 50th Street ; St. Thomas (Episcopal), at
53d Street ; the Fifth- Avenue Presbyterian, at 55th Street.

Fifth Avenue, moreover, is the main resort of the clubs, nearly all of which have
taken possession of old-time residences. Among them are the following : the Lotos
and the Union, at 21st Street; Sorosis, near 25th Street; the Reform, at 27th
Street ; the Calumet, at 29th Street ; the Knickerbocker, at 32d Street ; the Man-
hattan, at 34th Street; the New- York, at 35th Street ; the St. -Nicholas, at 36th
Street ; the Union League and the Delta Kappa Epsilon, at 39th Street ; the Repub-
lican, at 40th Street ; the Democratic, near 49th Street ; the Seventh-Regiment-
Veteran, above 57th Street ; the Metropolitan and the New, at 58th Street ; and
the Progress, at 63d Street.

Among the public and semi-public institutions on Fifth Avenue are : Checker-
ing Hall, Delmonico's, St. Luke's Hospital, the Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum,
and the Lenox Library. With its handsome residences, numerous hotels, churches,
clubs and other institutions, and with Washington Square at its southern terminus,

EDISON BUILDING. STOCK EXCHANGE. MILLS BUILDING.

BROAD STREET, NORTH TO WALL STREET.

Madison Square and the Reservoir in Bryant Park breaking its course, and the 59th-
Street Plaza and Central Park illuminating its northern extension, Fifth Avenue is
certainly one of the most magnificent thoroughfares of the world.

Sixth Avenue rivals Broadway, 14th Street and 23d Street in its retail stores.
Several of the large dry-goods establishments are there, and hundreds of smaller
shops. It contains the Jefferson -Market Court-House, at 10th Street ; the Green-
wich Savings Bank, at 1 6th Street ; the Masonic Hall, at 23d Street ; and the Union
Dime Savings Institution, at 32d Street ; besides which there is little of noteworthy
architectural character in the avenue. It has a large resident population, in apart-
ments over the small stores, and is the main thoroughfare of the Tenderloin
District.

Seventh Avenue, extending from Greenwich Avenue to Central Park, is a
residence-street for people of moderate means, and has many retail stores. The
State Arsenal is at 35th Street ; the Osborne Flats, at 52d Street ; Music Hall,
at 57th Street; and the Central-Park Apartment-houses, at 59th Street.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

141

West Street and South Street are the water-front thoroughfares, leading
from the Battery along the North River and East River respectively. Along the
former are the piers of most of the great ocean-steamship lines and of the Hudson-
River and Long-Island-Sound boats. Much of the South-American shipping comes

PRODUCE EXCHANGE. STOCK EXCHANGE.

BROAD STREET, SOUTH FROM WALL STRtET

to the East-River front, and sailing vessels predominate there. Near the mouth of
the East River, at the Battery, large fleets of canal-boats tie up. The piers on all
the river-fronts, with one exception, are wooden or iron structures.

Eighth Avenue is the West-Side cheap thoroughfare. The upper part of the
avenue toward 59th Street is respectable, and contains several notable public
buildings.

Central Park West is that part of Eighth Avenue that faces Central Park
from 59th Street to noth Street. It is a beautiful street, and is being built up with
artistic and expensive private houses and handsome apartment-hotels. The Dakota,
the San Remo, the San Carlo, and the La Grange, are among the finest houses of
their kind in the city. The American Museum of Natural History, in Manhattan
Square, and the Cancer Hospital look upon Central Park West.

Wall Street is a short and narrow thoroughfare, but it is second only to Lom-
bard Street, London, in the magnitude, importance and far-reaching influence of its
financial operations. Both its sides are lined for about half their length with some
of the costliest office and bank buildings in this country ; here, too, are the Sub-
Treasury, the Assay Office, and the Custom House. Once the outer wall of the city,

142

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

surmounted by a stockade, ran where the street now is. Hence comes the name of
the street. Times have changed since that day when watchful sentinels paced this
wall, guarding the little village of New Amsterdam from the Indians and the wild
beasts. Even as late as 1 697, when a grant of land was made to Trinity Church, it
was described as "in or near to a street without the North Gate of the city, com-
monly called Broadway." The Sub-Treasury stands on the site of the first City
Hall, afterward called the Federal Hall.

Nassau, Broad and New Streets take a great deal of the overflow of Wall
Street. In Broad Street is the main front of the handsome white-marble building of
the Stock Exchange, and several elegant office-buildings — the Mills, the Edison, and
the Morris. In Nassau Street is the Clearing House, and many banks and banking
houses. The majestic Mutual Life-Insurance Building stands on the site of the Mid-
dle Dutch Church, which was used for a riding-school by the British soldiers during
the Revolution, and was afterwards the New- York Post-Office. In 1728 the Dutch
society bought this land for ^575 ; in 1861 the United-States Government paid the
church $200,000 for it ; and in 1 88 1 the insurance company bought it for $650,000.
It is probably worth now fully $750,000.

Printing-House Square is at the north end of Nassau Street. The appella-
tion is popular rather than official. It is an open space, or plaza, at the intersection
of Park Row and Nassau and Spruce Streets, abreast of the City- Hall Park ; and

WALKER STREET.-- HARRY HOWARD SQUARE. - CANAL STREET.

is bordered by the offices of the great newspapers. The statues of Benjamin
Franklin and Horace Greeley are appropriately placed as the presiding geniuses of
the locality.

Franklin Square is only known and only important because the firm of Har-
per & Brothers still keep their publishing house there. A century and less ago this
was one of the fashionable quarters of the town. The old mansions have dis-
appeared, and a tenement-house population and small manufacturing establishments
now occupy the land. The square is pretty well covered over by the network of
tracks and depots of the Elevated Railroad.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

143

144

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Bowery is historic ground. In the good old pre-colonial days it was a
pleasant country lane, running between the "Boweries" or farms of the worthy
Dutch burghers. Its rural character departed years and years ago, and for a long
time its name was synonymous with all the worst phases of vice in the slums of the
great city. The swaggering "Bowery Boy" tough then ruled the precinct, which
was redolent with depravity. In recent years the Bowery has risen from its low
estate, and possesses many enterprising business establishments, successful banks,

' 4 ' / A$

CHINATOWN "--MOTT STREET, WEST OF PARK ROW.

and public institutions. A flavor of cheapness from the surrounding tenement
region still clings to it, but the decent German and Hebrew elements now chiefly
dominate the neighborhood.

The Five Points, once so infamous, was renovated some years ago. Crime
and poverty no longer control it. In their place have come mission schools, chapels
and manufactories, and industrious working people. New streets and open squares
have been laid out by the municipal authorities, and the district is generally im-
proved sanitarily and socially.

Mott, Pell and Doyers Streets and vicinity are now given over to the Chinese.
There is a large population in the district just west of the Bowery and Chatham
Square. The district is a veritable "Chinatown," with ail the filth, immorality and
picturesque foreignness which that name implies.

Second Avenue in its southern limits is the great German thoroughfare. A
large German population exists to the east of it ; and its cafes, gardens and other
places of public resort are for people of that nationality. About ioth Street was the
/arm of Peter Stuyvesant, the last Dutch Governor of New Amsterdam.

Baxter Street is still monopolized by the cheap clothing-dealers, who have made
the name of the street famous.

Thompson Street is the centre of one of the largest negro colonies in the city,
and has given rise to a very readable book, "The Proceedings of the Thompson-
Street Poker Club."

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

145

Hanover Square, at the junction of Hanover, Pearl and William Streets, is the
centre of the cotton trade, and here, too, is the stately Cotton Exchange. In this
locality, in days gone by, lived many of New York's wealthy merchants, and after
the French Revolution many notable French emigres. Here is an important station
of the Elevated Railroad, greatly utilized by the men connected with the Stock,
Cotton and Produce Exchanges.

Lafayette Place, a short street between Astor Place and Great Jones Street,
is distinguished as the location of the Mission of the Immaculate Virgin, the
Astor Library, the Protestant Episcopal Diocesan House, the DeVinne Press
(printers of The Century Magazine), and the offices of several publishing concerns
and religious societies. In the row of houses opposite the Astor Library, and
known as "the Colonnade Row," lived John Jacob Astor and other rich merchants,
two generations ago. The north end of the Row is owned and occupied by The
Churchman.

Astor Place, just north of Lafayette Place, has the Mercantile-Library Building,
the Eighth-Street (Jewish) Theatre, and the statue of Samuel S. Cox. In front of
the Opera House, which then occupied the present site of Clinton Hall (the Library
Building), occurred the " Forrest-Macready riot," in 1849. Astor Place was once a
fashionable residence-quarter.

Parks and Squares are generously provided for New-York people. Large
public parks and small open squares are scattered about in all districts, especially

MULBERRY BEND, THE ITALIAN QUARTER.

where they can be readily availed ol for the children of the poor. Few if any cities

of the world now have as great an acreage of parks, and the spirit of the people is

steadily favorable to even more such open places, that conduce to the general health
10

146

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

and happiness of the community,
and this too notwithstanding the
high value of every square foot of
land in the city.

Central Park is one of the
most beautiful and one of the
most famous urban parks in the
world. It covers the territory
between Fifth and Eighth Ave-
nues and 59th and 110th Streets,
a tract over 2^ miles long by half
a mile wide, including an area of
840 acres. There are about 400
acres of wooded ground, part of
which is still in the natural state,
while the rest has been improved
II by the planting of trees, shrubs

CENTRAL PAKK AND FIFTH AVENUE. NORTH FROM 59th STREET.

and vines. There are nine miles
of carriage-ways, six miles of
bridle-paths, and thirty miles of foot-paths. The Park has been beautified with
handsome architecture, landscape gardening, statues and other works of sculpture.
There are nineteen entrances, over which it was once proposed to erect imposing
arches, a plan that may yet be carried out. Transverse roads from east to west, in
open cuts below the level of the Park, accommo-
date business traffic, which is not allowed within
the Park limits. Park-carriages are run for the
convenience of visitors. The Park was begun in
1857, during the mayoralty of Fernando Wood ;
and has cost over $16, 500,000, inclusive of main-
tenance, which has been over $300,000 a year.
Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux di-
rected the landscape design, and Calvert Vaux
and J. W. Mould superintended the architectural
features. Washington Irving and George Ban-
croft Davis were consulting members of the first
Park Board, and General Egbert L. Viele was the
first engineer. Central Park is twice the size of
Regent's Park or Hyde Park, in London ; and in
the world is exceeded in size only by the Great
Park at Windsor, the grounds at Richmond,
Phoenix Park in Dublin, the gardens atVersailles,
the Bois de Boulogne at Paris, and the Prater in
Vienna. None of these equals it in beauty.

Starting from 59th Street, one comes first
upon the Ball Ground, a ten-acre plot in the
south-west corner, where the boys are privileged
to play base-ball and cricket. Near this is the
Dairy ; and just to the north-east is the Carrousel,
with swings for children. Adjoining is the Com-
mon, or Green, of sixteen acres, where the sheep USk, in central pahk.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

147

are pastured. On the east side, at Fifth Avenue and 64th Street, is the Menagerie,
partly housed in the Arsenal, and partly in pens and wooden houses. There is a
large and varied collection of wild animals, elephants, lions, hippopotami, tigers,
bears, camels, seals, monkeys and birds. Just to the east of the Green is the Mall,
a grand promenade, over 200 feet wide and a third of a mile long, overshadowed by
rows of noble elms. Here are many statues ; at the southern end, the beautiful
Marble Arch, over an underground pathway ; and near the middle the Music Pavil-
ion, where concerts are given on Saturday and Sunday afternoons. The goat car-
riages for the children are kept here ; and on the cliff to the left is the arbor, covered
with gigantic wisteria vines, that in springtime make a wonderful show of purple
blossoms. Close at hand is the Casino, a restaurant for this section. To the north
the Mall terminates in the Terrace, the chief architectural feature of the Park.

TERRACE, FOUNTAIN AND LAKE, IN CENTRAL PARK.

There is an Esplanade on the shore of the lake, and the Bethesda Fountain stands
there. A central stairway leads down to the Esplanade under the road, beneath
which is a tiled hall with arched roof. On either hand outside are other flights of
steps. The Terrace is built of a light-brown freestone, with beautiful decorative
details, and very intricate carvings of birds and animals.

The Lake covers twenty acres, and is given over to pleasure-boats in the
summer and skating in the winter. Beyond the Lake is the Ramble, a spot beautiful
with sylvan paths, waterfalls, natural groves, thickets of underbrush and exquisite
bits of scenery. Next is the Receiving Reservoir for the city water, and on its mar-
gin rises the lofty terrace of the Belvedere, with a picturesque tower fifty feet high,
affording a magnificent view of Manhattan Island and all the surrounding country.
To the east of the Reservoir are the Obelisk and the Metropolitan Museum of Art ;
and to the north again, the new Croton Reservoir, which fills nearly the entire width
of the Park. At the extreme northern section there is less adornment, but none the
less beauty ; and, withal, much of historical interest. From Great Hill, with its
Carriage Circle, there is a view of Harlem and Washington Heights. Harlem Mere

148

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

is at the foot of the hill upon which stands the old Block-House ; and McGown's-
Pass Tavern is near McGown's Pass, the scene of skirmishes between the British
and the Continental troops in 1776. The North Meadow, a fine grassy lawn of
nineteen acres, is largely set apart for tennis-players and picnic-parties.

Other lakes than these already mentioned are the Conservatory Water, where
the boys sail little boats ; the Lily Pond, which has a valuable collection of water-
lilies, Egyptian lotus and other beautiful flowers ; and the Pond, where swans and

BOAT-HOUSE AND LAKE IN CENTRAL PARK.

othei aquatic birds disport themselves.

The water area of the Park is : lakes,

43^ acres ; reservoirs, 143 acres. The place is much frequented in all seasons of

the year. It is not unusual for 150,000 people to visit it on a single pleasant day

in summer ; and 15,000,000 visit it every year.

Riverside Park, next in importance to Central Park, is on the east bank of the
Hudson River, extending from 72d Street north to 130th Street, a distance of three
miles, with an irregular width, averaging about 500 feet, and an area of 178 acres.
That part of it farthest from the river, and known as the Riverside Drive, has been
laid out in lawns, driveways and walks, the uneven contour of the land being care-
fully preserved. Throughout the length of this charming thoroughfare, which is on
the crest of a hill, there is a wide-sweeping view of the Hudson River and the Jer-
sey shore as far north as the Palisades. On the east line of the Park is Riverside
Drive, upon which are built elegant private residences, facing the west ; and this
section is becoming one of the favorite places of residence of New-York millionaires,
whom the encroachment of trade is driving out of the other districts. To the west
a substantial granite wall borders the Drive, and below this, sloping to the river's
edge, is an uneven tract of land as yet unimproved, and abounding in fine old trees.
A plan will probably be carried out to fill in the river to the outside pier line for the
entire length of the Riverside Park, and raise an embankment above the present
level of the New- York Central & Hudson-River Railroad, bridges across the tracks

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

149

SCENES AND ORNAMENTAL STRUCTURES.

IN CENTRAL PARK.

!5°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

STATUES, BUSTS AND ORNAMENTS.

IN CENTRAL PARK.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

i I i

STATUES AND ORNAMENTAL WORK,

IN CENTRAL PARK.

*52

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

connecting the embankment with the hillside. This arrangement would give the
city a water-front park unequalled for beauty elsewhere in the world. At the north-
ern end of Riverside Park is the tomb of General U. S. Grant.

Morningside Park is a strip of land about 600 feet wide and more than half a
mile long, with an area of 32 acres, extending north and south upon the eastern slope
of Bloomingdale Heights, north of 110th Street and west of Eighth Avenue. It
overlooks Central Park and Harlem, and commands a view of Washington Heights
and the country to the north and east. The land at the foot of the hill has been
laid out in a handsome landscape design, and against the face of the cliff has been
constructed a heavy granite wall with projecting bastions and broad stairways lead-
ing up to the parapetted promenade on the top.

Madison Square, bounded by Fifth Avenue, Broadway, Madison Avenue, 23d
Street and 26th Street, is the chief popular resort of the central districts. It covers
nearly seven acres, and in summer is charming with shade-trees and beds of flowers.
The Seward and the Farragut statues are inside the park, and the Worth Monu-
ment is at the northern corner. Here are ornamental and drinking fountains, and

MENAGERIE IN CENTRAL PARK.

in the season beds of beautiful water-lilies. The Square is much frequented by
prettily dressed children with their nurses, and withal is thoroughly delightful.

Union Square, at Broadway, 14th Street, 17th Street, and Fourth Avenue is 3^
acres in extent. Here are the Lafayette, the equestrian Washington and the Lincoln
statues, a pretty fountain in the centre, a large drinking fountain surmounted by the
figures of a woman and two children, a small and artistic drinking fountain designed
by Olin T. Warner, a paved plaza on the north bordered by a row of colored gas-
lamps, an ornamental structure and a cottage with a reviewing balcony. The plaza
is a favored place for large outdoor mass- meetings.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

Washington Square has a character peculiar to itself. It is at the lower end
of Fifth Avenue, an open space of about nine acres, once the Potter's Field. New-
York society, driven successively out of Bowling Green, Bond Street, Bleecker Street
and elsewhere down-town, has made a sturdy stand for two generations in Washing-
ton Square. The north side is lined by old-fashioned red-brick houses, with white-
marble trimmings, in which dwell the Coopers, the Rhinelanders, and other aristo-
cratic families. On the east side is the imposing white-stone castellated structure of
the University of the City of New York, hallowed by many associations. The dor-
mitory of this building has for a generation at least been the bachelor home of artists
and men of letters, and many a recluse has buried himself from the world in its quiet

•7^7 *n f v

BOW BRIDGE, IN CENTRAL PARK.

precincts. In the next block is the Asbury Methodist Episcopal Church, and the
modern Benedict Chambers, principally occupied by artists. On the south side of
the Square small shops catering to the neighboring tenement population, have crept
in to a considerable extent. Some of the old historic houses remain, and several
apartment-buildings. The feature of that side of the Square, however, is the Judson
Memorial Baptist Church. On the west side are fine private residences and apart-
ment-hotels. The principal ornament of the Square is the white-marble Washington
Memorial Arch, where Fifth Avenue begins. There is a fountain, a statue of Gari-
baldi, a bust of Alexander L. Holley, beds of flowers, shade-trees, and hundreds of
seats that are generally occupied by poor people from neighboring tenements.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEIV YORK

STATUES AND BUSTS.

IN CENTRAL PARK.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

*55

THE CAVE, LAKE, OLD FORT, AND ORNAMENTAL STRUCTURES

IN CENTRAL PARK.

i56

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

GARIBALDI STATUE, IN WASHINGTON SQUARE.

City-Hall Park has been shorn of much of its original dimensions. A century
and more ago it was "The Open Field" outside the city limits, and great mass-
meetings were held there. Once it was the only park in the city, and the land now

occupied by the Post -Office Building
was within its limits twenty-five years
ago. The City Hall, the County
Court-House, the ancient Hall of Re-
cords, and a fire engine-house take up
much of the open space of the Park,
which has about eight acres. There
are two fountains, plenty of shade, and
many flower-beds. The asphalt-paved
plaza in front of the City Hall is the
favorite resort of the fun-loving boot-
blacks and newsboys of the neighbor-
hood.

Bryant Park consists of five
acres, between Fifth and Sixth Ave-
nues, and 40th and 42d Streets, on the
site once occupied by the famous Crystal
Palace, which was burned in 1858. On
the Fifth-Avenue side is the old Res-
ervoir, from which until 1884 it was
called Reservoir Park. It preserves the memory of William Cullen Bryant merely
in the name, its only statue being a bust of Washington Irving.

East-River Park is on the bluff overlooking the East River, at the foot of
86th Street. Although of limited area, it is very airy, and commands a fine view of
the river far up toward Long-Island Sound. It has been fitted up particularly for
the comfort of the babies and young children and their mothers, from the adjacent
tenements.

High-Bridge Park is the name given to the 23 acres that surround the Reser-
voir and buildings of the city water- works at the Harlem River and 170th Street.

Manhattan Square, covering about 15 acres, at Central Park West and 77th
and 81st Streets, is an annex to Central Park. It is the site of the Museum of
Natural History, but the grounds have not been fully laid out nor cared for.

Mount-Morris Park, along Fifth Avenue, from 120th to 124th Street, in
Harlem, is over a score of acres in extent. It contains a rocky and well-wooded
hill, surrounded with pretty stretches of level land. There is a plaza on top of the
hill from which an extensive view is obtained ; and shaded paths, and other natural
and artificial adornments make this one of the handsomest of the city's smaller
breathing places.

Gramercy Park is a private enclosure of if acres, between 20th and 21st
Streets and Third and Fourth Avenues. It is a part of the old Gramercy farm.
Looking out upon it are the homes of David Dudley Field, the late Cyrus W. Field,
John Bigelow, Hamilton Fish, ex-Mayor Abram S. Hewitt, and other well-known
wealthy New-Yorkers. There, too, was the home of the late Samuel J. Tilden ; and
next to it is the Players' Club, that Edwin Booth established. In the Gramercy-
Park Hotel reside several eminent theatrical and musical artists.

Stuyvesant Square, four acres in extent, on Second Avenue, between 15th and
17th Streets, is a part of the old Stuyvesant farm. Private residences surround it ;

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

157

and on the west side rise St. George's Episcopal Church and the Friends' Meeting-
House and Seminary. On the east side is the New- York Infirmary for Women and
Children. It is an aristocratic neighborhood, but the Square is mostly used by the
East-Side tenement dwellers.

Mulberry-Bend Park is a projected new small park between the Bowery, Park
Row, Canal, Pearl and Elm Streets. The commission to acquire the property was
appointed in 1888, and in 1892 completed its work. The cost of acquiring the
property has been about $ 2,000,000.

The New Park System above the Harlem River has been planned upon mag-
nificent proportions. The lands were selected by a commission, in 1884 ; and were
acquired by the city at a cost of about $9,000,000. There is a fraction over 3,945
acres in the territory, which includes six parks and three parkways. Up to the
present time these breathing-places have been left in an absolute state of nature and
it is not proposed ever to " improve" them artificially. They are somewhat removed
from the popular sections of the city, and mostly frequented by picnic and excursion
parties in summer, and skating parties in winter.

Pelham-Bay Park is in Westchester County, outside the city limits. It con-
tains 1,756 acres on the shore of Long-Island Sound, Hunter's Island and Twin
Island being included within its limits. The land belonged to the Pell family two
centuries ago, and the old manor-house is still standing. Here Ann Hutchinson,
fleeing from Puritan persecutions in New England, settled, and was murdered by
the Indians. In the Revolution much fighting occurred over all this ground. The
Park has a very picturesque shore-line,
nearly ten miles long.

Van-Cortlandt Park contain;
1, 132 acres, and is part of the property
once owned by the Van-Cortlandt
family. The old family mansion is
still preserved, a quaint Dutch building
of stone, with terraced lawns command-
ing views of the Palisades and the
I ludson River. There Washington had
his headquarters while carrying on
operations for the expulsion of the
British from New-York City. "Vault
Hill" on this property was the burial-
place of the Van-Cortlandt family ;
and "Indian Field" was an aboriginal
place of interment, as many graves in-
dicate. There is a large lake, covering
sixty acres ; and a parade-ground for
the city regiments of the National
Guard has been laid out, on a level
meadow of 120 acres.

Bronx Park contains 661 acres,
lying on both sides of the Bronx River, a shallow and narrow stream whose pictui -
esqueness has made it a favorite with New-York artists. It is proposed to establish
a botanical garden in this park.

Crotona Park, 135 acres, lies between Tremont and West Farms, and is as yet
undeveloped.

ALEXANDER L. HOLLEY BUST, IN WASHINGTON SQUARE.

i58

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

* -\

St.-Mary's Park occupies 25 acres, part of the old Gouverneur-Morris estate,
near Morrisania.

Claremont Park, of 38 acres, is between Inwood and Tremont, beyond the
Harlem River.

The Parkways which connect these parks will be handsome roads 600 feet wide.
Between Pelham Park and Bronx Park is the Bronx and Pelham Parkway; between

Crotona Park and Bronx Park, the
Crotona Parkway ; and between Bronx
Park and Van-Cortlandt Park, the
Mosholu Parkway.

Other Parks are simply small
open places with walks, flowers, shrub-
bery and seats, and generally less than
half an acre in extent. These are the
principal places of the kind : Abing-
don, Beach-Street, Boulevard (2),
Canal - Street, Christopher - Street,
Cooper-Institute, Duane-Street, Five-
Points (called Paradise Park), Grand-
Street, Jackson, Sixth-Avenue, Cedar,
Jeannette, Boston-Road (2), Fulton-
Avenue (2), and Tompkins (with ic^
acres).

A new park is to be laid out on the
eastern slope of Washington Heights,
overlooking the Harlem River, from
155th Street to the bluff at Fort George,
a distance of over two miles.

Statues, Busts and Sculpture
adorn the parks and public places.
There are in the city about fifty por-
trait-statues and busts and ideal works
of sculpture, almost half of which are in Central Park. Several are very admirable
works of art, and on the whole the collection will compare favorably with that in
any other American city.

The Washington Memorial Arch had its inception in the celebration in 1889
of the Centennial anniversary of the inauguration of Washington as first President
of the United States. The temporary arch which was part of the street decoration
of the occasion spanned Fifth Avenue on the north side of Waverly Place. The
structure, which was designed by Stanford White, the architect, was so generally
admired that arrangements were perfected to perpetuate it in white marble. Now it
stands in Washington Square, facing the lower end of Fifth Avenue, fifty feet south
of Waverly Place, and spanning the main drive of the Square. The Arch is the
finest structure of its class in this country. Each of the square piers is 64 feet
around, and they are 30 feet apart ; from the ground to the centre of the arch space
is 47 feet. With the frieze, the attic and the coping the structure is 77 feet high.
The frieze is carved with a design showing 13 large stars, 42 small stars, and the
initial "W" regularly repeated. American eagles are carved on the two keystones;
in the panels of the piers are bas-relief emblems of war and peace ; and in the span-
drils of the arch figures of Victory. The roof of the arch is ornamented with carved

WASHINGTON IRVING BUST. IN BRYANT PARK.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

*59

WASHINGTON CENTENNIAL ARCH.

WASHINGTON SQUARE, AT THE BEGINNING OF FIFTH AVENUE.

i6o

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

rosettes in panels. At the base of the piers are two simple pedestals, on which will
be placed symbolical groups of figures. On the north panel of the attic is this in-
scription, from Washington's inaugural address: "Let us Raise a Standard to which
the Wise and the Honest can repair. The Event is in the Hands of God. " On the
opposite panel is this dedication: "To Commemorate the one-hundredth anniver-
sary of the inauguration of George Washington as the First President of the United
States." Below the frieze and above the centre of the arch are carved the words:
"Erected by the People of the City of New York." The cost of the structure was
$128,000, and the amount was raised by popular subscription. The corner-stone of
the arch was laid May 30, 1889; and the main work was completed in April, 1892.

Garibaldi, in bronze, by G. Turini, is in Washington Square. It was pre-
sented to the city by Italians of the United States, and erected in 1888.

Alexander L. Holley is commemorated by a heroic bronze bust, placed upon
a simple square column, upon which an inscription states that the memorial was

BRYANT PARK — SIXTH AVENUE, 41ST TO 42d STREETS.

erected by mechanical engineers of two continents. The bust is the work of J.
Q. A. Ward, and is in Washington Square, where it was unveiled in 1890.

Washington Statues in the city are three in number. An important one is
the colossal bronze statue by J. Q. A. Ward, at the entrance of the Sub-Treasury
building in Wall Street, which is on the site of Federal Hall, where Washington
took the oath of office as first President of the United States, April 30, 1789. On
the pedestal is the stone upon which Washington stood when he took the oath. The
statue was unveiled November 26, 1883.

Another statue of Washington in the city is a copy of the Houdon statue in the
Capitol at Richmond, Virginia, reduced in size. It stands in Riverside Park, near
88th Street ; and was a gift to the city from the children of the public schools.

The Equestrian Washington, the most satisfactory of the Washington
statues, is in Union Square. It is the work of Henry K. Browne. It is of heroic
size, and an excellent piece of sculpture.

Liberty Enlightening the World is probably the best-known statue in the
United States. It stands in New-York Bay, on Bedloe's Island, formerly the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

161

place of execution of pirates ; and is one of the most conspicuous objects in view,
either from the surrounding shores or from the decks of ocean vessels bound through
the Narrows. It is admired for its magnificent proportions, and by general consent
it is admitted to be one of the world's greatest colossi and the largest made in
modern times. The draped female figure, of repousse' copper, 151 feet high, is
crowned with a diadem, and holds lifted high in the right hand a torch that is lighted
by electricity at night. The left hand clasps close to the body a tablet bearing the
inscription "'July 4> 1776." Some of the dimensions of the figure are interesting ;
the nose is nearly four feet long, the right fore-finger eight feet long and five feet in
circumference; and the head fourteen feet high. The statue weighs 25 tons ; and
the cost (over $200,000) was defrayed by popular subscription in France. The
sculptor Bartholdi, who made the Lafayette statue in Union Square, conceived the
idea, and modelled the figure (it is said) from his mother'. The pedestal upon which
the statue stands is 155 feet high, a square structure of concrete and granite. It

MOUNT MORRIS PARK, FIFTH AVENUE, 120TH TO 124th STREETS.

was designed by Richard M. Hunt, the architect, and erected under the supervision
of General Charles P. Stone, engineer. It cost $250,000, and was paid for by a
popular subscription in the United States, the greater part of which was raised by
the efforts of The World. Surrounding the island is a sea-wall, and the statue
stands on an elevation in the centre of an enclosed space made by the double walls of
old Fort Wood. The statue was unveiled in October, 1886.

Benjamin Franklin, of heroic size, in bronze, keeps watch over the newspapers
from his pedestal in Printing-House Square. The statue was designed by E. Plass-
man, and was given to the city by Captain Benjamin De Groot, an old New-Yorker.
It was unveiled in 1872.

Horace Greeley, in heroic bronze, faces Franklin, seated on an arm-chair on a
pedestal at one of the doorways of the Tribune Building, corner of Nassau and Spruce
Streets. The statue was dedicated in 1890, and was paid for principally by the
Tribune owners. It is one of the best statues in the citv, and is the work of John
Q. A. Ward.
11

162

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

WASHINGTON STATUE, ON WALL STREET.

Samuel S. Cox, when a Congressman, be-
friended the letter-carriers in National legislation,
and they remembered him in a statue that stands
in Astor Place, and was dedicated in 189 1. It
is the work of Miss Louisa Lawson.

William E. Dodge, a bronze by J. Q. A.
Ward, was paid for by merchant friends, and
erected in 1885 at the junction of Broadway,
Sixth Avenue and 35th Street.

Washington Irving's bust, presented to
the city in 1866 by Joseph Weiner, is on a ped-
estal in Bryant Park.

Lafayette, an animated figure, done in
bronze, by Bartholdi, stands in Union Square.
It was erected in 1876 by French residents of
New York, and bears two inscriptions upon its
pedestal : "To The City of New York, France,
in remembrance of sympathy in time of trial,
1870-71 " ; and "As soon as I heard of Ameri-
can Independence my heart was enlisted, 1776."
Lincoln is commemorated in a bronze statue which stands as a complement to
the equestrian Washington, in Union Square. This fine work of Henry K. Browne
was paid for by a popular subscription, and erected in 1868. The martyr President
stands in the attitude of addressing an audience, and the angularity and ungraceful-
ness of his figure are expressed with painful exactitude. A low curb of granite sur-
rounds the pedestal, and on this are inscribed Lincoln's famous Gettysburg words,
"With Malice Toward None, With Charity For All."

The William H. Seward Statue in Madison Square is from a design by
Randolph Rogers. The Secretary of State is represented seated in a chair, beneath
which are piles of books, and upon the pedestal is the inscription: "Governor,
U. -S. Senator, Secretary of State, U. S." The statue was unveiled in 1876.

The Admiral Farragut Statue in Madison Square is by general consent one
of the finest examples of contemporaneous American art in sculpture. It is the
work of Augustus St. Gaudens, and a present to the city from the Farragut Memo-
rial Association. The brave admiral is repre-
sented as standing on the deck of his vessel, with
field glasses in hand, and coat blowing in the
breeze. The curving pedestal is decorated with
bas-relief female figures, ocean waves, and ap-
propriate bits of marine design.

General Worth is commemorated by a
granite obelisk, in the triangle formed by Broad-
way, Fifth Avenue and 26th Street (Madison
Square). On the south face of the plinth is a
bronze bas-relief of General Worth on horse-
back. The east face has the motto, " Ducit
Amor Patriae ; " the west face the motto,
"Honor to the Brave;" and on the north side
is the name and the dates and places of his birth
and death. Raised bands are placed at regular franklin statue, in printing-house square.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

163

HhHH

LIBERTY ENLIGHTENING THE WORLD.

STATUE, BY BARTHOLDI, ON BEDLOE'S ISLAND, NEW-YORK HARBOR.

164

KING'S HANDBOOK Of NEW YORK

GREELEY STATUE, IN P

■IG-HOUSE SQUARE.

Beethoven, in Central Park, is co:
granite pedestal near the Music Pavilion
sculptor Baerer, and was erected in
1884 by the Mannerchor German sing-
ing society.

Robert Burns is also on the
Mall, in Central Park, a bronze
seated figure on a rock, modelled by
John Steele, of Edinburgh, and pre-
sented to the city in 1880 by Scottish
citizens.

Sir Walter Scott, in Central
Park, also of bronze, of heroic size,
the work of Steele, and a present from
resident Scotchmen, is seated opposite
the Burns statue, on an Aberdeen-
granite pedestal. It was unveiled, in
1872.

Fitz-Greene Halleck, in Central
Park, of bronze, the work of Wilson
MacDonald, is on the Mall. It shows
the poet seated in a chair, with note-
book and pen in hand. It was erected
in 1877.

The Shakespeare Statue, by
J. Q. A. Ward, is a standing figure in

intervals about the shaft, and upon these
are carved the names of battles with
which General Worth's fame was identi-
fied. The plot of land on which the monu-
ment stands is surrounded by an iron
fence ornamented by appropriate military
designs, and the shaft also has upon it a
bronze coat-of-arms of New-York State
and a group of military insignia. The
monument was erected by the city in 1857.

Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt,
in bas-relief, is on the facade of the
Hudson- Street freight-depot of the New-
York Central & Hudson- River Railroad.

Governor Peter Stuyvesant, with
his wooden leg most conspicuous, is a
wooden statue in front of the Stuyvesant
Insurance Company's office, 165 Broadway.

Gutenberg, the father of modern
printing, and Franklin, America's emi-
nent printer, both modelled by Plassman,
adorn the facade of the Staats-Zeitung
Building, looking out upon Printing-House
Square,
nmemorated by a colossal bronze bust on a
of the Mall. It is the work of the German

COX STATUE, IN ASTOR PLACE.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

165

D0D3E STATUE, AT BROADWAY AND SIXTH AVENUE.

bronze, at the southern entrance to the Mall, in Central Park. It was unveiled,

May 23, 1872, on the 300th anniversary of the great dramatist's birth.

The Indian Hunter, by J. Q. A. Ward, a life-size ideal figure of an Indian,

bow and arrow in

hand, bending

eagerly forward

and holding his

dog in leash, is

just west of the

Mall, in Central

Park, and is a

very spirited and

admirable group.
The Eagles

and Goat in

Central Park is

an interesting

bronze by the

French sculptor

Fratin, presented

to the city in 1863

by a wealthy resi-
dent, Gurdon W.

Burnham.

The Bethesda Fountain, the most ambitious work of sculpture in Central

Park, stands on the Esplanade at the foot of the Terrace, on the shore of the Lake.

The design, by Miss Emma Stebbins, the New-York sculptor, represents the angel

blessing the waters of the Pool of Bethesda. The figure of the winged angel is

poised easily upon a mass of rocks from which the water gushes, falling over the

edge of the upper basin, which is supported by four figures symbolizing Temperance,

Purity, Health and Peace. In her left hand the angel holds a bunch of lilies,

flowers of purity, and over her bosom are the
cross-bands of the messenger.

General Simon Bolivar, the Liberator of
South America, is represented by an equestrian
statue that stands on the west side of Central
Park, near 8 1st Street. It is a replica of the
Bolivar statue by R. De La Cora, in Caracas,
Venezuela ; and was a present from the South-
American Republic to the city of New York in
1884.

Daniel Webster is an heroic bronze statue
on the West Drive in Central Park. It was
modelled by Thomas Ball, and cast in Italy, at a
cost of $65,000. Gurdon W. Burnham pre-
sented it to the city.

Mazzini, a bronze bust, is on the West Drive

of Central Park. It is of heroic size, upon a

high pedestal. Turini, the Italian sculptor, made

union-square fountain. it, and Italian residents of New York, who are

i66

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

WASHINGTON EQUESTRIAN MONUMENT, IN UNION SQUARE,

admirers of the great Italian agitator,
presented it to the city in 1878.

The Seventh-Regiment
Monument is on the West Drive of
Central Park, not far from the
Webster statue. It represents a
citizen soldier at parade rest, lean-
ing on his musket. It was modelled
by J. Q. A. Ward, and was erected
in 1874, to commemorate the patriot-
ism of those members of the Seventh
New-York Regiment who fell in
battle during the civil war.

The Falconer, an ideal bronze
figure, modelled by George Simonds,
stands on a bluff in Central Park.
George Kemp presented it to the city
in 1872.
Commerce, an allegorical female figure in bronze, of heroic size, is the work of

the French sculptor Bosquet. It is in Central Park, near the entrance at Eighth

Avenue and 59th Street, and was erected in 1866, a gift from Stephen B. Guion.

Alexander Hamilton, a granite statue in Central Park, stands near the Mu-
seum of Art. Ch. Conradts, the sculptor, designed it for the son of Hamilton, John

C. Hamilton, who presented it to the city in 1880.

Prof. S. F. B. Morse is honored with a bronze statue of life-size, modelled

by Byron M. Pickett, and erected in 187 1 by the Telegraph Operators' Association.

It is in Central Park, near the 72d- Street entrance, on Fifth Avenue. Prof. Morse

was present at the dedication.

The Pilgrim, an heroic bronze statue on the Grand Drive, in Central Park, was

a gift from the New- England Society of New York, in 1885. It is a picturesque and

noble statue, by J. Q. A. Ward, to commemorate

the landing of the Pilgrims on Plymouth Rock.

It represents a strong-faced, alert, and resolute

hero, in the quaint English costume of 1620.
The Alexander Von Humboldt bronze

bust in Central Park was a gift from the German

residents of the city, in 1869. It was designed

by Prof. Gustave Blaeser, of Berlin ; and stands

near Fifth Avenue and 59th Street.

The Thomas Moore bust near the south-
eastern corner of Central Park, was modelled by

Dennis B. Sheehan, and put in place by the

Moore memorial committee, in 1 880.

Schiller, the German poet, is remembered in

a bronze bust by C. L. Richter, that is set up on

a sandstone pedestal in the Ramble, in Central

Park. It was the first piece of sculpture to be

erected in the Park ; and was presented by Ger-
man residents, in 1859, ^ess than three years after

the Park was begun. ufayette statue, in union square.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

167

LINCOLN STATUE, IN UNION SQUARE.

The Still Hunt, in Central Park,
by Edward Kemeys, represents a crouch-
ing American panther preparing to leap
upon its prey. It is on a high ledge near
the Obelisk.

The Tigress and Young, a fine
bronze group, came from the hand of the
French sculptor, Augustus Caine. It
stands west of the Terrace in Central
Park, and was a gift in 1867 of twelve
New-Yorkers.

The Egyptian Obelisk, in Central
Park, is one of the most interesting his-
torical relics in the metropolis. It was
presented to the city through the Depart-
ment of State in 1877, by the- Khedive of
Egypt, Ismail Pasha. It was transported
to this country under the direction of
Lieut. -Com. H. H. Gorringe, U. S. N.,
at the expense of William H. Vanderbilt.
The monolith is of granite, 70 feet high,
and weighs 200 tons. It is the sixth in
size of the famous obelisks of Egypt, and
was erected in the Temple of On, 3, 500
years ago, by King Thothmes III. The
hieroglyphic inscriptions upon it relate the history of the campaigns and kingly
career of Thothmes, and his illustrious descendant, King Rameses II., who lived 300
years after Thothmes. Until the reign of Tiberius it stood in the Temple of On, and
then it was removed to Alexandria, where it remained until it crossed the water to
the New World. The obelisk was old in the days of the Roman Empire ; ante-
dates the Christian Era by fifteen centuries ; looked down upon the land of Egypt

before the siege of Troy ; and was familiar to
the Israelites in bondage. It now stands on a
knoll near the Museum of Art, an impressive re-
minder of a far-away past.

The Columbus Statue, a heroic marble
figure by Miss Emma Stebbins, is out of general
sight in the Arsenal Building. Marshall O.
Roberts presented it to the city in 1869. Colum-
bus is represented as a stalwart young man,
and the work of sculpture has been agreeably
done.

Archbishop Hughes stands in bronze, of
heroic size, in the grounds in front of St. John's
College, Fordham. The prelate is represented
clad in a silken robe, addressing an audience.
The statue, which is the work of W. R. O'Don-
ovan, is placed on a granite pedestal, and on the
plinth in high relief are the symbols of the four
seward statue, in madison square. Evangelists. It was unveiled in June, 1891.

i68

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

FARRAGUT STATUE, IN MADISON SQUARE.

Other stat-
ues that are con-
templated for im-
mediate erection
are the equestrian
General W. T.
Sherman, by Au-
gustus St. Gau-
dens, to be placed
at the Boulevard
and West 72d
Street; the Na-
than Hale, by
MacMonnies, to
be erected in the
City-Hall Park
by the Sons of
the Revolution ;
the Horace Gree-
ley, a gift from the printers of the United States, to be set up at Broadway,
Sixth Avenue and 32d Street ; the Columbus Fountain, with life-size statues, to be
erected in Central Park by Spanish residents of the city ; and the Columbus statue,
by Russo, a gift from Italians in the United States.

New York has made a good beginning in adorning her public places with these
memorials of the great men of the world. There are many more to be thus honored,
among her own sons, as William Cullen Bryant, the poet ; Robert Fulton, the father
of steam-navigation ; Valentine Mott, the foremost physician of his time ; John Jay,
the illustrious jurist ; and scores of others. Thanks to Ward and St. Gaudens,
the statuary work in New
York is more worthy and
artistic than that of any
other American city, and
includes some of the choicest
memorial work of the
present century. The cos-
mopolitan character of the
city is illustrated in this
phase of its life, for the
statues include New-Eng-
landers, Virginians and
Westerners, Scots, English-
men and Irishmen, Germans,
Italians, French, Dutch and
South- Americans.

New York is too great
in spirit and in appreciation
to be confined by provincial
and parochial preferences.
It honors valor, genius, hon-
or, wherever found. worth monument, in madison square.

Bridges, Tunnels, Sewers, Water, Aqueducts, Reservoirs, Light-
ing by Gas and Electricity, Telegraphs,
Telephones, Etc.

THE exigencies of life in modern municipalities compel the utilization of space
overhead and underground ; so closely are the people crowded and restricted
for room. In New York, the East River and the Harlem River are bridged to allow
of quick egress to the surrounding country; and projects are -in hand for more
bridges and several tunnels across and under the East and North Rivers, and beneath
the Narrows from Staten Island to Long Island. Electric-light, telephone and
telegraph wires are still suspended from buildings and poles, although many miles
of them have already gone into the subways, where it is proposed that all shall fol-
low in due course of time. Beneath the principal streets there is a network of pipes
of all descriptions ; sewers, water-mains, pneumatic tubes, gas-mains, steam-heating
pipes, subways for wires, and, in Broadway, Third Avenue, Tenth Avenue and 125th
Street conduits for street-car cables. Beneath sidewalks the abutting property-owners
build vaults and sub-cellars, thereby adding valuable room to the establishments
above ground. Were it not for all these conveniences overhead and underground, the
normal activity of the metropolis would find itself hampered to a serious extent.

The Bridges, aside from the ornamental structures in the parks, comprise four-
teen which belong in whole or in part to New York. One is across the East River ;
and others span the Harlem, connecting Manhattan Island with the mainland.

The East-River Bridge, more popularly known as the Brooklyn Bridge, was
erected to meet the pressing necessity for a better means of communication between
New York and Brooklyn than was offered by the ferry-boats. In this generation
Brooklyn has become essentially a part of the great metropolis in the intimacy of its
business and social relations. To a remarkable degree the population of the Long-
Island city is made up of those who are employed or who do business on Manhattan
Island, and are thus compelled to make the trip twice a day across the East River.
It was inconceivable that these two communities would be willing always to remain
dependent upon ferriage, which is at times slow and inadequate. As far back
as 1819 a civil engineer named Pope published a scientific paper in which he
advocated a suspension-bridge across the East River. The same idea was taken up
in 1829, when a private corporation was organized, and elaborated plans for abridge
from Brooklyn Heights to Maiden Lane, at an estimated cost of $600,000. In 1849
public agitation of the matter was revived, and the daily newspapers urged that the
work be undertaken. John A. Roebling, the successful engineer, had long enter-
tained the idea ; and in i860 at the suggestion of W. C. Kingsley, a wealthy con-
tractor, he publicly outlined his plan. It was not, however, until after the civil war,

170

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

which had accustomed the public to big undertakings and lavish expenditures, that
the scheme was definitely developed. There were several rival projects ; but Roeb-
ling, who had just finished the Cincinnati Suspension-Bridge across the Ohio River,
was taken into consultation with Kingsley, Henry C. Murphy and others, and his
plans were adopted. A private company was chartered in which were Roebling,
Kingsley, Murphy, John T. Hoffman, S. B. Chittenden, John Roach, Henry E.
Pierrepont and others. This concern was known as the New- York Bridge Company,
and work was at once entered upon. Roebling was chosen Chief Engineer in 1867,
and his son, Washington A. Roebling, Assistant Engineer. The elder Roebling
drew the original plans and specifications ; but he died suddenly in 1869, while
engaged in the preliminary surveys, before the actual work of construction had begun.

BROOKLYN BRIDGE PROMENADE -- LOOKING TOWARD NEW-YORK.

The son took his father's place; and, beginning in January, 1870, carried the enter-
prise through to a successful conclusion, after thirteen years of difficult work.
Through exposure and overwork he broke down in health and became an invalid.
For ten years, confined to his house on Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, he, with the
assistance of his wife, directed the work to the end. From the window of his sick
room he watched the progress of construction through a telescope, day by day, hour
by hour, supervising as thoroughly and as efficiently as though he had been on the
spot. It was a wonderful display of indomitable will power and of mechanical
genius. But it was rough sailing sometimes. In 1 874 the Legislature took the
enterprise out of the hands of the private corporation that had initiated it, and
empowered the twin cities to go ahead with the project, Brooklyn to pay two-thirds
and New York one-third of the cost, the control of the bridge during its construe-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

171

172 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

tion and afterwards to remain in the same relative proportions in the hands of the
authorities of the sister municipalities. Many unforeseen delays arose, of political
as well as of mechanical character. New problems in engineering had to be met ;
experiments made ; and new devices and working machinery invented. For a time
there was much public distrust of the management, which on the New-York side
was in the hands of the notorious Tweed ring, and once the work was entirely
stopped. But the municipal plunderers were overthrown before they had succeeded
in getting their fingers into the bridge treasury ; the seemingly well-nigh insuperable
mechanical difficulties were overcome ; and the bridge was finally completed and
opened to general traffic, in May, 1884. There was a grand military procession,
President Arthur and his Cabinet, and Governor Cleveland and his staff, being present.
There were speeches by William C. Kingsley, Hon. Abram S. Hewitt, and Rev.
Dr. Richard S. Storrs ; the bridge was illuminated, and fireworks were displayed ;
and the creator of the work, Col. Roebling, watched the proceedings through the
faithful telescope at his house, where later in the day the distinguished people who
had participated in the celebration went to congratulate him. The estimate for the
construction of the bridge was $8,000,000; but owing principally to the amplifica-
tion of the original plans it cost when completed about $15,000,000.

Statistics of the bridge will be interesting even to the unprofessional reader, for
the structure is one of the highest achievements of modern engineering, and ranks
as one of the great wonders of the world. There is a central span across the river
1,595 feet long and 135 feet above high-water mark. At each end this span
springs from a tower, resting upon a caisson. These foundations are of solid con-
crete, resting upon rock, 78 feet below the water-level on the New-York side and 45
feet on the Brooklyn side of the river. The Brooklyn caisson is 168 x 102 feet, and
the New- York caisson 172 x 102 feet ; and each caisson contains over 5,000 cubic
yards of timber and iron, and over 5,000 cubic feet of concrete, the weight of the
caisson being about 7,000 tons, and of the concrete filling 8,000 tons. At the
water-line the towers are 140 x 50 feet, and of solid masonry in the lower part, being
hollow the rest of the way up to the bases of the great arches. The arches, of which
there are two in each tower, are 117 feet high, and the capstones are 271 feet above
the water. Travel passes through these arches, the floor of the bridge being across
the towers at the bases of the arches. At their summits the towers are narrowed to
120 x 40 feet. In the New-York tower are 46,395 cubic yards of masonry, and in
the Brooklyn, 38,214 cubic yards. Behind each tower are the anchorages, 930 feet
distant. They are massive granite structures, each 129 x 119 feet at base, 117 x 104
feet at top, 89 feet high in front and 85 feet in rear. On each anchorage is an
arrangement of iron bars to which the cables are fastened, and an anchor-plate
weighing 23 tons. The four cables upon which the bridge is suspended are bound
to the anchor-chains, then pass through 25 feet of masonry, and come out of the
walls of the anchorages on the water side, about 80 feet above high-water mark.
They are then carried over the tops of the towers and in the middle of the river-span
they drop to the level of the roadway, 135 feet above the water. From these cables
hang at regular intervals smaller steel cables that are braced and tied together and
that hold the floor beams upon which the bridge proper is laid. The four large
cables are each made of 5,434 galvanized steel oil-coated wires, which are not
twisted, but which, lying parallel, are pressed compactly together and then bound
tightly with other wires, the whole making a solid cable 15I inches in diameter.
Each cable thus finished is 3,578^ feet long, and has a supporting power of 12,200
tons in the middle of its sag. The cables were made where they are, and this part

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

173

*74

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

of the work was not begun until June, 1877. Steel wire ropes were stretched be-
tween the tops of the towers, and from these were suspended movable platforms for
the workmen. The steel wires were drawn across in place and then bound into a
cable as they hung in mid-air. Between the towers and the anchorages the spans
are also suspended from these cables at a height of from 68 to 119 feet above the
street levels. The New- York approach from the terminus to the anchorage is 1,562

APPROACH TO THE WASHINGTON BRIDGE.

feet in length ; and the Brooklyn approach, 971 feet. Heavy arches of masonry
support these approaches, and the streets are crossed by steel truss-bridges. The
space under these archways is utilized for storage and other business purposes.

The total length of the bridge is 1^ miles; the width is 85 feet. In New York
the terminus is in Park Row, facing the City-Hall Park, and in Brooklyn at Fulton
and Sands Streets, the terminus of nearly all the elevated and surface railway-lines
in that city. There is an elevated promenade in the middle of the bridge, and seats
are placed at the towers for those who wish to rest and enjoy the view. The fare
for pedestrians was formerly one cent, but the promenade has now been made free,
and consequently the bridge is thronged, especially in hot summer nights and holi-
days, by those who wish to enjoy the view of the river and harbor and the two
cities, and the refreshing river breezes. On each side of the promenade is a drive
for vehicles, and a railway track, upon which trains are run at intervals of a minute
or less during the entire day.- The cars are run by cable from a power-house on the
Brooklyn side. The car-fare is three cents, or ten tickets for 25 cents, and the trip
over is made in about six minutes. During the construction of the bridge twenty
persons were killed by accidents, and many others were injured. Since it was opened
to traffic several notoriety-seekers have jumped from it into the river below. One
of these divers, Stephen Brodie, survived the ordeal. The others, were killed. The
bridge has a capacity of 45,000 pedestrians and 1,440 vehicles each hour. It is the
longest suspension-bridge in the world. Bridges not suspension that exceed it in
length are the Maintenon aqueduct of stone, 13,367 feet ; the Firth of Forth bridge,
10,321 feet ; and the Victoria (over the St. -Lawrence), the Parkersbuig (West Va.),
and the St. -Charles (Mo.) iron bridges. The yearly receipts from the bridge
exceed $1,250,000, and the expenses are less than $1,000,000. Over 43,000,000
passengers are carried across every year, and fully 5,000,000 people walk over. As
many as 160,000 passengers have been carried in a single day, but the daily average
is about 120,000.

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

175

176 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

The Washington Bridge across the Harlem River, from 181 st Street and
Tenth Avenue on Manhattan Island to Aqueduct Avenue on a part of the old Ogden
estate on the mainland, is another notable structure. It connects Washington Heights
and the so-called Annexed District, two sections of the city that will in a few years be
ranked among its handsomest and most popular residence-quarters. The bridge was
completed in 1889, and cost nearly $2,700,000. It is a massive structure of granite
approaches and piers and iron and steel spans ; and it is much admired for the beauty
of its proportions and lines, as well as for its grandeur and substantial character.
Its total length, including the span of the bridge proper across the river and the
New- York Central Railroad and New-York & Northern tracks on the east bank, the
masonry approaches and the arched granite passages, is 2,384 feet. The east abut-
ment is 342 feet long, with four arched passage-ways of masonry. The abutment
on the west shore is 277 feet long, with three arches. The two central spans are of
steel, and describe beautiful parabolic curves. They are each 510 feet long, and in
the center 135 feet above high- water mark. Their construction was notable in
that it successfully tested a new device in engineering. The arches were made and
placed in position by sections. One section was firmly anchored in the abutment,
and then the next section was sent out on travellers, to be fastened to the extremity
of the first, and so on, until the entire space was spanned, when the arches were
keyed in the center as stone arches are. The superstructure is very handsome.
With a roadway fifty feet wide, and two pathways each fifteen feet wide, there is
abundant accommodation for travel. There are heavy granite parapets, pierced with
loop-holes, polished buttresses, artistic bronze lamp-posts, and many semi-circular
niches in the parapet, with low granite steps or seats. The bridge is one of the
most popular places of public resort in the city. The view from it is superb,
taking in the Harlem River to the north and south, the city farther in the distance,
the wide sweep of the beautiful Annexed District, even as far as Long-Island Sound
to the east, and Fort George, Spuyten Duyvil and Kingsbridge, and the surround-
ing country to the west and north.

High Bridge spans the Harlem River at 175th Street and Tenth Avenue, a
third of a mile below Washington Bridge. It was built to carry the old Croton
Aqueduct across the river and valley at that point, and is 1,460 feet long, from bluff
to bluff. Arches resting upon thirteen solid granite piers support the structure.
The crown of the highest arch is 116 feet above high-water mark. Large cast-iron
pipes enclosed in brick masonry convey the water across the bridge. The structure
is not provided with a carriage-way, but there is a wide walk for foot-passengers,
who are numerous in summer-time, attracted by the beautiful view, and the enjoy-
ment of the park and picnic grounds at each terminus, and the open country at the
eastern end. On Manhattan Island the water-pipes terminate in the pretty High-
Bridge Park, where there is a reservoir, a lofty stand-pipe, a gate-house, and other
appurtenances of an important water-station.

The McComb's-Dam Bridge (or Central Bridge), an old wooden draw-
bridge, has long existed across the Harlem at the northern terminus of Seventh
Avenue. It has had much local celebrity, for Seventh Avenue, south of the river,
and Jerome Avenue, its continuation north of the river, have for a generation con-
stituted the favorite drive for New-Yorkers outside of Central Park. North of the
river the avenue extends to the Jerome-Park racing-track, and thence on to Yonkers;
and it is lined with many well-known road-houses. A new bridge with approaches
is now building to take the place of the old one, and this will be, when completed,
one of the greatest works of the kind in the world. It will consist of a viaduct, a

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

177

bridge, and steel approaches. The viaduct on the west side of the Harlem has been
completed. It is in effect an extension of 155th Street from the ridge of Washington
Heights on a gentle decline to the river; an ornate steel structure 60 feet wide and
1,602 feet long, with a driveway and two sidewalks. At the Washington-Heights
abutment it is 65 feet above the ground, and it crosses above the elevated railroad
at Eighth Avenue, with which connection is made by stairways. The bridge will
be 731 feet long, and 32 feet above high- water. It consists of an immense swing
span, or draw, 400 feet long, resting upon a cylindrical pivot-pier in mid-river ; and
four fixed spans at the ends. The terminal piers are of masonry, and there are
ornamental copings and watch-towers. Two approaches, 50 feet wide, have been
arranged at the east end of the bridge. They will consist of steel lattice spans rest-
ing upon masonry piers, carrying roadway and sidewalks 50 feet wide, one approach
being 350 feet, and the other 1,740 feet long. The total cost of this pontifical
improvement will be over $2,000,000. The Department of Public Works has built
the viaduct, and the Department of Parks has charge of the construction of the
bridge and its approaches.

The New-York Central & Hudson-River Railroad Bridge crosses the
Harlem at Park Avenue and 134th Street, a great draw-bridge over which come all
trains from New England and Northern New York that enter the Grand Central
Station. Work has begun upon a new bridge at this point. It will be a draw-
bridge of iron and steel, elevated 24 feet above high-water mark, and it will cost
about $500,000. In connection with the bridge, elevated approaches will be con-
structed, to supersede the present Park-Avenue viaduct for about a mile south of the
river, to 106th Street. The approaches will cost about $500,000.

Other Harlem Bridges present no particular points of interest. They include
the following-named : At Second Avenue is an iron railway draw-bridge, with a foot-
way, intended
mainly for the
trains of the Su-
burban Transit
and the Harlem-
River branch of
the New - York,
New - Haven &
Hartford Rail-
road. At Third
Avenue there is
an iron draw-
bridge for public
travel, resting on
stone abutments
and iron piers in

the water. It is usually known as Harlem Bridge. At Madison Avenue is an
iron draw-bridge for general traffic. At Eighth Avenue is the iron railroad bridge
of the New-York & Northern Railroad, by which connection is made with the ele-
vated railroad system of the city proper. At Dyckman Street is an old wooden foot-
bridge, that from time out of mind has connected Washington Heights with Ford-
ham. At 224th Street, on the plain above Fort George, is the Farmer's Bridge, an
antique structure, the name of which sufficiently indicates its purpose. At the junc-
tion of the Harlem River and Spuyten-Duyvil Creek, where Kingsbridge Road crosses
12

THIRD-AVENUE, OR HARLEM, BRIDGE.

i78

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

the water, there is another old bridge. The United-States Government is deepening
the creek into a ship-canal, and the old bridge is soon to be torn down and a new
structure that will not interfere with navigation will take its place. Where Spuyten-
Duyvil Creek empties into the Hudson there is a draw-bridge for the New-York
Central & Hudson-River Railroad

Contemplated Bridges and Tunnels, and those in process of construction,
respond to the demand for additional and improved facilities for reaching New
Jersey, Long Island and the northern parts and suburbs of the metropolis, a demand
created and constantly made more urgent by the overcrowding of Manhattan Island,
both in its business and in its residence quarters.

The North-River Bridge is the most important of these undertakings. It
will be built by the New- York & New- Jersey Bridge Company, and ground has
already been broken for the foundations on both sides. The bridge will be a com-
bined cantilever and suspension structure, with a single river-span of 3,200 feet,
two side-spans of 1,000 feet each, and a short span of 300 feet on the New- York
side, making a greater length than the present East-River Bridge. The distance
above high-water mark will be 150 feet, and at the middle of the structure 193 feet.
There will be two main towers, 500 feet high, with bases 120 x 250 feet, extending

HARLEM RIVER AND HARLEM BRIDGE, AT 130TH STREET AND THIRD AVENUE.

about 250 feet below the water to hard rock. On the New- Jersey side the terminus
will be at Miles Avenue, Weehawken, and the New- York end will be between 70th
and 71st streets. From the latter point a viaduct ico feet wide, with four main rail-
road tracks and three lines of sidings, will run through private property to a point
between Eleventh and Twelfth Avenues, and thence down-town to 39th Street. This
viaduct, running all the way through the blocks between streets and avenues, will
be built of steel and stone. A Grand Union station, modelled after the St.-Pancras
Station in London, will cover the blocks between Eighth Avenue, Broadway, and
37th and 39th Streets, 400 feet on Broadway and 1,300 feet back to the avenue.
Seventh Avenue and 38th Street will be arched over, the grade of the depot being
above the street level. The railroad offices will be there, and also a great trans-
ferring mail station. The depot will be laid with twenty tracks, and on the bridge
there will be six tracks, with room to add four more. The bridge, which it is esti-
mated will cost $40,000,000, is intended for railroad trains exclusively, and not for
general traffic. It will give the great railroads which are now compelled to bring
passengers and freight by ferry into New-York City a route direct to the heart of
the metropolis.

The Citizens' Bridges between New York and Brooklyn will be two in number.
Legislation has been granted, and the preliminary work entered upon. Both will be

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

179

suspension bridges, controlled by one company; and they will cost about $25,-
000,000. Both will have a common terminus on the New- York side, between
Delancy and Rivington Streets, and from that point connection will be made by
elevated structures with the present elevated railroad system. One bridge will ex-
tend to Broadway, in Williamsburg, and the other with a long approach to Fulton
Street, between Bridge and Little Streets. They are designed to connect the East-
ern District of Brooklyn with the central business section of New York. They will
be open to general traffic, and the cars that cross them will be run in connection
with the Union Elevated Railroad of Brooklyn.

The Corbin Bridge has been planned to cross the East River from Long-Is-
land City to a point on the New- York side between 37th and 42d Streets. This will
be for cars only,
so as to give the
Long-Island Rail-
road entrance into
New -York City.
A tunnel across
the city to the
North - River-
Bridge Depot,
connecting with
the Grand Central
Station at 42d
Street and Fourth
Avenue, is also
part of this plan.
The bridge will

be built of iron and steel, at a cost of $12,000,000. Besides the terminal piers, there
will be a mid-river pier, built on Man-of-War Rock. The structure will be 135 feet
above high-water mark.

The Blackwell's-Island Bridge will extend from 42d Street, New York, to
Long-Island City. A company was chartered to construct this bridge in 1867. The
project has been recently revived, and work may be begun soon. There will be cen-
tral piers on Blackwell's Island, abutments in Long-Island City and in New York
near 42d Street, and two short river-spans. On the Long-Island side there will be
elevated approaches extending nearly two miles inland, and a branch running into
Brooklyn. On the New-York side there will be two approaches, one extending to
the Grand Central Station at 42d Street, and the other farther north. The bridge
will be 150 feet above high-water, and will be for general traffic and for railroad
trains.

The Astoria Suspension Bridge across the East River from 90th Street to
Astoria, Long Island, has been talked of, and will probably be built in the course
of time.

A Tunnel under the Narrows between Staten Island and Brooklyn has been
projected. The design is to divert railroad traffic from New Jersey south of Jersey
City across Staten Island to Long Island, and eventually thus to make a short route
from the coal fields and the West acioss Long Island and the Sound to New England.

The Hudson-River Tunnel has not yet been a fortunate enterprise. It was
planned to connect Jersey City with New York for the accommodation of the rail-
roads. Begun in 1874, work was soon suspended, not to be resumed until 1879.

SUBURBAN ELEVATED RAILWAY BRIDGE, AT SECOND AVENUE AND 129th STREET.

ISO

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The shafts on the New- York side were begun in 1882, but again for lack of funds all
work was stopped in the same year. In 1887 the work was resumed, only to be sus-
pended in 1892. At the present time, 1,550 feet have been opened from the New-
Jersey shore, and about 550 from the New- York side. The entire width of the river
at that point is 5,600 feet. The plans provide for a tunnel of elliptical shape, 23^
feet high and 21^ feet wide on the outside, and i8t feet high and 16^ feet wide in-
side, to be lined with brick and steel plates, and to rest in blue clay and rock 25 to
50 feet below the river-bed. In Jersey City the tunnel starts from the foot of 15th
Street, and in New York from the foot of Morton Street. When completed, the
New-York terminus will be in the vicinity of Washington Square.

The Park-Avenue Tunnel extends from 49th Street to 106th Street, and
through it run all the railway trains that come into the Grand Central Depot. From
42d Street to the south end of the tunnel the tracks are in the yards of the railroad
company, or in open cuts ; and these are bridged at the intersecting streets. The
tunnel is brick-arched ; is in three parts, separated by walls ; and has four tracks and
sidings. The middle of the avenue immediately over the tunnel is laid out in little
parkways with green grass, trees and shrubbery, between the streets. Iron fences
enclose these spots, and in them there are openings in the roof of the tunnel by
which means ventilation is secured. The tunnel is owned and operated by the Har-
lem Railroad Company; and at 106th Street it terminates in a viaduct, which in
turn is succeeded by an open cut to the Harlem River. What is practically an ex-
tension of this tunnel goes under Park Avenue from 40th Street to 34th Street. It
is used for horse-cars only, and has several approaches from the street.

The Water-Supply of New York is of the utmost interest. A little more
than fifty years ago the people got their water from private wells, and were very

HARLEM RIVER AND SECOND AVENUE BRIDGE, AT 129TH STREET.

well supplied, for Manhattan Island abounded in springs that gushed out of the living
rock, pure and wholesome. In time, however, this source of supply began to be
inadequate, and in 1774 a reservoir was built between Prince and White Streets, east
of Broadway. Into this water was pumped from the wells, and distributed through
the city in wooden pipes. In 1778 a committee of citizens recommended that Rye
Pond in Westchester County should be made into a reservoir by building a dam, and
that the water should be brought down to a city reservoir through iron pipes, cross-
ing the Harlem River on a bridge. To this end the Manhattan Water-works were
chartered, but the company got no further than to build a reservoir in Chambers

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

i»i

Street, between Broadway and Centre Streets, and to try to support the city with
well-water by the plan before attempted. The scheme failed for the second time.
Many events served to call attention to the inconvenience and danger resulting from
a continuance of this condition of things, and several plans for a better water-supply
were brought out from time to time. The great fire of 1834 was a conclusive argu-
ment against the folly of longer delay ; and in that year, the Legislature having given
the needed authority, a survey of the Croton water-shed was made, and in 1835 tne
work of constructing reservoirs and an aqueduct was definitely undertaken. The
Croton water-shed is about thirty miles north of New-York City, on high land, in a
remarkably healthful region. The water is exceptionally good, and is little exposed
to contamination, while the flow through thirty miles of conduit to the city has a
tendency still further to purify it. Croton Lake is fed by Croton River and other
smaller streams, and this was formed into a reservoir, five miles long, by erecting a
dam which raised the water forty feet. Then a conduit of brick, stone and cement
was built in the shape of a horse-shoe, 8^- feet perpendicular diameter and 7^ feet

PARK AVENUE, NORTH FROM 98TH STREET

horizontal. This conduit begins at Croton Lake, and runs to the Central-Park Res-
ervoir. It crosses 25 streams below grade ; has 16 tunnels from 160 to 1,263 ^eet
long ; and it was designed to carry about 60,000,000 gallons each day. It drew from
Croton Lake and other natural and artificial reservoirs, which were then utilized, with
a storage capacity of 9,500,000,000 gallons, or about three months' supply for the
city. The aqueduct crosses the Harlem River upon the High Bridge, at the city
end of which there was built a high-service reservoir, holding 11,000,000 gallons, a
tower, and pumping machinery. Thence it goes to the Central-Park reservoirs. On
Fifth Avenue, between 40th and 42d Streets, a distributing reservoir with a capacity
of 20,000,000 gallons was constructed. The work of providing for this system was
completed in 1842. The water was turned on upon July 4th of that year, amid the
greatest enthusiasm of the people. There was a military and civic procession, eight
miles long, and other forms of celebration in September of the same year. In less
than forty years the city had outgrown this means of supply. The aqueduct was
forced to the point of carrying nearly 100,000,000 gallons a day, but even that was

l82

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

GATE HOUSE, CROTON AQUEDUCT.
MANHATTAN AVENUE AND 135TH STREET.

not sufficient for the needs of the population. The upper stories of high buildings
and even of residences on high land could get no water at all, and the storage
capacity of the reservoirs was so limited that a short dry spell always made a water
famine imminent. Public agitation for an increased supply began before the year

1880. Commissioners were appointed to consider vari-
ous plans for relief, and they approved of Croton as
an ample and pure supply. An extension of the
reservoirs and the construction of a new and improved
aqueduct was recommended. This work was at once
entered upon, under the provisions of a special act of
the Legislature, passed in 1883, and the metropolis is
being provided with a water system that will be unsur-
passed in any other city of the world.
The construction of the aqueduct
taxed engineering skill and financial
management to the utmost. Unfore-
seen difficulties were encountered
that retarded progress, and the frauds
of contractors, who lined parts of the
tunnel with thin shells of brick instead
of with thick rubble walls, made it
necessary to have a great deal of that
part of the work done over again.
But as finally completed the aqueduct is a solid, and will be an enduring achievement.
The total length of the masonry conduit, from Croton Dam to the I35th-Street
gate-house, where the tunnel ends, is 3of miles ; from the latter point to the new
reservoir in Central Park there are 2^ miles of pipe line, making the total length of
33 miles. There are 38 shafts, from 28 feet to 350 feet deep, several of them left
open to the surface so as to give access to the aqueduct for repairs when needed.
The average depth of the tunnel beneath the ground is 170 feet, but at South
Yonkers it is on an embankment for the distance of a half-mile, and also at the
Pocantico River and Ardsley it comes to the surface. At each of these three places
there are blow-outs and waste weirs, by which the flow of water can be turned off at
any time for the purpose of making repairs and cleansing the aqueduct. The tunnel
begins at Croton Dam, and at its head is a handsome granite gate-house, set in a
recess that was blasted for it out of the solid rock, 100 feet below the top of the old
dam. The water flows from the lake through this house into the tunnel, and makes
its way to the city by the force of gravity, no pumping being required, as the grade
of the aqueductal, though light, is continuous to the Harlem River. The flow is at
the rate of about two miles an hour. From the Croton Dam to Harlem the aque-
duct is of horse-shoe form, 13.53 feet high and 13.60 feet wide; then it becomes
circular, 12.3 feet in diameter. At the Harlem River there is a fine piece of engi-
neering in the siphon by which the water is carried under the river to the High-Bridge
station. A circular tube of brick, 10^ feet in diameter, goes down into the river for
307 feet ; passes under the river-bed, and comes up on the west bank as a shaft 400
feet high. Through this the water flows and climbs the hill on its way to the gate-
house at 135th Street. At this point the single tunnel ceases, and the water is dis-
tributed by pipe lines, eight iron pipes 48 inches in diameter, laid a few feet below
the surface and diverging in different directions carrying it. Four of these pipes go
direct to the Central-Park Reservoir, and the others supply the demands of the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

i83

Harlem District. No other tunnel in the world is equal to this in size or in the
difficulty of the task that its construction imposed. The Hoosac Tunnel and the
Mt. -Cenis Tunnel are each five miles long, and the St. -Gothard Tunnel 9? miles,
as against the 33 miles of this aqueduct, which consumed ten years in building. Of
brick-work alone there were 312,258 cubic yards, equal to thirty large 14-story office-
buildings. Material was excavated to the amount of 3,250,000 cubic yards. The
aqueduct was completed and the water turned on in the summer of 1890. The
cost of the construction, exclusive of lands, engineering, superintendence, etc., was
$19,612,000, as against the engineers' estimate of $18,957,000.

The new aqueduct has a flowing capacity of 318,000,000 gallons a day. A reser-
voir will soon be built on the site of the present Jerome Park, in order to provide for
the needs of the growing annexed district. The aqueduct will keep this reservoir
full, and after leaving there will be able to carry 250,000,000 gallons a day down to
the Central-Park reservoir, thus allowing 68,000,000 gallons a day for the annexed
district, over two-thirds as much as the entire city had under the old service.
Then the old aqueduct can still be depended upon for at least 75,000,000 gallons a
day, and the pipe lines from the Bronx River can bring down 20,000,000 a day. So
it is possible to have a daily supply of at least 350,000,000 gallons. The present
demand is for a little more than 160,000,000 gallons daily. It has been shown that
even in dry weather the Croton-River watershed can be depended upon for fully
250,000,000 gallons a day.

Now that the aqueduct has been completed, the question of storage is engaging
the attention of the municipal au-
thorities. The present storage
capacity of the Croton watershed,
natural and artificial, is 17,150,-
000,000 gallons : at Croton Lake,
500,000,000; Boyd's Corner reser-
voir, 2, 700,000,000 gallons ; Mid-
dle Branch, 4,000,000,000 ; East
Branch, 4,500,000,000 ; Bog Brook,
4,000,000,000; Kirk Lake, 500,-
000,000 ; Lake Mahopac, 500,000,-
000; Lake Gilead, 300,000,000;
and Barrett Pond, 150,000,000;
total 17,150,000,000. Tributary
to the above and included in the
estimate are the smaller lakes, Gil-
ead, Gleneida and Waccabuc, and
White Pond. The East Branch,
which has a depth of 67 feet of
water, and the Bog Brook, with a
depth of 60 feet, were finished in
the summer of 1892. In addition,
three reservoirs are in process of
construction, and will be completed
in 1894. These are Reservoir D on the Western Branch, near Carmel, capacity
10,000,000,000; Titicus River, 6,000,000,000; and Reservoir A, on the Muscoot
Branch, 7,000,000,000. Thus the storage capacity will be increased to 40,100,000,-
000 gallons. Still another dam is contemplated, variously known as the Quaker-

HIGH SERVICE STATION, 98TH STREET, NEAR COLUMBUS AVEf UE.

1 84 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Bridge, New Croton, and Cornell. The Aqueduct Commissioners have decided
upon undertaking the work of construction in the near future. The dam will be
located five miles south of Croton Lake. It will be a wall of solid masonry, 264
feet high and 1,500 feet long, and will cost over $6,000,000. By its construction
a reservoir 16 miles long will be erected, with a storage capacity of over 30,000,-
000,000 gallons. The water thus held will set back and submerge the present
Croton dam 30 feet. Several farms and houses now in the valley will have to
be abandoned.

At High Bridge there is a reservoir with a capacity of 10,000,000 gallons, and
with two pumping-engines of an aggregate capacity of 10,000,000 gallons a day.

RESERVOIR, FIFTH AVENUE, 40th AND 42o STREETS.

There can be distributed to high points on the island 20,000, coo gallons a day.
In 98th Street, near Columbus Avenue, there is another water-tower and three
Worthington high-service engines, with a pumping capacity of 25,000,000 gallons a
day. The new retaining reservoir that occupies nearly the entire width of the
northern part of Central Park will hold 1,000,000,000 gallons, and the receiving
reservoir below it 150,000,000 gallons more. The reservoir at Williamsbridge
holds 140,000,000 gallons ; and the distributing reservoir at Fifth Avenue and 42d
Street 20,000,000. The new reservoir at Jerome Park will have a capacity of
1,300,000,000 gallons. The total storage capacity at the source of supply and
within the city limits by reservoirs completed, building, and arranged for amounts
to 84,600,000,000 gallons, sufficient to supply the city at its present rate of demand
for two years. It is calculated when all this work is completed the municipal
needs will be provided for, for the next fifty or seventy-five years. Water is dis-
tributed throughout the city by iron water-mains beneath the street surface. Of
these there were on January 1, 1892, 685.48 miles, with 7,129 stop-cocks and
8,752 fire hydrants, and this branch of the water service is being constantly extended.
The average daily consumption of water is nearly 100 gallons per capita. Con-
sumers pay for the water, the annual charges ranging from $4 to $18 for each house,
with extra rates for special service, and for houses more than fifty feet wide. In
hotels, breweries, large office-buildings, manufacturing establishments, stables and
other places where water is used in large quantities, meters are put in, and the
water is measured and charged for at the rate of one dollar for each thousand cubic
feet. A fixed rate is charged to some business establishments. There are 24,264
meters, and they register an annual consumption of over 30,000,000 gallons. The

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 185

total water revenue from all sources amounted for the year 1891 to $3,375,140.
The annual receipts go to pay the interest on the debt, and to the sinking fund,
which is intended in time to extinguish the debt.

Lighting the Public Streets in the olden time was a duty imposed upon indi-
vidual citizens. The first street-lighting was ordained by decree of the corporation
in 1697, when it was ordered that every seven householders should unite to pay the
expense of burning a candle in a lantern, suspended on a pole from the window of
every seventh house on nights when there was no moon. But even this provision
was so inadequate that the worthy burghers who were out late at night — that is
until 9 or 10 o'clock — continued to carry their own lanterns to dispel the gloom.
In 1762 public lamp-posts, with lamps burning oil, were first maintained at city
expense, and this method continued down to 1825. Experiments with gas were
made as early as 181 2, but it was not until 1823 that practical steps were taken to
introduce this new illuminating medium. In that year the New- York Gas-Light
Company was incorporated, with a capital of $100,000, and given the right to the
city south of Canal Street ; and in 1825 pipes were first laid down. In 1830 the
privilege of supplying gas to the northern part of the island was given to the Man-
hattan Gas-Light Company, which was incorporated with a capital of $50,000. The
people did not take kindly to this innovation. They protested against the use of
gas in the streets, for fear of explosions ; and many of the old residents would not
allow it to be introduced into their houses, holding to what they considered the
safer use of oil-lamps and wax-candles. To-day the city is served by seven gas-
companies, the Consolidated, Equitable, Standard, New-York Mutual, Central,
Northern and Yonkers. The Consolidated is the oldest company, and has 795 miles
of gas-mains in the streets. It is the successor of the two original gas companies,
combined with several others of later existence. It has a capital stock of $35,430,-
000, and seven stations, with an aggregate capacity of 30,000,000 cubic feet a day.
Both coal-gas and water-gas is manufactured. The Equitable has 133 miles of mains
below 74th street, and manufactures 6,000,000 cubic feet of water-gas daily. The
New-York Mutual, with 123 miles of mains, also manufactures water-gas, supplying
the lower half of the city with 4,000,000 cubic feet a day. The Standard principally
serves the up-town East-Side with water-gas through 138 miles of mains, at the rate
of 4, 000, 000 cubic feet a day. The Central and the Northern supply the trans-
Harlem district with coal-gas, the former with 800,000 cubic feet a day, through 59
miles of mains; and the latter with 250,000 cubic feet a day, through 37 miles
of mains. The Yonkers, a suburban company, has 17 miles of mains. In
many cases more than one of these companies have mains in the same street. The
total miles of gas mains is 1,306, and the total capacity of all the companies is over
45,000,000 cubic feet daily. The Equitable pays an annual franchise fee to the city of
over $140,000. There are 531 miles of streets and 69^ acres of parks and public
squares lighted, at a cost varying from $12 to $28 a year for each lamp, according
as there is competition or not in the territory lighted, or as the company's charter
may have fixed the price.

Electric Lighting of streets costs the city from 40 to 50 cents a night for each
lamp. There are six companies, the Brush Electric Illuminating Company, the
United-States Illuminating Company, the Thomson-Houston Electric-Light Company,
the Mount-Morris Electric-Light Company, the Harlem Lighting Company and the
North-River Electric-Light and Power Company. On the first of January, 1892,
the city had 27,083 gas lamps, 1,199 electric lights, and at Woodlawn Heights 140
naphtha lamps, at a yearly cost of $759,699.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING CO. . 28th STREET, BETWEEN BROADWAY
AND SIXTH AVENUE.

The Edison
Electric Illuminat-
ing Company of

New York, the general
offices of which are at
Pearl and Elm Streets,
was organized in 1880.
It was the first company
to supply electricity for
incandescent lighting
on a commercial basis,
and is the largest con-
cern of its class in ex-
istence in the world.
Its business is the gen-
eration and sale of elec-
tric currents for all pur-
poses, but especially for
incandescent and arc
lighting, heat and
power. Its principal
generating station and
general offices are lo-
cated in the company's
building at Pearl and
Elm Streets. This new
station is planned to
be the largest and most
efficiently equipped es-
tablishment of its kind.
When completed, it
will have an equipment
for generating current
equivalent to over 20,-
000 horse-power. The
dynamos are of the
multi-polar Edison type
of the latest design.
The engines are of the
marine multi-expansion
style, with inverted
cylinders, and are con-
nected direct to the
dynamos. The boilers
are of the extra heavy,
water tube safety type,
intended for 200 pounds
steam pressure, and the
whole steam plant is fit-
ted with all the recent

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

187

economizing devices to be found in marine and stationary engineering practice. The
general offices of the Company occupy an upper floor of the building, and are to be
very extensive.

The company also operate stations at 255 and 257 Pearl Street, 47 to 51 West
26th Street, and 117 to 119 West 39th Street, and also an annex station in the base-
ment of the Produce-Exchange Building. It is also erecting another station on the
premises 1 18 to 122 West 53d Street. The up-town buildings occupy lots measuring
50 by 100 feet. That at Pearl and Elm Streets, when completed, will cover an area
75 by 200 feet. All the newer buildings are owned by the company, and have been
erected for its own use. The company's oldest station, at 255 and 257 Pearl Street,
was built under the direct supervision of Thomas A. Edison, in 1882-83, and its suc-
cessful operation was the real inauguration of incandescent electric lighting as a com-
mercial enterprise. In the
few years of the company's
existence its business has
grown rapidly. The entire
plant now supplies current
for an equivalent of about
200,000 incandescent lamps.
Its operations cover all that
portion of the city extend-
ing from the Battery to
Central Park, included be-
tween Third and Eighth
Avenues. Current is dis-
tributed over this territory
by means of over 500 miles
of conductors, which occupy
160 miles of underground
three-wire conduit. It is
led away from the stations
to the net-work of "main"
conductors by a system of
"feeders." From the
"main" conductors service
wires lead to the premises of
the consumers. The sta-
tion buildings are all con-
structed on one general plan,
and are absolutely fire-proof.
A peculiar feature of their
design is the placing of the
boiler-rooms in the upper
stories of the building, in-
stead of on the ground-floor, while above the boilers are placed large coal-bunkers
of 1,000 tons' capacity in the up-town stations and 3,000 tons' capacity in the new
Elm-Street station.

The up-town stations are each capable of generating electric current equivalent
to 6,000 horse-power, exclusive of the 53d-Street station, which may ultimately have
a capacity of possibly 8,000 horse-power. The new Elm-Street station, with its

EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING CO., PEARL AND ELM STREETS.

1 88 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

capacity exceeding 20,000 horse-power, will be able to supply current for an equiva-
lent of over 200,000 incandescent lamps, all connected at one time. Permits to
view the stations should be applied for at the general offices.

The Sewer System is on a scale commensurate with the importance of this
branch of municipal economy. As early as 1676 sewers were built on Manhattan
Island. These were simply box-drains of wood or stone, and at first were intended
only to relieve low areas of storm water. Very soon, however, they were built of
brick, and connections were made with buildings, so that they could carry off the
usual sewage matter. It was not until 1849 tnat ^e character and the method of
construction of the sewers were definitely laid down by the municipal authorities.
The supervision of the work was then placed in the hands of a city department. At
that time about seventy miles of sewers of a miscellaneous character existed. They
were built four feet in diameter. Many of these old sewers exist to the present
day. In i860 the egg-shaped sewer was introduced, with the dimensions of 4 x 3
feet or 4 x 2.8 feet. In 1865 a Legislative act authorized a general sewerage system.
There were then in use 200 miles of sewers, partly of vitrified pipe, which was first
laid in 1864. In 1870 the Department of Public Works was created, and put in
charge of the sewers of Manhattan Island. To the Department of Public Parks
were assigned the sewers of the trans- Harlem territory. Under these arrangements
the system has been improved and brought to its present state of efficiency.

The sewage is disposed of by discharging it into tidal water, where it is rendered
innocuous by dilution, and by the natural flow of water it is carried away from the
city. Thus the sewers empty into the Harlem, North and East rivers along fifty
miles of river-front. There are about 140 outlets, most of which are at the ends of
piers, where swiftly running water takes the sewage immediately and carries it sea-
ward. The entire city below the Harlem is sewered in the most approved manner,
and the work above the Harlem keeps pace with the growth of population there.
The city is divided into 26 drainage areas or districts, each of which is practically
independent, with its own pipes and mains and outlets.

The sewers are laid in all the principal thoroughfares. They have all the latest
improvements for ventilation and flushing, and some of the pipes are imbedded in
concrete. They are on the system for carrying off sewage and rain-water combined.
The average demand made upon them is nearly 100 gallons for each head of popu-
lation each day, but their capacity is largely in excess of that. The smallest pipe is
12 inches in diameter. The largest sewers are in Canal Street, between Washington
Street and the North River, 8x16 feet ; in Canal Street between Washington Street
and Broadway, 7x10 feet ; and in 110th Street, between Fifth Avenue and the East
River, 8x12 feet. All the main sewers are entered and traversed by workmen for
the purpose of cleaning or repairing them. In 1892, there were 444 miles of
sewers and 5,314 receiving basins. The total extent of construction in 189 1 was
over six miles, three-quarters of which was of brick mains. The maintenance of
sewers costs the city yearly $130,000, and the new work completed in 1891 cost
over $500,000.

Electric Wires are maintained by the various telegraph, telephone and electric-
light companies, and the Police and Fire Departments, strung on poles and attached
to roofs. Formerly there was a vast and intricate net-work of wires over all the
city, especially in the business sections ; and the avenues and streets showed a forest
of tall poles, many of them carrying several hundred wires. Even now, despite
the development of the subway system, hundreds of poles and thousands of miles
of wire are still in mid-air, and over 2,006 miles are attached to the elevated-railroad

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 189

structure. But Broadway, Wall Street, and other main thoroughfares are now void
of the erstwhile objectionable poles.

Electrical Subways have been constructed in nearly all the principal streets
south of Central Park, and to a lesser extent elsewhere. They are designed to ac-
commodate all the wires that are now hanging overhead. This municipal undertak-
ing is in charge of the Board of Electrical Control. It had its inception in 1884,
when, after nine years of opposition by interested parties, a bill for the purpose of
compelling corporations operating electrical conductors to place them underground
was passed by the Legislature. Legal delays hindered the inception of the work ;
and, although subways were built, it was not until 1889 that the provisions of the
law began to be seriously enforced. In that year the municipal authorities took
upon themselves the task of compelling the companies to use the subways, and to
that end they proceeded to cut the wires and chop down the poles in the leading
thoroughfares where subways had been built. Within a year nearly 5,000 poles and
6,000 miles of wire were thus removed, and there were over 12,000 miles of wire
placed underground. Since that time the work of constructing subways and putting
the wires into them has progressed without serious interruption. At present, there
are over 200 miles of trench, containing several thousand miles of duct, and this con-
struction will accommodate over 100,000 miles of wires.

The Postal Telegraph-Cable Company was organized in 1881, mainly by
persons interested in the manufacture of compound steel and copper wire, and of an
automatic system of telegraphic transmission. The theories which led to the con-
struction of its original lines were found to be mistaken. The property was capi-
talized upon a basis supposed to be justified by the great earning capacity which the
superior construction and the proposed machine transmission were believed to render
practicable. The company was re-organized in 1885 upon the moderate capital of
$5,000,000, and, being largely controlled by John W. Mackay, also principal owner
of the Commercial cables, was operated in close connection therewith. The prop-
erty now comprises not only the excellent plant of the original Postal Company, but
all that was saved from the wreck of the Bankers' & Merchants', and several other
smaller telegraph properties, which have been rebuilt and re-equipped, together with
new lines of much greater extent than all the original plants above mentioned, cov-
ering the South to Savannah, Ga. , the Southwest to New Orleans, and the West to
Denver, covering the principal points in Kansas and Colorado, and the Northwest,
to principal points in Iowa, Nebraska, Wisconsin and Minnesota. By its connection
with the large telegraph system of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, it
reaches the Maritime Provinces — the Dominion of Canada, Manitoba, and British
Columbia ; and thence, in connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway, owns an
extensive system of new lines, covering the Pacific Coast as far south as San Diego.
The whole comprises by far the most extensive, best organized, and most thoroughly
equipped system of telegraph that has ever been in competition with the Western-
Union Telegraph Company and the Anglo-American cables, and the best evidence
of its permanence is found in the fact that excellence of service and constant,
persistent competition in honorable and not destructive methods, has been its
policy from the beginning. The directors and executive officers of the company
are as follows : John W. Mackay, George S. Coe, W. C. Van Home, J. W.
Mackay, Jr., Albert B. Chandler, Charles R. Hosmer, James W. Ellsworth, William
H. Baker, Edward C. Piatt, John O. Stevens, George G. Ward ; Albert B.
Chandler, President and General Manager ; Vice-Presidents, George S. Coe and
William H. Baker.

190

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Its executive offices have for more than four years past been in the Washington
Building, No. I Broadway, comprising about twenty rooms on the upper floor of that
commodious building. The necessity for combining these offices with the main
operating rooms, and other departments of the company now occupying widely
separated quarters, led to the construction of a building for the company, which is
now in process of erection, on Broadway, corner of Murray Street, New York,
directly opposite the City Hall, which will be one of the largest and handsomest
office-buildings in the country. It will be 14 stories in height, exclusive of basement
and cellar, and will rise about 175 feet above the street, with a Broadway front of
over 70 feet, a Murray- Street front of 156 feet, and a wing 30 by 50 feet. The first
four stories will be built of Indiana limestone, and the upper portion of the building
will be of light gray brick, with terra-cotta trimmings. The Postal Telegraph and
Commercial Cable companies will occupy the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth floors,
the corner-office of the first floor level with the street, and a portion of the basement
and cellar. The rest of the building will be rented.

The Commercial Cable Company was organized in 1884 by John W. Mackay
of California, and James Gordon Bennett, proprietor of The New- York Herald, for
the purpose of affording permanent competition, and affording an accelerated and
reliable service at a moderate tariff, between the Old and New Worlds. Cables were
laid during the same year, and business was begun in December, 1884. The com-
pany signalized its advent by reducing the cable rates twenty per cent. Their com-
petitors instituted a rate-war by reducing their rates to twelve cents a word, and the
Commercial met this by coming down to 25 cents a word, and appealing to the pub-
lic to sustain them in their fight against monopoly and the excessive rates that had

previously exist-
ed. From May,
18S6, to Septem-
ber, 1888, this
rate-war was con-
tinued, but was
finally compro-
mised by all the
companies agree-
ing to hold to
the charge of 25
cents a word.
Thus the Com-
mercial Company
deserves the credit
of bringing about
a reduction in
rates, fifty per
cent, of what they
had been, to the lowest figure at which it has been shown that the service can be
profitably done. The company has two complete routes to Europe, and the duplex
system that is used practically doubles the capacity of the cables. The cables are
submarine and underground from the office in New York to Paris and to within 100
miles of London, only that short distance being by overhead wire. The landing-
places are at New York, Rockport (Massachusetts), Canso (Nova Scotia), Water-
ville (Ireland), Bristol, and Havre. Nearly 7,000 nautical miles of cable are in

SECTION OF ATLANTIC CABLE CARRIED IN PROCESSION.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

191

POSTAL-TELEGRAPH-CABLE COMPANY'S BUILDING.

BROADWAY AND MURRAY STREET, FACING CITY HALL PARK.

192 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

operation. To this company must also be credited the reduction of time in the
transmission of messages beneath the Atlantic ; and by the adoption of automatic
working, and the introduction of typewriters for taking the messages, a point of
excellence in accuracy, speed and reliability never before attained has been reached.
It is an interesting bit of history that during the great blizzard of March, 1 888, the
only means of communication between New-York City and the rest of the world
was by the Commercial Cable. Messages were sent to London, whence they
were cabled back to Boston. The Commercial Cable and the Postal Telegraph
Companies are run conjointly, the latter being the land branch.

The Western Union Telegraph Company occupies a handsome and well-
appointed building in Broadway, corner of Dey Street, and has 137 branch-offices
in different parts of the city. The main building is at present the finest equipped
telegraph office in the world. The company has the largest telegraph system ever
established. It has 21,000 offices and 750,000 miles of wire. The company leases
the two cables of the American Telegraph & Cable Company from Nova Scotia to
Penzance, England, which are extended to New-York City direct by the company's
own cables ; it also connects with the four cables of the Anglo-American Telegraph
Company, Limited, from Valentia, Ireland, to Heart's Content, Newfoundland, and
from Brest, France, to St. Pierre, Miquelon ; and with the cable of the Direct
United -States Cable Company from Ballinskelligs, Ireland, to Rye Beach, N. H.
It has thus the service of seven Atlantic cables, as well as direct connection with
the South- American cable at Galveston, Texas ; and messages may be sent from any
of its offices to all parts of the world.

Pneumatic tubes extend under Broadway from 23d Street to Dey Street. They
belong to the Western Union Telegraph Company, and through them messages are
sent a distance of about 2^ miles. Similar tubes extend from Dey Street to Broad
Street.

The American District-Telegraph Company is an adjunct of the Western
Union, and its offices are in the offices of that concern. The company does a mes-
senger-service business exclusively.

The Mutual District Messenger Company, with its main offices at Broad-
way and Grand Street, is the only serious rival of the A. D. T. Company.

The Metropolitan Telephone and Telegraph Company is the most in-
teresting of the scientific industrial corporations in the city. It conducts the entire
telephonic communication of New York, and its system comprises eight central offi-
ces, upwards of 30,000 miles of underground wire, and about 9,000 subscribers'
stations. The system is in direct communication with those of Brooklyn and the
principal towns in New Jersey, and also with that of the Long Distance Telephone
Company, whose wires extend through the Eastern States in all directions, so that
a New-York subscriber can reach any one of eighty thoiisand other subscribers scat-
tered through New York, the New-England States, Pennsylvania and Ohio. Of
the eight exchanges in New-York City the four more important, viz. : those at Broad
Street, Cortlandt Street, Spring Street and 38th Street, are placed in fire-proof
buildings of a special type, erected by the company to meet the risks and require-
ments of its business. There are two reasons why a telephone exchange build-
ing should be impregnably fire-proof. One is the enormous cost of the apparatus,
which is equally susceptible to damage by water as by fire, so that a slight fire is as
much to be feared as a serious one. Another is that the crippling of an important
exchange would result in heavy loss to the many firms that employ the telephone
extensively in the transaction of their daily business. It is not generally known

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

193

METROPOLITAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY.

TELEPHONE BUILDING, CORTLANDT STREET, BETWEEN BROADWAY AND CHURCH STREET.

i94

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

how great the use of the telephone is in large cities. There are many subscribers in
New York who call for from between 60 and 70 connections a day, while some run
up to as high as 130 a day. In order, then, to sufficiently protect both its own in-
terests and those of its subscribers, the company has been obliged to design special
telephone buildings, which are at once thoroughly fire-proof and properly adapted,

TELEPHONE OPERATING OR SWITCH-ROOM, ON CORTLANDT ST. , METROPOLITAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CO.

from roof to basement, to the requirements of a modern telephone central office.
The largest of these new telephonic centres is at 18 Cortlandt Street. It is a hand-
some eight-story building, and the only sign of its special vocation is the familiar
blue bell hanging over the entrance. The cloud of overhead wires formerly insepara-
ble from a telephone exchange is entirely absent, as the wires are all underground.
In the basement of the building is a large department where some 15,000 or 16,000
wires enter from the subways. These are all encased in heavy lead-covered cables,
from the terminals of which other wires extend up through the building to the eighth
story, the whole of which is occupied by the operating department, or exchange
proper. Here a huge switchboard extends around three sides of the building in an
unbroken curve about 250 feet long. This switchboard is the largest of its kind in
the world. It contains all the most improved devices for metallic circuit working,
and was completed a few years ago at a cost of about $400,000. It can accommodate
6,000 subscribers' lines, and about 150 operators are required to answer the calls and
facilitate the conversations that are constantly passing through it. A telephonic
switchboard is the most complicated electro-mechanical device known to science.
This particular one contains more than 260,000 separate electrical instruments, none
of which has less than three wires soldered to it. Hundreds of miles of fine insu-
lated wire pass through the board and connect the different parts together. All of
this has to be kept in perfect order, as a single defect may throw more than one
line temporarily out of service.

The other exchanges referred to are of the same general type as that just
described, differing only in minor details and in switchboard capacity, each district

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

'95

exchange having accommodation for from 1,200 to 3,600 subscribers' lines. A most
interesting feature of the New-York telephone service, is that, practically, the entire
system of conductors is under ground. During the past four or five years the Metro-
politan Company has expended several million dollars in removing its pole lines and
replacing them by costly underground cables. It has put down over 400 separate
cables, containing an aggregate of more than 30,000 miles of wire. Underground
cables radiate from every central office to points from which groups of subscribers
can conveniently be reached. All the exchanges are connected together by several
hundred underground wires, and some 500 wires, laid underground the entire dis-
tance except across the Bridge, join the various New-York exchanges with the prin-
cipal exchange in Brooklyn. The wires are made into cables containing generally
fifty-one pairs of conductors ; these cables are covered with a lead armoring, and
are drawn into iron pipes laid under the streets. The adoption of underground
cables has been accompanied by so many electrical and mechanical difficulties as to
necessitate a complete remodeling of the company's plant. This work has been
carried out during the past four years, and is typified by the construction of the
model telephone build-
ings already described.
The Metropolitan Tele-
phone Company employs
a staff of about 800 per-
sons ; and its pay-roll
amounts to over $600,000
a year. The operators,
who number about 400,
are nearly all girls ; they
pick up the work very
quickly, and give good
satisfaction, alike to the
company and to the sub-
scribers. At each ex-
change a suite of rooms,
consisting of dining-
roonij reading and work
room, wardrobe and lava-
tory, are provided for
the use of the operators.
This department is in
charge of a matron, who
serves light refreshments
and attends to the com-
fort of the girls generally
when they are off duty.
An important part of the
organization is composed
of the technical depart-
ments that have to do with the construction and equipment of the offices, lines and
subscribers' stations, the maintenance of the vast and complicated plant, and the
inspection of the many thousands of lines and telephone sets. Each part of the
work is done by a special staff, working under a responsible chief, the reins of

METROPOLITAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CO.. 38TH-STREET BUILDING.

196

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

METROPOLITAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CO., BROAD AND PEARL STREETS.

authority gradually cen-
tralizing through the
general manager, ex-
ecutive committee,
president and board of
directors. Accurate
record is kept of the
work of every individual
throughout the entire
organization, so that
the history of any of
the tens of thousands
of wires and instru-
ments belonging to the
company, and of every
transaction connected
therewith, is always
available. The volume
of business done by the
company is almost in-
credible. The average
number of telephone
connections each day in
New York City is about
120,000. Of these, 99 per cent, occur between the hours of 8 A. M. and 6 P. M.
A permanent service is kept up at all the offices, but the use of the telephone at night
is comparatively slight. The busiest hours of the day are from 1 1 A. M. to noon,
and from 2 to 3 P. M. During those two hours probably nearly one-half of the
entire day's business is conducted, and both plant and staff are working at high
pressure. An eminent professor of political economy has said that the question of
telephone rates was the most difficult problem that had ever been submitted to him,
so complicated are the conditions involved. This opinion will be appreciated when
it is considered that in a city like New York the entire plant and organization of
the telephone system must be designed and arranged to stand the strain of perform-
ing almost one-half of the clay's work within the short period of two hours. This
is a condition of affairs not met with in any other industry.

The American Telephone & Telegraph Company maintains long-distance
telephone lines for direct communication with Boston, Philadelphia, Washington,
Pittsburgh, Harrisburg and intermediate points, the list altogether embracing 150
important cities and towns. The company has an extensive local service.

Cable Conduits for street-cars are laid underground in Broadway and Seventh
Avenue for one line, in 125th Street and Tenth Avenue for another, and in Third
Avenue. The conduits are of brick and cement, with iron frames supporting the
cable pulleys. On the Broadway route, from the Battery to Central Park, the two
conduits with their spurs are nearly twelve miles in length. In Third Avenue there
are over sixteen miles of conduit, and in 125th Street and Tenth Avenue ten miles.
The New-York Steam Company supplies steam-power and heat to con-
sumers through pipes laid underground. The company has been in business since
1882, and has fifteen miles of pipe in use in its down-town district, south of Duane
Street. Six hundred business consumers and 300 residences are supplied.

Hotels, Inns, Ceifes, Restaurants, Apartment Houses, Flat*

Homes, Tenements, Etc.

WHEN travellers came to the New Netherlancl settlement in its early days they
were entertained at the expense of the Directors of the West India Company.
This custom became in time such a burden that in 1642 Director-General Kieft
built at the Company's expense a tavern, a quaint stone building near the present
Pearl Street and Coenties Slip. This was the first tavern on Manhattan Island, and
in later years it became the Stadt Iluys. The following year Martin Krigier built
and opened Krigier's Tavern, at Bowling Green, and this soon became the fashion-
able resort for the townspeople as well as for visitors from abroad. This house
subsequently became the King's-Arms Tavern, and in Revolutionary days it was the
headquarters of General Gage. To the generation of a quarter of a century ago it
was the Atlantic Gardens, a popular pleasure-resort.

Many little taverns began to spring up about this time, and Director-General
Stuvvesant compelled them to be licensed. In 1676 six wine and four beer taverns
were licensed, with permission to sell strong liquors. The rates of charges were regu-
lated as follows : lodging, three and four pence a night ; meals, eight pence and one
shilling ; brandy six pence a gill ; French wines, fifteen pence a quart ; rum, three
pence a gill ; cider, four pence a quart ; beer, three pence a quart ; mum, six pence
a quart. There were other restrictions, especially in regard to serving liquor to the
Indians. If an Indian was found drunk on the street, the tavern-keeper who sold
him the liquor was fined ; and when it could not be discovered which tavern-keeper
was guilty, all the residents of the street were mulcted to make up the amount of
the fine.

In Revolutionary days there were many public houses, the memory of several of
which still remains bright. Fraunce's Tavern was probably the most famous in its
day, and is best remembered now. It was originally the homestead of a member of
the distinguished De-Lancey family, and was a handsome brick building, erected in
1730, on the corner of Pearl and Broad Streets. It was sold in 1762 to Samuel
Fraunce, who opened it as the Queen Catharine. It was well patronized, and many
receptions, balls and other social gatherings were held in its assembly-hall. There
several societies met for their Saturday-night convivialities, and there the Chamber
of Commerce had its headquarters for a long time. Washington made his head-
quarters there ; and in the assembly-room delivered his farewell address to the offi-
cers of the Continental Army, in 1783. Burns Coffee-House was also a De-Lancey
homestead, standing on Broadway just north of Trinity churchyard, where the
Boreel Building now is. It had many different names and many changes of proprie-

198 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

tors. The Sons of Liberty made it their rendezvous, and during the British occupa-
tion it was much favored by the military officers. In 1793 it was torn down, and
the City Hotel put up in its place.

About the same time and later there was the Bull's Head, in Bowery Lane, with
cattle-pens and the public slaughter-house near it. The old Bowery Theatre, now
the Thalia, occupies its site. The Merchants' Coffee-House was on the corner of
Water and Wall Streets ; and there were other coffee-houses. Tea-gardens were
numerous, and opposite the present City- Hall Park was the famous La-Montagne
garden and tavern. In the country, on the banks of the East River, were several
houses, where turtle feasts, which were important social events, occurred once or
twice a week. On the North River in Greenwich Village were two very popular
gardens ; and there was the Vauxhall, near Broome Street, in Broadway, once owned
by John Jacob Astor. Nor was the old Dutch Vauxhall, at the corner of Warren
and Greenwich Streets, forgotten.

Since the nineteenth century came in, the hotel history of New York has been
mainly a record of steady development toward the perfection of luxurious living that
prevails at the present time. Many of the old hotels remain, although a large
number have gone the way of all things material. French's Hotel until a few years
ago occupied the site of the Pulitzer Building, and was a popular house of its day,
but it is now well nigh forgotten. The Golden Eagle Inn was another famous
place. The building still stands, back of the Broadway Central Hotel. It is an old
frame house, redolent with memories of the theatrical folk and politicians who
frequented it half a century ago. But for the most part these ancient inns are only
memories to the present generation.

Now New York has over one hundred thoroughly good hotels, with a score stand-
ing pre-eminently at the head of the list. There are 250 more of the second and
third class; and of all grades there are fully 1,000. Over $150,000,000 in capital
is invested in them. Of the best of these nearly three-quarters are conducted on
the European plan, but among those on the American plan are several of the most
famous. Prices in the better American-plan hotels range from $3 to $6 a day for
a single room with board, and almost any figure beyond that for extra accommoda-
tions. At the European-plan houses single rooms are charged at from $1 to $3 a
day ; and again in this case, there are better accommodations for those who want to
pay more. At all these hotels, of either class, there is every convenience for com-
fortable living ; and at the best there is nothing to be desired in the way of luxurious
furnishings, charming surroundings, perfect service and exceptional cuisine. In
these respects several of the leading New- York hotels are not surpassed elsewhere
in the world.

Not alone by the travelling public are these establishments patronized. Many
New- York families make their homes in them the year around, to avoid the
annoyances attendant upon housekeeping, and to secure much more of comfort, lux-
ury and freedom. It is this assurance of permanent patronage that has done much
to promote the excellence of New-York hotels during the present generation, and
particularly during the last decade. Several of the best American-plan hotels are
sustained chiefly in this way, and the tendency among many well-to-do people is
more and more toward that style of living.

The great hotel district is between 23d and 59th Streets, and Fourth and Seventh
Avenues. There are admirable hotels outside those limits, as in Union Square ; in
Broadway, below 14th Street ; and in Fifth Avenue, between 23d Street and Wash-
ington Square, and elsewhere ; but they are few in number and are overshadowed

Iv/NGKS HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

199

200 KING'S HANDBOOK1 OF NEW YORK.

by their modern rivals up-town. In that territory, which is a little less than two
miles long by nearly a half mile wide, are half of the leading hotels of the metropolis,
and a census of the district would show half of the hotel population, at any given
date, living in them. There is hotel accommodation within this area for from
10,000 to 20,000 persons, and even that does not meet the public requirements.

The Fifth-Avenue Hotel (American plan) is a house with a noteworthy
history. For thirty-three years it has borne a conspicuous part in the public life of
the metropolis ; throughout its entire career it has been identified with the most
notable and brilliant local and national events of the generation. From its guest-
books alone could be written the story of the city's "Red-Letter" days for a third
of a century. Beginning with the Prince of Wales in i860, a year after the hotel
was opened, a never-ending procession of the great men of this and other countries
has marched through its corridors.

No other single hotel in the world has ever entertained so many distinguished
people as have been received at the Fifth-Avenue. Presidents of the United States,
United-States Senators, Congressmen, Governors, Judges, Generals, Admirals, Em-
perors, Princes, foreign Ambassadors, untitled men and women of renown ; the list
would fill a volume. During the war period the Fifth-Avenue was aflame with
patriotism. At every moment of popular excitement its corridors were thronged.
Army and Navy officers and the civil leaders congregated there, and troops to and
from the front were entertained. More peaceful times witnessed other scenes. At
the famous Peabody dinner there, in 1867, the movement for the nomination of
Grant was started. The Emperor Dom Pedro, of Brazil, held court there. Prince
Nareo, Crown Prince of Siam, was entertained in 1S84 ; and in 1881 Prince
Napoleon, son of "Plon Plon," and heir-apparent to the throne of France. Presi-
dent Arthur there received the Corean Embassy in 1883. The Arcadian Club gave
its great reception to Charlotte Cushman on the occasion of the tragedienne's retire-
ment from the stage. In 1883 Prince Augustine de Iturbide of Mexico, the Mar-
quis of Lome and the Malagasy Envoys from Madagascar were there. In the previ-
ous year came the Chinese Embassy; and in 1887 the Prince Devowongse of the
Siamese royal family and four sons of the King were entertained. These are but a
few names picked from hundreds equally distinguished. At the time of the York-
town celebration, the French and the German delegations to this country fraternized
there. At the Centennial of 1876, the Brooklyn-Bridge opening, the one-hundreth
anniversary of the institution of the United-States Supreme Court, the Washington
Centennial in 1889, the funeral days of Grant, Arthur and Sherman, the laying of the
corner-stone of the Grant monument — the story is always the same, of the concen-
tration at the Fifth-Avenue of the most distinguished participants in the event, from
the President and his Cabinet down. The London Times in speaking of the gather-
ing at Grant's funeral in 1885 said that it was the most noted assembly of distinguished
Americans ever brought together, and the same description would apply to many
another occasion there. From all this it has come that the Fifth-Avenue is a sort of
clearing-house for the city, the Nation, and the world. Everybody who wishes to
keep in touch with the men of the day must frequent its corridors, and on occasions
of political excitement, financial crises and startling events, it is the centre of inform-
ation and interest. There are other kinds of patronage to the house. Bankers and
men of affairs congregate there to evolve and develop financial enterprises, and
associations in many branches of production and trade hold their meetings there.
And such is the size and arrangement of the house that the quiet home-like char-
acter is always maintained, removed from and undisturbed by its more public func-

king's rr.ixnnook' or new york

20I

202

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NFAV YORK.

tions, and particularly agreeable to the many ladies and families who come there.
Both location and management have contributed to this prosperity. The house fronts
upon Madison Square, the most charming of the smaller parks of the city, at the
junction of Broadway and Fifth Avenue, the two great thoroughfares. It covers
eighteen city lots, more ground than any other metropolitan hotel, and is unequalled
in the number and spaciousness of its corridors, halls and public rooms, and the com-
modious character of its guest-rooms. Spread out over so much ground, there is an
agreeable air of roominess in the Fifth- Avenue. The second floor with its magnifi-
cent arrangement of parlors, foyer and grand dining-room is unequalled elsewhere.
The management of the hotel has not changed since it was first opened to the public,
in 1859, which is an ample guarantee for its future. The house abundantly deserves
the praise which James T. Fields once recorded as having been unanimously bestowed
upon it by a party of veteran travellers, of being "the best hotel in the world."

The Windsor has for many years held a unique and enviable position among
the hotels of New York. Its location on Fifth Avenue was considered somewhat
"up-town " when the hotel was opened, but it is now just in the heart of the city.
It is one of the most comfortable and attractive hotels to be found anywhere, in all
that contributes in the highest degree to the comfort and luxury of its patrons. It
has for years numbered among its regular guests the best people of all the large
cities of the country, and a number of distinguished foreigners. Aside from the
fact that families
coming to New
York two or three
times a year for
the opera or so-
cial seasons make
the Windsor their
home, the tran-
sient business of
the Windsor has
increased rapidly.
There is a refined
atmosphere about
the house and a
restfulness that
makes it exceed-
ingly home-like.
It has long been
a favored resort
for prominent
railroad officials

and manufacturers, and many important meetings are held at the Windsor. For
many years it has been the evening exchange for brokers. The building, which is
seven stories high, substantial, dignified, and inviting in outward appearance, occu-
pies the entire block on Fifth Avenue between 46th and 47th Streets, extending
toward Madison Avenue nearly two hundred feet, overlooking a broad open space in
the rear which affords the hotel magnificent light and ventilation. No hotel has
been constructed in the city since the erection of the Windsor that can compete with
it in these respects. The corridors are spacious, and the s'.airs are wide, with easy
flights broken by frequent broad landings, and lighted from the ground-floor to the

■i

WINDSOR HOTEL — ROTUNDA.

KING't HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

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203

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204 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW' YORK.

roof by large windows opening to the air. The appointments of the house are
noticeable for their quiet elegance. Nothing is obtrusively showy, but everything
is rich and luxurious, and the decorations and furnishings are in the best of taste.
The Windsor is so well conducted and has such an able corps of employees that it
runs like clock-work. Its cuisine is unsurpassed, and the service and all the
appointments of the house are as perfect as constant attention and discipline can
render them.

The house is plumbed with the latest modern sanitary plumbing, absolutely safe
in every respect, attention having been paid to the minutest details. The drinking
water for the hotel is filtered with the famous Pasteur Germ -proof Filters, and
the ice is manufactured for the hotel by the Hygeia Ice Company, from distilled
water. Taking it all together the Windsor Hotel, under the management of its
proprietors, Hawk & Wetherbee, is a model American hotel.

The Hoffman House is famous the world over for its magnificent banquet-hall
and its art -gallery, no less than for its superb cuisine and its general excellence as a
hotel. It is on Broadway, between 24th and 25th Streets, and its front takes up
nearly the whole block. It has a sightly and beautiful location, overlooking Madi-
son Square and the broad plaza where busy Broadway and exclusive Fifth Avenue
converge. There is no hotel in the city more centrally located than the Hoffman.
Half a dozen lines of communication centre or intersect in the plaza, at its very door.
Almost all the principal theatres are within sight and sound, and the great retail
stores are within easy strolling distance. The Hoffman House is a famous rendezvous
for men who are prominent in financial and political circles. Its cuisine has the
approval of the most fastidious epicures. Its cellars are stocked with the choicest
wines, and its service is incomparable. The gentlemen's cafe and the ladies' dining-
room share with Delmonico's the patronage of the wealthy and fashionable class.
The house stands on land which was a portion of the Hoffman and Livingston
estates. That part of it which faces Broadway and includes the main entrance was
built about thirty years ago, and opened in 1864, under the management of Read,
Wall & Co., Daniel Howard being the third partner. Two years later Mr. Howard
retired, and the firm became Mitchell & Read. Later Edward S. Stokes was ad-
mitted to partnership. It has recently been incorporated, under the name of the
Hoffman House Company. In the meantime the original hotel has been enlarged
three times, by the annexing and remodeling on 24th and 25th Streets ; and in 1882
the erection of an eight-story fire-proof building, on 25th Street, of size sufficient to
double the capacity of the house, was begun. This was completed and opened in 1885.
The style of architecture is the Italian Renaissance. The Hoffman is a very handsome
structure, as viewed from Madison Square or Fifth Avenue, but the beauty of the
interior far surpasses that of the exterior. Broad, high lobbies, leading from the
Broadway and 25th -Street entrances, join in the centre of the building in front of the
main office. The walls and ceiling are beautifully decorated in gold, copper, and
silver. The banquet-hall, which is in the newest portion of the building, is about
60 feet square and 26 feet high. It is unsurpassed in beauty by any similar apart-
ment in this country. The decorations are Romanesque, with elaborate carving and
painting. Two massive arcades, with three arches each, divide the room into three
parts, the main portion of which is about 60 by 30 feet. A splendid feature of the
decoration is a series of allegorical paintings, upon a broad cove which takes the place
of a cornice. The bar-room is a veritable art-gallery. It occupies the lower floor
on the 24th-Street side. It is 70 feet long and 50 feet wide, and of itself is hand-
somely decorated. Its great attraction for visitors lies in its collection of works of

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

205

206 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

art, which includes Bouguereau's famous painting, "Nymphs and Satyrs'1; Correg-
gio's great painting, "Narcissus"; Demonceaux's "Holy Mother"; Chelmonski's
"Russian Mail-Carrier"; and Etienne's "Boudoir of an Eastern Princess"; and
also Ball's statue of "Eve," in marble; Schlessinger's "Pan and Bacchante, " in
bronze; and "The Egg-Dancer," a fine piece of old bronze. These works of art
are as well disposed in favoring lights, and with as harmonious accessories, as if the
apartment had been planned solely for an art-gallery. Throughout the house there
arc many other admirable works of art. There are several private dining-rooms,
handsomely furnished and elaborately decorated, which are sought by theatre parties
and small social groups. These are named, because of the styles of their adorning,
the Oriental, Moorish, Orange, Blue Satin, and Persian rooms, and the Salle des
Fleurs. The finishing and furnishing of the guest-rooms are in harmony with those
of the public portion of the house. A suite of bridal chambers, in the 25th-Street
portion, are marvels of beauty and elegance.

The Gilsey House is regarded even by hotel men as one of the model hotels
of modern times. It has been a notably successful establishment for nearly twenty
years. The building is a handsome structure of white marble and iron. It stands
on the corner of Broadway and 29th Street. It is one of the conspicuous features
of the main thoroughfare of New York, and is an ornament to the city. When it
was erected it outranked all the buildings of its class. Its location is central, in the
busy portion of the uptown district, with all the theatres near at hand, Fifth Avenue
a few steps away, and every other part of the city within easy reach by means of
street and cable cars and the elevated railroad, that either pass the door or are only
a block distant. The house is very attractive externally, with its snowy walls, that
are always kept in a state of immaculate whiteness ; its picturesque facade, broken
with fine Corinthian columns and balconies; and its high Mansard roof, with a clock-
tower at the corner. It is also much to the advantage of the house that there are
no stores beneath it, so that its handsome restaurant on the ground floor, and the
large urns of flowers that stand within the stoop-line during the summer time, are
pleasing spots for the eyes of Broadway pedestrians to rest upon. Within, the
house fulfils the promise of its exterior. Its main corridor is spacious and hand-
some, without showiness, and always has an air of quiet comfort, and the same
character distinguishes the arrangement, the furnishing, and the conduct of the
house throughout. The Gilsey is not large; it has a few more than 216 rooms.
But its guest-chambers are finely appointed, and it attracts the patronage of trav-
ellers who are very wealthy and extremely particular. There come many leading
railroad men to hold their conferences over schemes of re-organization or develop-
ment, and on important occasions like these the Gilsey becomes a centre of attrac-
tion for the commercial world. Naturally, the leading coal-operators come in with
the railroad men, and the far West is always sending its contingent of rich mine-
owners and speculators. In days gone by the Gilsey was popular with the Califor-
nians, and with scores of notable men from all parts of the Pacific Coast. Many
Congressmen make the house their New- York headquarters. Officers high in rink
in the army and navy are registered on its books. These patrons have been retained
through all the changes of New- York hotel life, so that the casual visitor naturally
expects to find a coterie of eminent people at the Gilsey. The restaurant of the
house is famous for its excellence, and has been approved by many lovers of good
liying. It is one of perhaps half a dozen which are considered as standing abreast
of Delmonico's, and its reputation has had much to do with the general popularity
of the house. The gentlemen's cafe is a cheerful apartment at the Broadway corner.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

207

THE QILSEY HOUSE. J. H. BRESLIN & BROTHER.

BROADWAY AND 29th STREET.

208 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The main restaurant is on the ground floor, along the 29th-Street side, and is as
pleasant as any dining-hall in the city. James H. Breslin, the senior proprietor of the
Gilsey, is one of the ablest hotel men in the country. He is also the senior member of
the firm which manages the Auditorium Hotel in Chicago, and is the proprietor of the
Hotel Breslin, at Lake Hopatcong. The Gilsey House is the property of the estate of
the late Peter Gilsey, which owns a large area of valuable real estate in the vicinity.

The Plaza Hotel (American and European plans), faces the Plaza, at the Fifth-
Avenue and 59th-Street entrance to Central Park, overlooking the main Park
entrance, a location of unsurpassed beauty. The house was begun by a firm of con-
tractors, who failed ; and it was finished by the New- York Life-insurance Company
(the present owners), and opened to the public in 1890. It is a palatial establish-
ment, having cost about $3,000,000 ; and it is sumptuously furnished. Mahogany
appears extensively in the finishing and in the furniture, and there is much carved
wood, with brass trimmings in the old Colonial style. The dining-room is in gold
and white, with stained-glass windows and an arched ceiling, thirty feet in height,
fretted in gold. There are 400 rooms. A lion is the coat of arms of the house, and
appears on the mosaic floor and on the tapestries, curtains and other furnishings. A
handsome oil painting of a lion by Alexander Pope is one of the scores of notable
ornaments of the establishment. It is one of the grandest hotels in the world.

The Hotel Imperial (European), belongs to the Goelet family. It is one of
the newest and handsomest of New- York hotels, and cost about $2,300,000. Archi-
tecturally, it is as admirable as it is conspicuous, being built of light-colored brick
and richly ornamented. The interior finishings and decorations are exceptionally
rich. The main corridor is in African marble ; the grand staircase is in marble and
Mexican onyx ; the ceiling of the corridor is a reproduction from the Vatican, in
pale blue and gold ; the dining-room reproduces the boudoir of Marie Antoinette, in
gold and white ; the cafe is in white mahogany, with blue, white and gold ceiling ;
the bar-room is in the style of an apartment of a French chateau. There are 325
rooms, many of them in suites.

The Holland House (European) is but recently opened, and in some respects
outranks any hotel in the country. It is a large building of Indiana limestone, 100
feet by 150, on Fifth Avenue and 30th Street. Special interest attaches to it for
the reason that it is a careful reproduction of the old and famous Holland House of
London, a concession to the taste of those who love things English. There are the
coat-of-arms of Henry Rich, the first Earl of Holland, with the decorations and all
the historic features of the celebrated Kensington mansion. The house is one of the
architectural features of Fifth Avenue. The facade, upon which there is but little
decoration, is broken with a handsome portico fifty feet long, supported upon four
columns, four rows of bay windows, and other windows set in embrasures and
arches. Two features of the interior are the large dining-room and a long prom-
enade in the second story. The house is ten stories high, and has 350 rooms.

The Savoy (European) is at the south-east corner of Fifth Avenue and 59th
Street. It measures 75x150 feet, and has an extension of 100 feet more at the rear.
It is an eleven-storied, steel -frame structure of Indiana limestone, in the Italian Rena-
issance style of architecture. It stands upon the site where "Boss" Tweed pro-
jected the Knickerbocker Hotel, and had spent $250,000 upon the foundations when
the day of retribution came. There are 350 rooms in the house and 125 private
bath-rooms. The house cost over $2,000,000. It was opened in 1892, and is one
of the most elegant hotels in the city. It is equipped with sumptuous Otis elevators
and specially constructed Worthington pumps.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 209

The New Netherland (European) was built in 1892, by W. W. Astor, for
Ferdinand P. Earle. It occupies a site 100 feet by 125, on the corner of Fifth
Avenue and 59th Street, and has a cellar and basement below the street-level, and
17 stories above, the four upper stories being in the picturesque high roof. The
structure is very beautiful externally, in the modern Romanesque style of architec-
ture. The four lower stories are in rough brownstone, and the others are of buff
brick, with stone and terra-cotta trimmings. Halls, offices and staircases are in
marble and bronze, and the 370 guest-rooms are finished in hard wood and richly
furnished. The house cost about $3,000,000.

The Waldorf is a hotel now almost completed by William Waldorf Astor, on
the site of the old Astor mansion at Fifth Avenue and 33d Street. It measures 100
feet on the avenue and 250 feet on the street, and is twelve stories, or 180 feet, high.
It is an ornate structure in the German Renaissance style, with loggias, balconies,
towers and tiled roof. There are 500 guest-rooms, several dining-rooms, a restau-
rant and other public rooms, and as a special feature a large internal court for a
winter or a summer garden, as the seasons change. It has been built to rank with
the best hotels in the world, and there are few to equal it.

The Cambridge (American), on Fifth Avenue, at the southwest corner of 33d
Street, owned by Lorenz Reich, is one of the most notable hotels in New- York City.
It stands unique in its way. It is not a large hotel, nor does it cater to the travel-
ling public, although some favored transients are accommodated. It was planned
by Mr. Reich for the special patronage of the wealthiest families who spend a por-
tion of their time in the metropolis. In the winter months they come from the
North and in the summer from the South, and so as the seasons change many of the
guests change places, the house being filled at all times by an exceptionally wealthy
class, who seek the seclusion and the refined excellencies and elegancies of this
establishment. Mr. Reich is also the importer of those delicious wines about which
Longfellow wrote "Neither Kaiser nor King ever tasted better."

The Hotel Brunswick (European), eligibly located on Madison Square, at
Fifth Avenue and 26th Street, is much favored by English tourists, and is patron-
ized also by the wealthy young men about town. The house has a high reputation
for its admirable service and for its restaurant, than which it is claimed by many
there is none better in the city. The parades of the Coaching Club always start in
front of the Brunswick.

The Buckingham (European) at Fifth Avenue and 50th Street, opposite St.-
Patrick's Cathedral, was opened in January, 1876. It is richly finished within, prin-
cipally in mahogany and oak. Many families make their homes there, especially
those who come from a distance to spend the winter in town.

The Broadway Central (American), at 665 to 675 Broadway, opposite Bond
Street, is the new name for the remodelled "Grand Central." It is one of the largest
hotels (if not the largest) in New York, having 640 sleeping-rooms, with comfort-
able accommodations for over 1,000 guests. It is a solid and spacious structure,
with seven stories above the offices and shops on the ground-floor. It was built on
the site of the La Farge House, which in its day was a famous hostelrie. When the
present hotel was built, it was one of the finest hotel structures on the continent, and
to-day represents an investment of $2,000,000. In July, 1892, its proprietary
management passed into the hands of the Hon. Tilly Haynes of Boston, who for a
dozen years has made the "United States of Boston" a hotel famous for its admir-
able management. He has spent about $100,000 in remodelling and renovating the
Broadway Central, and opens it as an exceptionally fine family and transient hotel
H

2IO KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

on the American plan. He will make it the best hotel in the country for its charges,
which are to be $3.00 a day for transient guests.

The Park-Avenue Hotel (American and European), on Park Avenue, be-
tween 32d and 33d Streets, is a substantial and absolutely fire-proof hotel, elegantly
appointed and admirably conducted. It is to-day one of the most successful hotels
in the city, although for a long time it was run at a considerable loss. It was built
by the late A. T. Stewart, as a semi-charitable institution, but like much of the other
Stewart property it has been widely diverted from the channels intended by the one
whose ability accumulated the wealth. This building was at first announced to the
public as a place where working girls were to be provided with neat and comfortable
homes at moderate figures. It accommodates 700 guests, and cost over $3,000,000.

The Murray-Hill (American and European), on Park Avenue, 40th and 41st
Streets, is a great and handsome building of seven stories and ornamental towers,
with accommodations for over 500 guests. It is elegantly appointed, and is an
establishment of the highest class. Many New-England people go there.

The Hotel de Logerot, at Fifth Avenue and 18th Street, is one of the newest
aspirants for public favor. The establishment occupies the grand old Fifth-Avenue
mansion of Gurdon W. Burnham, with two others adjoining, refitted and elegantly
refurnished for the present use. It is very fashionable and very aristocratic, and the
landlord is a genuine nobleman, Richard de Logerot, Marquis de Croisic, who has
a good social standing in New York's "400."

The Victoria (American and European), at Fifth Avenue, 27th Street and
Broadway, is a high and roomy structure, inclined to exclusiveness in its patronage.
The hotel jumped into sudden fame a few years ago, when Grover Cleveland, on his
election to the Presidency, made it his headquarters when in New York.

The Clarendon, on Fourth Avenue and 1 8th Street, is favored by English peo-
ple who come to make an extended stay in the city. The management does not
cater actively to the general public.

The Westminster, in a retired location at Irving Place and 16th Street, is still
convenient to the shopping district and places of amusement. It enjoys the dis-
tinction of being the only hotel having an apartment-house connected with it ; and
is the home of many families of means. It is much in vogue with the English and
with native and foreign members of the diplomatic force, drawn thither perhaps by
the proximity of the house to Gramercy Park, the home of statesmen.

The Everett House (European), in 17th Street, Union Square, attracts many
professional people,- lecturers, authors and actors. Henry M. Stanley has been a
frequent guest there.

The Brevoort House, in Fifth Avenue, near Washington Square, is a quiet
and aristocratic hotel that has long been in favor with English tourists. The cuisine
of the Brevoort has always been considered one of its attractions. Sam Ward, that
prince of epicures and most genial of entertainers, lived there at one time ; and his
nephew, F. Marion Crawford, the novelist, describes the house and his uncle's
favorite corner in his novel of Doctor Claudius.

The St. James (European), at Broadway and 26th Street, under successive
owners has been the resort of the better class of sporting men, especially those inter-
ested in the turf. Many theatrical stars have been patrons of the house, the restau-
rant of which has been one of its features.

The Albemarle, adjoining the Hoffman House, is a quiet and exclusive place,
numbering among its guests many permanent residents and foreigners of
distinction.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK 211

The Union-Square Hotel and Hotel Dam, at Fourth Avenue and 15th
Street, are annexed and under a single management. The establishment has accom-
modations for 400 guests.

The Astor House (European), on Broadway, Barclay and Vesey Streets, is
the leading hotel down-town, and one of the famous houses of the city. For two
generations it has been noted, and its solid granite front, nearly opposite the Post
Office, makes it a conspicuous feature of that part of Broadway. It is an old-
fashioned and conservative establishment, substantially furnished and kept -in good
style. On the ground floor along the street fronts are stores, but back of the stores
opens the great rotunda, which is a much-frequented eating-place for noon-day meals.
The two great circular lunch-counters, the big bar, and the side counters are always
crowded, and here congregate at noon, hundreds of the best-known men of the town,
politicians, and professional and business men.

The Grand Union (European), at Park Avenue and 42d Street, obtains a great
patronage by reason of its extensive advertising and its close proximity to the Grand
Central Depot. It is a large, plain five-story brick structure, and the lower floor
and the parlors are well-appointed. It is decidedly a "transient" house, the far
greater proportion of the guests tarrying but a night or two. It has an excellent
restaurant, and its managers are thoroughly practical hotel men.

The Morton House (European), in 14th Street, Union Square, has always had
a large patronage from theatrical folk, who until within a few years made their
rendezvous in Union Square.

The Continental (European), at Broadway and 20th Street, is mostly pat-
ronized by business men. George Francis Train, the eccentric, has made his home
there for many years.

The New-York Hotel, on Broadway, between Washington Place and Waverly
Place, was a favorite with people from the South before the war, and many still cling
to it for old association sake. The register of the house can show the names of
nearly all the prominent Southern families of the last generation, and during the
war period the hotel, its proprietor and its guests were often closely watched, a
measure that subsequent knowledge has shown was not altogether without warrant.
The building is a plain brick structure with old-fashioned wrought-iron balconies.

The Metropolitan (European plan), at Broadway and Prince Street, is still a
favorite with merchants from the South and West. It is near the centre of the
wholesale dry-goods district, and is a commodious six-story structure. The dining-
room is one of the largest in the city. Niblo's Theatre has an entrance here.

Other Noted Hotels might be mentioned, but out of the thousand hotels there
are too many worthy of notice to be described in one brief chapter. The following
is merely a partial list of the better class : Earle's, Metropole, Normandie, Gedney,
St. Cloud, Bristol, Oriental, Barrett, Vendome, Madison-Avenue, Wellington,
America, Sinclair and St. Denis.

Nationality in Hotels is represented by several establishments. The best-
known is the Motel Martin, in University Place, a French house that is also well
patronized by Americans, and is of the better class. Another French hotel is the
Hotel Monico, in 18th Street; and still another, the Hotel Francais, in University
Place, that, oddly enough, is kept on the American plan. The Hotel Griffon, in Ninth
Street, is a French hotel, favored by French and Spanish artists, and musical and
literary folk. Spaniards put up at the Hotel Espaiiol, in 14th Street ; and Italians
at the-Hotel Del Recreo, in Irving Place ; and there are several Spanish and Italian
boarding-houses that are practically hotels on a small scale. On the East Side small

212 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

German hotels are numerous, but generally they are no more than lodging-houses
above lager-beer saloons and restaurants ; and somewhat similar in character, with-
out the saloon appendage, is a hotel exclusively for colored persons.

Cheap Hotels thrive mainly down town in the business district, or among the
tenements. The best of them are respectable, and quite up to the requirements of
the class of patronage to which they cater. On the lower West Side there are several
large houses of this description, where rooms can be had for 75 cents and sometimes
as low as 50 cents a night. They are considerably patronized by marketmen from
Long Island and New Jersey, and clerks and porters in the markets and wholesale
stores thereabouts, whose business requires them to be on duty for the early market-
ing before sunrise in the morning. At and around the Battery are houses of about
the same class and price as the marketmen's hotels, but designed especially for the
accommodation of immigrants, who were a good source of profit when Castle Garden
was the immigrant receiving station. In the vicinity of City-Hall Park, where the
all-night work of the newspaper offices and the Post Office naturally calls together a
large night population, there are other hotels of this description, and several, like the
Cosmopolitan and Earle's, that are of a higher grade. These places have but little
else than their cheapness to commend them. Most of them are restricted to the
accommodation of men only, and are well patronized by poor respectable persons.

Another step, literal as well as metaphorical, brings us to the very cheap hotels
that flourish in the Bowery and vicinity, on the East Side, and on West Broadway,
South Fifth Avenue, and adjacent streets on the West Side. These establishments
are exclusively for men, and in them you will find the apotheosis of misery and vice.
Petty thieves, hopeless drunkards, toughs and reprobates of all kinds, loafers and
unfortunates whom fate has served unkindly in the struggle for existence congregate
there night after night. Only the pencil of a Hogarth or the pen of a Dickens could
do justice to this phase of metropolitan life. The general public knows very little
about these houses of despair, save as occasionally it may read in the daily newspaper
of the death there of some man who was once respected and influential among his
fellow citizens, until drink dragged him down to the level of these Bowery dives.
The hotel of this class generally has a high-sounding name and much glare of gas-
light outside. Within, it is one or two floors or lofts in what was once a business
building. Sometimes plain wooden partitions divide the room into many little
closets, each with a cot bed ; more frequently the sleeping apartment is a huge
dormitory, with a score or more of cots, foul mattresses on the floor, or wooden
bunks, with a single old army blanket for the bed-clothing. A single room in the
most aristocratic of these places is 25 cents a night, and beds are put down at 10
and 15 cents, and in the very worst of the class at 7 cents. Some of the signs ad-
vertise that a hot or cold bath is free to all guests, and at others the price of a
night's lodging includes a glass of whiskey. The patronage of these establishments
is large, and the proprietors grow rich. In 1891 there were 116 such houses,' with
accommodations for 14, 172 persons.

Restaurants and Cafes are abundant, of all grades, from Delmonico's famous
establishment, where it will cost you from $3 upward for a good dinner, to the
cheap down-town eating-houses. There are several thousand establishments of this
kind, and New York has come to be very much like Paris in respect to patronizing
them. For the most part men live so far from their places of business that it is
necessary for them to take their luncheons, and often their dinners, away from home,
and for much the same reason it is the custom with many people to dine out when
they attend the theatres and other places of amusement. More than that, however,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

213

thousands of families of all grades in financial means find it more economical and
convenient to go to restaurants for their meals than it is to maintain home estab-
lishments. They have all the comforts of home except the kitchen and dining-room-
attachment with the consequent care, expense of rent and annoyance of servants.
Add to these the army of other folk who live in furnished rooms and take their
meals at restaurants, and the thousands of citizens of foreign birth who have brought
with them from across the water the ingrained national habit of patronizing cafes,
and you have the abundance of restaurants and cafes accounted for. Nearly all the
large hotels have great public restaurants for the accommodation of others than their
regular guests. Every nationality that helps to make up the cosmopolitan charac-
ter of New York has its own eating and drinking places.

Delmonico's restaurants are known all over the world. The name has been a
familiar word among the epicures of two continents for nearly three-quarters of

DELMONICO'S : FIFTH AVENUE, BROADWAY AND 26TH STREET.

a century. There are three establishments in New York managed by the Del-
monicos. That with which the public of this generation is most familiar occupies
the entire building at Broadway, 26th Street and Fifth Avenue. The gentlemen's
cafe is on the Broadway side, and the public dining-room looks across Fifth Avenue
into Madison Square. On the floors above are private parlors and dining-rooms, and
the elegant banquet and ball room, which is famous as the scene of the Patriarchs'
balls, of innumerable brilliant social events, and of nearly all the grand banquets that
have been given for a generation. Many of the belles of the "Four Hundred" have
made their debuts at Delmonico's. The place is the social centre of the wealthy and
exclusive portion of New York.

Of the down-town establishments the most important is at Beaver and William
Streets, in a handsome eight-story building, erected in 1890. It stands on the site

214 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

of the old Beaver-Street House, which was erected in 1836 by Peter and John Del-
monico, who were as famous in their day as their successors are now, and estab-
lished in i827/ not far from this site, the business which has been so successful ever
since. John died in 1843, anc^ Lorenzo Delmonico was admitted to partnership.
In 1848 Petei retired. Lorenzo died in 1881, and his nephew Charles succeeded to
the business. Charles died in January, 1884, and two months later the firm which
is now in existence was organized. The members are Rosa, Lorenzo Crist, Charles
Crist and Josephine Crist Delmonico. The other down-town restaurant is at 22
Broad Street, the great resort of the bankers and brokers, and the two collectively
are to the business world what the up-town establishment is to the social world.

Seighortner's is a German restaurant in Lafayette Place that under the direc-
tion of " Papa" Seighortner, as he was affectionately called, gained a rare reputa-
tion among bon vivants.

Fleischmann's Vienna Model Bakery, Cafe and Restaurant, at Broadway
and 10th Street, attracts many by its specialties in Vienna coffee, bread and ices.
There is a plaza in front of the building, provided with a canvas roof and growing
vines, where guests may dine in garden-like surroundings during the heated term.

The Dairy Kitchen in 14th Street is a curiosity. It is an enormous establish-
ment where several thousand people are fed every day. There is orchestral music
day and evening, and much glitter and show. The prices are moderate, and the
food and service correspond.

The Columbia, in 14th Street, with very showy and attractive appointments,
and clean and stylish in its service, is a good example of the popular second-class
restaurants on a large scale.

Dry-Goods-Store Restaurants.— Several of the large bazaar stores, like
Macy's and Hearn's, have restaurants. These do a large business, and are much to
the convenience of shoppers from out of town, who chiefly patronize them. They are
not first-class in cooking or in service. A peculiar custom distinguishes them from
all other restaurants. Elsewhere prices are wholly in multiples of five cents. Here,
however, prices are in parts of a five-cent standard. You get a cup of coffee for
six cents, and other dishes for seven, nine, thirteen, nineteen and twenty-one cents,
and so on. It is the bargain counter extended to the lunch table, and you always
feel that it is bargain-day comestibles that you are getting.

Table d'Hote Dinners are served at several hundred places, from the Murray
Hill and Hotel Brunswick down through many grades to the very cheap Bohemian
resorts, where a dinner with wine costs 35 cents. Several restaurants up-town, like
the Hotel Hungaria, Martinelli's, Moretti's, and Riccadonna's have more than a
local reputation for good cooking. In the French quarter in the vicinity of Bleecker
Street, and elsewhere down town, are several unique and low-priced establishments
of this character.

Novelty in Restaurants is in abundant variety. In the Chinese district are
several Chinese restaurants, dirty, foul-smelling and cheaply furnished. National
viands of a mysterious character and national drinks are served at reasonable prices.
Those who go slumming take in these restaurants, but they are not often disposed
to pay a second visit. Hebrew restaurants are numerous on the East Side, and even
in the wholesale business district. They make a specialty of serving "strictly
Kosher" meat, and many of them are of a very good character. There is a cheap
Japanese restaurant on the East Side, and meals in Japanese style are excellently
served at the private Japanese Club. In East Broadway and vicinity are several
Russian restaurants. Spanish cooking prevails at several places off Park Row. In

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

DELMONICO'S.

BEAVER AND WILLIAM STREET, OPPOSITE THE COTTON EXCHANGE.

216 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Mulberry Street are Italian restaurants of low order, and in Division Street are
Polish eating-places. Of a much higher grade are the restaurants, cafes and sum-
mer-gardens in Second Avenue, below 14th Street. They are in effect public club-
rooms, where Austrians, Swiss, Hungarians and sometimes Germans spend their
evenings. All are liberally supplied with foreign and American periodicals, and
they serve odd foreign eatables, and beer, wine and coffee of exceptional quality.

Cheap Restaurants keep company with the cheap hotels in location and in
general character. They are feeding-places of the vilest character, where the staple
article of food is hash or beans, with bread and butter, and tea or coffee, for 10 cents.
Other dishes are at corresponding prices. Sidewalk stands will serve in their re-
spective seasons an oyster, a little fish, an ear of corn or some other simple eatable
for a cent; and all the year-round at the St. -Andrew's Coffee-Stands the poor can
get a bowl of hot tea or coffee for a cent, and plain food quite as cheap. A, tour of
these parts of the city will reveal much gastronomic atrocity.

Drinking Saloons exist by the thousand all over the city. Of course, all the
hotels have their bar-rooms, and most of the restaurants supply beer, wine or
liquors, either with or without food. There are German lager-beer saloons every-
where, wine shops in the Italian and French quarters, "vodka" shops among the
Russians, " nomadeo" bars among the Chinese, and liquor saloons on every other
corner. The drinking-places are licensed by the Board of Excise Commissioners,
and pay fees according to the character of their business. They are under certain
restrictions regarding location near a church or school-house, the number permitted
in a single block, hours of closing, etc., and they are "not permitted to keep open on
Sunday. It is almost needless to say that these conditions are continually ignored
by the saloon-keepers. There are 9,000 licensed places in the city, and many more
that exist in violation of the law. The licensed places pay to the city every year
$1,500,000, which goes to the Police Pension Fund, etc. Hundreds of these places
are very elegant, with heavy plate and cut glass, rich carved wood, fine frescoes and
other decorations, and valuable pictures. Kirk's, at Broadway and 27th Street, and
Stewart's, in Warren Street, near Broadway, are particularly famous for their col-
lections of rare oil paintings, the most famous of all being the saloon of the Hoff-
man House, in 24th Street.

The Private Home Life of the wealthy and middle classes of New-Yorkers
is a measure of the prosperity and culture of the community. Evidences of good
living multiply on every hand in the handsome buildings and sumptuous interiors.

If old Peter Minuit, the first Governor-General of the Dutch colony in New
Netherland, could drop in here to-day he would open his eyes in wonder, and would
probably think himself bewitched. He bought all this Manhattan Island from the
Indians for $24, which was about ninety cents for one thousand acres. Some of the
land is now worth several times $24 per square foot, and the present market value
of that original ,$24 worth of real estate is over $2,500,000,000. Changes in meth-
ods of living, in the details of food and shelter, have kept pace with this wonderful
development in values of real estate. The men and women of to-day find it difficult
in their luxurious, or at least comfortable, houses to realize how their ancestors lived
here two centuries and more ago. The first houses were of wood, generally of one
story, with two rooms and a high peaked roof, thatched with straw. The chimneys
were also of wood, and there was much danger of fire. Furniture was of the rudest
description, generally made of rough planks. Wooden platters and pewter spoons
prevailed, but there were a few pieces of porcelain in the village, family heirlooms
from Holland. Between that way of existence and living in the Vanderbilt mansion

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK 217

or the Plaza Hotel there is a great gulf. After a time the colonists began to build
their houses of brick, and they bore the date of the building in iron letters. The
roofs were tiled or shingled, and there was always a weathercock. Furnishings
were meagre ; sanded instead of carpeted floors, a little solid silver, but more
wooden or pewter ware, stiff-backed chairs and settees and tiled mantles. Home life
was simple. Around every house was a garden and pasturage for live stock. The
mynheer smoked his pipe at the fire-place or under the projecting eaves of his house,
and the good vrouw found her only dissipation in running around the neighborhood
to gossip. But even as far off as that, a custom was established that has been main-
tained down to the present time. All tenants intending to move were compelled by
law to vacate by noon of May 1st. There is the origin of New York's May moving.
Rents were then $25 to $100 a year. Think of that in contrast now, with $7,000
for a flat. Houses were then worth from $200 to $1,000. Few traces are left of
that old time, but when you come down to the Colonial days, and the early part of
the present century, it is different. Down-town, where business is in the ascendant,
over on the East Side among the foreign population, in the historic Ninth Ward, in
Greenwich and Chelsea villages, in Washington Square, you find these houses, gen-
erally shabby enough, but with an air of gentility even in decay, with their fine old
wrought-iron railings, diamond window-panes, arched doorways, fan-lights and
carved mantels and balustrades; and in the upper part of the island a few old historic
country mansions exist, redolent with memories of the past. But the domestic life
of New York is no longer in that environment. Now you cannot buy even an old
house in a decent neighborhood, in the city proper, for less than $10,000, and a
single ordinary lot is worth more than that, even without a house on it. The
majority of the single private residences are worth from $25,000 to $50,000 each.
Below $25,000 there is not much to be found of a desirable character, and in good
neighborhoods. Above $50,000 in value come the houses of the millionaires,
occupying several city lots, splendid examples of architecture, and decorated and
furnished at lavish expense. A list of these homes of the wealthy would number
several hundred that might reasonably be called palaces. Rents are high, even for
ordinary houses. It is possible to rent as low as $600 or $800, but cither the house
will be old and without modern improvements, or the locality objectionable. For a
tolerably decent house in the heart of the city from $1,000 to $2,000 must be paid;
and the figure must be increased to $3,000 and upwards if something desirable is
sought. The West Side above 59th Street has within a few years developed into
the most agreeable residence-quarter. Rents there are a trifle lower than farther
down-town, while the houses are in every way more attractive architecturally, and
more modern and convenient in arrangement. In all respects this section of the
metropolis might justly be taken as an example of the perfection of attainment in
the contemporaneous home-life of a great city. In the country annexed district
across the Harlem, values and rentals are at a lower figure, because municipal
improvements have not yet wholly reached there.

Apartment Houses, it has been said, hold more than half of the middle-class
population of Manhattan Island. Real estate is so valuable and consequently rents
so high that to occupy a house is quite beyond the reach of a family of ordinary
means, and the suburbs on account of their inaccessibility are out of the question.
Consequently apartments and flats have become a necessity, and a system of living,
originally adopted for that reason, has now become very much of a virtue. Apart-
ment-life is popular and to a certain extent fashionable. Even society countenances
it, and a brownstone front is no longer indispensable to at least moderate social

218 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

standing. And as for wealthy folk who are not in society, they are taking more and
more to apartments. There is a great difference in apartments. You can get one
as low as $300 a year, or you can pay as high as $7,000 or even more annually ; in
the former case you will be the occupant of a flat, but below that rental figure the
flats degenerate rapidly into tenements. But even the low-priced flats have much
to commend. They have generally five or six small rooms with private hall, bath-
room, kitchen-range, freight-elevator for groceries, etc., janitor's service, gas chan-
deliers, very fair woodwork and wall-paper and often steam-heat. Between $25
and $50 a month rental the difference is chiefly in location, in number of rooms and
minor details of finish. A small family with refined tastes and no social ambitions
can have an agreeable home of this kind for $50, or possibly $40 a month, the
latter figure in Harlem. There are in such flats many comforts that are lacking in
houses in the suburbs, and the drawbacks are only contracted quarters, impossi-
bility of privacy, and the chance of annoyance from other tenants. Above $50 a
month the apartment may be of seven, eight or nine rooms, handsomely finished,
and with much luxurious show in the way of tiled floors, marble wainscot in the
public halls, carved over-mantels, stained glass and other fine appointments. In
houses where the apartments rent for from $50 upward there are uniformed hall-
bovs at the public entrance, and when you reach the $1,000 a year figure there will
be a passenger elevator and other conveniences. On the West Side are the majority
of the medium-priced apartments, renting from $30 to $75 a month, and also sev-
eral of the highest class houses of the kind. In Harlem the variety and the num-
ber is greater, with almost none of the first rank. On the East Side there are more
of the low-priced flats, and on Fifth Avenue, Madison Avenue and adjacent streets
a few of the best quality.

Most of the handsomest apartment-houses in the city are in the vicinity of Cen-
tral Park. One of the largest and best, is the Dakota, at Central Park West and
72d Street. It is a many-gabled building in the style of a French chateau, and is
elegant in all its appointments. In 59th Street near Seventh Avenue are the Cen-
tral-Park, or Navarro Flats, which include several independent houses constructed
as a single building. Architecturally they are notable with Moorish arches, numer-
ous balconies, grand entrances and highly ornamental facades in the Spanish style.
In interior appointments the houses are not surpassed in the world. The structure
cost $7,000,000. The different houses in the group are known as the Madrid,
Granada, Lisbon, Cordova, Barcelona, Valencia, Salamanca and Tolosa.

Other superior apartment-houses on the West Side in the neighborhood of the
Park are the Osborne, Grenoble, Wyoming and Van Corlaer, in Seventh Avenue ;
the Strathmore, Windsor, Rutland, Albany and Pocantico, in Broadway ; the Beres-
ford, San Rerao, La Grange, Endicott and Rutledge, in Central Park .West ; and
the Nevada, on the Boulevard. In Madison Avenue are several elegant modern
houses of the highest class, with rents up to $2,000 to $4,000 a year, like the
Earlscourt, St. Catherine, St. Honore, Hoffman Arms, and Santa Marguerita. In
Columbus Avenue are the Brockholst and Greylock ; and in Fifth Avenue are the
Hamilton and the Knickerbocker. In the central part of the city are the Gramercy-
Park, Anglesea, Chelsea, Florence, Westmoreland, Douglas, Beechwood and many
others. The Croisic, Benedict, and Alpine are exclusively bachelor apartments.

Lodging and Boarding-Houses afford accommodations for living to a con-
siderable per cent, of the community. High rents have much to do with this, as
well as the desire to escape housekeeping cares and the necessities of the thousands
of young unmarried people who find employment here away from their family homes.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

219

220 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Most persons of moderate means who hire a house find themselves obliged to rent
rooms or to take boarders to help pay expenses, and hundreds go into the business
of thus catering to the needs of the homeless, purely as a money-making enterprise.
These houses are as widely diverse in character as the people whom they serve. A
mechanic or laborer can hire a room for $2 a week, and get board for from $3 to
$5 a week ; the wealthy bachelor may pay $25 or more a week for his suite of rooms
and as much more for his board. Every individual caprice and purse can find some-
thing to suit. Broadly stated, it is not possible to get board and room in a respect-
able house in a fairly good locality for less than $7 or $8 a week. For that there
will be wholesome food, but the room will be a small side-room, or a "cramped attic-
room, under the roof. For comfortable sleeping quarters with good board, $10 a
week is about the lowest figure. Of that amount $4 or $5 a week is reckoned for the
board, and the balance for the room-rent. The majority of clerks and others on small
salaries bring their expenditure below the $10 limit by sacrificing comforts. These
figures can be carried to any extreme that individual taste and means shall dictate.

The Tenements display the lowly side and often the dark side of New- York
life. It is not possible to locate the tenement-house population within any closely
defined limits. In general, it may be said to hold parts of nearly all the streets
below 14th, except a part of the old Ninth Ward, which is distinctively the Native-
American section of the city, and in and about Washington Square and lower Fifth
Avenue, clinging to the river-front on either side, monopolizing almost entirely the
East Side nearly over to Broadway. Above 14th Street on the East Side it is
supreme east of Third Avenue as far as the Harlem River, with the exception of a
part of lower Second Avenue and a few side-streets here and there. On the West Side
it comes from the river-front as far east as Sixth Avenue, with oases of better homes
here and there, and this as far north as about 59th Street. The territory above 59th
Street to 125th Street has very little of this population. Tenement-houses are as a
rule great towering buildings, many of them squalid and in bad repair, and devoid of
any but the rudest arrangements for existence. They are packed with human beings.
In a single block between Avenue B and Avenue C and 2d and 3d Streets there are
over 3,500 residents, and a smaller block on Houston Street contains 3,000 people,
which is at the rate of 1,000,000 to the square mile. That section is altogether
populated at the rate of 500,000 to the square mile, which is as if the entire popu-
lation of the city should be crowded into a space less than two miles square.

The picture of life in these quarters repeats what has been so often written of the
misery of the poor in great cities. Frequently half a dozen people eat, sleep,' and
somehow exist in a single room, and tenants who have two or three rooms generally
keep boarders besides their own large families. Monthly rents range from $1 a
room upward, and $10 a month will sometimes secure a small stuffy apartment of
three or four rooms. The landlords of these rookeries become very rich out of the
needs of the poor tenants. Most of these old tenement-houses are occupied by im-
migrants just from Europe. When they have been here a short time they are in-
clined to seek better quarters in new and improved, although still cheap enough,
buildings that are being put up in recent years. But the condition of living is not
materially changed ; it is only different in degree of squalor and unhealthfulness.

Of all grades, good, bad and indifferent there were in 1891, according to the re-
port of the Board of Health, 34,967 front and 2,391 rear tenement-houses, contain-
ing 1,064, 703 persons above five years 01" age and 106,708 below that age; about
two-thirds of the entire population. In this estimate 150 first-class apartment-
houses are not included, but the medium-priced flats and apartments.

The City, County, State and National Government, Offices
and Buildings, Courts, Etc.

THE City and County of New York are identical in their boundaries, and
were consolidated in their governments by act of the Legislature, April 30,
1874. The Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty of the City of New York is the name
of the corporation representing the city and county. It is a public corporation, and
as such its charter is always subject to amendments or alterations by the State Legis-
lature. All local administration of both city and county affairs is in the hands of
this corporation. The city has had a corporate existence since the charter for the
town of New Amsterdam was granted, in 1657, by Peter Stuyvesant, representing
the West India Company and the States-General of Holland. Other charters were
granted from time to time afterward, superseding existing ones, and important
amendments were made to them. These amendments and all other legislation per-
taining to the city were codified in the New- York City Consolidation Act, passed by
the Legislature in July, 1882. This act, with later additions, makes a volume of
1, 100 pages. Since 1882 the Legislature has passed many laws relating to New-
York City, some of which, while not in definite terms amending any of the sections
of the Consolidation Act, do so in effect.

General Provisions Pertaining to Departments and Officers provide that
a majority of a Board in any department constitutes a quorum to perform and dis-
charge business. No expense can be incurred by any of the boards or officers unless
an appropriation for it has previously been made by the Board of Estimate and
Apportionment ; and in any year for any purpose the expenditures must not exceed
the appropriation. The heads of departments, except in specified cases, appoint and
remove chiefs of bureaus (except the Chamberlain) and clerks and employees, with-
out reference to the tenure of office; but the men must be informed of the cause of
the proposed removal, and be allowed an opportunity of explanation. In case of
removal, a statement showing the cause is filed in the department. The numbers
and duties of clerks and other employees, except as is otherwise provided, with the
respective salaries, are fixed by the heads of departments, subject to the revision of
the Board of Estimate and Apportionment. The heads of departments and the
commissions appointed by the Mayor report to him once in three months, and at
such other times as he may direct, the reports being published in The City Record.
They must furnish him at any time such information as he may demand. The heads
of departments and of bureaus (except the Police Department) are required to furnish
to any tax-payer desiring them true and certified copies of books and accounts upon
payment in advance at the rate of five cents for every hundred words. Books,
accounts and papers in all departments and bureaus, except the Police Department,

22 2 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

are open at all times to any tax-payer, subject to reasonable rules. In every depart-
ment or board there is kept a record of its transactions accessible to the public.
Once a week, a brief abstract is made of all transactions, and of all contracts awarded
and entered into for work and materials of every description, along with notices of
appointments and removals from office and changes in salaries ; and these are all
printed in The City Record, a publication issued daily under the direction of the
Board of Estimate and Apportionment, at the city's expense.

The Legislative Department is vested in a Board of Aldermen, including
a President and Vice-President. Formerly there was a Board of Aldermen, another
of Assistant Aldermen, and another of Councilmen ; and collectively they were
known as the Common Council. This name still survives, and is applied, semi-
officially, to the Board of Aldermen.

The Board of Aldermen to be chosen in November, 1892, for a term of two
years, instead of one year, as hitherto, will consist of 32 members. Of these, 29 will
be elected in that part of the city below the Harlem River ; one in the 23d Ward, and
one in the 24th Ward. The President of the Board, elected at large, will be the
thirty-second member. The salary for members is $2,000 a year ; and that for the
President is $3,000. The Aldermen take office in January succeeding their election
in November. A majority constitutes a quorum. The Comptroller, the Commis-
sioner of Public Works, the Corporation Counsel, and the President of the Board
of Commissioners of each department are entitled to seats in the Board, and to par-
ticipate in its discussions, but are not members of the Board nor entitled to vote.
Every legislative act is by resolution or ordinance. No resolution or ordinance is
passed except by a vote of a majority of all members elected to the Board. In case
any resolution or ordinance involves the expenditure of money, or the laying of an
assessment, or the lease of real estate or franchise, the votes of three-fourths of the
members are necessary to its passage. No money can be expended for a celebration,
procession, formal ceremony, reception or entertainment of any kind, unless by the
votes of four-fifths of all the members. Every resolution or ordinance is presented
to the Mayor for his approval. He should return it approved or disapproved within
ten days after receiving it, or at the next meeting of the Board after the expiration
of ten days. It takes effect as if he had approved it, unless he returns it, with his
disapproval in writing, within the specified time. If disapproved, and again passed
by the votes of at least two-thirds of the members elected, but in no case by a less
vote than is required by its character, it also takes effect.

The Board of Aldermen has power to make, continue, modify and repeal such
ordinances, regulations and resolutions as may be necessary to carry into effect all
the powers vested in the corporation and for the fuller organization and carrying out
of the powers and duties of any department. It has the power to enforce such ordi-
nances by ordaining penalties in sums not to exceed $100 for every violation. It is
part of its duty to regulate the use of the streets, sidewalks and other public places,
especially in regard to traffic, obstructions, openings for gas and water mains and
sewers, paving, grading and cleaning, naming, numbering of houses and other needs.
It regulates the disposition of ashes and garbage, the public cries and noises, the
use of fire-arms, the conduct of places of public amusement, the management of the
markets, the licensing of cartmen, cabmen, junk-dealers, pedlers, intelligence-offices,
etc., and the sale of meats, fruits and vegetables. Its duties and powers are multi-
farious. In general it can exercise authority over everything that pertains to the
domestic economy of the community. The municipal ordinances of the Board have
all the force of statute law, and are enforced by the police authorities and the courts.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

223

The Board can so far invade the province of legislation that it can establish meas-
ures for the suppression of vice and immorality, for restraining and prohibiting cer-
tain kinds of business and for preventing the obstruction of the North and East
rivers by ships mooring or anchoring in the channels ; and the Board can require
the public officials to carry into effect its decrees. But there are some things that
the Board is especially prohibited from doing. The municipality cannot deprive

PARK PLACE, FROM BROADWAY TO CHURCH STREET.

itself of its legislative power over the streets and their use. Any attempt to do so
by contract, either expressed or implied, would not only be revocable at pleasure,
but would be null and void. The city has no authority to grant to anyone the right
to construct and maintain in the streets a railway for private gain. The Board
has no power to appropriate any portion of a street to private use, to the exclusion
of the public.

The Executive Department is vested in the Mayor and the heads of the de-
partments. The Mayor is elected at the November general election, for a term of two
years, commencing January 1st after his election. His salary is $10,000 per year. It is
the duty of the Mayor to communicate to the Board of Aldermen, at least once a year,
a general statement of the finances, government and improvements of the city ; to
recommend to the Board of Aldermen all such measures as he shall deem expedient ;
to keep himself informed of the doings of the several departments ; and generally to
perform all such duties as may be required of him by the city ordinances and the
laws of the State. The Mayor is a magistrate. He appoints clerks and subordi-
nates to aid him in the discharge of his official duties, and renders every three
months to the Board of Aldermen a statement of the expenses and receipts of his
office. The aggregate yearly expenditure must not exceed $20,000. He regulates
and controls by appointment or license, auctioneers, public exhibitions, immigrant-
passenger -agents, solicitors of hotels, etc. He is by virtue of his office one of the
Commissioners of Immigration. The Mayor can be removed from office for cause by

224

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

the Governor of the State. Formerly the Mayor's appointments were reviewed by
the Board of Aldermen. Now, however, he holds (with a few exceptions) the
appointing power entirely independent of that body.

The Finance Department is in charge of the Comptroller, who is elected for
three years, and has a salary of $10,000. The department, which is in many respects
the most important and most influential branch of the municipal organization, has
control of the fiscal concerns of the corporation, and there all accounts of other de-
partments are subject to inspection and revision. The Comptroller furnishes to each
head of department, weekly, a statement of the unexpended balance of the appro-
priation available for his department. There are five bureaus in this department.
1st : For the collection of revenue from rents and interest on bonds and mortgages,
and revenue arising from the sale or use of property belonging to or managed by the
city, and for the management of the markets. The chief officer of this bureau is
called the Collector of the City Revenue and Superintendent of Markets. 2d : For
the collection of taxes ; the chief officer of which is called the Receiver of Taxes.
3d : For the collection of assessments and arrears of taxes and assessments, and of
water-rents. The chief officer is called the Collector of Assessments and Clerk of
Arrears. 4th : For auditing, revising and settling all the city's accounts, the audit-
ing bureau, under the supervision of the Comptroller. The chief officers are two
Auditors of Accounts, appointed or removed at the pleasure of the Comptroller.
5th : For receiving all moneys paid into the treasury of the city, and for the paying
of money on warrants drawn by the Comptroller and countersigned by the Mayor.
The chief officer is called the Chamberlain. The Comptroller publishes in The
City Record, two months before the election of charter officers, a full and detailed

CITY-HALL PLACE \ CENTRE, PARK, CHAMBERS AND READE STREETS.

statement of the receipts and expenditures and the cash balances or surplus of the
corporation during the year ending the first day of the month in which such pub-
lication is made.

The City Chamberlain is appointed by the Mayor for a term of four years. He
gives a bond for $500,000, and has a salary of $25,000 per year, out of which he
pays his assistants and clerks.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 225

The Board of Commissioners of the Sinking-Fund is composed of the
Mayor, Recorder, Chamberlain, Comptroller, and Chairman of the Finance Com-
mittee of the Board of Aldermen. It has power to sell or lease at public auction, or
by sealed bids, any city property except wharves or piers.

The Board of Estimate and Apportionment is composed of the Mayor,
the Comptroller, the President of the Board of Aldermen, and the President of the
Board of Taxes and Assessments. It has meetings at intervals throughout the year,
when called by the Mayor. In October and November it makes a provisional
estimate of. the amounts required to pay the expenses of conducting the public busi-
ness of the city and county in each department and branch thereof, and of the Board
of Education, for the next financial year, and to meet the interest and debt account
and taxes due the State. These estimates are scrutinized by the Board of Aldermen,
and subsequently revised by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment. They are
finally determined late in December, sometimes on the last day, and then they be-
come the appropriations for the ensuing year. The Comptroller prepares and sub-
mits to the Board of Aldermen before its yearly meeting a statement setting forth
the amounts authorized by law to be raised by tax in that year for city purposes, and
also an estimate of the probable amount of receipts of the treasury of the city during
the current year from all sources of revenue of the general fund. A summary of the
finances of the city is as follows : The entire amount of taxes levied by ordinance
of the Board of Aldermen for the year 189 1 was $33,764,394. The rate of taxation
for the year was $1.90 per $100, upon a valuation of real and personal estate of
$1,707,868,828, and the rate upon the assessed valuation of the personal estate of
such companies as are subject to local taxation thereon, amounting to $77,988,510,
was $ 1 . 68 per $ 1 00.

The total funded debt of the city and county :

December 31, 1891, was $150,298,870

Deducting the amount held by the Commissioners of the Sinking

Fund as investments, and cash, 52,783,434

Left the net funded debt, $ 97,515,436

The general tax rate for 1892 was $1.85 on each $100 of assessed valuation, which
is the lowest in thirty years, and lower than the rate in any other large city in the
United States. The amount to be raised by taxation in 1892 was $33,725,556,
besides which the city has and expends an income of about $3,000,000 a year, from
fees, licenses, and other sources. The total assessed valuation of the city, real and
personal, is $1,828,264,275, an increase of over $42,000,000 since 1891. Of this
amount, $71,306,402 is corporation property, exempt from State taxes, and paying
a rate to the city of $1.71 on each $100.

The Department of Public Parks is under the care of the Board of Park
Commissioners, four in number, who are appointed by the Mayor, for terms of five
years. The president of the Board draws a salary of $5,000 a year. The other
members serve without pay. The Board has the care and maintenance of all the
parks in the city, and also of certain streets of unusual width in the vicinity of Cen-
tral Park, such as Fifth Avenue, 72c!, 84th and 110th Streets. It is assisted by a
superintendent, an engineer of construction, and a superintending gardener.

The Police Department is under the charge of the Board of Police. It con-
sists of four persons, known as Police Commissioners of the City of New York.
They receive their appointments from the Mayor, and hold their offices (unless sooner

226

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

removed) for six years, at a salary of $5,000 each. The Board is authorized and
empowered to make, adopt and enforce rules and regulations for the government,
discipline, administration and disposition of the police department and police force
and its members. The police force consists of one superintendent, at a salary of
$6,000; four inspectors; captains, not exceeding one to each fifty patrolmen;
sergeants, not exceeding four to each fifty patrolmen ; detective sergeants, not ex-

BROADWAY, LOOKING NORTH FROM BARCLAY STREET. THE POST OFFICE.

ceeding forty ; surgeons not exceeding fifteen in number; and patrolmen to the
number of 3,497. The Board of Police appoints all the members, and selects and
appoints to perforin detective duty as many patrolmen, not exceeding forty, as it
deems necessary.

The Department of Public Works is under the charge of the Commissioner
of Public Works, who is appointed by the Mayor and holds his office for four years,
at a salary of $8,000. The chief duties of the department pertain to the water-
supply ; the altering, opening, paving and lighting of the streets ; and the care of
sewers and drainage. These duties are divided among eight bureaus.

The Department of Docks is managed by a board of three commissioners,
appointed by the Mayor, each of whom is paid $5,000 a year. The board has con-
trol of all the dock property of the city — which is a considerable portion of the
entire river-front at the lower end of the city — and makes repairs, improvements, etc.

The Department of Street-Cleaning, the name of which fully describes its
mission, is under the control of a single commissioner, whose salary is $6,000 a
year. He is appointed by the Mayor. He is assisted by a deputy of his own selec-
tion, whose salary is $4,000 a year.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

227

The Department of Health is under the charge of the Board of Health. It
consists of the President of the Board of Police, the Health-Ofhcer of the Port, and
two officers to be called Commissioners of Health, one of whom must be a practising
physician. The commissioner who is not a physician is president of the Board.
They are appointed by the Mayor, independently of the Board of Aldermen, and,
unless sooner removed, hold their offices for six years. The salary of the president
is $5,000 a year ; of the other commissioner, $4,000. The authority of the Board
extends over the waters of the bay, up to and within the quarantine limits established
by law, but not to interfere with the powers and duties of the Commissioners of
Quarantine or of the Health-Officer of the Port. The total number of deaths in the
city during 1891 was 43,659, or 25.97 to eacn thousand inhabitants. The number
of births registered was 46,904; the number of marriages, 15,764. The amount of
money expended by the Board was $424,620. The summer corps of physicians in-
spected in July and August 39,164 tenement-houses; visited 335,293 families; and
treated 19,777 sick persons. It is the duty of the Board to make a yearly report to
the Mayor of all its operations. The Mayor can at any time call for a fuller report,
or for a report upon any portion of the work of the Board. The Mayor and one
Commissioner from the Department of Health, the Commissioner of Public Works,
one delegate from the Bureau of Inspection of Public Buildings, and the Commis-
sioner of the Department of Street-Cleaning meet yearly between November 15th and
December 30th to consider the subject of tenement and lodging houses, and to make

POST OFFICE. WORLD, TIMES AND POTTER BUILDINGS. PARK ROW.

ANN STREE"!

such recommendation in the laws affecting them as they deem best ; and they cause
such recommendation to be sent to the Governor of the State, and the Senate and
Assembly, yearly, on or before January 15th. They also consider the execution of
the laws, and recommend to the Board of Health such changes as they deem best.
There are two bureaus in the department. The chief officer of one is called the
Sanitary Superintendent, He must have been for ten years a practising physician.

22.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

HALL OF RECORDS, OR REGISTER'S HA .L
CITY-HALL PARK.

NEAR PARK ROW,

He is the chief executive officer of the department. The chief officer of the second
bureau is called the Register of Records. In this bureau are recorded, without fees,
every birth, marriage and death, and all inquisitions of coroners, which are taken
within the city. The Board takes cognizance of the condition of any building, exca-
vation, or premises ; of any business pursuit, and of any phase of city life, which may

affect public health, or the
healthfulness of the city, and
has powers which are vir-
tually absolute to compel
changes. The powers of the
Board include the supervi-
sion of the repairs of build-
ings, in so far as sanitary con-
dition is concerned ; the reg-
ulation and control of public
markets, in matters affecting
cleanliness, ventilation and
drainage; and the prevention
of the sale of improper arti-
cles ; the removal of matter on the public streets which may lead to results danger-
ous to life or health ; the prevention of accidents by which life or health may be
endangered ; and generally the abating of all nuisances. It is the duty of the owner
or person interested in every building or premises, to keep it in such manner that it is
not dangerous or prejudicial to life or health. Every person violating or refusing to
comply with the provisions of the law in these respects, or with the regulations of
the Board, is guilty of a misdemeanor. The Board may remove or cause to be
removed, to a place designated by it, any person sick with a contagious, pestilen-
tial, or infectious disease ; and it has power to provide and pay for the use of
such proper places. It may enclose streets and passages, to forbid and prevent all
communication with houses or families infected with disease. It may issue a proc-
lamation, declaring every place where there is reason to believe a pestilential,
contagious or infectious disease actually exists, to be an infected place within the
meaning of the health laws of the State. After such proclamation is issued, all
vessels arriving in the port of New York from such infected places, together with
their officers and crews, passengers and cargoes, are subject to quarantine for such
period as is necessary, and it may regulate or prohibit internal intercourse by land or
water with such infected places. It is the duty of the Board to aid in the enforce-
ment of all laws of the State applicable in the city to the preservation of life and the
care of health, including the laws relative to cleanliness and the sale of deleterious
drugs and foods. It is authorized to require reports from hospitals, prisons, schools,
places of amusement, etc. It is to omit no reasonable means for ascertaining the
existence and cause of disease, sending such information to health authorities else-
where, with such suggestions as it may see fit. The Board, the Health-Officer and
Quarantine Commissioners are to co-operate to prevent the spread of disease and to
ensure the preservation of health. The Board is authorized from time to time to
alter, annul or amend the sanitary code. It keeps a general complaint book, in
which may be entered by any person in good faith, any complaint of a sanitary
nature, giving the names of persons complained of and date of the entry, with sug-
gestion of remedy ; and such complaints are to be investigated. It is the duty of all
boards and officers having charge of any property controlled by public authority, to

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

229

report upon and give knowledge of anything affecting sanitary conditions to the
Health Board. False reports on these matters from any one required to make
reports are misdemeanors. Prompt action in such cases is required of prosecuting
officers, and police justices. The Sanitary Code, consisting of 219 sections, is made
up of the sanitary ordinances adopted by the Department of Health.

The Board of Excise, with rooms at 54 Bond Street, corner of the Bowery,
acts under a law of the State, the same that applies in most respects to cities of over
30.000 inhabitants. It is composed of three members, who are appointed by the
Mayor and confirmed by the Board of Aldermen. The members are appointed for
three years, and receive salaries of $5,000. The Board issues licenses for the sale
of spirituous liquors to saloons, hotels, restaurants, drug and grocery stores, and col-
lects the revenue due from them. The receipts of the Board for 1892 were $1,495,-
830. Aside from paying the expenses of the Board, this sum was used as follows :
New- York Fire-Relief Department, $75,000; police pensions, $307,000; charitable
institutions for the support of children committed by magistrates, $667,000 ; general
fund of the city, $350,000.

The Law Department has at its head the Counsel to the Corporation, who
receives his appointment from the Mayor, for a term of four years, and draws an
annual salary of $12, 000. The department has charge of the law business of the
corporation and its departments, the management of legal proceedings relating to
the laying out of streets, and the preparation of all deeds, leases, contracts and
other legal papers connected with any department, and is at all times the legal
adviser of the city officials. There are two bureaus in the department, in charge
respectively of the Corporation Attorney and the Public Administrator. Certain
actions in behalf of
the city, such as '
for the recovery of
penalties, etc., are
conducted by the
Corporation Attor-
ney. The Public
Administrator col-
lects and takes
charge of the prop-
erty of persons dy-
ing intestate, and is,
in effect, a public
executor. The Dis-
trict Attorney is the
prosecuting officer
of the city and coun-
ty. He is elected
by the people for a

term of three years, receiving a salary of $12,000 a year. His six assistants, whom
he appoints, receive salaries of $7,500 a year each. The Recorder is elected for
fourteen years. He receives a salary of $12,000. The City Judge and the Judges
of General Sessions are elected for fourteen years, at yearly salaries of $12,000.
The Police Justices, fifteen in number, are appointed by the Mayor, at $8,000 a
year. The Courts of Special Sessions are held by them, at the Tombs ; and there
are six police-courts, in various parts of the city.

JEFFERSON-MARKET POLICE-COURT, SIXTH AND GREENWICH AVENUES.

23°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

MiNeTEENTH-WARD POLICE-COURT, 191 EAST 57TH STREET.

The Department of
Public Charities and
Correction is under the
charge of the Board of Char-
ities and Correction, which
consists of three persons
known as Commissioners.
They are appointed by the
Mayor, at a salary of $ 5,000
each. The department pos-
sesses and exercises full and
exclusive powers for the gov-
ernment, management,
maintenance and direction
of the several institutions,
buildings, premises and prop-
erties belonging to the city, and situated upon Blackwell's, Ward's, Randall's and
Hart's Islands ; of all places provided for the detention of prisoners (except Ludlow-
Street Jail, which is under the Sheriff) ; and of all hospitals belonging to the city,
except such as are conducted by the Department of Health, and especially of the
Alms-house and Workhouse ; of the nurseries for poor and destitute children on Ran-
dall's Island ; and of the county lunatic asylum and the lunatic asylum upon Ward's
Island ; and of the Potter's Field, and especially, also, of the penitentiary and city
prison. There is in the department a Bureau of Charities and a Bureau of Correc-
tion. The former has charge of matters relating to persons not criminal ; the latter
of matters relating to criminals. The Board of Public Charities and Correction also
maintains on Ward's Island an asylum for inebriates.

The Fire Department is under the exclusive charge of the Board of Fire-
Commissioners, consisting of three persons known as Fire-Commissioners. They
are appointed by the Mayor and Board of Aldermen, and hold their offices for six
years, unless sooner removed. Their salaries are $5,000 each. There are in the
department three bureaus. One is charged with the duty of preventing and ex-
tinguishing fires, and of protecting property from water used at fires. The principal
officer is called the Chief of the Fire-Department. Another bureau is charged with
the execution of all laws relating to the storage, sale and use of combustible mater-
ials. The principal officer is called the Inspector of Combustibles. Another bureau
investigates the origin and cause of fires, under the Fire Marshal.

The Department of Street-Improvements, Twenty-Third and Twenty-
Fourth Wards, is in charge of a single commissioner, elected by the people of
those wards. The jurisdiction of the department is confined to that portion of the
city north of the Harlem River, and corresponds to that of the Department of Public
Works in the rest of the city. The department is a new one.

The Department of Taxes and Assessments assesses taxable property,
real, personal and corporation, upon which is levied a tax sufficient to meet the ex-
penses of conducting the business of the city and county government in each de-
partment, court, etc., including the interest on the City debt, the principal of any
stock or bonds that may become due, and the proportion of the State tax for the
next fiscal year. It is governed by a Board of three commissioners, appointed by
the Mayor for six years each. The salary of the President is $5,000 a year, that of
the other members $4,000. The Commissioners are assisted by a Secretary, a

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

231

Chief Deputy, and 13 Deputy Tax-Commissioners ; a Board of four Assessors ; and
a clerical force. The President is by law one of the members of the Board of
Estimate and Apportionment, that controls the financial affairs of the City ; and of
the Armory Board, that is charged with the purchase of land and the erection and
equipping of Armories for the militia.

The Department of Buildings has charge of many matters relating to build-
ings and structures in the city. The department has full power, except as is other-
wise provided, in passing upon questions of the mode of construction or material
to be used in the erection or alteration of any building, to make it conform to the
intent and meaning of the law. The duty of examining and condemning dangerous
buildings is vested in this department. Its office is at Fourth Avenue and 18th Street.

The Board of Education includes 21 Commissioners, appointed by the Mayor,
and supervises the free public schools. The office is at 146 Grand Street.

Other public duties in the city government are fulfilled by the Commissioners
of Accounts, the Aqueduct Commissioners, the Board of Armory Commissioners,
the Commissioners of the Harlem-River Bridge, and the Civil-Service Supervisory
and Examining Board.

The City Hall has been in its time the finest piece of architecture in the
country, but it is surpassed now by many buildings of more imposing structure, if
not so classical in their architectural style. It was built between the years 1803 and
1S12, at a cost of over $500,000. Its front and east and west sides are of marble,
but sandstone was regarded as good enough for the rear, the city being at that time
mostly on its front. In 1890 the rear was painted, making all sides uniform in ap-
pearance. The city has so outgrown it that many other buildings have to be used
for the public offices, notably very extensive suites of offices in the Stewart Building,
opposite the park, on Chambers Street. A new city hall will be one of the archi-
tectural attractions of New York in the future. The City- Hall Park, in the very
midst of the swarming denizens of the metropolis of the Western Continent, and with
its broad sweep of ground, fountain, trees, and plots of grass, forms a redeeming
feature to the brick and mortar, granite, marble and asphalt, that rule nearly every-
where else for many square miles on the lower end of Manhattan Island. The park
and the City Hall to-
gether have been for
this century the chief
centre and historic
place in the city. The
Brooklyn Bridge, ter-
minating in such close-
proximity, has added to
the importance of the
location. Celebrations
of note have made them
memorable. October
23, 181 2, "The City
Hall was like a Sea of
Fire " in consequence
of Perry's victory on
Lake Erie. Here the
citizens became wild
with enthusiasm on the

E-^.

LUDIOw-street jail. essex-wahket c\

ESSEX-MARKET POLICE-COURT, ESSEX ST. AND ESSEX-MARKET PLACE.

232 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

opening of the Erie Canal, in 1825, and a correct forecast was made of the future
supremacy of the city above all other cities of the Republic. It witnessed the return
of Lafayette to this country half a century after its independence was declared, the
Republic meantime having taken rank as one of the chief nations of the globe. One
of the greatest of modern events, the laying of the Atlantic Cable, was here cele-
brated, with a keen appreciation of what it implied to mankind. The sorrows of the
Nation have been here expressed, when Lincoln and Grant, the accepted leaders and
heroes of the century now nearing its close, were viewed in their inanimate clay by
mourning thousands, before going to their final resting places. The interior of the
building is made memorable by its relics of the past, and works of art commemora-
ting great events and distinguished statesmen. The Governor's Room contains
furniture that was used by the first Congress of the United States, held in Federal
Hall, in Wall Street. There are two desks used by Washington, one while he was
President. There are portraits of Washington, Jefferson, Hamilton, Jay, and Lafay-
ette, and busts of Washington and Franklin, by the most distinguished artists of
their times. The portraits of many later statesmen adorn the walls.

The Mayors of the City have been elected since the charter was amended
in 1830. Previous to that time they were appointed by the Common Council. John
Cruger, first president of the Chamber of Commerce, with a distinguished record
during the Revolutionary War, was mayor of the city from 1739 to 1744, and again
from 1757 to 1766. De Witt Clinton, before becoming governor of the State, and
under whose administration the Erie Canal was opened, was mayor for several
terms, none succeeding each other. Fernando Wood came into unenviable promi-
nence during his second administration, by pursuing a conciliatory policy toward the
criminal and corrupt elements of the city. It was during the administration of A.
Oakey Hall that the Tweed ring was in full possession of the reins of government,
and defiant of public opinion. Its power was broken at the general election in
November, 1871. Wm. F. Havemeyer then came a second time to the chair.
Tweed soon died in a felon's cell, while some of his companions were sent to prison
and others became exiles in foreign lands. Following is a list of mayors with their
terms of service since the town has been known by its present name : Thomas
Willet, 1665-1667; Thomas Delavall, 1666, 1671, 1678; Cornells Steenwyck,
1668, 1670, 1682, 1683; Matthias Nicolls, 1672; John Lawrence, 1673, 1691 ;
William Dervall, 1695; Nicholas De Meyer, 1676; Stephanus Van Cortlandt, 1677,
1686, 1687; Francis Rombouts, 1679; William Dyer, 1680-1681 ; Gabriel Min-
vielle, 1684; Nicholas Bayard, 1685; Peter de la Noy, 1689-1690 ; Abraham de
Peyster, 1692-1695 ; William Merritt, 1695-1698; Johannesde Peyster, 1698-1699;
David Provoost,l699-i 700; Isaac de Riemer, 1700-1701; Thomas Noell, 1701-1702;
Philip French, 1702-1703; William Peartree, 1703-1707; Ebenezer Wilson,
1707-1710; Jacobus Van Cortlandt, 1710-171 1-1719-1720 ; Caleb Heathcote,
1711-1714; John Johnson, 1714-1719 ; Robert Walters, 1720-1725; Johannes
Jansen, 1725-1726 ; Robert Lurt'ng, 1726-1735; Paul Richards, 1735— 1739 ; John
Cruger, 1739-1744; Stephen Bayard, 1744-1747 ; Edward Holland, 1747; 1757;
John Cruger, 1757-1766; Whitehead Hicks, 1766-1776 ; David Matthews (Tory),
1776-1784 ; James Duane, 1 784-1 789 ; Richard Varick, 1789-1801 ; Edward Liv-
ingston, 1801-1803; DeWitt Clinton, 1 803- 1 807 ; Marinus Willett, 1807-1808;
DeWitt Clinton, 1808-1810; Jacob Radcliff, 1810-1811; DeWitt Clinton, 1811-
1815 ; John Ferguson, 1815; Jacob Radcliff, 1815-1818 ; Cadwallader D. Colden,
1818-1821 ; Stephen Allen, 1821-1824 ; William Paulding, 1824-1826 ; Philip Hone,
1826-1827 ; William Paulding, 1827-1829 ; Walter Bowne, 1829-1S33 ; Gideon Lee,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

233

234 KING'S HA XI) BOOK' OF NEW YORK.

1833-1834 ; Cornelius W. Lawrence, 1834-1837 ; Aaron Clark, 1837-1839 ; Isaac
L. Varian, 1839-1841 ; Robert H. Morris, 1841-1844; James Harper, 1 844-1 847 ;
William V. Brady, 1 847-1 848 ; William F. Havemeyer, 1848-49; Caleb S.
Woodhull, 1849-1851; Ambrose C. Kingsland, 1851-1853 ; Jacob A. Westervelt,
1853-1855; Fernando Wood, 1855-1858; Daniel N. Tiemann, 1858-1860;
Fernando Wood, 1860-1862; George Opdyke, 1 862-1 864 ; C. Godfrey Gunther,
1 864- 1 866 ; John T. Hoffman, 1866-1868; Thomas Coman (acting mayor),
1868; A. Oakey Hall, 1 869-187 1 ; William F. Havemeyer, 1871-1875 ; William
H. Wickham, 1875-1877 ; Smith Ely, 1877-1879; Edward Cooper, 1879-1880;
William R. Grace, 1881-1882; Franklin Edson, 1883-1884; William R. Grace,
1884-1885; Abram S. Hewitt, 1887-1888; Hugh J. Grant, 1889-1892.

The Seal of the City had its origin in colonial and Dutch times. The com-
mercial activity at first was in the purchase of furs from the Indians, and nothing
was so potent in bringing about a trade as gunpowder, whiskey or flour. The con-
tracting parties were sailors and Indians. Hence we have on the seal a sailor and
an Indian, representing the traders, and two beavers and two barrels, representing
the articles traded in ; and the windmills of Holland, celebrated in the 17th as well
as in the 19th centuries, are represented, and the four arms serve for the quarter-
ings. An eagle surmounts the shield, and in this we have a more modern intimation.
The first seal, for New Amsterdam, was granted in 1654, the town having been
incorporated the preceding year. For this the seal of the Duke of York was sub-
stituted under Governor Nicolls, in 1669, and was continued in use until 1686,
when one differing somewhat from the present one was granted to the city.

The Courts and Judicial Powers and Proceedings. — The term "City
Hall of the City of New York," when used in any law of the State, includes, for all
legal purposes, all buildings designated by the Board of Aldermen for the use of the
courts or public offices within that part of the city bounded by Chambers Street,
Broadway, Park Row, Centre Street, Mail Street and Tryon Row ; but rooms used
by any of the courts of the city and county of New York are deemed a part of the
City Hall for the purpose of holding a court. The First Judicial District of the
State consists of the city of New York. The library of the Law Institute is in the
Post-Office Building, under the care and management of the Justices of the Supreme
Court of the First Judicial District, who are its trustees. It is open to the public.
The Justices of the Supreme and Superior Courts and the Judges of the Court of
Common Pleas have power to commit to the Inebriate Asylum, under the control of
the Commissioners of Charities and Correction, for a term not to exceed two years,
actual inhabitants of the city who are unfit for conducting their own affairs on
account of habitual drunkenness. The Circuit and District Courts of the United
States are held in the Post-Office Building. The original jurisdiction of the former
is in suits arising under the revenue, copyright and patent laws, and in civil law and
equity suits between citizens of different States ; its appellate jurisdiction is from the
United-States District Court. The latter has jurisdiction in admiralty and mari-
time cases, in cases where an alien sues on tort in violation of a treaty or the laws
of nations, and in suits instituted in the United States by and against foreign con-
suls. The State courts, — the Supreme Court and the Court of Oyer and Ter-
miner, are held in the County Court-House. The former is the general law and
equity court of the State, and the latter is the criminal branch of the same. The
appellate branch of the Supreme Court, known as the General Term, passes on
appeals from the trial justices of the court, the final appeal being from the General
Term to the Court of Appeals, which sits at Albany. The salaries paid the Justices

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

235

of the First Judicial District are $17,500 each a year, this being $7,000 a year
more than is paid to the justices of the other districts of the State, the city and
county of New York paying the additional amount. Of the city courts the Court of
Common Pleas for the City and County and the Superior Court of the County are
courts of record, and each of them has six judges, who are magistrates. The courts
have concurrent jurisdiction with the Supreme Court of the State within the city
limits. They both hold general terms, final appeals being made to the Court of
Appeals. They sit in the County Court-House. The jurisdiction of these courts is
about the same ; the former has appellate jurisdiction in cases from the city and
district courts, its decisions being final. The salaries paid the judges are $15,000.
The City Court, formerly called the Marine Court, sits in the City Hall. It has six
Judges, who hold office for six years, with salaries of $10,000 a year each. It is
the lowest of the courts of record. It tries actions to the amount of $2,000. It
has a limited maritime jurisdiction, and also a general term. The District Courts
are inferior civil courts. There
are eleven of them, held as
follows: First, Chambers
Street, corner Centre Street ;
2d, corner of Pearl and Centre
Streets; 3d, 125 Sixth Ave-
nue ; 4th, 30 1st Street ; 5th,
154 Clinton Street; 6th, 61
Union Place; 7th, 151 East
57th Street ; 8th, 200 West
22d Street; 9th, 150 East 125th
Street; loth, 158th Street,
corner of Third Avenue; I ith,
919 Eighth Avenue. The
Surrogate's Court is held at
the County Court-House. It
adjudicates in matters per-
taining to wills, and adminis-
trates matters pertaining to
deceased persons. The Court
of General Sessions of the
Peace is held at 32 Chambers
Street by the Recorder, the City Judge and two Judges of the Court of General Ses-
sions, each of whom holds office for fourteen years, at $12,000 a year. Its jurisdic-
tion is similar to that of the Oyer and Terminer. Appeals are to the General Term
of the Supreme Court, and finally to the Court of Appeals, except when the judg-
ment is of death, when the appeal is to the Court of Appeals direct.

The Police Courts are inferior criminal courts, having original jurisdiction over
minor offenses. Before them are brought, every morning, prisoners arrested and
held over night in the police stations and city prisons. Drunkenness, assault and
battery, and thieving, are the complaints most frequently dealt with. Nearly all
cases in which punishment is inflicted are disposed of by fines or short terms of
imprisonment in the city institutions on Blackwell's Island. The police justices have
power to examine and hold for trial persons accused of serious crimes. They have
great latitude in the exercise of their powers, and much of their work is to adjust
minor neighborhood differences, and dispose of petty offenders, without resorting to

COURT OF GE^

IS, 32 CHAMBERS STKcET,

2^6 /TING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

actual legal proceedings. They are fifteen in number, and are appointed by the
Mayor for terms of ten years, at salaries of $8,000 a year. Two police justices,
sitting in quorum, constitute the Court of Special Sessions of the Peace. This court
has jurisdiction over all misdemeanors, and is held at the Tombs. The locations of
the six police courts are as follows: 1st District, the Tombs; 2d, Jefferson Market;
3d, 69 Essex Street; 4th, 57th Street, near Lexington Avenue; 5th, 125th Street,
near Lexington Avenue; 6th, East 158th Street and Third Avenue, Morrisania.

The Criminal Court-House was authorized by act of the Legislature passed
May 18, 1887. In it are to be held the courts of Oyer and Terminer, General Sessions
of the'Peace, Special Sessions of the Peace, and one or more police courts; and it
is to provide the proper office-accommodations for the judges and clerks of these
courts, for juries and grand juries, for the district attorney, and other officers, as the
commissioners of the sinking-fund may designate. It occupies the square bounded
by White, Franklin, Centre and Elm Streets, with its principal front on the latter.
It is connected with the City Prison, the Tombs, in the adjoining block, by a covered
passage-way over the street. It will be one of the most imposing and costly public
buildings, with all modern improvements, Otis elevators, Worthington pumps, etc.

The County Court-House, adjacent to the City Hall, is in Corinthian archi-
tecture, of Massachusetts white marble, and occupies a space of 250 by 150 feet.
It was begun in 1861, but the dome is not yet finished. The Court-House is an in-
adequate showing for the $10,000,000 it cost the city. Its construction was a basis
for a considerable part of the peculations of Tweed and his associates.

The Hall of Records, or Register's Office, is used for courts as well as
records. It is the only public building that dates back to the times of the Revolu-
tion. Many loyal citizens were imprisoned in it while the British held the city, and
it was afterward used as a debtors' prison. It is near Park Row, in City-Hall Park.

Jurors. — The Commissioner of Jurors is the judge of the qualifications of petit or
trial jurors. He hears and determines claims for exemption. The persons to serve
as grand jurors are taken from the lists of petit jurors by a board consisting of the
Mayor and certain designated judges of the court. The board meets yearly, on the
first Monday in September, and elects one of its number as chairman. Four mem-
bers comprise a quorum. Not less than 600, nor more than 1,000, are chosen from
the lists of persons qualified to serve as petit jurors, to serve as grand jurors of the
Courts of Oyer and Terminer and General Sessions, until the next list is prepared.
The names on these lists are deposited in a box, and the names of persons to serve
as grand and trial jurors are drawn by chance. A grand jury is drawn for every
term of the Court of General Sessions, and may be drawn for the Court of Oyer and
Terminer. A trial juror is to be not more than seventy years of age, and he is to be
the owner, or the husband of a woman who is the owner, of personal property of
the value of $250; and he is to be able to read and write the English language under-
standing^. Certain persons are exempt, as clergymen, physicians, lawyers, teachers,
editors, reporters, members of the National Guard, and others. A person trying to
escape jury duty by bribery, false statement or illegal means, or one who assists
another to do the same, is guilty of a misdemeanor.

The Court of Arbitration.- — The Governor nominates and with the consent
of the Senate, appoints an arbitrator, to be known as the Arbitrator of the Chamber
of Commerce. His salary is fixed and paid by it. In a controversy brought before
the arbitrator, the parties to it may each appoint an additional arbitrator if he de-
sires. Upon application of parties interested, contracts, written or oral, are to be
interpreted and construed. The parties to any controversy or dispute, arising or

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

237

238 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

being within the port of New York, or relating thereto in various respects, may
voluntarily submit it to the Court of Arbitration. An award being made, an order
must, at the instance of either party, be filed at the office of the County Clerk. An
award for the payment of money or the delivery of property requires, on request
being made, a judgment to be entered. Such judgment has the same force as a judg-
ment of the Superior Court.

The County Officers are elected for three years. The Sheriff of the county
and city is paid a salary of $12,000, which is in full for all services. There is an
under-sheriff, and deputies not to exceed twelve in number. The salary of the
County Clerk is $15,000 in full for all services. The salary of the Register is
$12,000 a year. There are four coroners, each receiving a salary of $5,000. When
a person dies from criminal violence or casualty, or suddenly, when in apparent
health, or unattended by a physician, or in prison, or in any unusual or suspicious
manner, it is the duty of the coroner to subpoena a coroner's physician, who views
the body of the deceased person, or makes an autopsy, as may be required. The
testimony of such physician, and of other witnesses, constitutes an inquest. The
coroner may call a jury, if he deems it necessary, or if a citizen should so demand.
It is the duty of a citizen who may have become aware of the death of a person as
here stated, to report such death to a coroner or any police officer, and a person who
wilfully neglects this is upon conviction guilty of a misdemeanor. Any person who
wilfully disturbs the body or clothing of a person so dying is guilty of a misdemeanor.
A coroner is the only officer who has the power to arrest the Sheriff.

The Port Wardens of the Port of New York are nine in number, three
of whom are nautical men, appointed by the Governor, with the consent of the
Senate. They elect one of their number as president, and one as vice-president.
The appointments are for three years. It is the duty of the Board, or some of them,
on being notified, to go aboard of any vessel to examine the condition and stowage
of the cargo, and if there are any goods damaged to seek the cause, and to enter the
same upon the books of the office. The members of the Board are exclusive sur-
veyors of any vessel that has been wrecked, or is deemed unfit to proceed to sea.
They are to specify what damage has occurred, and record in the books of the office
full and particular accounts of surveys made on vessels ; and they are judges of repairs
necessary to make vessels seaworthy again. They have exclusive powers over the
survey of vessels and their cargoes arriving in the port of New York in distress.

Quarantine for the protection of the public health is provided for by the laws
of the State for the port of New York. The Quarantine establishment consists of
warehouses, anchorage for vessels, hospitals, a boarding station, burying-grounds,
and residences for officers and men. The Health-Officer is appointed by the Gov-
ernor and Senate for two years. He receives a salary of $12,500 a year. He
appoints and dismisses at pleasure two Assistant Health Officers. There are three
Commissioners of Quarantine at a yearly salary of $2, 500 each, who with the Mayors
of New York and Brooklyn, constitute a board that erects hospitals, docks, etc., and
has care of the Quarantine property. On Swinburne and Hoffman Islands, in the
Lower Bay, seven and eight miles from the city and between Staten Island and
Sandy Hook, are the chief hospitals. Persons from infected ships are taken there.
Vessels from non-infected ports are boarded from Clifton by the Health-Officer and
his assistants.

Pilots and Pilotage. — The Board of Commissioners of Pilots consists of five
persons, each holding his office for two years. Three are elected by the Chamber of
Commerce, and two by the presidents and vice-presidents of the marine-insurance

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

239

companies of the city, composing the Board of Underwriters. The commissioners
license for such time as they think proper as many Sandy-Hook pilots as they deem
necessary, for the port of New York. Candidates are subject to examination per-
taining to the duties to be performed by them, and are required to give bonds in two
sureties, not exceeding $500 each, for the faithful performance of their duties. Pilots
for the safe pilotage of vessels
through the channel of the East
River, known as Hell-Gate
pilots, are appointed by the
Governor with the consent of the
Senate, on recommendation of
the Board of Port-Wardens of
New York. This board makes
the rules and regulations under
which they act.

The Post Office is the
chief architectural representa-
tive of the Federal Government
in the city. It occupies a speci-
ally favored site — the lower
end of what was once the tri-
angular City- Hall Park. More
people daily come in view of it
than of any other building in
the city. In its rear it has the
City Hall and park, and the

THE UNITED-STATES POST OFFICE, BROADWAY, PARK ROW AND MAIL STREET.

240 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

western terminus of the East-River Bridge ; and close to it are the two great
thoroughfares, Broadway and Park Row. A dozen streets converge towards it ;
the great newspaper offices with their newer architecture tower over it ; and
the elevated cars and the street-cars carry hundred of thousands of people daily past
it, or pour them out near by. At night the spaces around it are illuminated with
almost the brilliancy of day. Here the heart-throb of the city is more than anywhere
else evident. The building was no doubt designed to reflect the power and dignity
of the Federal Government. Its cost was between $6,000,000 and $7,000,000.
The architecture is Doric and Renaissance. It extends 340 feet on Broadway, 340
feet on Park Row, and 290 feet on Mail Street, facing the park. It is made of a
light-colored granite. Its height is five stories. The United-States Circuit and Dis-
trict Courts here hold their sittings. In handling the mail of New-York City, 1,525
clerks and 1,386 mail-carriers are employed. The Post-Office receipts for the fiscal
year, ending June 30, 1892, were $6,783,202. The expenditures reached $2,568,700,
leaving a net revenue of $4,214,502. There are 18 branch post-office stations, 20
sub-stations, and 1,749 street letter-boxes, attached to lamp-posts, and located in
hotels, clubs, and large business buildings.

The Postmaster of New- York City is Cornelius Van Cott, who was appointed by
President Harrison, in 1889. His predecessor was Henry G. Pearson, appointed
by President Garfield, in 1881. He had been assistant-postmaster under Thomas
L. James, who was postmaster during President Hayes's administration, and went
into President Garfield's cabinet as Postmaster-General, in 188 1.

The Bureau of Animal Industry, at 18 Broadway, is under the Department
of Agriculture of the United-States Government. The duties are the inspection of
all cattle intended for export to Europe, also sheep and swine. The exportation
of the latter is very limited in comparison with cattle. The special object of the
office is to detect cases of pleuro-pneumonia in cattle. The chief is the veterinary
inspector of the port, who has under him a corps of assistants at the stock-yards.
The inspection of the cattle-carrying steamers comes within the jurisdiction of the
office. All cattle exported are tagged, showing the source of western shipments.
There are offices in Brooklyn, Jersey City and at many other points throughout the
country, for detecting cases of pleuro-pneumonia.

The New-York State Fish-Commission, consisting of five members, is ap-
pointed by the Governor. It has its chief office at 83 Fulton Street. Its object is to
disseminate the fry of food-fish in public waters throughout the State. There are five
hatcheries for the propagation of the fry from the eggs of the female fish. They are
as follows: The Adirondack, Saranac P. O., Franklin County; Cold Springs P.
0„ Long Island ; Fulton Chain, Old Forge P. O. ; Sacandaga, Newton Corners ;
Chautauqua, Caledonia P. O. There is a shell-fish department, for the surveying
and granting of franchises to the holders of oyster grounds.

The United-States Immigrant Bureau, on Ellis Island, New-York Har-
bor, is under the charge of the Superintendent of Immigration and a staff of officers.
The principal function of this bureau is to inspect and examine arriving immigrants ;
and to see that the provisions of the laws forbidding the landing of certain prohibited
classes, namely : convicts, lunatics, idiots, paupers, persons likely to become public
charges, or suffering with contagious or loathsome diseases, contract laborers, and
polygamists, are carried out. All immigrants are landed at Ellis Island, which covers
an area of 2j acres. For the twelvemonth ending June 30, 1892, the immigration
was 445,987, including 81,592 from Germany, 60,233 from Austria- Hungary, 59,205
from Russia, 58,687 from Italy, and 47,635 from Sweden and Norway.

General Culture-

Educational Institutions — Universities, Colleges, Academies,

Seminaries and Public, Private and Parochial

Schools and Kindergartens.

THE ancient history and traditions of New York, its immense increase and con-
servation of wealth, and the gathering here of the brightest men and women in
the Republic, combine with many other causes to make of the Empire City one of
the foremost educational centres of the Western World. This leadership is not
dependent upon any single institution, or any special line of study, or any individual
group of influences. Besides its two universities, which stand among the foremost
exponents of the German system, it has schools of medicine, theology, law, art, and
music second to none in efficiency and value of results. Students in New York work
and play with equal and intense zest, as the merchants of the city do, for the electric
air of Manhattan allows no place or time for bucolic stagnation. In the great libra-
ries and art-galleries, museums and hospitals, the scholar finds numberless object-
lessons, and extends the bounds of his observation far beyond his text-books.

The first schoolmaster in New Amsterdam was Adam Roelandsen, who enjoyed
a monopoly of teaching the round-faced little Dutch children. After a time this
pioneer of pedagogues fell into ill repute, so that his pupils all departed, and he was
forced to earn a scanty living by taking in washing. Not even as a launderer was
he permitted to dwell in the New World, for in 1646 he was publicly flogged and
banished from the country. A year before this exile began, Adrien Jansen Van
Olfendam opened a school, and met with good success, his price for a year's tuition
being two beaver-skins. This lucrative business stimulated Jan Stevenson to open
another school in 1648.

Four years later, in response to the earnest appeals of Captain-General Stuyve-
sant, the first public school was founded, to teach reading and writing and the
knowledge and fear of God. The teachers were, successively, Dr. La Montagne,
William Verstius, Harmen Van Hoboken and Evert Pietersen, who received $14.50
a month, besides $50 a year for board. In 1658 the burghers erected a new school-
house, and the West India Company sent over the learned Dr. Curtius, who founded
here a flourishing Latin school, using his spare time in practising as a physician.
After his return to Holland the academy was conducted by Dominie ^Egidius Luyck,
the private tutor of the Director's children.

The Free Public Schools of New -York are remarkably efficient, and have re-
ceived many commendations from competent authorities. They number more than
300, including about 100 each of primary and grammar schools, 48 corporate schools,
and 29 evening schools. The enrolment of pupils is in the vicinity of 240,000, and
the average daily attendance exceeds 160,000. There are 4,200 teachers; and the
16

242

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

expense of the schools to the city is $5,000,000 a year.- The children learn their
letters in the lower primary schools, and thence advance, after rigid and careful ex-
aminations, through the various grades of the grammar schools, studying the English
branches, drawing, vocal music, and (if desired) French and German. All such
as may desire a higher education, and have passed the examinations, are provided

with collegiate
instruction, free of
cost ; the boys in
the College of the
City of New York,
and the girls in the
Normal College.
In the evening
schools, education
is given to 22,000
young people who
are obliged to sup-
port themselves by
working during the
day. The disci-
pline in all the pub-
lic schools is strin-
gent and rigid, and
teaches the desir-
ability of system
and subordination.
There are 40 man-
ual training schools, with 430 teachers and 20,000 pupils, doing an admirable and
efficient practical work.

Children between eight and fourteen years of age are compelled by. law to attend
school ; and a group of twelve agents of truancy continually look up the delinquents,
and enforce the statute. The more vicious and incorrigible truants are sent to refor-
matories. Since this efficient organization has been at work, many thousands of
loitering and unemployed children have been placed in school ; and the number of
children arrested by the police for crimes or under suspicion has dwindled from 1,200
to 500 yearly. The public property used for school purposes exceeds $15,000,000
in value. A department of public instruction for teachers is attached to the American
Museum of Natural History, with series of lectures on subjects illustrated by the
vast collections of that institution.

The College of the City of New York was established in 1848, under the
name of the Free Academy, and in 1866 received its present name, and the powers
and privileges of a college. Instruction and the use of text-books and apparatus
are free to young men of New-York City. There are three courses of study, classi-
cal, scientific and mechanical, each of five years' duration ; and a two years' post-
graduate course in civil engineering. The rather picturesque buildings of the college
are at Lexington Avenue and 23d Street, and contain valuable collections and ap-
paratus, a large work-shop, and a library of 28,000 selected volumes. There are
about 40 professors and tutors, and 1,100 students. The college costs the city
$160,000 a year, and stands in the place of the usual city high school, although its
range of studies is much higher than that followed in high schools.

GRAMMAR CCHOOL NO. 94, AMSTERDAM AVENUE AND 68TH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

243

The Normal College For Women occupies a great building, which with
its grounds takes up the block bounded by Park and Lexington Avenues, and
East 68th and 69th Streets. The building was erected at a cost of nearly $500,000,
and contains a spacious hall, three lecture-rooms and thirty recitation rooms.
About 2,800 students are at work in the college and the adjacent kindergarten and
primary training departments. More than 5,000 graduates have gone out from this
institution, and eighty per cent, of them have become teachers in the public schools.
The Normal College costs the city $100,000 a year, and is widely renowned for the
perfect discipline maintained among its students.

The Board of Education, at 146 Grand Street, is the supervising legislative
body, and is made up of 21 Commissioners appointed by the Mayor, who also ap-
points three inspectors in each school district, while the Board names five trustees
in each ward.

The Universities. — The beginnings of the movement for liberal education in
New York appeared in 1703, and funds were raised for the purpose soon afterward
by legislative authority. The two great institutions for higher education in New-
York City, Columbia College and the University of the City of New York, pursue
mainly the continental European methods. They have relatively little under-gradu-
ate work, their strong efforts being in
the direction of higher academic study
and special professional work. Of
their 3,000 students fewer than one-
fifth are under-graduates, but more
than one-fourth are graduates of other
colleges. Like other first-class metro-

COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, LEXINGTON AVENUE AND EAST 23D STREET.

politan universities, they are constrained to maintain their graduate departments
at the highest rate of efficiency ; while their magnificent professional schools
could almost carry the entire organizations if needed. In these regards, they differ
from nearly all other American universities, which mainly seek to house and train
many young under-graduates, and whose professional schools fail to meet their

244

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

NORMAL COLLEGE, LEXINGTON-AVENUE FRONT.

cost. They have no dormitories, and from this cause college associations and inti-
macies, as generally understood, are little known. There has been considerable dis-
cussion, but very little probability, of uniting Columbia and the University of New
York under the same roof, each to retain somewhat of its own corporate existence,
traditions and special work, and both to co-operate in a unified higher education.
Some form of federation may in time be adopted.

Columbia College is the lineal successor to King's College, which was chart-
ered in 1754, with the Archbishop of Canterbury and a number of prominent gentle-
men of England and New
York as governors. The
first president was the Rev.
Dr. Samuel Johnson, of Con-
necticut, who convened the
earliest college class, num-
bering eight young men, in
the vestry-room of Trinity
Church. Trinity was the
most efficient friend of the
new institution, and granted
to it lands now of enormous
value. A handsome stone
building, one side of a pro-
jected quadrangle overlook-
ing the Hudson River, was
opened in 1760. After a
time Dr. Johnson sought rest, feeling the weight of years ; and the Archbishop of
Canterbury sent over the Rev. Myl'es Cooper, a fellow of Queen's College, Oxford,
to succeed him, in 1763. Dr. Cooper was an ardent loyalist, and wrote strongly
against the growing sentiment of American independence, until finally a mob
attacked his lodgings in the college, and he escaped with difficulty to England, in
1775. During the Revolution the library and apparatus were scattered, and the
college building served as a military hospital. Among the young men who had been
educated here were Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Gouverneur Morris, Robert R.
Livingston, and other leading patriots of New York.

When the war ceased, and the city restored her waste places, this institution was
revived, under the more appropriate name of Columbia College. Among its students
were De Witt Clinton and John Randolph of Roanoke. From 1784 to 1787 Colum-
bia was officially styled a university, with projected faculties of Arts, Divinity, Medi-
cine and Law, although it had but 40 students. The president from 1787 to 1800
was William Samuel Johnson, a son of the first president, and withal a friend of the
famous Dr. Samuel Johnson, of England, and a United-States Senator from Con-
necticut. From him the administration passed nominally to Benjamin Moore,
Bishop of New York. The presidencies of William Harris (181 1-29), William Alex-
ander Duer (1829-42), and Nathaniel F. Moore (1842-49) followed thereafter. The
presidency of Charles King extended from 1849 to 1864, and witnessed the removal
of the college from College Place to its present location, the founding of the Law
School and the planning of the School of Mines, and the nominal addition of the
Medical Department. The presidency of Dr. F. A. P. Barnard lasted from 1864 to
1890, during which period the college prospered greatly. In 1890 the Hon. Seth
Low, a graduate of the college, and a well-known political reformer and business

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

245

246

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

man, and ex-mayor of Brooklyn, was elected president. The college chairs have
been occupied by such men as Anthon and Drisler, in the classics ; Adrain, Ander-
son and Van Amringe, in mathematics ; Chandler, in chemistry ; McVickar, in
political economy ; Boyesen, in the Germanic languages ; and many other illustrious
scholars in various departments.

In 1 80 1 Dr. David Hosack, of the Medical School, bought for a botanical garden
the domain called Elgin, which the State purchased from him and gave to the col-
lege in 1814, to replace a township of land granted long before, and lost when Ver-
mont (in which it lay) became a State. Elgin covered nearly the domain included
between Fifth and Sixth Avenues and 47th and 51st Streets, then nearly four miles
from the city, but now in its very heart. When the delightful green and the vener-
able sycamores of the original site on College Place had become only a little oasis in
a great roaring world of commercial activity, the college resolved to move to its up-
town estate, and plans for a noble group of buildings were prepared by Upjohn, the
famous Gothic architect. Pending their erection, Columbia bought and occupied
the old Deaf and Dumb Asylum and grounds ; and there it still remains, for the
civil war of 1861-65 put an end to its ambitious scheme of building. The Elgin
estate is of enormous value, and yields large revenues to the college.

The college buildings form almost a double quadrangle, covering the block be-
tween Madison and Fourth Avenues and 49th and 50th Streets, with handsome and
commodious brick buildings, in collegiate Gothic architecture. The library is a
noble hall, with a triple-arched roof on iron trusses; 120,000 volumes, arranged by
subjects ; long lines of tables for readers ; and an admirable system of service. Seven
hundred serial publications are kept on file in the reading-room. In one of the
stack -houses is the precious Torrey Herbarium, with its 60,000 volumes ; and the

astronomical observatory occupies the tower.

Columbia has developed into a great and powerful
university, with 226 professors and officers and 1,600
students. Its college under-graduate department is
relatively small, the main strength being given to
the professional and advanced schools. There are
no dormitories, or other institutions for resi-
dence. Plans are being actively developed to
augment the already large endow-
ments, and to move the university
to a new site, covering 17^ acres,
at Bloomingdale, near the incho-
ate Protestant-Episcopal Cathe-
dral. The land has already been
purchased ; and Charles A.
McKim, Charles C. Haight and
Richard M. Hunt, the famous
architects, are serving as a com-
mission to lay out the new site.

The University faculties of
Law, Medicine, Mines, Political
Science and Philosophy, taken
together, constitute the Univer-
sity, offering advanced study and
investigation in private or munici-

COLUMBIA COLLEGE, SCHOOL OF ARTS,
MADISON AVENUE AND EAST 50TH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

247

pal law ; medicine and surgery ; mathematics and pure and applied science ; history,
economics and public law ; and philosophy, philology and letters.

The School of Arts occupies the range of buildings along Madison Avenue,
and has nearly 50 professors and instructors and 300 students.

The School of Mines was founded in 1864, and ten years later occupied the
costly new building erected for its use. Among the earlier professors were Gen. F.
L. Vinton, Thomas Egleston, Charles F. Chandler (now Dean of the school), and
John S. Newber-
ry, the latter of
whom brought
hither his unri-
valled geological
and palreontologi-
c a 1 collections.
The seven courses
are : Mining engi-
neering, civil en-
gineering, electri-
c a 1 engineering,
metallurgy, geol-
ogy and palaeon-
tology, analytical
and applied chem-
istry, and archi-
tecture ; and the
students are given
practical instruc-
tion in geodesy,
mining, metal-
working and other departments. There are also three graduate courses, of two
years each, in electrical engineering, sanitary engineering, and special courses.
The department of architecture, under the charge of Prof. William R. Ware, is the
foremost architectural school in America, and has a large number of enthusiastic
students, under competent and careful instruction.

The School of Law, of which Professor William A. Keener is Dean, was or-
ganized in 1858 under the direction of Professor Theodore W. Dwight, and is recog-.
nized as one of the leading law-schools of the country. It has a three years' course
of study in private and public law, leading to the degree of LL. B. It has a staff of
ten instructors, with 315 students. The famous commentaries of Chancellor Kent
are an outgrowth of lectures delivered by him at Columbia.

The School of Political Science, an outgrowth of the School of Law, was
founded in 1880, under Prof. John W. Burgess, "to prepare young men for the
duties of public life." It has already won a high measure of success, in teaching
constitutional history and law, history of political theories, political economy and
social science, Roman law and comparative jurisprudence, administrative law, inter-
national law and history.

The School of Philosophy was founded in 1890, for advanced courses in
philosophy, philology and letters.

The College of Physicians and Surgeons, the medical department of Colum-
bia College, was chartered in 1807 ; and six years later, the School of Medicine of

COLUMBIA COLLEGE : LIBRARY AND (
MADISON AVENUE AND 49T>

248

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

the college, which dated from 1767, united with it. In i860 this college became
nominally a department of Columbia, and in 189 1 became an integral part of it. In
1884 William H. Vanderbilt presented $500,000 to the college, which with this gift
purchased land and erected a building at 59th Street, near 10th Avenue. A few
months later Mr. Vanderbilt's daughter, Mrs. William D. Sloane, and her husband
gave $250,000 for the erection of the Sloane Maternity Hospital, under the control
of the college ; and still later Mr. Vanderbilt's four sons gave $250,000 for the con-
struction of the Vanderbilt Clinic and Dispensary. The college has 50 instructors
and 570 students. It is equipped with electric lights, Worthington pumps, etc.

Barnard College, at 343 Madison Avenue, has professors approved by the
President of Columbia, and the same entrance examinations as Columbia, and its
degrees are conferred by Columbia. It is practically a section of the University,
where women may secure an education identical in quality and official recognition
with that given to men. Barnard was founded in 1889, and named for the late Presi-
dent of Columbia College. It has its own botanical and chemical laboratories, and
the use of Columbia's extensive library. The number of students is 45, mainly
New- York girls, whose parents prefer that their daughters should live at home dur-
ing their college education.

The New-York College for the Training of Teachers, the first of its type
to be established in America, has numerous elective courses in pedagogy, scientifically
studying the character and teaching of children from the kindergarten to the end of
the high school. It has students from eighteen States, including many teachers already
experienced, and college graduates. The aim is to bring modern life and the modern
school more into touch with each other, by observation, practice and organization ; and
great things have already been attained in striving toward this ideal. In 1892 the

college entered
into negotiations
looking toward
becoming an or-
ganic part of the
university system
of Columbia ; and
George W. Van-
derbilt, one of its
trustees, gave it a
valuable building
site on Blooming-
dale Heights, ad-
joining the future
site of Columbia
College. Since its
foundation in 1889
the institution has

occupied the old Union Theological Seminary building, at 9 University Place. The
college is empowered to confer the degrees of Bachelor, Master and Doctor of Peda-
gogy. It has 34 officers and 215 students, besides 264 in the school of observation
and practice, and 1,000 in the extension classes. The departments are : psychology
and the history of education, the science and art of teaching, natural science, domes-
tic economy (cooking and sewing), form study and drawing, mechanic arts, vocal
music, vocal culture, and observation and practice. The course is two years long.

COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, 437 WEST 59TH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 249

The University of the City of New York was planned in 1829 and 1830,
in several meetings of public-spirited merchants and professional men, and incorpo-
rated in 1 83 1. The idea was to offset Episcopalian and conservative Columbia with
an undenominational modern university. Until 1883 a part of the Council was elected
by the City Legislature, and it was forbidden that any religious denomination should
have a majority in the Council. John Taylor Johnston and Charles Butler, recent
Presidents of the Council, have served in it respectively forty-six years and fifty-six

UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, WASHINGTON SQUARE, EAST, AND WAVERLY PLACE.

years. The property of the University, all of which has come from gifts and be-
quests, amounts to about $2,000,000. The University building, on Washington
Square, erected in 1832-35, is a conspicuous structure of light-colored limestone, in
Gothic architecture, and contains the Council-room, with its many portraits of dis-
tinguished members of the Council, and the class-rooms and laboratories, museum
and observatory of the Department of Arts and Science. In ancient days many
famous authors, artists and scholars dwelt in this noble building, where Prof. S. F. B.
Morse discovered the recording telegraph, Dr. John William Draper made the first
photographs from the human face, and Theodore Winthrop wrote Cecil Dreme.
The University has about 100 professors and instructors and 1,330 students. The
Chancellors have been Drs. James Matthews, Theodore Frelinghuysen, Gardiner
Spring, Isaac Ferris, Howard Crosby, John Hall and Henry M. MacCracken.

In 1891-92 the University took an important step, in purchasing for $300,000, a
new site, intended in particular for the College of Arts' and Philosophy, the tech-
nological schools, and the Graduate Seminary. The School of Law, the School of
Pedagogy, and part of the Graduate Seminary work will remain upon Washington
Square, where a new building will be erected, of which probably seven or eight

250

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

stories will be rented for business purposes, while two or three stories will be reserved
for the schools named, and for University offices, and popular lectures. The Medi-
cal School will continue as at present. The new site is an elevated plateau of twenty
acres, accessible by railway in less than twenty minutes from 42d Street. It is to be
known as "University Heights," and is admirably adapted to University purposes.
The Department of Arts and Science dates from 1832, and for over half a

century consisted of a college on the
approved American plan, with from 100
to 150 students. University Colkgj
now has twenty-six professors and lec-
turers, and its classical and scientific
courses lead respectively to the degrees
of Bachelor of Art and Bachelor of
Science. Among its professors have
been the Drapers, Vethake, Mcllvaine
and Robinson ; John Torrey, the botan-
ist; Tayler Lewis, the philologist;
George Bush, the commentator; Nord-
heimer, the Hebraist ; Henry P. Tap-
pan, the philosopher ; Davies and
Loomis, the mathematicians, and S. F.
B. Morse, the inventor.

The School of Civil Engineer-
ing and the School of Chemistry,
two well conducted institutions for
technical training, are controlled by
the Faculty of Arts and Science, which
also conducts

The School of Pedagogy,
founded in 1890, to give higher training
to teachers, in psychology and ethics,
the theory and practice of pedagogy,
and the history, classics and systems
of education. There are 260 students
in the school.

The Graduate Seminary,
founded in 1886, receives candidates for the degrees of Master of Arts or Science, and
Doctor of Philosophy. Over 100 graduate students are in attendance, and thirty
special courses are provided.

The Department of Law, with its under graduate and graduate schools, has its
lecture-room and library in the fine old University building. The foundation of this
faculty was carefully planned in the year 1835, ty ^e Hon. B. F. Butler, then At-
torney-General of the United States. The council of the University adopted his plans,
and Mr. Butler accepted the office of Senior Professor. The Law school was soon
suspended, and again opened in 1858; but it is only during the past few years that it
has advanced to a prominent rank. As Prof. Stoddard remarks, in that period "it
has changed its character from a school of law forms to a school of jurisprudence ; "
and develops at once the systematic study of statute law and the observation of pro-
fessional methods of research and practice. The Dean and Senior Professor is Aus-
tin Abbott, LL. D. ; and there are three other professors and six lecturers. The

LOOMIS LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY MEDICAL COLLEGE,
414 EAST 26TH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

251

course is of two years, with several advanced courses in the graduate year. There
are 240 students (nearly half of them college graduates), including also ten women.
The Graduate Law School was opened in 1891, with 40 pupils, and requires the
completion of five subjects for the degree of Master of Laws. The University also
gives popular courses of lectures on law, in particular to business women, every win-
ter. This lectureship is endowed by the Women's Legal Education Society.

Theology is not taught by the University ; but in 1890 an alliance was formed
with the Union Theological Seminary, by which students of either institution are
admitted under easy conditions to the libraries and lecture-courses of the other. Also,
the graduates of Union Seminary may receive the degree of Bachelor of Divinity.

The Faculty of Medicine (University Medical College), founded in 1841,
numbered among its earlier members Drs. Valentine Mott, Bedford, Post, Draper,
and Paine. Its buildings are on 26th Street, near the East River, fronting Bellevue
Hospital, and near the ferry-entrance to the great city charities. They consist of
the central edifice, which includes the offices, with the lecture-room and amphi-
theatre, either of which seats 500 students ; the west wing, in which are the Dis-
pensary, and eight "section rooms" ; and the east wing, to which the anonymous
giver of $100,000 for its erection attached the name of the Loomis Laboratory, after
the senior professor. Its five
floors contain the five laboratories
of Materia Medica, Physics,
Chemistry, Physiology, Biology
and Pathology. There are 23
professors, and 35 lecturers.
Three winter courses, each com-
prising eight months' study, are
required for the degree of M. D.
The University Medical College
has 640 students, of whom 30
came from Canada, 30 from Rus-
sia, and many others from Central
and South America, and other
countries. Among its 6,000 grad-
uates have been many illustrious
physicians and scientists.

The Medical Schools bring
wide renown to the great metrop-
olis for their magnitude and their
very unusual opportunities for im-
parting a practical education.
Many of the foremost of Ameri-
can physicians live in New York,
and here also are brought thou-
sands of patients requiring the
care of the most skillful specialists. The notable museums, libraries and scientific
societies also afford rich stimulus to the student, and tend to elevate more and more
the spirit of the profession. Here occur the meetings of the laryngological, derma-
tological, clinical, microscopical, medico-historical, medico-legal, neurological,
obstetrical, medico-chirurgical, surgical, pathological, ophthalmological, therapeutical
and other cognate societies. Here also are held the fortnightly meetings of the

UNIVERSITY MEDICAL COLLEGE, 410 EAST 26TH STREET.

252

KING'S HA NT) BOOK OF NEW YORK.

POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL AND HOSPITAL, 226 EAST 20TH STREET.

New-York Academy of
Medicine, which dates
from 1847, and has for
nearly half a century
studied how best to pro-
mote the public health,
to raise the standard of
medical education, to
advance the honor of
the profession, and to
cultivate the science of
medicine. The Acad-
emy maintains a library
of more than 20,000
volumes, which is open
to the people all day
long. The Medical
Journal Association
keeps on file all the
current medical period-
icals and monographs, showing the latest results of professional research in all coun-
tries. Students are able to live in New York at an expense not exceeding that
attending life at other educational centres, and also find more frequent opportunities
for partial self-support. They are broadened by the myriad influences of the metro-
politan city, and may become in a sense citizens of the world, while preparing for the
arduous professional life before them. If their opportunities and advantages are
fully availed of, they will enter upon the practice of the healing art with a better
equipment of special and general knowledge than can usually be acquired by
students in the quiet cloisters of secluded rural colleges.

The noted medical schools of Columbia College and the University have been
hereinbefore described.

Bellevue-Hospital Medical College owes its inception to the construction
of an amphitheatre for clinical lectures at Bellevue Hospital, in 1849, followed eight
years later by the erection of a pathological building. The college began its work
in 1 86 1, with lectures on military surgery, a theme of vital interest at that time ;
and has since developed into one of the leading medical schools of America, under
the lead of men like Mott, Flint, Hammond and Doremus. The institution occupies
a part of the grounds of Bellevue Hospital, at the foot of East 26th Street, and close
to the East River. The contiguity of the great public hospital, with the numberless
opportunities there afforded for obtaining a practical knowledge of both the duties
and the resources of the medical profession, places it in the power of the Bellevue
students to enter upon their life-duties competent to meet intelligently every emer-
gency. Almost every physical ill which they may encounter in future practice comes
under their observation here, and also the most modern scientific and skilful means
of relief, as given by sagacious physicians. The hospital clinics afford object-lessons
in every variety of disease requiring indoor treatment ; and the Bureau of Medical
and Surgical Relief for the Outdoor Poor at its clinics illustrates the best treatments
in minor surgery, and of commoner and less grave diseases, especially in disorders
of children. The bureau was organized and elaborated by the Faculty of the col-
lege, and has been of immense service to the poor, whose profound respect for the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

253

skill of the attendants is justly deserved. Over 40,000 patients are treated here
every year. The college has graduated upwards of 4,000 doctors. It has 35 in-
structors and 550 students (60 of whom are foreigners, mainly from Canada and the
West Indies). A recent addition to the college buildings is the Carnegie Laboratory,
a five-story building containing three general laboratories and a large auditorium.
The President of the college is William T. Lusk, M. D.

The New-York Post-Graduate Hospital and Medical School has a plain
and substantial brick building at 226 20th Street, near Second Avenue. This in-
stitution dates from 1882, and is intended to give practising physicians opportunities
to see and study the newest discoveries in medical and surgical science. Its clinics
diffuse the freshest knowledge.

The New-York Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital received
its charter in 1 861, and has been very successful. Its building, at 63d Street and
Avenue A, is well equipped for the curriculum of lectures, clinics, and demonstra-
tions, which extend over a period of three years. The Dean is Timothy Field Allen,
M. D., LL. D., with whom serves a body of 28 instructors. The pupils number 130.

The New-York College of Dentistry, chartered in 1865 and opened in
1866, is at 23d Street and Third Avenue, and has 40 instructors and 250 students.
The president is Dr. Frank Abbott. It educates students in the scientific and
chirurgical requirements of the science, with series of lectures on operative and
mechanical dentistry, and daily practice and demonstration at operations in the chair,
and careful laboratory practice.

The College of Pharmacy of the City of New York was founded in
1829, and gives instruction in chemistry, materia medica, botany, pharmacognosy,
pharmacy, physiology, and physics, by afternoon lectures, quizzes, and laboratory
work. The buildings, on East 23d Street, near Third Avenue, contain valuable
museums and apparatus, spacious laboratories and lecture-room, and the largest phar-
maceutical library in America. The
course includes thirty hours a week,
for two years ; and converts druggists'
apprentices into thoroughly equipped
and scientific pharmacists, fitted to
understand and compound all manner
of medicines. There are 400 students,
including about a dozen foreigners.
The president is Samuel W. Fairchild.

The Women's Medical College
of the New-York Infirmary for
Women and Children was chartered
in 1865, as an outgrowth of a dispen-
sary which was founded in 1854, and
the hospital which was added thereto
in 1857. The sessions of the college
are held in a handsome and commodi-
ous new building on Stuyvesant Square,
near the Infirmary. There are 30 pro-
fessors and instructors, and about 90
students (including 16 foreigners), the
course covering three years. Dr.
Emily Blackwell is the Dean.

COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY, 205 EAST 230 STREET
NEAR THIRD AVENUE.

254

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

The New-York Medical College and Hospital for Women dates from
1863, and has about 40 students in homoeopathic medicine, at 21.3 West 54th Street.
The Eclectic Medical College of the City of New York, founded in 1865,
is composed of 21 instructors and 80 students. It is at 239 East 14th Street.

The School of Ophthalmology and Otology is connected with the New-
York Ophthalmic Hospital (201 East 23d Street), and gives a complete course of

study in diseases of the eye, ear and throat.
Nurses' Training-Schools.— Large
hospitals find their best development in large
cities ; and among their most valuable agen-
cies are their corps of trained nurses. Con-
versely, the training-schools for nurses must
be intimately associated with hospitals,
where the students may daily observe the
practical workings of their profession. There
are over 300 pupils in the nurses' training-
schools connected with the Charity, the
Bellevue, the New-York and St. Luke's
Hospitals. One of the largest of these is
the one connected with the New- York Hos-
pital, where 60 pupils are enrolled.

The D. O. Mills Training-School
for Male Nurses occupies a substantial

f brick building erected in 1888 in the Belle-

vue-Hospital grounds, at the foot of East
26th Street. It is arranged and fitted up as
a home for the nurses during their two-years'
course of study, which is on the same lines
as that of the Training-School for Female Nurses, nearly opposite. Two classes
have been graduated from the school, and there are now 27 inmates, all of whom
serve in the male wards of the hospital. It is a generous educational charity,
founded by Darius O. Mills.

The Columbia College of Midwifery, 242 West 33d Street, is another mani-
festation of the healing art. It was incorporated in 1883. Connected with it is the
Dispensary for Diseases of Women.

The College of Midwifery of the City of New York was organized in 1883,
and in 1884 became connected with the Nurses' Training-School of the Woman's
Infirmary and Maternity Home, 247 West 49th Street.

The New-York College of Massage, also at 247 West 49th Street, was
organized in 1S84.

The New-York College of Magnetics, at 4 West 14th Street, was char-
tered in 1887. It teaches chromopathy, mind cure, patho-mechanism, magnetic
massage, and solar magnetics. E. D. Babbitt, M. D., is dean.

Veterinary Colleges and Hospitals have arisen from the vast investments in
American live-stock, the annual losses of millions of dollars by contagious diseases,
the need of scientific inspection of meat and milk, and the ruin caused by quack
horse-doctors. With its organized Veterinary Society of graduates, its two veterinary
colleges and its two hospitals, New York is one of the foremost educational centres
as to the arts of healing domestic animals. The students are taught the theory and
practice of veterinary medicine, anatomy (with dissections) and surgery, pathology

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, 209 EAST 23D STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

255

and obstetrics, therapeutics and microscopy, ophthalmology, and bacteriology ; with
scientific care, and abundant illustrations and experiments.

The New-York College of Veterinary Surgeons and School of Com-
parative Medicine, chartered in 1857, is at 332 East 27th Street. It has ten
professors and four lecturers ; and over 100 students, attending lectures on equine
anatomy, bovine pathology, horse-shoeing, and many connected subjects. Many of
its graduates are appointed veterinary surgeons for the United-States Army. The
hospital of the college affords opportunities of observing the diseases of domestic
animals, and their treatment, and also of witnessing surgical operations. The Presi-
dent is Dr. William T. White.

The American Veterinary College dates from 1875; and has its home at
141 West 54th Street, where the American Veterinary Hospital receives and treats
disabled horses and dogs, admitting patients at all hours. The President is Dr. A.
Liautard ; and there are 16 instructors and 130 students.

Religious Instruction. — The Empire City has long been recognized as an ad-
mirable drill-ground for students in the fields of religion and Philanthropy. Here
are thousands of the most formidable heathen in the world, whose condition demands
amelioration; and other
thousands of earnest and
devoted Christians, always
studying and practicing
methods of beneficence.
Many of the foremost clergy-
men in the Republic occupy
pulpits here ; and the head-
quarters and conventions of
various denominations seek
this great metropolitan focus.
Large opportunities are also
afforded for students to sup-
port themselves in mission-
work, teaching and parochial
assistance.

The General Theo-
logical Seminary of The
Protestant Episcopal
Church was established by
the General Convention in
181 7 ; it began instructions
in 1 8 19 ; and was incorpor-
ated in 1822. Since that
date, it has graduated 1,200
men, of whom 34 have
become bishops. It is gov-
erned by a Board of Trustees, composed of the Bishops of the Church, the Dean, 25
appointees of the House of Deputies of the General Convention, and 25 men elected
by former contributing dioceses. There are twelve professors and instructors, and
125 students in holy orders. Ninety of these are college-graduates, including seven
from colleges in Sweden, and others from colleges in Canada, Persia and Turkey.
Tuition is free, to properly accredited candidates. There are rooms for 1 17 students

D. O. MILLS TRAINING SCHOOL TOR MALE NURSES, 431 EAST 26th STREET.

256

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

in the seminary ; and each of these pays $225 a year for the room and its care, coal
and gas, and board. The buildings are on Chelsea Square, between 20th and 21st
Streets and Ninth and Tenth Avenues. In 1880 the square was occupied only by two
grim old stone edifices ; but since that date there has been erected a series of hand-
some brick and stone buildings, in collegiate Gothic architecture. The Memorial
Chapel of the Good Shepherd has a melodious chime ; a reredos of exquisitely carved

UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, PARK AVENUE, FROM 69Tri TO 70TH STREETS.

alabaster, adorned with the Good Shepherd and eight Evangelists and Apostles, in
statuary marble; and ten storied windows of English stained glass. The beautiful
Hobart Hall contains the library of 22,000 volumes, with an open timber roof,
and many interesting portraits. The velvety green lawns and the groups of shrub-
bery between the buildings and the extent, the massive construction, and the quiet
dignity of the seminary buildings make a charming oasis of verdure and peace in the
vast whirl of the city's secular life.

The Union Theological Seminary occupies a range of handsome buildings
on Lenox Hill, along Park Avenue, between 69th and 70th Streets. This location
was occupied in 1884; and the buildings form a quadrangle, and include offices and
lecture-rooms, chapel and gymnasium, museum and reading-room, and many fur-
nished chambers for the students. Here also is the library, containing 66,000 volumes
and 50,000 pamphlets, and built up on the basis of the library of Leander Van Ess.
The seminary was founded in 1836; and in 1870 the Directors voted to make a
yearly report to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, which august
body was also given the right of veto in the appointment of professors. Its officers
give their assent to the standards of the Presbyterian Church ; but the seminary is
open to students from any Christian denomination. There are seven professors and

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

257

\i*. • V '/^

____

258

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

MANHATTAN COLLFGE, BOULEVARD AND WEST 131ST STREET.

1 60 students. Among the professors are Thomas S. Hastings, George L. Prentiss,
Philip Schaff, M. R. Vincent and Charles A. Briggs, with W. G. T. Shedd as professor
emeritus. The seminary has endowed instructorships in vocal culture, elocution and
sacred music ; and lectureships in the evidences of Christianity, the relations of the
Bible to science, and hygienic instruction. The course of study covers three years.
The Jewish Theological Seminary, founded in 1886, in 1892 occupied
the handsome residence at 736 Lexington Avenue ; and has three preceptors and

fifteen students. The
course lasts nine years,
and educates young
Hebrews to be rabbis,
or teachers. The sem-
inary is maintained
chiefly by the New-
York, Philadelphia and
Baltimore synagogues.
The president of the
Faculty is Dr. Sabato
Morais.

The New- York
Missionary Train-
ing College aims to
prepare persons devoid of an elaborate liberal education, for city and foreign mis-
sionaries and evangelists, by spiritual and scriptural studies of the Bible and theology,
and a practical and experimental training. The college, a fire-proof five-story
building at 690 Eighth Avenue, is occupied by the men-students. Berachah Home,
at 250 West 44th Street, and the annex at 453 West 47th Street, are for the women.
The course is three years in length. There are about a dozen instructors and 200
students, of whom 90 are women. A score come from Canada, and there are others
from Scotland, England, Germany, Switzerland, Russia, India, Japan and Hayti.

The New-York Deaconess Home and Training-School of the Metho-
dist Episcopal Church, at 241 West 14th Street, has about a score of inmates,
studying the Bible, elementary medicine, hygiene, nursing and other requisites for
the sisterhood of service among the poor and the sick. Graduates of the school
become probationers, and these become uniform deaconesses, devoted entirely to
Christian labor with the wandering and sorrowing, the poor and the orphan, the sick
and the dying.

The International Medical Missionary Training Institute is at 118
East 45th Street, with a ladies' branch at 459 Lexington Avenue.

St. John's College was founded in 1841 by Archbishop John Hughes, on the
famous old Rose-Hill estate at Fordham, and its first President was John McClos-
key, who became the first American Cardinal. In 1846 the college passed into the
hands of the Jesuits, who have ever since controlled its destinies with singular abil-
ity and devotion, preparing many young men for high achievements. St. John's
has several massive and imposing stone buildings, looking out on a broad lawn,
which is adorned with a bronze statue of Archbishop Hughes. The college con-
ducts three courses of study, collegiate, academic and scientific, and about 350 stu-
dents are engaged therein. The surrounding country and the St. John's estate
are very picturesque and attractive, and the avenues of ancient elms add beauty to
the grounds.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

259

The College of St. Francis Xavier is a Jesuit institution, opened in 1847
and chartered in 1 861, and now having twenty instructors and over 300 collegiate
students. Its handsome and imposing buildings are at 39 to 59 West 15th Street
and 30 to 50 West 1 6th Street, near Sixth Avenue. The library contains 23,000
volumes, and the museum and herbarium have large and valuable collections.

ST. FRANCIS XAVIER CHURCH AND COLLEGE, ROMAN CATHOLIC. 36 WEST 16TM STREET, BETWEEN

FIFTH AND SIXTH AVENUES.

260

AVNG'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Manhattan College is another great Catholic institution. Its stately build-
ings overlook Manhattanville. It was founded by the Christian Brothers, in 1853,
and received a charter in 1863. It has twenty-two instructors and nearly 300
students, about one-third of whom are collegiate. It possesses a fine library and
museum.

The Academy of the Sacred Heart is at Manhattanville (130th Street and
St. -Nicholas Avenue), where it occupies a group of stone buildings in a pleasant

ENUE AND 130TH STREET.

park of lawns and groves. It has about 250 students, cared for by the Ladies of
the Sacred Heart, who also conduct a large academy at 49 West 17th Street, and
another at 533 Madison Avenue.

The Academy of Mount St. Vincent, under the care of the Sisters of
Charity, is just above Riverdale, on the banks of the Hudson River. Near the
academy stands the stone castle of Font Hill, built by Edwin Forrest for his home,
and now a part of the religious institution, whose domain covers sixty-three acres.
The 200 girls studying here wear blue uniform dresses, and French is the language
spoken. The property of this academy is valued at nearly $1,000,000.

St. -Louis College, at 224 West 58th Street, has 75 pupils. It was founded in
1869, by Rev. Pere Ronay, for Catholic boys of refined families.

The La-Salle Academy, at 44 and 46 2d Street, has 130 pupils, under the
care of the Christian Brothers.

The Holy-Cross Academy, is at 343 West 42d Street. It has 250 girl-
students.

St. Catharine's Convent is at Madison Avenue and East 81st Street.

St. Vincent Ferrers Convent, at Lexington Avenue and East 65th Street,
has fine buildings, and a capable body of teachers.

Catholic Parochial Schools, with large and costly buildings and appliances,
are numerous.

The Catholic Private Schools, of which there are a dozen of a high order,
are for Catholic children. Among them are the Ursuline and Villa Maria Acade-
mies, the Holy Rosary, St. Augustine's and St. Cecilia's.

Trinity-Church Schools include a group of interesting Episcopal institutions,
such as the parochial school for boys, on Trinity Place ; the girls' school of St.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

261

Paul's, on Church Street ; and the night schools, for men and women. The indus-
trial schools of the parish teach sewing to more than 2,000 women ; and the Sisters
of St. Mary conduct a training-school for girls to learn the details of household
service.

The St. John Baptist and St. Mary's Schools are private institutions for
girls, at 231 East 17th Street and 8 East 46th Street.

The Riverside School, at 152 West 103d Street, is an Episcopal private
school, with 100 pupils.

The Friends' Seminary, at 226 East 16th Street, has 125 students.

St. Matthew's Academy, at 146 Elizabeth Street, is attended chiefly by
children of the Evangelical Lutherans.

The Society for Ethical Culture was founded in 1878 for the study and
practical teaching of the science of ethics, based on purely humanitarian grounds as
distinguished from the theological basis of Christian ethics. Prof. Felix Adler has
long been prominently identified with the society, of which he was one of the
founders. Religious services are held every Sunday at Chickering Hall, corner of
Fifth Avenue and West 1 8th Street, and the society is actively engaged in benevo-
lent and humanitarian work.

Art Education. — New York is the foremost of American cities in regard to
art, and its public galleries, private collections, and sales-galleries are of more than
continental reputation, and in-
clude many noble works, both
of the old masters and of the
best modern schools. It is
therefore natural that several
well-attended art-schools have
grown up amid such surround-
ings. Even the public schools
teach drawing to all their
pupils ; and several famous
artists admit to their studios
promising students. The
American Academy of Fine
Arts was founded in 1802,
mainly by merchants, and
opened its collections to art-
students in 1825. But the
policy was narrow and churl-
ish ; and in the same year the
students withdrew and, under
S. F. B. Morse and A. B.
Durand, formed the New- York
Drawing Association.

The National Academy
of Design, whose art-schools
occupy a part of the Venetian palace at Fourth Avenue and 23d Street, grew out of
the New- York Drawing Association. The schools are open both to men and women,
in morning, afternoon and evening sessions. There are classes in sketching, and
drawing from antique statuary and living figures, with lectures on perspective,
anatomy, and composition. The pupils average 250.

ACADEMY OF THE SACRED HEART, 49 WEST 17TH ST. , NEAR SIXTH AVE.

262

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art has art-schools which give careful techni-
cal instruction in free-hand and mechanical drawing, designing, carving, modelling
and other branches, in evening lessons ; besides a day-school to instruct women in
decoration.

The Art-Students' League of New York, founded in 1875, is m its ele"
gant new building at 215 East 57th Street ; and has day and evening classes of men

MOUNT ST VINCENT ACADEMY, RIVERDALE, BEYOND THE HARLEM RIVER.

and women studying portraiture, composition, sketching, modelling, and drawing
and modelling from sculptures or from live models. Among the students here have
been Church, Remington, De Thulstrup, Howard Pyle, and other well-known men.
Among the instructors are Beckwith, Mowbray, Weir, Chase, St. Gaudens and Ken-
yon Cox.

The Gotham Art Students are at 17 Bond Street.

The Harlem Art Association at 149 East 125th Street affords art instruction
for the residents of upper New York.

The Society of Decorative Art, at 28 West 21st Street, has classes in fine
needle-work, china-painting, fan-painting, water-colors, and other branches of art ;
and aims to thoroughly train women, each in one kind of decorative work.

The School of Industrial Art and Technical Design For Women,
founded in 1 88 1 by Mrs. Florence E. Cory is at 134 Fifth Avenue, and successfully
teaches designing for carpets, wall-paper, cretonne, calico, silk, linen, portieres,
carved and inlaid work, stained glass, lace, decorated cards, china, and all industrial
art manufactures.

The American Art School (A. L. Blanchard's), at 953 Broadway, near 23d
Street, was established in 1879, anc^ teaches drawing and all branches of painting
and especially tapestry painting.

The New-York Institute For Artist-Artisans, at 140 West 23d Street,
is a school founded in 1888 by eminent firms, citizens and artists to develop distinctive
American art and artisanship combined, and to popularize art and make it domestic
and national. A Times editorial says, "It is by all odds the best, most democratic,
most thorough* and promising art-school in the country. It is leading the van in
industrial art-education." There are departments in illustration, painting, sculpture.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK',

263

architecture, textiles, wall-paper, ceramics, wood-carving, metal and jewelry work.
The terms are $50 a year, with a few prize scholarships. John Ward Stimson, pre-
viously at the head of the Metropolitan Museum Art-School, is the superintendent.

The Woman's Art-School in the Cooper Union maintains classes in
painting, oil-color, drawing from the antique and from life, photo-color, photo-
crayon, painting porcelain photographs, pen and ink drawing, retouching negatives,
designing for silks and windows, and preparation for teaching art. It is intended
to supply to women of taste and capacity, from anywhere, a free education in some
one professional branch of art, in morning and afternoon classes. The night school
of art has over 1,000 pupils in cast-drawing, form-drawing, decorative designing,
ornamental drawing, rudimental drawing, modelling in clay, perspective drawing,
mechanical drawing and architectural drawing. The students are instructed by able
artists, like Gifford and Weir, and are provided with lectures on various branches of
art. Over 500 persons study in the Woman's Art-School, and a still larger number
in the night school, and there are always many more applicants than can be received.
These Cooper-Union schools are among the very foremost enlightening influences
in America, and have disseminated practical aesthetic ideas for many years.

Music Instruction is well provided in New- York City, for here is the musical
centre of the Union, and all musicians depend mainly upon the New- York verdict.
Here the German, English and Italian operas are presented as nowhere else in
America, and the great musical societies render the best oratorio and orchestral com-
positions. Music is taught in the public schools ; and by hundreds of private
teachers throughout the city.

ST. CATHARINE'S CONVENT, MADISON AVENUE AND EAST 81ST STREET.

The Metropolitan College of Music was founded in 1886, as a vocal
school, and in 1891 received incorporation as a college. It occupies many rooms, at
Nos. 19 and 21 East 14th Street; and has 20 professors, among whom are Dudley
Buck, Agramonte, and other well-known musicians.

264

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

The New-York College of Music was founded in 1878, and has more than
a score of instructors and 700 pupils. The handsome building at 128-130 East 58th
Street was erected for the college, and has a commodious concert-hall. Among the
instructors are Alex. Lambert, Mme Fursch-Madi and Walter Damrosch.

The New-York Conservatory of Music is at 5 East 14th Street.

The German Conservatory of Music is at 7 West 42d Street.

The Liederkranz Schools are free for instruction in vocal music for young
men and women, in the Liederkranz building, on East 58th Street.

Industrial and Scientific Training is accomplished through numerous im-
portant institutions, like the Hebrew Technical School, with its 140 students ; the
manual-training department of the College of the City of New York ; and the Work-
ingman's School, of the United Relief Works of the Society for Ethical Culture,
at 109 West 54th Street, in which Felix Adler is interested.

MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL. ChURCH OF THE DOMINICAN FATHERS. ST. VINCENT FERRERS CONVENT. 66TH STREET.

ST. VINCENT FERRERS CONVENT, LEXINGTON AVENUE AND EAST 65TH STREET.

The Cooper Union, one of the greatest popular educators in America, occupies
a seven-story brown-stone building, covering the block at the intersection of Seventh
Street and the Bowery, and Third and Fourth Avenues. One of its chief features
is the Free Night School of Science, giving a thorough instruction in mathematics,
and mechanics, in a five-years' course. The night schools of science and art have
over 3,000 students, most of whom work at their trades during the day. The pupils
must be fifteen years old, and acquainted with the rudiments of education. The
Union costs $50,000 a year, which is derived from the rentals of stores in the build-
ing and from the income of the endowment. Among its interesting features are
the library of 32,000 volumes ; the reading-room, with 500 magazines and news-
papers on file, and visited by 600,000 persons yearly ; the evening Elocution Class,
with 150 attendants; the Literary Class, with 200 debaters and declaimers ; the free
Saturday-evening lectures, by celebrated scholars and scientists; the free class in

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

265

Stenography and Type-writing, numbering 40 women ; the Free School of Telegraphy
for women, with 40 women ; and the Woman's Art-School.

Peter Cooper was born when New York contained 27,000 inhabitants, and
reached only to Chambers Street ; when there was not a free school in the city ; and
in the first presidency of George Washington. He died in 1883. He was a plain
and practical man, and a successful inventor and manufacturer ; and a million dollars
of his wealth was devoted to the construction and endowment of the Cooper Union,
"dedicated to Science, to make life intelligent, and to Art, to make life beautiful."

The New-York Trade Schools, at First Avenue, 67th and 68th Streets,
were founded by Col. Richard T. Auehmuty, in 1881, to enable young men to learn

HOLY CROSS PAROCHIAL SCHOOL, 240 WEST 43D STREET.

certain trades, and to give young men already in those trades an opportunity to im-
prove themselves. These schools cover nearly an acre of ground, and are attended
by 600 young men, coming from all parts of the United States and Canada. Con-
nected with the schools is a lodging-house, accommodating ioo young men, where
well-furnished rooms are rented at a moderate cost. The average age of the young
men in the day classes is 19 ; those in the evening classes are younger. Until the
present year the New-York Trade-Schools have been supported as well as managed
by Col. Auehmuty, but recently they have received an endowment of $500,000 from
J. Pierpont Morgan. The workshops at the schools are always open to visitors. The
pupils are taught by skilful mechanics the right ways of working, and also why they

266 ICING'S II A XD BOOK OF NEW YORK'.

are the right ways, by thorough, direct and friendly methods. The classes in Bricklay-
ing have erected several great buildings. The classes in Plastering work three even-
ings in each week. The classes in Plumbing, under the supervision of the Master
Plumbers' Association, have a shop 37 by 115 feet in area, perfectly equipped. The
classes in Carpentry have built some of the Trade-School edifices, in admirable style.
The classes in House, Sign, and Fresco Painting are supervised by the Master

NEW-YORK TFADE-SCHOOL, FIRST AVENUE AND EAST 68TH STREET.

Painters' and Decorators' Society, and have a wide reputation. The classes in Stone-
cutting, Blacksmith's Work, Printing, and Tailoring are all of great efficiency and
service.

The Nautical School is a very interesting department of education, intended
to prepare boys for service in the American merchant-marine. It numbers about
80 lads, between 16 and 20 years old, who are under the care of United-States naval
officers, the entire institution being governed by the city Board of Education. The
school occupies the old war-ship ,57. Mary's, sometimes at the foot of East 31st
Street, or anchored in the harbor, and every year making long practise cruises, to
Europe or the islands of the Atlantic. Besides the usual English branches, the lads
are taught orally and practically in making knots and splices ; the names and uses
of rigging and sails, bending and loosing, reefing and furling ; the management and
steering of boats, by rowing, sculling, or sailing ; the compass, boxing and steering
and taking bearings ; heaving the lead and marking log and lead lines ; swimming
and floating ; and many other details needful for sea-life. There is a post-graduate
course, fitting students for the positions of mates. All instruction is free, as the
St. Mary's is practically one of the New- York public schools. It is in no sense a
reformatory, and only willing and well-accredited boys are admitted.

Webb's Academy and Home for Shipbuilders was richly endowed by
William H. Webb, an eminent New- York shipbuilder, and incorporated in 1889.
It will be opened in 1893, to serve a double purpose : As a home for infirm and
unfortunate shipbuilders, and their wives, and as a school for young Americans who
desire to learn how to build ships and marine engines, and have no money to pay
for skilled instruction. The tuition includes all the details of shipbuilding and
marine engineering, theoretical and practical ; and the students are boarded and
taught free of cost. The great new stone building is in handsome Renaissance
architecture, and stands in a park of thirteen acres, on Fordham Heights, overlook-
ing the Harlem River. Besides its dormitories and parlors, library and hospital, it
has spacious draughting-rooms and an immense laying-out room,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

267

Commercial Schools have attained a high rank as educational institutions.
It is natural that this great metropolitan centre of commercial activities, the chief
port of entry and clearing-house of the continent, should have thousands of students
of business forms and principles. For many years the commercial colleges of New
York have been fitting great numbers of young people for practical service in the
counting-rooms and offices of the city, and preparing them to become expert account-
ants and book-keepers in positions of trust and responsibility. The standard of
commercial honor is higher in New York than in London or Paris, and among most
of its business men their word is as good as their bond. In the normal condition of
affairs here, apart from the infrequent panic of a financial crisis or the fever of spec-
ulation, the rectitude of the commercial spirit follows the lines of absolute truth.
Much of this nobility in the life of trade came from the grand old merchants of the
early days of New York, who held honor as high and stainless as the members of
any learned or military profession have ever done. Much of it also is derived from

COOPER UNION, IN JULY, 1892, JUNCTION OF THE BOWERY, THIRD AND FOURTH AVENUES AND 7th STREET.

the teachings of the business colleges of the city, where the sentiments of exactness
and precision are taught step by step with those of vigilance and enterprise.

Among the foremost of these commercial universities is Packard's Business Col-
lege, founded in 1858, and occupying a brick building on 23d Street and Fourth

268

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Avenue. Here many students are busily studying the processes of modern counting-
house and bank methods, with a complete arrangement of daily practical illustrations.
Among the most ancient schools of this character is Paine's Business College,
whose opening occurred in 1849. Thousands of graduates have gone thence to posi-
tions of trust and usefulness in the busy whirl of life down-town, to win for them-
selves positions of comfort and competence. The Paine Up-town Business College,

a later foundation, has 460 students in
its various courses.

Each of these institutions has its
college bank, with president and board
of directors, cashier and teller ; and its
jobbing houses and commission houses,
insurance offices and real-estate offices.
Each student has to acquire by practi-
cal experience the knowledge of the
work of shipping clerks, salesmen,
cashiers and book-keepers, buying and
selling, depositing and drawing checks,
and studies commercial law and calcu-
lations, financial, insurance and real-
estate law, and all other departments
of a business career, in a manner that
is intelligent, practical and distinct.

Cooking-Schools, wherein is
taught the art of preparing and cooking
food to the best advantage, comprise
several well-equipped institutions,
ranging from the simple cooking-classes of the charity schools to the scientific acad-
emies. Among the foremost of these beneficent institutions is the New- York Cook-
ing School at 18 Lafayette Place.

Maillard's New-York Chocolate School is an interesting development of
this branch of education, at 114 West 25th Street. Here free lessons are given on
Monday, Wednesday and Friday afternoons, from October to June, in the art of
making a cup of chocolate or cocoa, so that these delicious and nutritive beverages
may be served in their perfection.

Physical Culture is given much consideration. Among the great gymnasiums
of the city are those of the New-York Athletic Club, at 55th Street and Sixth
Avenue ; the Manhattan Athletic Club, at 45th Street and Madison Avenue ; the
Racquet and Tennis Club, at 27 West 43d Street ; the Young Men's Christian As-
sociation, at 23d Street and Fourth Avenue, and at Mott Haven ; and the Berkeley
Ladies' Athletic Association, on 44th Street, near Fifth Avenue.

The Turnverein conducts a school for 1,000 children, between the ages of six and
fifteen, in which, besides the usual studies, the young people are taught in calis-
thenics and other branches of gymnastics.

The Riding Schools are mostly near Central Park, whose roads and bridle-paths
afford fine opportunities for equestrian practice and exercise. Dickel's is the oldest,
and has appropriate quarters at 124 West 56th Street, with lessons in leaping and ring
and road riding, and riding to music. Durland's, near the Eighth- Avenue entrance to
the Park, at the Grand Circle, is said to be the largest equestrian school in the world.
Other riding academies are the Boulevard, at 60th Street ; the Central Park, at 58th

PARISH SCHOOL, CHURCH
445 EAST

OF OUR LAD^
115TH STREET.

MT. CARMEL,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

269

Street and Seventh Avenue ; the Belmont, on 124th Street ; the West End, at 139
West 125th Street ; and Antony's, at 90th Street and Fifth Avenue. These insti-
tutions have well-equipped riding-rings and saddle-horses, with competent teachers,
and some of the evening classes are inspired by pleasant music.

Dancing Schools are numerous and varied, where this graceful art is taught
to thousands of young people. Among the foremost Terpsichorean academies is
Dodsworth's, whose patrons come from the select circles of the city, and are in-
structed in all the most modern forms of dancing.

Fencing Classes are taught by Prof. H. Armand Jacoby, who is affiliated
with the Fencers' Club, at 8 West 28th Street ; M. Gonspy, at the Racquet and
Tennis Club ; M. Regis Senac, at the New- York Athletic Club ; Frederick and
Heins, at the Turnverein ; and several other masters of swordsmanship.

Kindergartens and other peculiar schools show the imperial beneficence of New
York. Here have been instituted
great numbers of schools for the
dependent and defective classes.
The New- York Kindergarten As-
sociation has opened numerous
schools for the very young children
in the tenement-house districts.

The Children's Aid Society
conducts 22 admirable day and
night industrial schools. Similar
schools are maintained in the Five-
Points Mission House, with cook-
ing classes and other practical
features. The House of Industry,
at 155 Worth Street, teaches type-
setting, carpentry, and other in-
dustries, to about 300 children ;
and has a well appointed kinder-
garten. St. Joseph's Home, on
Great Jones' Street, is an enor-
mous Catholic mission, with indus-
trial and other schools attached.
The Catholic Protectory has large
trade-schools for boys, and sew-
ing-schools for girls.

The 15,000 poor Italians in
New York are aided by three
mission-schools in Leonard, Sulli-
van and Crosby Streets, where
more than 1,200 children and
adults are taught in the ordinary branches of study and in various industries.

Besides these are the great reform schools, like the New- York Juvenile Asylum,
founded in 1851, with 70 instructors and 1,100 pupils; the House of Refuge, on
Randall's Island, founded in 1825, with 50 instructors and 1,000 pupils ; and the
New- York Catholic Protectory, with 50 instructors and 1,500 pupils. These enor-
mous schools are liberally conducted, and accomplish inestimable good for the
children of the poor.

WORKINGMEN'S SCHOOL, SOCIETY FOR ETHICAL CULTURE,
109 WEST 54TH STREET.

270

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The New-York Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb,

on Washington Heights, founded in 18 1 8, has 16 instructors and over 300 pupils,
including many in articulation and auricular perception ; and trade-schools, with
instructors for the several branches.

The Institution for the Improved Instruction of Deaf Mutes, on Lex-
ington Avenue, between 67th and 68th Streets, has 20 instructors and 200 pupils.
It was founded in 1867, and teaches the oral method, by articulation and lip-reading,
not using the deaf and dumb alphabet. The building is an attractive one ; and near
it stands the four-story fire-proof structure of the Technical Training Depart-
ment and Art-Studio, metal-working, wood-working, natural philosophy and art-
studios, each having one full floor. The children are also taught sewing, cooking,

dress-making and other
^Vi<t^'s,"'n :>W'MJ^ useful avocations ; and a

kindergarten is provided
for the younger pupils.

St. Joseph's Insti-
tute for the Improved
Instruction of Deaf
Mutes, at Fordham, has
commodious modern build-
ings, and a well-conducted
industrial department.

NEW-YORK INSTITUTION FOR THE INSTRUCTION OF THE DEAF AND DUMB,
ELEVENTH AVENUE, NEAR 162D STREET.

The New-York
Institution for the

Blind, at 34th Street
and Ninth Avenue, is
another beneficence of
far-reaching value,
founded in 183 1, and
now occupied by 30
instructors and 240 pu-
pils. Here the unfortunate who have lost or never seen the light of day are educated
in literature and in the essentials of a sound musical education, and also in piano-
tuning and other useful avocations, with a view to becoming happy and self-support-
ing members of society. The library contains over 3,000 volumes, many of them in
laised letters. Since its origin, upwards of 1,500 persons have been instructed here,
a number of whom have attained success and distinction in the business and profes-
sional walks of life. The school has been the source of many original improvements
in the methods and appliances used in educating the blind, the latest and most
important of which is the New-York Point System of Tangible Writing and Print-
ing, for literature, music and mathematics.

Private Schools, Seminaries and Academies in great numbers are found
scattered throughout New-York City, giving every variety of education, and largely
patronized by the well-to-do families of the city.

K1NCS HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

271

Rutgers Female College, at 56 West 55th Street, was founded by Chancellor
Ferris, in 1838, and for many years held a very high rank. After it lost its fine
buildings on Fifth Avenue, the institution declined; but of late many influential
friends have risen to sustain it. Rutgers now has sixteen instructors. The president
is George W. Samson, D. D., and the lady principal is Mrs. James T. Hoyt, A. M.

The Berke-

INSTITUTION FOR THE IMPROVED INSTRUCTION OF DEAF MUTES,
LEXINGTON AVENUE, EAST 67TH AND EAST 68TH STREETS.

ley School has a

magnificent new
fire-proof build-
ing, at 18 to. 24
West 44th Street,
with a front of
Indiana limestone
and Roman brick,
in Ionic architec-
ture. On the
ground floor is the
armory and gym-
nasium, occupy-
ing 85 by ico feet.
The first floor con-
tains a library,
large dining-
room, offices, and
reception - rooms.
The library and
hall are embel-
lished with four

superb memorial windows. On the second and third floors are the school and class
rooms ; and the upper floors contain a studio and a laboratory, with dormitories for
twenty students. The athletic grounds of the school, known as the "Berkeley
Oval," cover ten acres, with thirty tennis-courts, a quarter-mile running track, and
a boat-house with sixty boats upon the Harlem River. The Berkeley School has
24 instructors and over 300 students.

The Collegiate Grammar School, at 241 and 243 West 77th Street, is a
very ancient foundation, connected with the parish of the Collegiate Reformed Protes-
tant Dutch Church. The new building, occupied in the fall of 1892, adjoins the
new Collegiate Church on West-End Avenue. It has boy and girl pupils, in separate
rooms, with classical and commercial studies, Bible study, and military drill. There
are twelve teachers, in the Primary, Intermediate and Senior departments. Many
lads are prepared here for college.

The Lenox Institute, founded in 1888, at 334 and 336 Lenox Avenue, is
practically a German gymnasium, or college preparatory school, with business, pri-
mary, and kindergarten classes also. It has men teachers, and boy and girl pupils.

Other well-known institutions include the following : The Columbia Gram-
mar School, at 34 and 36 East 51st Street, near Columbia College, a preparatory
school for all colleges and scientific schools ; Dr. Sach's Collegiate Institutes on West
59th Street, fronting on Central Park; William Freeland's admirable and efficient Har-
vard School, 578 Fifth Avenue, corner of 47th Street, fits many lads for the leading
colleges. Still others are the Barnard .School for boys, at 1 19 West 125th Street,

272

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

with 120 pupils; Callisen's School for boys, 131 West 43d Street ; Morse's English
and Classical School for boys, 423 Madison Avenue ; Dr. Chapin's Collegiate School
for boys, 721 Madison Avenue ; Cutler's Private School for boys, 20 West 43d
Street ; the D wight School for boys, 1479 Broadway ; the Gibbens and Beach
School for boys, 20 West 59th Street ; Halsey's Collegiate School for boys, 34 West
40th Street ; Lyon's Classical School for boys, 6 East 47th Street ; McMullen's Pri-
vate School for boys, 521 West 161st Street; Richard's School for boys, 1475 Broad-
way ; the University Grammar- School for boys, 1473 Broadway ; the West-End-
Avenue School for boys, 208 West-End Avenue ; the Woodbridge School for boys,
32 East 45th Street ; Madame Ruel's Boarding and Day School for girls, 26 East
56th Street ; the Brearley School for girls, 6 East 45th Street ; the Classical School
for girls, 196 1 Madison Avenue; the Misses Ely's School for girls, Riverside Drive,
near 85th Street ; the Comstock School for girls, 32 West 40th Street ; the English
and French Schools for girls, 148 Madison Avenue and 55 West 47th Street ; Miss
Perrin's Girl's School, 244 Lenox Avenue ; the Van Norman Institute for girls,
2 West 62d Street; Mrs. Weil's School for girls, 711 Madison Avenue; Misses
Peebles and Thompson's School for Young Ladies, 32 East 57th Street ; Rev. C.
H. Gardner's School for Young Ladies, 607 Fifth Avenue ; the Misses Grahams'
School for Young Ladies, 63 Fifth Avenue ; Miss Anna C. Brackett's School, 9
West 39th Street ; Miss Emily A. Ward's Riverside School, 50 West 104th Street ;

the Heidenfeld Institute, for
both sexes, 824 Lexington Ave-
nue ; and the Heywood Insti-
tute, for both sexes, 18 West
93d Street.

A commanding advantage
which New York has over other
American cities, for purposes of
education, is its massed treas-
ures of art, literature and hu-
manity. The Astor, Lenox
and Mercantile Libraries, and
other great collections of books ;
the Metropolitan Museum and
several other very rich collec-
tions in art ; the American Mu-
seum of Natural History ; the
moving life of the parks and
avenues, architecture in every
form, philanthropy organized to
benefit millions, oratory and
dramatic art, consecration and
self-sacrifice — almost e v e r y
form of civic and social life may
be observed and entered into,
in the proud metropolis of the
New World. The contempla-
tion of these manifold phases
makes versatile and many-sided
Berkeley school, 20 west 44th st.ieet. men and women.

he Higher Cult

ure

Art Museums and Galleries, Scientific, Literary, ]Vlusical and
Kindred Institutions, Societies and Organizations.

IN THE interest of the United States the New- Yorkers never rest. They are at
work unceasingly, in order that they may give to the Americans all the types
of beauty and of elegance. Even the least lavish among them — those who do not buy
miniatures, vignettes of the eighteenth century, art-objects of Japan — pay cheerfully
for perfection, the price of which is fabulous. In their estimate of value, it is not
the actual worth, but the art truer than truth, that counts.

Elsewhere there are skies, fields, plains, forests, brooks under dark leaves, delici-
ous corners of shade ; but in New York, there are flowers that are living jewels made
of light. In New York, myriads of periwinkles, forget-me-nots, rose-bushes and
geraniums, uniformly embroidered on miles of lawn, are as if cut out of an endless
cloth, regularly woven and inexhaustible.

Elsewhere there are Queens, Princesses, great ladies, and peasants ; but in New
York there are women prodigiously dressed, young and beautiful — not only because
they are, but because they wish to be young and beautiful — and representing plasti-
cally the ideal of thoughts human.

Elsewhere intelligent men read journals, books, scientific pamphlets, everything ;
and in comparison with New-Yorkers, most of whom are too busy to read, are
little informed and provincial, because ideas are in New York in the air that one
breathes. In London and Paris, the only cities in the world that New York might
not surpass in higher culture if it ceased to labor, art-galleries, literary, scientific
and artistic societies, museums, are in the charge of the government.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, in Central Park, near Fifth Avenue and
82d Street, in a stone and brick building on the site formerly called Deer Park, was
formed as the result of a meeting instigated chiefly by the art-committee of the
Union League, in October, 1869, wholly in reliance upon the public spirit of New-
Yorkers. It was incorporated in 1870, and soon thereafter purchased a collection
of pictures, which it exhibited, together with loaned objects of art, in a leased
building at 681 Fifth Avenue. In 1873, before its lease had expired, it rented the
Douglas mansion, 126 West 14th Street ; having in 1872 purchased from General L.
P. di Cesnola the antiquities unearthed by him in Cyprus. Gifts were received, in
money and objects of art, with members' subscriptions, and an offer from the Park
Commissioners to furnish a building in the Park if the museum should be transferred
thither. In 1 87 1 the Legislature had passed an act authorizing the Department of
Public Parks to erect a building for the purposes of a museum, and to enter into an
agreement for its occupancy by the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The first portion
of the proposed building was finished and inaugurated in 1 880. By the agreement
18

274

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

just mentioned the museum was opened to the public without charge four days in the
week. The second, or south, wing of the building was completed and occupied in 1889;
the third is now in progress. In 1890 petitions were circulated in the city requesting
that the museum be opened to the public on Sundays without charge. The Trustees
complied, at the cost of large pecuniary sacrifices, and submitting to an inevitable deficit,
in 1891, of $7,376.84. Out of 901,203 visitors, nearly 200,000 came on Sundays

(from May 31st, the first
Sunday opening, to* the end
of the year).

The Cyprus collection
has no parallel anywhere for
extent and value. It com-
prises stone sculptures, sar-
cophagi, inscriptions, alabas-
tra, ivories, lamps, pottery,
terra-cotta statuettes,
bronzes, glass, gems, jewelry
and other objects in gold and
silver ; Assyrian, Egyptian,
Phoenician, Greek and Ro-
man in character, and of dates
from the earliest times to later
than the Christian era; many
of its objects and classes
of objects are unique. The
museum's collection of glass
was increased by a purchase
from Charvet by Henry G.
Marquand, and by him pre-
sented to the Museum ; also
a later collection presented

INTERIOR OF THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART. |jy T T TarveS . making tllC

entire collection of glass the most valuable known. There are magnificent collections
of Babylonian, Assyrian, and other ancient cylinders, seals and inscribed clay tablets ;
Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Indian and American antiquities, the last in gold and silver,
as well as pottery and stone; modern sculptures and bronzes; the Huntington collection
of memorials of Washington, Franklin and Lafayette ; the E. C. Moore collection of
ancient terra-cotta statuettes, ancient and modern glass, Oriental enamelled and other
pottery, and objects of art in metal, ivory, etc. ; the Coles collection of tapestries and
vases; the Lazarus collection of miniatures, enamels, jewelry and fans; the Drexel col-
lection of objects of art in gold and silver ; the C. W. King collection of ancient gems,
purchased and presented to the museum by John Taylor Johnston ; the collection of
Oriental porcelain purchased from S. P. Avery ; the Japanese swords from the Ives
collection ; the unique collection of musical instruments of all nations, presented by
Mrs. John Crosby Brown, with a smaller collection presented by J. W. Drexel; the
Baker and other collections of ancient textile fabrics from the Fayoum, in Egypt ;
the pictures, gold medals and other objects commemorative of the laying of the
Atlantic Cable, presented by the late Cyrus W. Field ; the models of inventions by
the late Captain John Ericsson, presented by George H. Robinson ; the reproduc-
tions of ivory carvings, exhibiting the mediaeval continuance of the art ; the collec-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

275

276 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

tion of Renaissance iron work, the Delia Robbia altar-piece, the metallic reproduc-
tions of gold and silver objects in the imperial Russian museums, all presented by
Henry G. Marquand ; the McCullum, Stuart and Astor laces; the collection of
architectural casts, made from a fund bequeathed by the late Levi H. Willard,
amounting to $100,000; the sculptural casts, presented by H. G. Marquand ; and
the beginning of a series of casts, purchased by subscription, intended to illustrate
progressive art from the earliest examples to the later Christian ; drawings by the
old masters, collected by Count Maggiori of Bologna, Signor Marietta, Professor
Angelini and Dr. Guastala, purchased and presented by Cornelius Vanderbilt ; with
another smaller but equally fine collection presented by Mrs. Cephas G. Thompson ;
a large collection of paintings by old Dutch and Flemish masters ; another exceed-
ingly important and valuable collection of paintings by old masters and painters of
the English school, presented by Henry G. Marquand ; the noble galleries of modern
paintings bequeathed by the late Catharine Lorillard Wolfe ; other galleries of
masterpieces by modern artists, including the most famous works of Rosa Bonheur
(presented by Cornelius Vanderbilt) and Meissonier (presented by Henry Hilton).
The Metropolitan Museum of Art would be a museum of the first class even if it
were limited to any one of the collections that it includes ; but its symmetry and ex-
tent are as remarkable as its rapid growth, especially when we reflect that its creation
and increase are due wholly to private enterprise. Besides the advantages furnished
to artists, artisans and art-students in copying and designing from its collections, the
museum has also, during the greater period of its existence, maintained an institu-
tion called the Art-Schools, in which the fine arts and decorative arts, in their chief
branches, are taught, and lectures on art are given.

The American Museum of Natural History, in Central Park (77th Street
and Eighth Avenue), was incorporated in 1869, for the purpose of establishing and
maintaining in New- York City a museum and library of natural history. The first
president was John David Wolfe, who was succeeded by Robert L. Stuart, now
both deceased. The present officers are : Morris K. Jesup, President ; James M.
Constable and D. Jackson Steward, Vice-Presidents ; Charles Lanier, Treasurer ;
John H. Winser, Secretary ; William Wallace, Superintendent of Buildings.

The museum held its first exhibition in the old arsenal, where the Verreaux col-
lection of natural-history specimens, the Elliot collection of North-American birds,
and the entire museum of Prince Maximilian of Neuwied were displayed. It was
not until June, 1 874, that the corner-stone of the first building in Manhattan Square
was laid. A new portion has recently been added which greatly strengthens the
effect of the architectural design — a not very pronounced tendency to the Roman-
esque. The building proper is of brick, with a front of red granite from New Bruns-
wick and Canada. The imposing and ornamental entrance is of Massachusetts
granite. The seven arches resting on short polished pillars of stone make a com-
manding and dignified front. The structure is so designed that it can be extended
to occupy the whole of Manhattan Square, which has been set aside for that pur-
pose ; wings will be added as the collections require them, and the liberality of the
city allows. The current expenses of the institution are paid by the city, the board
of trustees and private subscriptions.

In birds, mammals, insects, fossils, minerals, shells, and implements of the
aborigines of our own and foreign lands, the collections are extremely rich and note-
worthy ; the library on many subjects is unequaled by any other in the country.
The collections of woods and building stones of the United States, presented by
Morris K. Jesup, are far the most extensive and valuable in America and, possibly,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

277

278 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

in the world. Most conspicuous in the other departments are : The American
gems and gem minerals, exhibited at the Paris Exposition by Tiffany & Co. (these
brilliant and precious stones were purchased for and presented to the museum by J.
Pierpont Morgan, one of the trustees) ; the collection of Prof. James Hall, the State
Geologist ; the Spang collection of minerals ; the Jay collection of shells, pre-
sented to the museum by Catharine L. Wolfe ; the D. J. Steward collection of
shells ; and a series of specimens on Mammalian Palaeontology, the result of original
research and investigation under the direction of Prof. H. F. Osborn. Prominent
in the department of Ethnology and Archceology are the collections of Lieut.
Emmons, H. R. Bishop, Jones, Terry, Sturgis, and the private collection of Andrew
E. Douglass.

The different departments of the institution are designated as :

Public Instruction — Prof. Albert S. Bickmore, Curator.

Geology, Mineralogy, Conchology and Marine Invertebrate Zoology — Prof. R. P.
Whitfield, Curator.

Mammalogy, Ornithology, Herpitology and Ichthyology — Prof. J. A. Allen,
Curator.

Mammalian Palaeontology — Prof. Henry Fairfield Osborn, Curator.

Archaeology and Ethnology — James Terry, Curator.

Taxidermy — Jenness Richardson, Taxidermist.

Entomology William Beutenmuller.

library — Anthony Woodward, Ph. D. , Librarian.

Every object, however small, is labeled with its scientific and common appella-
tion, its description and its history. The catalogues record the investigations, the
researches and the studies of ages. The trustees encourage the use of the halls and
study-rooms for the holding of receptions, exhibitions and business meetings of the
different scientific societies of the city and country. The aim of the institution is to
establish a post-graduate university of natural science, that shall be as complete in
all its appointments as any similar institution in London or Paris.

The National Academy of Design, at the northwest corner of 23d Street
and Fourth Avenue, has doubtless received the quickest direct advantage from the
models of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Museum of Natural History.
Formed in 1826, of the New-York Drawing Association, it is the American Ecole
des Beaux-arts, the American equivalent of the Royal Academy and of the Salon.
Its act of incorporation, passed April 5, 1828, was in the names of Samuel F. B.
Morse, Henry Inman, Thomas S. Cummings, John L. Morton, Asher B. Durand,
Charles Ingham, Frederick S. Agate and Thomas Cole. It has in its list of stu-
dents names of the most eminent artists. The schools directed by the Academicians,
instructed by the ablest professors, are opened the first Monday in October and
closed in the middle of May. There are composition classes, costume classes,
sketching classes from casts, from the living model, draped and undraped, painting
classes, lectures, prizes to deserving students, exhibitions of works by artists.
The students have access to the books of an art library, the value of which is in-
estimable. The spring exhibition of the National Academy of Design introduces
their work to the critics and to the public. There is another Academy exhibition
in the autumn. The instruction is free. The building of gray and white marble and
blue stone, with a double stairway to the entrance, is graceful. It was built by
popular subscription. Artists in need of living models may always count on obtain-
ing them at the National Academy of Design, or at the Art-Students' League.
The spring and autumn exhibitions of the National Academy, in May and November,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

279

are the leading art events of the year. The pictures exhibited are approved by a
jury elected by the Academicians.

The Art-Students' League, at 215 West 57th Street, was organized in 1875,
and incorporated in 1878. There, every day, are life, portrait, sketch, modelling,
composition and costume classes. There are frequent lectures, art-receptions and
exhibitions.

The Kit-Kat Club, at 61 Lexington Avenue, founded in 1881, and incorporated
in 1884, is a working club of artists. There are classes three times a week at night,
without professors. The members criticise the work of each other. There are

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF DESIGN, FOURTH AVENUE AND 23D STREET.

CYCEUM THEATRE.

informal receptions called smoking parties, and annual exhibitions of tableaux vivants.
The latter defray the expenses of the club. The dues of the members are trivial.

The American Water-Color Society, at 52 East 23d Street, founded in
1866, makes a yearly exhibition at the National Academy of Design of the works of
painters in water-colors, members of the society, and awards the William T. Evans
prize of $300 to the painter of the picture adjudged by a vote of the society to be
the most meritorious of the exhibition.

The New Etching Club is at 49 West 22d Street. Its catalogues contain an
etching and a portrait of every member of the club, and short essays on the art of
the etcher.

The American Fine-Arts Society is a union of the Society of American
Artists, the Architectural League of New York, and the Art-Students' League.
They jointly own and occupy the exquisite building erected by them at 215 West
57th Street, between Broadway and Seventh Avenue.

The Architectural League of New York, at 215 West 57th Street, was
organized in 1881, and has monthly meetings, lectures, an annual banquet, an annual
exhibition and prizes.

280 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Society of American Artists, at 215 West 57th Street, was founded
in 1877, by artists dissatisfied with the National Academy of Design. Several
Academicians are members, and one, W. M. Chase, is President of the society. Its
purposes are the same as those of the National Academy of Design. Practically
the Art-Students' League schools are its schools.

The Society of Decorative Art, at 28 East 21st Street, organized in 1877,
incorporated in 1878, exhibits and sells art-work of women, pottery, china, tiles,
plaques, embroideries, hangings, curtains, book-cases, cabinets, table and other
house linen, articles for wardrobes of infants, panels for cabinet work, painting on
silk for screens, panels and fans, decorated bills of fare, and works of like descrip-
tion. A subscriber of $100 may nominate a pupil for one year in any of the free
classes taught by the society. A subscriber of $10 may place one pupil unable to
pay for tuition in the china, water-color or fan-painting classes, for five free lessons.
A subscriber of $5 may nominate one pupil for six free lessons in art-needlework,
the pupil's ability to be determined by the first two lessons. The society charges
10 per cent, commission on its sales, and it sells nothing that its committees have
not approved.

The Cooper-Union Free Night Schools of Science and Art, at the
Cooper Institute, are open to all applicants at least fifteen years of age, whether
they are or are not residents of the city. In the scientific department are taught
mathematics, chemistry, astronomy, electrical measurements, mechanics, mechan-
ical drawings. In the art department are taught mechanical, architectural, per-
spective, cast, form, ornamental, figure and rudimental drawing, decorative design-
ing and modelling in clay. There are lectures, exhibitions, prizes and diplomas.

The Cooper-Union Woman's Art-School, at the Cooper Institute, is open
to all applicants at least sixteen and not over thirty-five years of age. There are
classes in oil-painting, life and cast drawing, designing and normal drawing, pen
and ink illustration, crayon photograph, lectures on art and on anatomy, exhibitions,
diplomas. There are supplementary afternoon classes for women who study art as
an accomplishment, or have the means to pay for tuition. An endowment fund of
$200,000 from the estate of Daniel B. Fayerweather came in 189 1 to supplement
the provision of Peter Cooper's trust-deed for the admirable Cooper-Union Woman's
Art-School.

The New-York Institute for Artist-Artisans, at 140 West 23d Street,
founded in 1889, and directed by John Ward Stimson, former director of the Metro-
politan Museum of Art Schools, is a training school for all the arts, kept constantly
in touch with the various trade guilds and associations. The arts are taught in their
application to various branches of trade. The school is under the patronage of in-
fluential men and women of the city, and interests every person who cares for the
progress of American industrial art.

Everybody in New York is interested in the industrial phase of the arts, if one
may judge by the attraction which the shop-windows have for the crowds, the in-
creasing taste for beauty being displayed everywhere, the popularity of exhibitions
of handicraft, and the interest displayed to learn the value, the history, and the
names of buyers of works of art.

The Art Stores of the American Art Association, in East 23d Street ; of
Moore, in West 17th Street; of Thomas B. Clarke, in East 34th Street; of S. P.
Avery, Jr., W. C. Baumgarten & Co., Boussod, Valadon & Co., Cottier & Co.,
L. Christ Delmonico, Durand Ruel Brothers, H. J. Duveen & Co., Knoedler & Co.,
Reichard & Co., Herman Schaus and A. W. Conover (successors of Wm. Schaus),

KING'S HANDBOOK' OF NEW YORK.

281'

ASSOCIATED ARTISTS, 115 EAST 23D STREET.

Frank Hegger, and Sypher & Co.,
in Fifth Avenue ; of H. B. Herts
& Co., Tiffany & Co., and
Wunderlich, on Broadway ; of
Frederick Keppel, Wernicke and
many others, have in their books
records of private collections only
a little less interesting than their
wares, to the public of New York.
But these records are sealed. It
is not by them that one may
know what treasures are hidden
behind many severe, ordinary,
uninviting brown-stone fronts of
New- York houses. However,
they may be known, for many of
these treasure, appear at loan exhi-
bitions frequently. When known,
they are not difficult of access.

The Private Art Collec-
tions of New York include those
of Mrs. Astor, Samuel P. Avery,
J. A. Bostwick, Heber R. Bishop,
James B. Colgate, R. L. Cutting,
Charles A. Dana, W. B. Dins-
more, Sidney Dillon, Jay Gould, Henry Hilton, C. P. Fluntington, G. G. Haven,
Henry G. Marquand, J. Pierpont Morgan, Levi P. Morton, Darius O. Mills,
Oswald Ottendorfer, J. W. Pinchot, Charles Stewart Smith, Mrs. Paran Stevens,
Mrs. W. H. Vanderbilt, Cornelius Vanderbilt, W. K. Vanderbilt and C. F. Woeri-
shoffer. The most valuable collection is the one formed by William H. Vanderbilt.
Not one is limited to paintings. Samuel P. Avery has paintings, bronzes of Barye,
and the greatest private collection of etchings extant ; Heber R. Bishop has an
unsurpassable collection of jades ; Charles A. Dana, of vases of china ; and Henry
G. Marquand has classified in appropriately designed rooms, Persian, Japanese,
Arabic and Hispano-Moresque, the most valuable antique tapestry, porcelain, arms
and art-objects. The value of the private art-collections in New York is calcu-
lated at $8,000,000. In 1885 the paintings collected by George I. Seney, 285 in
number, brought $650,000. Meissonier's " 1807," presented by Henry Hilton to
the Metropolitan Museum of Art, cost the late Alexander T. Stewart $67,000.
The portrait by Rembrandt, which Henry G. Marquand bought from the Marquis
of Lansdowne and presented to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, cost $25,000 and
expenses. The paintings shown at one of the annual receptions of the Union
League were insured for $400,000. In 1883 a loan collection of paintings and
various objects of art at the National Academy of Design was insured for more
than $1,000,000. The sales at one exhibition of the National Academy of Design
aggregated $40,000. Mr. Drewry, secretary of the Kit-Kat Club, and art-editor of
the American Press Association, estimates at 4,000 the number of professional
artists in New York. Among these are the foremost painters and sculptors of
America, enriching the Empire City with the art of Paris, the statuary of Athens,
the architecture of Italy.

282 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The American Art Association, at 6 East 23d Street, was organized by
James F. Sutton, Thomas E. Kirby and R. Austin Robertson, men of business and
ardent art-lovers. For the advancement of American painting it gave exhibitions,
fortunes in premiums to painters, and its time and labor. It was a Salon, an Acad-
emy, but independent of government, schools, classes, clubs and cliques. For its
maintenance it is a dealer in paintings, sculpture, vases, objects of art ; and an auc-
tioneer of art-collections and libraries — the exhibitions of which are always artistic
sensations and ever advance American appreciation of art. The galleries of the asso-
ciation are themselves a masterpiece of American art. They are formed of a large
gallery, from which a double stairway leads up to another large gallery, flanked by
smaller ones, whence another stairway leads you to another gallery flanked by smaller
ones, from which another stairway leads to the large galleries. There are quaint
curio rooms, picturesque passages, interesting corners. The woodwork is, with ex-
quisite harmony, early English, German, Renaissance, late Moorish and Empire in
styles. The fire-places are charmingly effective. There are carpets of Asia, rich rugs,
magnificent paintings ; in cases of ebony, vases of China, ivories delicate and compli-
cated as if carved by a thin epileptic tool ; ancient stuffs ; impressive object-lessons
in interior decorations. The galleries are in three stories, and extend from 23d Street
to 22d Street, with windows on Broadway ; but one loses in them the sense of dis-
tance, the sense of fatigue. The ablest art-critics have called them ideal. They
have given to New York the distinction of possessing the most spacious, best lighted,
best ventilated, most graceful, of art-galleries. Their architect was H. Edwards
Ficken. They are admirably situated ; they face the lilacs and roses of Madison
Square and occupy a central place in the distinctive quarter of New York which
begins at the Astor Library and ends at Murray Hill. It is the special quarter of
New York where one may meet the world ; the men of wealth and the students ; the
protectors and the producers of art. The studio of Chase is in Tenth Street, and
the Vanderbilt houses are near 50th Street. There are pupils of the Academy, the
League and the Artisans ; men of Science, stealers of fire and of light ; chemists,
physiologists, anthropologists, truth -seekers ; poets and historians, who under-
stand the meaning of myths and symbols, the harmonies of color, and the every-
thing of human beauty. There are men of business who have turned time into
money, and repay in dollars the minutes Corot spent in painting trees, simplified
as they appear to us, but wherein every leaf trembles nevertheless. These men
and the platonic art-lovers are reunited by every exhibition at the American Art-
Galleries.

Here were shown and sold the extraordinary art-collections and libraries formed
by Mary Jane Morgan ($1,205, 153), George I. Seney ($648,900), A. T. Stewart
($575,°79),BraytonIves($275, 160), Samuel L. M. Barlow ($138,904), and the Amer-
ican Art Association. The latter was the first part of a collection which the death
of Mr. Robertson unfortunately forces into a partition sale. There were shown the
Angelus of Millet and the bronzes of Barye. There have appeared works of all
the great modern masters in painting : of many old masters ; vases of all epochs, of
King-Te-Tekin ; treasures of all countries in statuary, in jewelry, in books ; all the
decorative art of Japan in its most precious examples. At sales, when pass in re-
view books bound for great collectors, paintings, or, on a little table covered with a
cloth of Peruvian gold velvet, all the hallucinatory art of the extreme Orient, in
marvellous forms of vases, jades and crystals, the American Art-Galleries are
crowded with beautiful women and great men. Then, if the lights in the American
Art-Galleries went out, all the artists and art-lovers of New York would be in the dark.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

283

284

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The stranger in New- York City will always find at the galleries of the American
Art Association an exhibition of paintings and works of art well worthy of a visit.

Frank Hegger's Photographic Depot, at 152 Broadway, is the best-known
and most popular establishment of its kind in America. This spacious store is a
magazine packed with everything that is choice in water-colors, etchings, en-
gravings, photographs of every possible description, and unmounted views from
all parts of the globe. "If you can't get them at Hegger's, you can't get them in
this country, " is a well-deserved compliment and literally true. Hegger's is always

HEGGER'S ART ESTABLISHMENT, 152 BROADWAY.

abreast with the time, and the selections which continually replenish his stock are
made with the taste and judgment of a man of travel and a knowledge of the best- one
sees as a traveler. It is a case of a man fitted by every natural inclination and gift
to his vocation, and who has become conspicuous among us by the natural devel-
opment and vast public utility of his business. The absence of the Hegger estab-
lishment from New York would leave an aching void to the eyes of thousands to
whom his show-windows and port-folios are a perpetual source of intellectual refresh-
ment and sesthetical delight. The Broadway sidewalk is often blockaded by the
throng attracted by his ever freshly renewed and ever novel and interesting displays,
and brokers and business men, hot with the fever of mid-day business, break
suddenly away from their drive for gain to "run in and see what Hegger has new,"
and jostle grave divines and college professors in their investigations of the huge
sample books.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

285

The Tiffany Glass and Decorating Company of New York. — It is with-
out doubt evident to every careful observer that a strong artistic taste is rapidly
developing among us, and that the American people are ultimately destined to be-
come deeply imbued with an unprecedented love for all forms of material beauty,
architectural, pictorial and decorative. The phenomenal growth and expansion of
the Tiffany Glass and Decorating Company, of 333-341 Fourth Avenue, are suffi-
cient evidence of this fact, as such an organization could not exist without a large
clientage of art-loving people. Take the subject alone of colored glass windows,
and it is in the memory of all that only a few years ago most Americans were con-
tented with imported windows, or with poor imitations made here. In both cases
the windows were but copies of mediaeval work, seldom equalling the originals, and
never showing an advance, either in artistic qualities or improvement of method, or
even mechanical skill, over the windows of the Middle Ages. All this is now a
thing of the past. To-day America leads the world in the making of colored glass
windows ; a result brought about mainly through the investigations and experiments
of Louis C. Tiffany, an artist of rare ability, having a most exquisite appreciation of
color values and their relations, one to another. He intuitively took up the subject
where the medievalist left off, viz. : The study and the unfolding of the inherent
properties of the glass to their fullest extent, both in color and in texture, in order
to obtain in the glass itself light and shade, through depth and irregularity of color,
in union with inequality of surface, in that way hoping to avoid the dullness, opacity
and thinness which invaribly accompany the use of paint, and are marked character-
istics of European glass-work. Moreover, he endeavored to obtain effects in this
obstinate material which were hitherto deemed impossible. Among other things he
introduced the use of opalescent glass. He softened the hard lead lines by plating
glass over glass,
and he developed
the mosaic system
of work, substitut-
ing it for glass-
painting.

In a word, he
originated a sys-
tem of work which
requires the strict-
est attention of the
artist, a method
founded on the
most perfect prac-
tice of the mosaic
system, an artistic
method par excel-
lence. The result
is that a Tiffany
window made by
the company that

bears his name is indeed a thing of beauty, and for which the demand is growing
from day to day, and so fast, that the company is compelled to carry constantly
in stock over a hundred tons of glass in the raw state, and employ a large corps of
artists exclusively for this branch of its business. Just as the Glass Department

TIFFANY GLASS AND DECORATING COMPANY, FOURTH AVENUE AND 25th STREET.

286

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

has grown, in the same way every other one has developed, until in the studios
of the company all forms of artistic handicraft are found. Churches, houses,

hotels and theatres are decorated
and furnished throughout. In fact,
both domestic and ecclesiastical

work of every description is under-
taken by the company. The de-
mand for its work has been so great
that an increase of capital became
a necessity, and the company now
has a paid-up cash capital of $400, -
000. The artistic department is
under the immediate direction of
Louis C. Tiffany ; the general man-
agement is under the care of Pringle
Mitchell ; while the Board of Di-
rection is composed of a number
of well-known men, viz. : C. T.
Cook, John C. Piatt, John DuFais,
Henry W. de Forest, George

BEETHOVEN MAE.NNERCHOR, 2.0 F.FTH STREET. HolmeS aild Voil Beck Canfidd.

The Music in New York shows this city to be far in advance of any other
capital city. It knew and appreciated all Wagner before Paris accepted Lohen-
grin. It has inimitable orchestras, choral societies, music-clubs, and professors.

The Philharmonic Society, organized in 1842 by Uriah C. Hill, a violinist,
native of New York, who had studied with Spohr at Cassel, is composed of pro-
fessional orchestra players and a non-professional president. It gave at the first
concert, December 7, 1842, the Symphony in C Minor of Beethoven, which
seemed far above the faculty of appreciation of a public so little educated musically
as the public of New York was then ; but it had a high aim and never faltered. It
led the public taste. In 1867 the membership was increased to 100 players. At that
time Carl Bergman was its
conductor, and remained in
office until 1876. Dr. Leopold
Damrosch was conductor,
1876-77; Theodore Thomas,
1877-78; Adolph Nehendorff,
1878-79; Theodore Thomas,
1878-91 ; and Anton Seidl.

The Symphony So-
ciety was organized in 1880
by Theodore Thomas, who
had been the conductor of
the Philharmonic Society.
The rivalry between these
two societies has been an
invaluable advantage.

The Oratorio So-
ciety, organized in 1873, ls
now under the direction of new-york maennerchor, 203 east 56th street.

KING'S HANDBOOK' OF NEW YORK.

287

his son, Walter J. Damrosch. Its predecessors in the place that it occupies were
the Church Music Association, the Mendelssohn Union and the Harmonic Society.
Like the Harmonic Society, it gives every year during Christmas week a perform-
ance of the Messiah. It has given and continues to give, with perfect art, works
like Bach's Passion Music, Berlioz's Messe des Morts, Handel's Judas Maccabeus,
Haydn's Creatioti and Seasons, Schumann's Paradise and the Peri, Liszt's Christus,
Grell's Missa Solemnis, and the cantatas of Dr. Damrosch.

The Mendelssohn Glee Club was organized in 1866 by Joseph Mosenthal,
a violinist, a pupil of Spohr, and a native of Cassel, who became an influen-
tial organist of the Episcopal Church in New York, and resigned from Calvary
Church not to yield to a fashionable craze for boy choirs. The club gives concerts
invariably excellent.

The Manuscript Society, organized in 1889 for the performance in public of
unpublished works of American composers, has for president Gerritt Smith.

The Rubinstein Society, devoted exclusively to part songs for women's
voices, is under the direction of William R. Chapman.

The Metropolitan Musical Socisty, a mixed choir, is also under the direc-
tion of William R. Chapman.

The Musurgia,devoted
exclusively to part songs for
men's voices, is under the
direction of William R.
Chapman, who also directs
the Rubenstein and Metro-
politan Musical Societies,
and who has done much
towards the making of the
study of music fashionable.

Maennerchors, com-
posed of Germans, are
numerous.

Orpheons, composed of
Swiss and French, are repre-
sented by several organi-
zations.

Church Choral Socie-
ties, which Trinity Church
encouraged so effectively
when New York had no
other music than the music of
churches, have been organ-
ized in various sections.

liederkran:

'ri AVENulS.

53TH STREET, BETWEcN LEXINGTON AND FOUf

The Deutscher Liederkranz, at the north side of East 58th Street, between
Park and Lexington Avenues, gave to New York the fervor of German lyrism. It
was organized in 1847, a11^ incorporated in i860, and it has steadily given, in con-
certs, in cantatas, in courses of instruction that have powerful influence, the best
works of the German composers. It has admirably produced works like Mozart's
Requiem, Liszt's Prometheus, and Mendelssohn's Walpurgisnacht. Its membership
is composed of active members who are musicians or students in the perfect school of
vocal music provided by the club, and others to whom the seductive social features

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

only of the club have appealed. Its membership is largely American, or, to be pre-
cise, Anglo-Saxon. There are female choruses. The conductor is Heinrich Zoll-
ner, of Cologne, whom the club called to New York in 1890. The festivals of the
Liederkranz, especially the annual Carnival, are thoroughly artistic. The club-house
of the Liederkranz is a large, brown-stone building in the style of the German Re-
naissance. The president is Hubert Cillis.

The Maennergesangverein Arion, at the corner of Park Avenue and 59th
Street, was organized by fourteen dissatisfied members of the Liederkranz in 1854.

They gave their
first concert in the
Apollo Rooms, at
Broadway and
Canal Streets ;
produced an ope-
retta, Mordgrun-
brnck, in 1855 ;
another, Der
Gang Zum Eisen -
hammer, in 1856 ;
furnished the
choruses in the
first Wagner opera
performed in
America, Tann-
hauser, August

27. l859 5 Per-
formed Der Frei-

ARION SOCIETY, PARK AVENUE ANO EAST 59th STREET. ScJlUtZ in i860 *

and gave brilliant Carnival meetings that are still maintained. In 1 87 1, the Arion
brought Dr. Leopold Damrosch from Breslau. In September, 1887, it removed
from St. Mark's Place to its present home, and the following month gave a concert
under the direction of Frank Van der Stucken, its present conductor. It is, unlike
the Liederkranz, almost exclusively German. It has no chorus of mixed voices. It
gives concerts, balls, and operettas in the large hall on the third floor of its graceful
building. The lower story is of Berea sandstone, the rest of buff brick and terra
cotta. The style is early Italian Renaissance. The groups of heroic size at the
roof are Arion on the back of a dolphin, on the Park- Avenue side, and Prince Car-
nival and two female figures dancing, on the 59th-Street side.

The Music Hall founded by Andrew Carnegie at the corner of 57th Street
and Seventh Avenue, has a main hall or auditorium for concerts, smaller rooms for
chamber music, studios, rehearsals, fairs, and a gymnasium. The building, opened
in May, 1 89 1, is of mottled brick and terra cotta, in the style of the Venetian Renais-
sance. The house decoration is of pale salmon color, produced by a stencilling of
white on a background of old rose. Music Hall is the home of the Oratorio Society.
The Symphony and other societies play there.

The Lenox Lyceum, on Madison Avenue, near 59th Street, on the site of
the Old Panorama, has the most beautiful but not the best in acoustics of the New-
York music halls. The stage is under a shell-shaped building. The facade is of
colored marbles. The style is early Italian Renaissance. The building was opened
in January, 1890, and is fitted for concerts, fairs, banquets, balls and other festivals.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

289

Music Halls, conservatories of music, private performances of great works at
receptions, lectures by Krehbiel, Henderson and Damrosch furnish a perpetual
local education in harmony.

The New-York Historical Society, at 170 Second Avenue, southeast cor-
ner of nth Street, founded in 1804, incorporated in 1809, has a library of
75,000 volumes of reference, in large collections of scarce pamphlets, maps, news-
papers, manuscripts, paintings and engravings, records of every phase in the pro-
gress of New York. Egbert Benson, DeWitt Clinton, William Linn, Samuel Miller,
John N. Abeel, John M. Mason, David Hosack, Anthony Bleecker, Samuel Bayard,
Peter G. Stuyvesant and John Pintard were its founders ; and it never lacked the
liberality, the public spirit, the influence and the labor of men like these. John
Pintard gave paintings, books and manuscripts ; James Lenox, marbles of Nineveh ;
Luman Reed, Thomas J. Bryan, Louis Durr, the New-York Gallery of Fine Arts
and the American Art Union, paintings, books and statuary ; Isaiah Thomas,
$300; Elizabeth DeMilt, $5,000; Seth Grosvenor, $10,000; David E. Wheeler,
$1,000; Thomas Barron, $10,000; Richard E. Mount, $1,000; Edward Bill,
$5,000 ; Augustus Schell, $5,000 ; Mary Rogers, $1,000 ; John D. Jones, a special
fund now amounting to $2,287 ; tne Sons of Rhode Island, $600; Stephen Whit-
ney Phoenix, $15,000. The home of the society was in the City Hall from 1804 to
1809, in the Government House from 1809 to 1816, in the New- York Institution
from 1816 to 1832, in Remsen's Building in Broadway from 1832 to 1837, in the
Stuyvesant Institute from 1837 to 1841, in the New-York University from 1841 to
1857. It could not be predicted in 1857, when the society took possession of its pres-
ent edifice, that in less than' half a
century the rooms would be over-
crowded. They are a solid mass of
books and paintings and statuary and
antiquities. In the Department of
Antiquities, the larger collections con-
sist of the celebrated Abbott Col-
lection of Egyptian Antiquities, pur-
chased for the institution in 1859 ; the
Nineveh Sculptures ; and a consider-
able collection of relics of the American
aborigines. The department compares
in interest with many celebrated Euro-
pean cabinets. The Gallery of Art
embraces, in addition to the society's
early collection of paintings and
sculpture, the largest and most im-
portant gallery of historical portraits
in the country, together with the
original water-colors, 474 in number,
prepared by Audubon for his work on
Natural History ; the famous Bryan
Gallery of Old Masters, presented to the society by the late Thomas J. Bryan in 1857;
and the extensive Durr Collection, presented in 188 1. The society is to erect a new
building on a site which it has purchased, facing Central Park and Manhattan
Square (that is, the Museum of Natural History), on Eighth Avenue, Central Park
West, between 76th and 77th Streets. It will have a fire-proof building for its
l9

ARYAN THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, 144 MADISON AVENUE,
BETWEEN 31ST AND 32D STREETS.

AV.YG'S HAXDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE HALL, 1079 THIRD AVENUE, BETWEEN
63D AND 64TH STREETS.

invaluable library, gallery and
museum, and a large hall for its
meetings and lectures. Tt will
continue its publications, which
have general appreciation.

The American Institute,
for the promotion of domestic
industry, at ni-115 West 38th
Street, gives every year in the
fall, for two weeks, in the large
building on Third Avenue, be-
tween 63d and 64th Streets, an
exhibition of the latest inventions
for advancing commerce, agricul-
ture, manufactures and the arts. It
awards premiums and certificates
of merit, and publishes reports of
its proceedings. Its library,
interesting to scientific men, is
freely opened to all the members
and friends of the Institute.
The American Geographical Society, at 11 West 29th Street, founded in
1S52 and chartered in J.S54, had for its first President the historian George Bancroft.
It has a library of 23,000 volumes, an extensive collection of maps, a treasury of
valuable information not easily accessible elsewhere, and here well classified. It
gives lectures by famous travelers and geographers, and issues a quarterly bulletin.
Its privileges and advantages are for members, whose annual dues are $10.

The Academy of Sciences was founded in 1S17, under the name of the
Lyceum of Natural History, which was changed in 1876. It began in 1S14 the

publication of Annuals, and in 1SS1 of

Transactions, wherein its labors are re-
corded. It has a valuable library of
8,000 volumes; and meetings once a
week in Hamilton Hall of Columbia
College. Its membership is about 300.
The American Society of Civil
Engineers, founded in 1S52, has an
active membership of about 1,600,
composed of engineers of good stand-
ing, and at least ten years' experience.
Its house, at 127 East 23d Street, con-
tains a large lecture hall, a library of
16,000 volumes — the finest and most
comprehensive library on civil en-
gineering in the country — and various
other apartments. There are meet-
ings of the society twice a month at
its house, and an annual convention,
which is held in the larger cities in
rotation. The transactions of the American geographical society, 11 west 29th strlet.

KING^S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

291

society are published monthly, and are of such breadth and scope as to make two
large volumes a year. The President is Mendes Cohen ; the Secretary, Francis
Collingwood ; and the Treasurer, John Bogart.

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, organized in 1880,
with 40 members, now has on its membership roll the names of 1,500 mechanical
engineers of good standing. Among the honorary members are Prof. Francis Reu-
leux of Berlin, and Sir Henry Bessemer of England. There arc two stated meetings
of the organization a year — the annual meeting in November, which is held in a
large hall in the society's house at 12 West 31st Street, and an annual convention in
the spring, which may meet in any city. The society has a library, purely techni-
cal, of about 5,000 volumes. The Presi-
dent is Commander Charles H. Loring,
U. S. N. ; the Secretary, Prof. Frederick
R. Hutton of Columbia College; and
the Treasurer, William H. Wiley.

Other learned bodies are : The
New-York Mathematical Society, 41
East 49th Street ; The American
Chemical Society, University Building;
The Microsopical Society, 64 Madison
Avenue ; The Ethnological Society, 60
Wall Street ; The American Numis-
matic and Archaeological Society, 101
East 20th Street ; The New-York
Genealogical and Biographical Society,
23 West 44th Street ; The Electric
Club, 17 East 2 1st Street; Sorosis, a
society of women ; and the Goethe
Society, comprised of men and women,
not limited to the study of Goethe
but interested in all art and literature.

Debating and other Societies;
clubs of authors, artists, newspaper
men ; informal meetings in modest rooms of lovers of poetry, worshippers of the beau-
tiful, searchers of light and truth, merchants who are art-lovers ; artists who are not
Bohemians : exalted dilettantism, are contributors to the greatness of New York as
active, as indefatigable as its famous men of business.

The Fowler & Wells Company is a scientific institution that has a world-
wide reputation. For fifty-seven years its founders and owners have maintained an
office in the city of New York, and have been the recognized leaders in the phreno-
logical, physiological and hygienic sciences, and for half a century they have been
the main educators in these branches of useful study. They are classed in a busi-
ness way as phrenologists and publishers, but they might well be called a scien-
tific and educational institution. Their present quarters are at 27 East 21st Street,
near Broadway, New York, where is carried on the work inaugurated by Orson S.
Fowler and Lorenzo N. Fowler in 1835. These men were the first in America to
give the science of phrenology a practical value by making special delineations of
character. They began work in a small way, but steadily increased its scope. In
1843 they were joined by Samuel R. Wells, who subsequently married Charlotte
Fowler, the sister of his partners. In the course of time both the Fowlers with-

SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGI
12 WEST 31ST STREET.

2C)Z

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

drew from the house. Orson, who was one of the most famous phrenologists of the
world, died in 1887. Lorenzo still practices his profession in London. Mr. Wells
conducted the business of the original house until his death, in 1875, and his widow,
Charlotte F.Wells, assumed the management until 1884. Then the Fowler & Wells
Company was incorporated, with Charlotte Fowler Wells, President ; Nelson Sizer,
Vice-President and phrenological examiner; Dr. H. S. Drayton, Secretary and
editor of the company's publications ; and Albert Turner, Treasurer and business
manager. The company publishes The Phrenological "Journal, of which the ninety-
third volume has just been completed, a number of serial publications, and a large

list of standard works on
phrenology, physiognomy,
ethnology, physiology, psy-
chology and hygiene. Early
in 1892 the house took pos-
session of its present quarters
at 27 East 21st Street. It
has handsome business offices
and spacious editorial
rooms, lecture-rooms and
phrenological parlors, where
examinations are made and
charts given daily. An out-
growth of the business of the
concern is the American In-
stitute of Phrenology, which
was incorporated as an edu-
cational institution in 1866.
Among the original in-
corporators were Horace
Greeley, Rev. Dr. Samuel
Osgood, Judge Amos Dean,
Henry Dexter, Samuel R.
Wells, Edward P. Fowler,
M. D., and Nelson Sizer.
Each year, beginning on the
first Tuesday in September,
a course of instruction in
practical phrenology is given
by a corps of experts, under the direction of Prof. Sizer, the President of the Institute.
An interesting feature in the lecture-room of the Fowler & Wells Company's building
is a large collection of casts of the heads of people who have been prominent in
various ways in past years ; also, skulls from many nations and tribes, as well as
animal crania, illustrative of phrenology, and constituting a free public museum,
and material for instruction in the Institute.

FOWLER & WELLS CO. , 27 EAST 21ST STREET.

The Literary Culture,

Libraries and Reading Rooms. Public, Clu.t>, Society

and IPri-^ate.

THE libraries of New York are nearly perfect. They have not only quantity
and quality ; they have availability. In this respect they are easily in ad-
vance of those of the great cities of Europe. There books accumulate, while
librarians, literary men whom the government has rewarded with sinecures, study
special works, or write on special subjects. The American business education has
admirably mingled book-lore, literary tact and commercial order in the formation
and management of libraries. Here books are classified, catalogued, inventoried,
better than was ever imagined. If the treasures be not as rich as in countries that
have lived ages, the service of such treasures as there are is quicker, surer and more
gratifying. At the Bibliotheque Nationale one may obtain any books, but the pro-
cess is slow, and at the end of it one is in a doubt that may not be solved, for there
is no way of telling if the books obtained were not less valuable than others obtain-
able. The libraries of New York are without secrets.

The Astor Library, on the east side of Lafayette Place, is an ideal public
library of works of reference. As it has no artificial light, the building must be
closed at sunset. As it has a perfect system of classification, book catalogues, card
catalogues, and the quickest and ablest of librarians and assistants, its hours count
double. There are not all the treasures of the British Museum and the Bibliotheque
Nationale, but the fact is not easily discovered. ' ' He gives twice who gives quickly, "
says the ancient proverb. The Astor Library gives quickly. Suggested by Wash-
ington Irving and Dr. J. C. Cogswell to John Jacob Astor, the library was founded
by virtue of a codicil of Mr. Astor' s will, which bequeathed for the purpose $400,000.
It was incorporated January I, 1849. The trustees were Washington Irving, Wil-
liam B. Astor, Dr. Cogswell, and others. Then there were 20,000 volumes, the cost
of which had been $27,000. In 1854 the library was opened to the public. In
1859 William B. Astor built a second hall in Lafayette Place, and added $550,000
to the library-fund. In 1864 Dr. Cogswell made a printed catalogue of the library,
which then numbered 100,000 volumes. In 1881 John Jacob Astor, grandson of
the founder, erected the third hall of the library.

The building, of brown-stone, has 200 feet of front and 100 feet of depth. The
exterior is graceful, the interior is as bright as a house of glass. The entrance is
through a Pompeian vestibule, bordered with pedestals of colored marble, on which
are busts in white marble, sculptured by a Florentine artist, of the great and wise
men of ancient Greece and Rome. There is a wide stairway to the Middle Hall,
where are the librarians and the catalogues, tables for women, a department for
students of patents, alcoves for special students, and in glass-covered cases curious

294

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

autographs, specimens of missals, books of hours, early typography and marvels of
the art of book-binding. The south building is the hall of science and art ; the
north building is that of history and literature. There are 90 alcoves ; each al-
cove has 20 presses; each press has 7 shelves, with a capacity for 175 volumes.

ASTOR LIBRARY, LAFAYETTE PLACE, BETWEEN ASTOR PLACE AND GREAT JONES STREET.

The ground floor, yet unused for books, may hold 250,000 volumes. There, in the
south room, used by the trustees for their meetings, is a collection of paintings,
presented to the library by William Waldorf Astor, comprising works of Saintin,
Madrazo, Toulmouche, Knaus, Gifford, Leioux, Muller, Meissonier, Schreyer, Berne-
Bellecour and Lefebvre. There are marble busts of John Jacob Astor, Dr. Cogs-
well and Washington Irving ; a portrait of William B. Astor, by Eastman Johnson ;
of Alexander Hamilton, by Huntington ; of Daniel Lord, by Hicks ; and of Fitz-
Greene Halleck, by Prof. S. F. B. Morse. This collection is open to the public
every Wednesday. Frederick Saunders is the librarian.

The library numbered, at the end of 1891, 238,946 volumes. There were
180,505 books read by 52,977 persons in 1891. The trustees, or any trustworthy
citizen, may recommend special students to the librarian for admission into the al-
coves containing works of reference. There were 9,205 visits in the alcoves last
year. The trustees are the Mayor of the City of New York, ex officio, Hamilton
Fish, Dr. Thomas Masters Markoe, Prof. Henry Drisler(president), John Lambert
Cadwalader (secretary), the Rt. Rev. Henry Codman Potter, Stephen Van Rensselaer
Cruger, Stephen Henry Olin, Edward King, Charles Howland Russell (treasurer),
and the Superintendent of the Library, Robbins Little.

The Lenox Library, on Fifth Avenue, between 70th and 71st Streets, is a
curiosity of the world. It is the library of a bibliophilist, made public. The gift of
James Lenox, a retired merchant of New York who loved books immeasurably, it
was incorporated January 20, 1870. It was the private collection of Mr. Lenox, a

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

295

mysterious, fabulously beautiful and valuable collection, guarded in a house which
was a fortress ; it became a public collection, as free as the trees in the Central
Park. Mr. Lenox would not show his books to his friends ; braved public opinion
by refusing to let Prescott consult his Mexican manuscripts ; barred the great book-
binder, Matthews, between two doors of a vestibule, that he might neither quit nor
catch a glimpse of the sacred library room ; and at one stroke, in the gravest deliber-
ation, gave his treasures to the world. He named nine trustees, including himself,
gave the land, the books, and funds for a building ; and in 1875 the Lenox Library
was a dream realized. The building is of white stone, a solid and graceful struc-
ture, with two projecting wings. The entrance is by two massive gateways, a court,
wide stairs, and a vestibule laid in tiles of white marble, between walls skirted with
a dove-colored marble base. The stairs to the upper stories are of stone, and have
balustrades in iron scroll-work. The rooms have vaulted ceilings, the walls priceless
paintings, the cases for books inestimable works. There are missals, Bibles, incun-
abula, Americana, master-pieces of ancient and modern literature in original editions,
curiosities of printing that most book-lovers have heard of and never seen elsewhere.
There are autographs, ceramics, glassware. There are paintings by Landseer, Gains-
borough, Bierstadt, Turner, Ruysdael, Peale, Delaroche, Stuart, Reynolds, Munkacsy.
There are marble busts of great sculptors. There are the marvelous Drexel musical

LENOX LIBRARY, FIFTH AVENUE, 70TH AND 718T STREETS.

library, and the Robert Lenox Kennedy collection. There are the admirable books
of the R. L. Stuart legacy, and those of Evert A. Duyckinck. There is in the
Lenox Library the cavern of hieratic knowledge, and the key by which it may be
opened.

296

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

The Mercantile Library is at the junction of 8th §treet, Astor Place and
Lafayette Place, on the sixth and seventh floors of a substantial building of buff
brick and red sandstone, erected by the trustees of the library and the Clinton-Hall
Association. It is a reference library and a circulating library for members, whose

annual dues are $5.
Works of art and
other costly publi-
cations must remain
in the library rooms
as books of refer-
ence, but standard,
instructive, popular,
historical and scien-
tific books are kept
in circulation. The
library was founded
November 9, 1820,
by clerks of mer-
chants. In 1821,
in one room at 49
Fulton Street, it had
150 members and
700 volumes. In
1826, in the build-
ing of Harper &
Brothers, in Cliff
Street, it had 6,000
volumes. In 1828
the merchants,
made enthusiastic
by the achievement

MtKCANTILE LIBRARY, ASTOR PLACE, 8TH STREET AND LAFAYETTE PLACE. of the dd'ks OrPaJl-

ized the Clinton-Hall Association for the purpose of giving a building to the library.
This association, in 1830, erected the first Clinton Hall, on the corner of Nassau
and Beekman Streets, where Temple Court now stands, In 1854 the association
and its books were removed to the Astor-Place Opera-House, which had been re-
modelled for the purpose. In 1891 the historic opera-house was taken down, and
in its place was built the present Clinton Hall. The library rooms have shelf space
for 475,000 volumes. There are 50,000 volumes in the department of works of
reference. The librarian is W. T. Peoples.

The New-York Society Library is the oldest in the city. It was at first
the Public Library, founded in 1700 during the administration of the Earl of Bello-
mont ; augmented in 1729 with the library presented to the Society for the Propaga-
tion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, by Dr. Millington, Rector of Newington, Eng-
land ; and until 1754 in the inefficient charge of the corporation of the city. Then
several citizens united with it their private libraries, and placed the entire collection,
which they called the City Library, in the charge of trustees. In 1772 George III.
granted a charter to the trustees, in the name of the "New- York Society Library. "
The establishment is still the property of a corporation, the shares in which have a
market value, but any person may, with the approbation of the Board of Trustees,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

297

become a member of the corporation and be entitled to one right in the library for
every sum of $25 paid to the treasurer. There are yearly dues on all shares, except
the free shares. The amount has been increased at various times since 1 819, when
it was $4. Now the maximum is $10. These annual dues may be commuted by
the payment of $125 for the annual payment of $10, $75 for the annual payment of
$6, and $50 for the annual payment of $4, on the respective rights subject to these
payments. Until 1795 the library was in the City Hall, and it was in reality the
first Library of Congress. Then a building, large and remarkable for its time, was
erected especially for the library in Nassau Street, opposite the Middle Dutch
Church. In 1836 this building was sold. The books were removed to the rooms
of the Mechanics' Society, in Chambers Street, and remained there until 1840, when
a new building of the library, at the corner of Broadway and Leonard Street, was
finished. In 1853 this edifice was sold, and the books were kept in the Bible House
until 1856, when the present library building, at 67 University Place, was finished.
In 1793 there were 5,000 volumes; in 1813, 13,000; in 1825, 16,000; in 1838,
25,000 volumes. There are at present 90,000 volumes. Many valuable gifts have
been made to the library. The most notable one was made by Mrs. Sarah II.
Green, a gift of $50,000 from the estate of her husband, John C. Green. The in-
come is used for the purchase of books, one half of which circulate among the mem-
bers. The other half are costly illustrated works and are placed in a department
called the "John C. Green Alcove." The librarian is Went worth S. Butler. He
was appointed in 1856, and is
the sixth incumbent since
1793. A list of persons hold-
ing rights in the Society Li-
brary includes nearly all of
the most ancient and wealthy
families of the city.

The Apprentices' Li-
brary, at 18 East 1 6th Street,
circulates its books, without
charge, among persons ap-
proved by the General Society
of Mechanics and Tradesmen.
This society, founded in No-
vember, 1785, and chartered
March 14, 1792, for the relief
of unfortunate widows and
orphans, gave free instruction
to apprentices, when there
were no free schools. It con-
tinues this admirable work.
When its exclusive benevo-
lence in that respect was a little
impaired by the establishing of
public schools, the society began to circulate freely the books of its library. The
library was formed in 1820, in rooms of the Free-School Building. In 1821 it was in
the society's building in Chambers Street ; in 1832, in a building in Crosby Street, ex-
tending to 472 Broadway. The present building was adapted to library purposes in
1878. In the cases on the walls are interesting relics, old books, deeds, flags, the

NEW-YORK SOCIETY LIBRARY, 67 UNIVERSITY PLACE.

298

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

APPRENTICES' LIBRARY, 18 EAST 16th STREET.

skull (yellow as ivory) of a famous pirate,
an iron key of the Bastile, old newspapers
and playbills. There are 93,000 volumes,
having a yearly circulation of 250,000,
absolutely free, with the exceptions of books
of the De Milt bequest, the charge for
which is trivial. William Wood, who
originated the idea of forming the Ap-
prentices' Library of New York, established
the one in Boston. He also signed the
first call for a meeting which resulted in
the establishment of the Mercantile Library.
J. Schwartz is the librarian.

The New-York Historical Society
maintains, at 170 Second Avenue, an
establishment that is at once a library, an
art-gallery and a museum. It has been
in existence since 1804. There are in the
library 75,000 books, 2,700 bound volumes
of newspapers and large collections of
pamphlets and manuscripts. On American
history and genealogy a vast quantity of information is available. The art-gallery
contains many works of the earliest American artists, such as Benjamin West, the
Peales, Stuart, Trumbull and Durand, and also a large number of paintings by old
Italian masters. The Abbott collection of Egyptian antiquities, the Lenox collection
of Assyrian sculptures, rare and curious medals and coins and specimens of natural
history constitute the museum. The establishment is open for eleven months of the
year, daily excepting Sundays. Admission may be had by means of an introduction
by a member of the society.

The Young Men's Christian Association Library occupies a rectangle
in the magnificent building of the Association, at the southwest corner of 23d Street
and Fourth Avenue. There are three tiers of books, on three sides. The books in
the upper tiers are reached by winding stairways and balconies. William Niblo
bequeathed $150,000 to the Association for the purchase of books and the support of
the library. In 1870 there were 3,500 volumes; there are at present 40,000. The
northern end of the room is occupied by the librarian, Reuben B. Poole, and his
assistants. He has classified the library in accordance with the Dewey decimal sys-
tem and Cutter's dictionary catalogue. The library is varied and valuable. It has
43 early-printed Bibles which antedate 1700, including the Koburger Bible of 1477,
Luther's Bible of 1 541, the Bishop's Bible of 1568, and one in French of the
eighteenth century, bound in marvellous covers of mosaic leather. A relic of great
interest is a musical manuscript of the thirteenth century, containing the Ambrosian
ritual for the entire year. The manuscript is decorated with brilliant miniatures and
initial letters. It has an autotype of the Codex-Alexandrinus, a printed fac-simile
of the Frederico-Augustanus Codex, and a photographic fac-simile of the Codex-
Vaticanus (1889-90). It has many works on art useful to architects and decorators,
and representative works in different languages. The collected portraits number
about 17,000, including one unique collection of 8,000, in 35 volumes, formed mainly
by John Percival, Earl of Egmont, A. D. I to 1 736. This library is almost the only
one that is open evenings and holidays. The hours are from 8.30 A. M. to 10 P. M.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

299

Membership in the Association includes the privileges of the library ; and all reputa-
ble persons, male or female, are admitted to its use, whether members or not.

The Cooper-Union Library, in the Cooper Institute, is one result of the
work of the six intelligent, benevolent and public-spirited trustees, to whom Peter
Cooper deeded in fee simple, on April 29, 1859, an extensive property, with the in-
junction that it, "together with the appurtenances and the rents, issues, income and
profits thereof, shall be forever devoted to the instruction and improvement of the
inhabitants of the United States, in practical science and art." There are 32,000
bound volumes, besides 471 newspapers and periodicals on file, and a complete set
of the Patent-Office reports. All are accessible to the public every day, including a
part of Sunday. There were last year 1,650 readers daily.

The Maimonides Library, 203 East 57th Street, corner of Third Avenue,
was founded by District Grand Lodge No. 1 of the Order of B'nai B'rith, in accord-
ance with its law that commands intellectual advancement. It contains about
40,000 volumes. The library is general in character and contents. Its depart-
ments of political and social science and education are very full. Special inter-
est is devoted also to Jewish literature. There are books written by Jews and other
writers on Judaic topics, in all languages, besides books in every branch of knowl-

HISTOBICAL SOCIETY. bAfTIST TABERNACLE.

NEW-YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY, SECOND AVENUE AND EAST 11TH STREET.

edge. The library is easily accessible to the public every day except Saturdays and
Jewish holidays. The librarian is Max Cohen.

The Free Circulating Library has four library buildings, situated at 49
Bond Street, 135 Second Avenue, 226 West 42d Street and 251 West 13th Street,
and a distributing station at 2059 Lexington Avenue, near 125th Street. The
library was incorporated March 15, 1880, and re-incorporated under special charter
April 18, 1884. Its object is clearly defined in its title. In March, 1880, it occu-
pied two rented rooms at 36 Bond Street, and circulated 1,004 volumes. In May,

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KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

NEW-YORK FREE CIRCULATING LIBRARY, 251 WEST IciTH a I Ktt I .

1883, it had a new library building
at 49 Bond Street, and then gave
circulation to 6,983 volumes. It
has a special Woman's Fund,
founded in 1882, for the employ-
ment of women and the purchase
of books. In 1884 Oswald Otten-
dorfer founded the Second-Avenue
Branch, in the centre of the Ger-
man district. It is called the
Ottendorfer Library, and is main-
tained with the aid of a special
fund of $10,000 and of frequent
contributions of the founder. In
1SS7 Miss Catharine Wolfe Bruce
founded the 42d-Street Branch, and
gave $30,000 for its maintenance.
The building was opened in 1888.
It is called the George Bruce Me-
morial Library. The I3th-Street
Branch, founded by George W.
Vanderbilt, was opened July 6, 1888.
There are among the founders of this library Andrew Carnegie, Henry G. Mar-
quand, Jacob H. Shiff and Mrs. C. F. Woerishoffer, who have made contributions
of $5,000 and over. There are also patrons who have made individual contribu-
tions amounting to $1,000, life members who have contributed $200, associate
members who pay $25 annually, and annual members who pay $10. John Jacob
Astor, Mrs. Benjamin H. Field and Julius Hallgarten, deceased, were founders.'
The Board of Estimate and Apportionment has awarded to the library, in accord-
ance with an act to encourage the growth of free public libraries and free circulating
libraries in the cities of the State, passed in 1886, $10,000 in 1889, $12,500 in
1890 and $15,000 in 1891 ; small sums in comparison with the expenses that the
admirable management entailed. The total circulation of the library in 1891
amounted to 412,178 volumes. There were eleven volumes lost.

The Columbia-College Library, at 41 East 49th Street, has 145,000 vol-
umes, beside the libraries of the Huguenot Society, the New- York Academy of
Science, and Townsend's Civil War Record. The Avery Architectural Library has
5,000 volumes, richly illustrated, in architecture, decoration and the allied arts.
Over 900 different serials are currently received. The library includes all the
standard works of reference indispensable to students, the costly classics, the master-
pieces of literature, the scientific works and books of law. The library is open to
all students and scholars. George H. Baker is librarian.

The Law Libraries include the noble collection of the Law Institute, in the
Post Office; the 38,000 volumes of the Bar Association's Library, at 7 West 29th
Street, between Broadway and Fifth Avenue ; and the admirable and extensive col-
lections of the law-schools of Columbia and the University. The Harlem Law
Library, on West Street, near Lenox Avenue, is for reference. The Law Library
of the Equitable Life- Assurance Society, at 120 Broadway, is intended for the use
of the officers of the society, the tenants of the building, and members of the Law-
yers' Club. It has 13,000 volumes.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

301

Theological Libraries of great value are found at Union Theological Semi-
nary (66,000 volumes) and the General Theological Seminary (22,000 volumes), in-
cluding several special collections of historical interest. There is also one in the
Methodist Book-Concern building.

Medical Libraries. — The Mott Memorial Library, at 64 Madison Avenue, has
3,000 medical and surgical books, mainly collected by Dr. Valentine Mott, and free
to medical students and physicians. The library of the New- York Academy of
Medicine is at 17 West 43d Street; that of the New- York Hospital, 6 West 16th
Street, founded in 1 796, and open free daily. The great medical schools have very
extensive and valuable libraries.

Special Libraries include those of the American Numismatic and Archaelogi-
cal Society, at 17 West 43d Street ; the American Geographical Society (20,000
volumes and 8,000 maps), at 11 West 29th Street; the Gaelic Society, at 17 West
28th Street ; the New-York Biographical and Genealogical Society (3, 500 volumes),
at 19 West 44th Street ; the American
Institute Library (14,000 volumes), at
113 West 38th Street; the Museum
of Natural History Library (22,000
volumes), in Central Park West ; the
American Society of Civil Engineers
(15,000 volumes), at 127 East 23d
Street ; and the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (6,000 volumes),
at 12 West 31st Street. There is a
Free Circulating Library for the Blind
at 296 Ninth Avenue.

The Produce Exchange and the
Maritime Exchange have good libraries
for their members.

The Masonic Library is at Sixth
Avenue and 23d Street ; and the Odd
Fellows' Library is at 2374 Park
Avenue.

The Young Women's Christian
Association, at 7 East 15th Street, has a
library of 13,000 volumes; and there
are other libraries for women at .19 Clin-
ton Street, and 16 Clinton Place.

Seamen's Libraries are pro-
vided by benevolent persons, to be
carried away on ships for the diver-
sion and solace of the mariners.
The headquarters of this work of the Seamen's Loan
Street, under the care of the American Seamen's

MOTT MEMORIAL FREE MEDICAL LIBRARY, 64 MADISON
AVENUE, NEAR EAST 27th STREET.

Wall

The

Slip ;

Libraries is at 76
Friend Society.
Protestant Episcopal Mission Society Library for seamen is at 21 Coenties
the Seamen's Library, at 34 Pike Street ; the New- York Port Society Library, 46
Catherine Street.

Miscellaneous Libraries include the First-Ward, at 135 Greenwich Street ;
the Broome-Street ; the Five-Points Mission at 63 Park Street ; the Benjamin-
Townsend, at the foot of East 26th Street ; the Children's, at 590 Seventh Avenue;

3°2

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

the Harlem, at 2,238 Third Avenue; St. Mark's Memorial, at 228 East 10th Street ;
Washington-Heights, at Amsterdam Avenue and 156th Street ; St. Barnabas, at
38 Bleecker Street ; the Lorraine, at 41 West 31st Street.

The Aguilar Free Library was established in 1886, and has departments at 197
East Broadway, 721 Lexington Avenue, and 624 East 5th Street.

The libraries of clubs like the University, Century, Lotos and Press Clubs have
invaluable standard and reference books. The Grolier Club has an inimitable collec-
tion of books about books ; the Players' Club, a valuable collection of books about
the drama ; the Aldine Club is forming a collection of books about book making.

The Private Libraries of Robert Hoe, missals, manuscripts and general liter-
ature ; of William Loring Andrews, typographical curiosities, New- York City relics
and books bound by Roger Payne ; of Samuel P. Avery, master-pieces of book-
binding ; of George Beach de Forest, Elzevirs, books with Vignettes of the
eighteenth century, books with original illustrations ; of C. Jolly-Bavoillot, Roman-
ticists of France ; of Marshall Lefferts, Americana ; of C. B. Foote, works by
modern English and American authors ; of Rush C. Hawkins, first books printed
everywhere, Incunabula ; of Beverly Chew, works of the Elizabethan era ; are easily
accessible to serious students.

Three hundred members of the Grolier Club are men who have formed libraries.
Every literary, artistic or simply social circle has its library. In New York where
men have the distinctive business air of the ancient Venetian merchants, the fate of
a man in search of a fortune may not be enviable, but the fate of a man in search of
knowledge is the fate of a favorite of the gods.

FIFTH AVENUE, LOOKING NORTH FROM 42D STREET.

Shrines of Worship- 1

VSW

Cathedrals, Churches, Synagogues and Other Places of
ReligicJus Worship and Work.

NEARLY all religious creeds are represented in New York. The ecclesiastical
annals of the city form a most interesting chapter in its history, and the
churches have played an important part all through its development. Earnest men
have filled its pulpits. Many of its charitable, educational and reformatory institu-
tions owe their origin to the labors of the clergy, nobly seconded by zealous laymen.

The multiplication of churches has kept a fairly even pace with the increase in
population. From 1 638 to 1697 the Reformed Dutch Church was the only place of
worship. The coming of the British in 1664 gave the Church of England a foothold
on the island, and in 1697 its first house of worship was erected, on the site of the
modern Trinity. From 1697 to 1770 the number of churches increased but slowly,
and in the latter year fifteen ecclesiastical edifices sufficed for the ten different de-
nominations. The outbreak of the Revolution temporarily suspended all thoughts
of church extension, and it was not until the coming of more peaceful times that the
churches began to multiply. In 1 845 there were 245 houses of worship in the city.
Now there are 500, with nearly an equal number of Sunday-schools. The average
attendance is 150,000. These 500 churches, representing nearly all religious faiths,
and many styles of architecture, provide sittings for nearly half a million worship-
pers, and, with the land on which they stand, have a valuation of $50,000,000.
Their yearly disbursements, including salaries, amount to $5,000,000. The com-
bined membership of all the religious societies of the city, including Protestant,
Catholic and Hebrew organizations, is not far from 700,000, not quite one-half the
total population. This includes, however, the large claims made by the Catholic
Church, whose method of including baptized infants, as well as adults, in estimating
church-membership, differs wholly from that of the Protestant Church.

The religious history of New York is remarkably free from the bitter persecu-
tions that characterized the early history of many of the other colonies. The early
Dutch settlers were a kindly and tolerant folk, in the main, and the English had
not been long in possession of the Province when the outbreak and successful issue
of the War of Independence gave liberty of conscience and faith to all religious
opinions. The early law, forbidding the holding of public worship other than
that allowed by the authorities, never very strictly enforced, and easily evaded ; the
brief imprisonment of a few Quaker refugees from Massachusetts ; the hanging of
a Roman Catholic for alleged complicity in the Negro Riot of 1 741, with the added
accusation of being a Catholic priest ; a Baptist and a Presbyterian clergyman
imprisoned for brief periods, and a Lutheran minister forbidden to preach in the
Province — these form the scanty annals of religious persecution.

3°4

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The churches have shared in the northward migration of the citizens. The early
edifices were in the extreme southern portion of the island ; but when the city began
its journey to the north, they began to desert the old historic sites, and seek new
ones in the up-town districts, leaving scarcely a score in their old locations. To-day
the finest of the city's churches stand where forty years ago were green fields and
the pleasant country-seats of the magnates of the city.

The Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church was the first eccle-
siastical organization in New York. In 1628 the Rev. Jonas Michaelius reached the
"Island of Manhattas," and immediately organized a church, with the worthy
Director Minuit as one of the elders. The meetings were held in the loft of a
horse-mill until 1633, when a small wooden church was built in Broad Street. In.
the same year the Rev. Everardus Bogardus came over from Holland, with Adam

_________________^ Roelandsen, a schoolmaster, who

opened the first church-school in
America, the latter still in existence
as the Collegiate Grammar School.
In 1642 a small stone church was
erected within the walls of Fort Am-
sterdam, and called St. Nicholas, in
honor of the patron saint of Manhat-
tan, and here for half a century the
early Dutch settlers met for worship.
The first Dutch church outside the
walls of the fort was built in 1693 in
Garden Street (now Exchange Place).
The Old Middle Church was built in
1729, in Nassau Street, and the North
Church in 1769, in William Street.
For nearly a century and a half these
three churches, forming but one parish,
then and now called the Collegiate
Protestant Dutch Church
the name does not appear
records, and has no legal
were the only Reformed
Dutch churches in the city.

The Collegiate Church received a
royal charter from King William III. in
1696; and now has four churches and
as many mission chapels, all under the
control of a central body called the
Consistory, composed of the ministers
of the four congregations, with twelve
elders and twelve deacons, chosen from
the congregations. During the 264
years of its existence the church has
had twelve different houses of worship
and thirty-one ministers, many of the latter widely known for eloquence and
commanding influence, including John Henry Livingston, William Linn (who
was chaplain of the first Congress of the United States), Jacob Brodhead,

Reformed
(although
upon the
authority),

COLLEGIATE CHURCH,

EST 48TH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

3°5

Philip Milledoler, John Knox, Thomas De Witt, Joseph T. Duryea
and William Ormiston.

The consistory of the parish meets monthly, in the consistory-room
of the church at 48th Street, and the congregations, beside holding
their own communion services, join in the reception of the Lord's
Supper once yearly, in the church at 29th Street. The parish has
1,936 communicants. The Reformed Dutch churches in the city num-
ber 22, besides several missions and chapels. Of
these, the four churches mentioned as under the
control of the consistory of the Collegiate Church
constitute, technically, a single parish, as is the
case in the Episcopal Church with Trinity and
its chapels. These four are the Fifth-Avenue
Collegiate, the Middle, the Marble, and a new
church, as yet without a specific title, at West-
End Avenue and 77th Street.

The Fifth-Avenue Collegiate Reformed
Protestant Dutch Church, at Fifth Avenue
and 48th Street, is a strikingly beautiful edifice,
of Newark sandstone, in the decorated Gothic
architecture of
the fourteenth
century, with a
lofty spire, fly-
ing buttresses,
numerous ga-
bles, and a col-
on naded en-
trance-porch on

the avenue. A flying buttress on the northern cor-
ner supports a small spire, which adds to the

symmetry of the front. The interior has a lofty

groined roof, resting upon exquisitely carved stone

and marble pillars. The organ-gallery is pictur-
esque, and the walls are delicately tinted. The

church was dedicated in 1872. The minister, Dr.

Edward B. Coe, is one of the most esteemed

preachers in the city.

The Middle Dutch Church built its first

shrine in 1729, on Nassau Street,

on the site now occupied by the

Mutual Life-insurance Company.

Its second church, from 1839 to

1887, was m Lafayette Place. In

1891-92 a third edifice was erected,

at Second Avenue and 7th Street,

to hold a site for religious worship

well down-town. It is a handsome

structure in the Gothic style of arch-
itecture, built of limestone, with collegiate church, fifth avenue and west 29th street.

COLLEGIATE CHURCH, 7th STREET AND
SECOND AVENUE.

3°6

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

elaborate stained-glass windows and a graceful spire. The minister is the Rev. Dr.
Talbot W. Chambers, who is the senior acting minister of the Collegiate Church,
and, as such, has, in some sense, general oversight of the whole parish.

The Marble Church, at Fifth Avenue and 29th Street, is a massive marble
building, erected in 1851-1854, in the simple type of Gothic architecture. The large
auditorium is attractively decorated, and contains a triple organ, with electric wires
connecting the different parts. The old bell which hung in the belfry of one of the
Collegiate churches stands at the left of the entrance, bearing an inscription stating
that it was cast in Amsterdam in 1768. A special feature of the church is its work
among the apartment-houses and large hotels in the vicinity. The Rev. Dr. David
]. Burrell is the minister.

The West-End Avenue Church, the eleventh built on Manhattan Island by
the Consistory of the Collegiate Church, and the twelfth which it has owned, was

COLLEGIATE REFORMED CHURCH, 77th STREET AND WEST END AVENUE.

founded in 1891, at 77th Street. It is a large, imposing edifice of Flemish style
of architecture. To it is attached the ancient Collegiate Grammar School.

The Fulton-Street Prayer-Meeting is the outcome of a missionary enter-
prise of the Collegiate Reformed Church, and the meetings have been held in the
Consistory building, at 113 Fulton Street, since they were begun, in 1857, with no
deviation from the original plan, which was "to give merchants, mechanics, clerks,
strangers and business men generally, an opportunity to stop and call upon God
amid the daily perplexities incident to their respective avocations." The meetings
are held daily, at noon, and continue for one hour, but the visitor is at liberty to
leave at any time. When the desire is expressed, prayer is offered for individual
needs and perplexities, and the meetings have been a source of comfort and encour-
agement to thousands.

KING'S HANDBOOK' OF NEW YORK.

3°7

The First Collegiate Reformed
Church of Harlem began with the election
of John LaMontagne as deacon, in the year
1660, when Harlem was a venturesome jour-
ney from the little burgh of New Amsterdam.
For the long period of 105 years the good
burghers of Harlem were compelled to
depend upon their "Vorleser, " or reader,
and the help of neighboring clergymen, for
their Sunday instruction in the Scriptures.
Good old Dominie Selyns occasionally used
to ride over to the little settlement on the
Harlem from his Brooklyn charge, in the
days of Peter Stuyvesant ; and later, Domi-
nies Drisius and Niewenhuysen came now
and then from the lower end of the island
for a Sunday service ; but it was not until
just before the outbreak of the Revolution
that a minister was settled over the church,
Rev. Martinius Schoonmaker, who has had

SOUTH REFORMED CHURCH, MADISON AVENUE AND
38TH STREET.

COLLEGIATE REFORMED CHURCH OF HARLEM (SECOND
CHURCH ), LENOX AVENUE AND WEST 122D STREET.

eight successors. The present church,
a plain building with pillared front, on
121st Street, near Third Avenue, was
dedicated in 1835. Its minister is Rev.
Dr. Joachim Elmendorf.

The Second Collegiate Re-
formed Church of Harlem has its
beautiful Gothic house of worship at
267 Lenox Avenue, at the corner of
I22d Street.

The South Reformed Dutch
Church, at Madison Avenue and East
38th Street, is one of the oldest ecclesi-
astical organizations in the city. Its
earlier history, previous to the year
1812, is connected with that of the Col-
legiate Church, of which it formed a
part. The first South Church, erected
in Garden Street, in 1693, was a solid
and substantial building, with an impos-
ing belfry and round-arched windows.
The old church was torn down in 1807,
to make room for a larger building,
destroyed by fire in 1835. Previous to
this, in 1812, the South Church had
become independent of the North and
Middle Collegiate Churches, and as-
sumed the title of "The Ministers,

3o8

KING'S HANDBOOK: OF NEW YORK.

MADISON-AVENUE REFORMED CHURCH, MADISON AVENUE
AND EAST 57TH STREET.

Elders and Deacons of the Reformed
Protestant Dutch Church in Garden
Street in the City of New York," which
is still the legal title of the Society.
Differences of opinion regarding the
advisability of rebuilding on the old
site led to the formation of a new soci-
ety, which built the church now owned
by the Asbury Methodists, in Washing-
ton Square, while the old society erected
a church in Murray Street, followed in
1849 by a larger and more imposing
building on Fifth Avenue. This was
sold in 1890, and the present Gothic
stone church, formerly Zion's Episcopal
Church, was purchased and re-decor-
ated. The large memorial window in
the west end, representing the Nativity,
Baptism and Resurrection of Our Lord,
is the work of the Tiffany Company.
The first minister of the South Church
after its separation from the Collegiate
Church was Dr. James M. Matthews,
who became Chancellor of the Univer-
sity of the City of New York in 1834.
The Rev. Roderick Terry, D. D., is now in charge, and the parish is prospering.

The Madison-Avenue Reformed Church,
Street, an imposing Gothic brownstone building,
The society, formerly known as the Northwest
organized in 1808, and worshipped in a church on
1850, when it moved to a more eligible location on
Madison-Avenue Church has a seating capacity of
1,000, and with its galleries, groined roof and pic-
turesque arrangement of round arches, the interior is
extremely attractive and commodious. The min-
ister is Rev. Dr. Abbott E. Kittredge.

The Thirty-Fourth-
Street Reformed
Dutch Church, at 307
West 34th Street, was
organized in 1823, and
its first church was a
modest brick structure
at Broome and Greene
Streets. Under the min-
isterial care of Dr. Jacob
Brodhead and Dr. Sam-
uel A. Van Vranken it
attracted large and fash-
ionable congregations. bloomingdale reformed church, boulevard and west 68th street.

at the corner of 57th
was erected in 1870.
Reformed Church, Was
Franklin Street until
East 23d Street. The

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

3°9

TRINITY CHURCH -PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL.

BROADWAY, BETWEEN RECTOR AND LIBERTY STREETS, AT THE HEAD OF WALL STREET.

3io KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Dr. Brodhead was one of the most eloquent preachers of his day, and Dr. Van Vran-
ken possessed pulpit talents of a high order. Later, the ministerial charge was
assumed by the Rev. Dr. George H. Fisher and the Rev. Henry V. Voorhees, both
noted preachers. In i860 the present large Gothic church was built. It is of brick,
with yellow stone front and double towers, and the interior is plain and comfortable,
with free pews and a very sweet-toned organ. Previous to the building of the new
church, the members of the Livingston Reformed Church, then worshipping in a hall
on 33d Street, united with the 34th-Street parish, adding materially to its strength
and influence. The minister is the Rev. Dr. Peter Stryker, a writer, lecturer and
active worker in the temperance cause.

The Bloomingdale Reformed Church is at 68th Street, where it crosses the
Boulevard. It is one of the most impressive and stately of all the churches in this
region, and has a noble Gothic spire.

The Protestant Episcopal Church maintains the prestige that it secured as
the State Church two centuries ago, and in wealth and influence easily distances all
rivals. Bishop Henry C. Potter is at the head of the diocese, and the church is
ministered to by men of wide fame.

Trinity Church is the second oldest religious organization in the city proper.
It was organized under the provisions of an Act passed by the Colonial Assembly of
1693, but the royal charter establishing The Parish of Trinity Church was not granted
until 1697. The services of the Church of England had been introduced immedi-
ately after the arrival of the British fleet in 1664, and were held in old St. Nicholas'
Church, within the Fort, until March, 1697, when a small wooden building was
opened on the site of the present Trinity Church. This stood unchanged for nearly
forty years, when it was virtually rebuilt. The close of the Revolution left the
Episcopalians, many of whom had remained loyal to King and Parliament, in small
favor with the patriots ; but with the restoration of order came wiser counsels. The
ritual was revised by omitting the obnoxious prayer for the King, and with the conse-
cration of the first American Bishops in 1784, and the General Convention in 1785,
which organized the Protestant Episcopal Church in the States of America, officially
declared to be loyal to the new government, came the beginning of a growth that
has made that church the most powerful Protestant denomination in New York.
St. George's and St. Mark's remained the only other Episcopal churches in the city
until 1794, when the increasing population necessitated a second parish, and Christ
Church was organized. As the population has increased, other parishes have been
formed, and new churches erected ; and there are now 84 Episcopal churches and
chapels in the city, with 35,000 communicants, and a vast network of parochial
charities. Trinity still remains the wealthiest single church corporation in the United
States. Most of its annual income of half a million dollars, comes from what
remains, after many generous gifts, of the royal grant of the Queen's Farm, made in
1705, and comprising a large tract of land along the North River, between Chris-
topher and Vesey Streets, now in the heart of the business part of the city. Its
property is valued at $9,000,000. At the outbreak of the Revolution Trinity was
closed for a time, owing to the persistent refusal of the clergy to omit the prayer
for the King. It was re-opened after the British occupation, only to be destroyed
a few days later, in the great fire of 1776. The second church was built in 1788, on
the same site on Broadway, opposite the head of Wall Street. The third, that is to
say, the present Trinity Church, was finished in 1846, from designs of Richard M. Up-
john. It is a stately Gothic edifice, with an exquisite sharply pointed ornate spire,
rising to a height of 284 feet, and carrying a melodious chime of bells. On either

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

ST. PAUL'S CHAPEL—PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL.

BROADWAY AND CHURCH STREET, FROM FULTON STREET TO VESEY STREET.

312

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

side is a quiet graveyard, with many interesting memorials of men and women of the
past. The interior is lofty and spacious, with a groined roof borne aloft by sand-
stone columns. The pews are of carved oak. The chancel is enriched by a fine
altar and reredos of white Caen stone, with mosaics and cameos, a memorial to
William B. Astor from his sons. Of the many benefactions of Trinity, from its
early gift of a communion-service and an altar-cloth to a church at Rye, down to
the present time, none has been of greater service to the city than the numerous chap-
els which she has erected and still maintains. The first was St. George's, now an
independent parish, opened in 1753, and endowed by Trinity with a generous gift of
over a quarter of a million dollars in lands and money ; then came St. Paul's, in
1766 ; St. John's, in 1807; Trinity Chapel, in 1856; St. Chrysostom's, in 1869; St.
Augustine's, in 1877 ; and St. Agnes', in 1892. Trinity has over 6,000 communicants.

Of the large income enjoyed by Trinity not a cent is hoarded. The expenses
of keeping up the estate ; the support of the chapels ; the large yearly grants to
twenty-four parishes ; the payment of taxes and assessments ; and the maintenance
of the several parochial schools and other parish charities exhaust the yearly
income. Of the former rectors of Trinity three have been made Bishops of the
Church, and one was banished from the State for his royalist proclivities, and became
Bishop of Nova Scotia. The Rev. Dr. Morgan Dix is now the rector of the parish.

St. Paul's Chapel is the oldest church edifice now remaining in the city, and

the oldest of the chapels of Trinity Parish. It
location at the corner of Broadway and Vesey
name of the first rector of the mother church. It
before the troublous times of the War of Inde-
simple but impressive architecture of the style of
ago ; its tower, a partial copy of one of Sir Chris-
ing where seemingly it ought not, on what is now
building ; and its quiet God's Acre surrounding
turesque features of lower Broadway. The spa-
esting, not so much for its architectural or decora-
tive beauties (of which indeed it makes but scanty
show), but for its old-fashioned look, and the
hints it gives of the simple taste and moderate
ideas of splendor which belonged to the men of the
past. Many interesting events have taken place
within St. Paul's, but none surpass in impressive-
ness the solemn service of thanksgiving
there, which Washington and the civic
authorities attended in simple state, after
the inauguration ceremonies in 1 789
of the first President of the
United States, in the old City
Hall, hard by. The centennial
anniversary thereof was cele-
brated within these walls in
1889. A tablet in the rear
wall of the chapel, facing
Broadway, commemorates the
bravery of General Richard
Montgomery, the hero of

stands in its ancient

Street, Vesey being the

was built in 1764-66,

pendence, and with its

a century and a half

topher Wren's, stand-

the rear end of the

it, it is one of the pic-

cious interior is inter-

ST. JOHN'S CHAPEL, PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL, VARICK STREET,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

3*3

TRINITY CHAPEL, PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL, WEST 25TH STREET, BETWEEN
BROADWAY AND 6TH AVENUE.

Quebec ; and in the
churchyard are monu-
ments to Emmet, the
Irish patriot ; George
Frederick Cooke, and
others. The Rev. Dr.
James Mulchahey is in
charge of the chapel.

St. John's Chap-
el, on Varick Street,
was built by Trinity
Parish, between 1803
and 1807, in a region
then just beginning to
be fashionable for
homes. It is a quaint
and venerable edifice,
surrounded by factor-
ies and tenements, and the only church within a great area. The front presents a
high Corinthian porch, supported by four massive columns of sandstone. The
church-yard, in effect like a diminutive park, with trees and shrubbery, lies on
either side. The position which St. John's occupies makes it a conspicuous as
well as a picturesque object, as seen from the Sixth- Avenue Elevated Railroad, just
below Canal Street. Its quaint spire, with a tower clock, rises high above the sur-
rounding buildings. The Rev. Philip A. H. Brown is in charge.

Trinity Chapel, on 25th Street, near Broadway, was erected in 1851-56 by Old
Trinity, for the accommodation of the up-town communicants of the parish. It is a
pleasing brownstone Gothic edifice, of the most substantial construction ; and is prob-
ably the only one of the chapels of Trinity which could support itself if the aid of the

mother-church
were withdrawn.
The plans of the
building were
made by Richard
M. Upjohn, and
the interior is pe-
culiar in being
simply a lofty
nave, with arcades
along the sides to
indicate the posi-
tion of the aisles,
if they had not
been omitted.
This causes the
building to seen
very long and nar-
row; but the great
height of the walls

8T. CHRYSOSTOM'S CHAPEL (TRINITY PARISH), SEVENTH AVENUE AND „nJ i.1,-. nnen rnnf

WEST 39th STREET. *"U U1C ^ '

3i4

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

make an impressive and satisfactory interior. The spacious chancel ends in an apse
of seven bays, and paintings fill the tympanums of the sanctuary. The interior is
chastely decorated, the corbel pillars in the nave being ornamented with gold leaf.
The reredos is of Caen stone and alabaster. Adjacent to the church are the vestry-
room and the parish-school building. The Rev. Dr. Swope was a long time in charge
of Trinity Chapel, which is now ministered to by the Rev. Dr. William H. Vibbert.
St. Chrysostom's Chapel, at the corner of Seventh Avenue and West 39th
Street, is a commodious Gothic edifice, of brownstone, equipped with auxiliary schools

and mission and guild rooms.
It dates from 1869, and is a
power for good in a crowded
poor district. Rev. T. H.
Sill is the clergyman.

St. Augustine's Chap-
el is one of the striking arch-
itectural features of the city.
One of the chapels of Old
Trinity, erected in 1876-77,
it stands on East Houston
Street, near the Bowery, in a
region where vice and poverty
abound. It has two main
parts, a mission-house and
the church proper, the en-
trance to the latter being
through a broad archway
with tiled walls and floor and
timbered roof. The church
is large, and richly decorated
in warm colors. The five
floors of the mission-house
contain a large hall, school
and guild-rooms, a parish-
room and various offices.
The work is almost entirely
among the poorer classes of
the neighborhood, and the
parish-school has a large at-
tendance. In addition to a
large Sunday-school, there
are a day-school for boys, a
night-school for young men
and women, a sewing-school,
a house-school for young
girls, a cooking-school and
numerous guilds. The Rev. Dr. A. C. Kimber is in charge, with two assistants.

St. Cornelius Chapel, on Governor's Island, is maintained by Trinity Church,
under an arrangement with the War Department, for army officers and soldiers who
may desire to attend divine services ; and for baptisms, burials, weddings and other
ceremonials in the garrison.

AUGUSTINE'S CHAPEL, PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL,
107 EAST HOUSTON STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

315

St. Agnes' Chapel, near the Boulevard, on West 92c! Street, is the newest and
most magnificent of Trinity's chapels. Its cost was about $800,000, and it was
opened for public services in 1892. St. Agnes' is a cruciform Romanesque building, of
striking design and treatment. The main front is of brownstone, flanked and crowned
by plain granite walls. The lower stage is occupied by a portal of three deep and
heavily moulded arches. The upper stage is pierced by a large arched window,
and the intervening frieze is decorated with emblems of the four Evangelists. The
tower is a straight shaft of granite, with belts of brownstone ; and the belfry
stage is ornamented with arches and spandrils of the same material. A large square
lantern rises above the roof-line, .at the intersection of the nave and transepts, and
forms the dominating feature of the exterior. The interior treatment is elaborate
and costiy, the richest effects centering in the apsidal chancel, which has a massive
rad of white marble, filled with rich inlaid work in green marble. The same material
is used in the construction of the pulpit, lectern and altar. The ceiling has a back-
ground of gold, upon which are painted in rich colors heroic figures of the Apostles,
each bearing an emblem.
In the center is a large
representation of Christ
the Triumphant King,

ST. AGNES' CHAPEL, PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL, NEAR THE BOULE-
VARD, ON WEST 91ST AND WEST 920 STREETS.

seated upon a throne. The walls of the chancel are broken by window openings,
arches communicating with the vestries, and recesses backed with glass mosaics, hav-
ing ornamental work in relief. The side walls are attractively decorated in a lower
color-key than the chancel. The beautiful Morning Chapel is on the west side, open-
ing into the transept and nave by two large archways. In the rear of the church are
the parish-house and the rectory. The chapel seats about 1,200 people. All the in-
terior decorative work, including the windows, was done by the Tiffany Glass and
Decorating Company. The rector is the Rev. Dr. Edward A. Bradley. The grounds
surrounding St. Agnes' are effectively adorned with lawns, trees and shrubs.

316

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Grace Church, on Broadway, near ioth Street, is with the exception of Trinity,
the wealthiest Episcopal corporation in New York. The parish was organized in
1808, and the first church stood at the corner of Broadway and Rector Street, then
a fine residential quarter. The present location was selected in 1844, an(l was
thought to be very far up-town. The graceful white limestone church, in the Deco-
rated Gothic style, is one of the architectural features of Broadway, and its spire,
once of wood, but now of marble, is one of the most exquisite in the city. The
group of buildings belonging to Grace Church comprises the rectory, on the north,
connected with the church by Grace House, erected in 1880 by Miss Catharine L.
Wolfe, and containing the vestry and clergy-rooms, library and reading-room ; the
Chantry, adjoining the church on the south, also the gift of Miss Wolfe ; and Grace
Memorial House, in the rear, on Fourth Avenue, erected by the Hon. Levi P. Morton
in 1880 in memory of his wife, and used as a day-nursery for small children. Grace
Chapel, at 132 East 14th Street, was erected by the parish in 1876 to replace the for-
mer chapel, built in 1852, and de-
stroyed by fire in 1872. Grace-House-
by-the-Sea, at Far Rockaway, Long
Island, was opened in 1 883 as a summer
home for poor women from tenement-
houses. Liberal support is given to
this and the many other parochial chari-
ties, and generous contributions are
made to aid benevolent work outside the
parish limits.

Few if any of the churches surpass
Grace in beauty of interior design and
decoration. It is impressive and magnifi-
cent. In the eastern end, a large chancel
window, the gift of Miss Wolfe (as are
also the altar and the lofty reredos), is
filled with English stained glass. The
groined roof of the nave is supported by
graceful columns ; and the clere-story
and side windows contain some of the
finest examples of the glass-worker's art.
A beautiful memorial porch forms the
entrance ; and the chime of bells in the
belfry, rivals that of Trinity in sweetness.
Grace has long been noted for fashion-
able weddings. The Bishop of New
York, the Rt. Rev. Henry C. Potter, was
long rector of the parish. He was succeeded in 1883 by the Rev. Dr. William R.
Huntington.

Christ Church was the second parish of the Episcopal Church organized in
New York, dating back to 1794, when a church was built on Ann Street. Here a
goodly congregation soon gathered, under the Rev. John Pillmore, one of the first Wes-
ieyan itinerants sent over from England, who labored for a time with the brethren
of the John-Street Church, but later joined the Episcopalians. The parish grew
rapidly, and in 1823 its former accommodations became too straitened for its needs,
and a largei church was built on Worth Street, where the parish remained in peace

GRACE MEMORIAL HOUSE, FOURTH AVENUE, NEAR 10TH
STREET IN REAR OF GRACE CHURCH.

KING'S HANDBOOK' OF NEW YORK'.

317

GRACE CHURCH — PROTECTANT trlbOOPAL.

BROADWAY, NEAR 10TH STREET; AT THE HEAD OF LOWER BROADWAY.

3*8

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

ST. MARK'S CHURCH,
STUYVESANT STRF.ET
AND SECOND AVENUE.

and prosperity until it migrated up-town in 1854, building and occupying the present
St. Ann's Church, on West i'8th Street. In 1859 a church at Fifth Avenue and 35th
Street was purchased from the Baptists, and here again the parish rested and throve
for more than thirty years. In 1890 Christ Church removed to its present site, at the

Among the prominent rectors of the parish

of the ritualistic church of St. Ig-

a preacher of nervous and pictur-

Dr. J. S. Shipman is the rector.

Church began its independent

first church, a chapel of Trinity,

Beekman and Cliff Streets. The

erected in 1849, ^s a graceful

ture, in the Gothic style, and a

on the East Side, in Stuyvesant

it had two noble spires, but they

as the result of a fire. They

and have never been replaced.

Rev. Dr. Stephen H. Tyng,

and his sturdy preach-

church well to the front

body. The Rev. Dr.

ford became rector in

corner of 71st Street and the Boulevard.
have been Dr. F. C. Ewer, the founder
natius; the Rev. Hugh Miller Thompson,
esque force ; and Dr. William McVickar.

St. George's

existence in 1812. The
was built in 1752, at
more modern building,
brownstone st rue-
prominent landmark
Square. Formerly
became weakened,
were taken down,
For many years the
the elder, was rector,
ing brought the
in the Episcopal
William S. Rains-
1883, an(l since then
many changes and

ST. GEORGE'S CHURCH, STUYVESANT SQUARE
AND EAST 16TH STREET.

improvements have been made in the
working methods of the parish, which is
one of the most active in the city, and the
largest in the country, having 2,600 com-
municants. One of the most important
of its parochial agencies is St. George's
Memorial House, adjoining the church.
It was erected in 1888, the gift of J. Pier-
pont Morgan, in memory of Mr. and Mrs.
Charles Tracy. It is built of red sandstone,
and contains school-rooms, club-rooms, clergy-rooms, gymnasium, library and read-
ing-room, and is the centre of much philanthropic work among the poorer classes
in the neighborhood.

CHURCH OF THE HEAVENLY Ht.Hl, Fit- I H AVtNUt,
ABOVE 45TH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

3*9

St. Mark's Church was organized in 1791. The present church at Second
Avenue and 10th Street was consecrated in 1829, and is one of the few survivors of
the old colonial style of ecclesiastical architecture, with lofty pillared porch and
a sharply tapering steeple. The interior preserves its olden quaintness, and is pleas-
ingly decorated. Many memorial tablets adorn the walls ; and on the east side of the
outer wall, an ancient stone bears witness to the fact that Governor Petrus Stuyve-
sant lies buried in the vault below. When the doughty Dutch Captain-General
retired from office, after the surrender of the province to the English, he withdrew to
his "Bouwerie," or farm, in the vicinity of the present Stuyvesant Square, then two
miles from the centre of the city. He built a small chapel adjoining his manor-
house, and here the Rev. Henry Soleyns was wont to preach on Sunday afternoons.
Tn a vault underneath the chapel
the Governor was laid to rest, after
his death in 1682, to be followed,
in 1691, by Henry Sloughter, the
English royal governor, and still
later, by Daniel Tompkins, an
early governor of the State. At
one time the Methodists held
meetings in the chapel, commonly
called the "Two-Mile-Stone
Meeting House," from its distance
from the centre of the city. It
was taken down in 1793, and the
offer of Petrus Stuyvesant, a de-
scendant of the Governor, to pre-
sent the ground and 800 pounds
in money to Trinity for a church,
was accepted. The church was
built in the following year, and
long bore the name of "St. Mark's
in the Bowery." It is still the
spiritual home of many descend-
ants of the old families. The Rev.
Dr. J. H. Rylance is the rector.

The Church of the Heav-
enly Rest, at 551 Fifth Avenue,
was built through the efforts of
Dr. Robert S. Howland, then
rector of the Church of the Holy Apostles. The parish originated in services held
in the hall of Rutgers Female College, in 1865. The narrow front of the church,
ornamental in design and surmounted by angelic figures, gives little promise of the
spaciousness of the interior, which is cruciform in shape, and contains some of the
finest wood-carving in the country. Polished marble pillars support the roof; the
walls are richly frescoed and adorned with beautiful paintings ; and Ary Scheffer's
Christus Consolator forms the altar-piece. The entire effect of the interior is one of
extreme and satisfying richness, refinement, beauty and peace. The Church of the
Heavenly Rest is one of the fashionable shrines of the city, and the wealth of its
members is shown in their liberal support of public and parochial charities. The
rector is the Rev. Dr. D. Parker Morgan.

ST. GEORGE'S MEMORIAL HOUSE, 207 EAST 16th STREET,
IN REAR OF ST. GEORGE'S CHURCH.

320

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

St. Thomas's Church, at Fifth Avenue and 53d Street, was organized in 1823 ;
and its first church stood at Broadway and Houston Street, then a rural suburb.
The parish attained to a high degree of prosperity under the rectorship of Dr.
Francis L. Hawks, but as early as 1843 tne need of a location farther up-town began
to be felt, and in 1870 the present magnificent edifice was opened for worship. The
church is one of the most imposing architectural features of the city, and was
regarded by the architect, Upjohn, as the masterpiece of his long career as a church
architect. The church and the adjoining rectory are built of brownstone, in the
Gothic style ; and, with the grounds and furnishings, represent a value of nearly
one million dollars. The interior is one of the finest in the city, with monolithic
columns supporting the nave, a central dome at the intersection of the nave
and transept, an apsidal chancel adorned with a series of cartoons by LaFarge,
and a reredos in old gold by St. Gaudens, representing the Adoration of the
Cross by cherubs and angels. The chancel is flanked by shallower recesses, in
which is built the great organ, in two parts, for a double choir, whose rendering
of church music is famous throughout the country. The entire decoration of
the chancel, including the costly works of LaFarge and St. Gaudens, is a memorial
from Charles H. Housman to his mother ; and to his generosity the church also
owes the angelic figures with musical instruments, after Fra Angelico, by LaFarge,
which form the decorations above the organ. Other memorials are the chime of
bells in the tower, rivalling those of Trinity in sweetness, the cross surmounting it,
and many stained-glass windows and other fittings of the interior. While St.
Thomas's is a church for the wealthy, it is by no means neglectful of the claims of
the poorer classes. In addition to its numerous benevolent societies, it maintains
St. Thomas's Chapel, on 60th Street; a German mission; and St. Thomas's House,
in the rear of the chapel, erected in 1872 by Hon. and Mrs. Roswell P. Flower as a
memorial to their son, Henry Keep Flower. The rectors of St. Thomas have been:
Rev. Cornelius Duffie ; Rev. Dr. George Upfold, later bishop of Indiana ; Rev.
Henry J. Whitehouse, some time bishop of Illinois ; Rev. Dr. Edmund Neville ;
Rev. Dr. William F. Morgan ; and the present incumbent, Rev. Dr. John W. Brown.

St. James's
Church grew out
of a chapel erected
in 1 8 10 at 69th
Street and Park
Avenue, for the
convenience o f
those New- York
families whose
country-seats were
in the vicinity of
Hamilton Square
(now Lenox Hill).
This was suc-
ceeded by an edi-
fice erected in
1869 on the north
side of 72d Street,
between Lexing-

6 T. JAMES'S PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH, MADISON AVENUE AND EAST 71st STREET. tOU and Third

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEIV YORK,

321

n\V«vo\V^ V52.\Ne$U7

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH EDIFICES.

ST. LUKE'S. ST. MICHAEL'S. ST. THOMAS'. ZION AND TIMOTHY. ST. MARY THE VIRGIN.

;22

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Avenues, — the present church having been built in 1884 at the northeast cor-
ner of Madison Avenue and 71st Street. It is an imposing Gothic building, de-
signed to have a lofty tower in the Florentine style, with an apsidal chancel at the
side of the tower ; a smaller round tower ; and a loggia, with bold projections, form-
ing with the two gables a very beautiful and picturesque effect. The interior is ex-
tremely pleasing. A tower-room, with a notable stairway, opens upon the chancel,
which is very deep, with two arches and an apsidal sanctuary. At the east end is a
large gallery. The interior finish is oak, and the entire scheme of decoration is
chaste and harmonious. There is a vested choir ; and the building contains two
choir-rooms, a large parish-room, a library, a guild-room, and a. kitchen. In the
tower are three large brass tablets, having representations of the two former build-
ings of the parish, and inscribed with the names of former vestrymen. The rector,
the Rev. Dr. Cornelius B. Smith, began his work in 1867.

St. Luke's Church, at 483 Hudson Street, is one of the older Episcopal shrines.
It was built in 182 1, and became the parish-church of a quiet rural village, well out on
the old Albany Post Road, with a semi-daily stage to the city, then closely cluster-
ing about the Battery. Local changes have left it in the midst of a dense population
of the poorer class, and depending for its existence upon a yearly grant of $10,000
from Trinity. It is now strictly a mission-church ; and the old building, in the

quaintly simple style of
interesting landmark of
not many traces beside

the early years of the present century, is an
what was once Greenwich Village, of which
St. Luke's remain.

Calvary Church was organized in 1835,
and its first church was built in 1837, on
Fourth Avenue, near 35th Street. The loca-
tion proved to be too far up-town for the
prosperity of the parish, and in 1842
the church was moved to
the corner of 2ist
Street. Five years
later it was taken
down, and the pre-
sent brownstone
building erected,
in the old English
style of architec-
ture. The interior
arrangements and
decorations are ex-

CALVARY CHURCH, PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL, FOURTH AVENUE AND EAST 21ST STREET. tremelv good.

The lofty groined roof is supported by slender columns springing out in graceful
pointed arches ; the side walls are panelled ; and the arched windows are filled
with richly colored glass. Calvary has long been one of the leading Episcopal
parishes, and with Calvary Chapel and the Galilee Rescue Mission on East 23d
Street, and a goodly number of parochial charities, it is the centre of much
beneficent activity. There are 1,600 communicants. The rector is the Rev. Dr. H.
Y. Satterlee. The congregational singing at Calvary is very fine, trained singers
being scattered throughout the congregation. The new building which is to be
occupied by the Diocesan Church Missions House is slowly rising into view, on
Fourth Avenue, just north of Calvary Church.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

323

The Church of the Ascension, at Fifth Avenue and ioth Street, was built
in 1850. It is a brownstone Gothic edifice, with a number of fine stained-glass
windows, and a large painting of The Ascension as an altar-piece. The parish was
organized in 1 838, and the first church was in Prince Street. For many years Dr.
John Cotton Smith was in charge, and the parish became widely known for its
generous gifts, including a hall at the Theological School near Alexandria, Va. ; a
hall and church for Kenyon College, at Gambier, Ohio ; and the Church of the As-
cension, at Ipswich, Mass. Dr. E. W. Donald is the rector.

St. Andrew's Church was organized in 1829, and built its first ecclesiastical
home during the following year. The early growth of the parish was feeble, owing
to its remote situation, far up-town ; and it was not until the year 1873 that the need
of large accommodations became sufficiently urgent to cause the erection of a more
spacious church, which remained in use until the opening of the present edifice, in
1889, at Fifth Avenue and 127th Street. The exterior is picturesque in appearance,
with a stately corner tower carrying a
sweet chime of bells, gabled entrances,
and a pleasing roof-line. The interior
is churchly and impressive in the best
sense, with lofty nave, lower side aisles,
transepts, baptistery and apsidal chancel.
Slender shafts, surmounted by a clere-
story pierced with many windows, and
spanned by graceful pointed arches, sup-
port the lofty arched roof. Two narrow
lancet windows light the chancel, and
between them is a large painting of The
Call of St. Andrezv, the patron-saint of
the church. The chancel and transepts
open out into smaller spaces through
pointed arches, adding greatly to the
perspective effect. The color scheme
is in terra cotta, relieved by lighter
lines on the faces of the arched ribs of
the roof. The first rector of the parish was the Rev. George L. Hinton. Later in-
cumbents have been the Rev. Dr. James R. Bailey, who withdrew to join the Roman
Catholic Church, and became Archbishop of Baltimore ; the Rev. Dr. Francis Lob-
dell ; and the present rector, the Rev. Dr. George R. Van De Water, one of the
strongest preachers and leading organizers in the city. The communicant list num-
bers 1,500; and St. Andrew's is noted for the variety and liberality of its gifts.

The Church of the Holy Communion, at Sixth Avenue and 20th Street,
was erected in 1846 by Mrs. Anna C. Rogers, in obedience to the dying request of
her husband, that "a church might be built to the glory of God, where rich and
poor might meet together." Mrs. Rogers's brother, Dr. William A. Muhlenberg,
the founder of St. Luke's Hospital, became the first rector. It was a free church from
the beginning, and the first in the country to establish early communions, weekly
celebrations, daily prayers, and a vested choir, and the first to organize a sisterhood.
The group of buildings includes the church and rectory, in brownstone, after
designs by Upjohn ; a Sisters' House ; a home for aged women ; and a Babies'
Shelter. The church is cruciform in shape, and the interior is plain but churchly
in its decorations. The Rev. Henry Mottet is rector.

ANDREW'S CPROTESTANT EPISCOPAL} CHURCH,
AVENUE AND EAST127TM STREET.

324

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

CHURCH OF THE TRANSFIGURATION (THE LITTLE CHURCH AROUND THE CORNER), EAST 29TH STREET,
BETWEEN FIFTH AND MADISON AVENUES.

The Church of the Transfiguration, at 5 East 29th Street, is better known
"The Little Church Around The Corner," from the fact that its rector once

read the funeral service of the
Church over the body of an actor,
after a neighboring clergyman had
refused, telling the friends of the
deceased to go to "the little
church around the corner." This
simple incident has made the
church an object of affectionate
regard to the whole dramatic
profession, many of whom have
shown their interest in a sub-
stantial manner. The parish was
organized in 1849 by the present
rector, Dr. George H. Houghton,
and early in the following year a
part of the rambling but pictur-
esque church was erected. The
building has grown by degrees,
as need arose and funds were
forthcoming, and is now a long
low structure with a single tran-
sept and many beautiful and costly
decorations. The church has 600
communicants. A clergy -house
adjoins the church ; and there is a
Transfiguration Chapel on West
69th Street, between the Boule-
bartholomew's parish house, 205 east 42o street. vard and Columbus Avenue.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

325

St. Ann's Church is engaged in an interesting field of work among the
deaf-mutes, in whose behalf the parish was organized by the present rector,
the Rev. Dr. Thomas Gallaudet, in 1852. For several years the services were
held in the chapel of the University of the City of New York and the lecture-room
of the New-York Historical Society. The church, on 18th Street, near Fifth Ave-
nue, was purchased in 1859. The main interest attaching to the parish is its peculiar
field of work among the deaf-mutes, of whom there are more than 100 among the

communicants. This free church
other day, and is open all day for
also a goodly congregation of the
the Rev. Dr. Edward H. Krans,
gies to his special field of work,
with Dr. Gallaudet in the Church

St. Bartholomew's
fashionable in the city, was
many years worshipping in a
ing building at Madison Ave-
It is a fine example of the
ated front and a campanile
handsomely treated in poly-
umns, carrying a triforium
lofty nave roof, and all the

has five services on Sunday, and two on every
private prayer and meditation. There is
more fortunate, for whom a special pastor,
is provided, Dr. Gallaudet devoting his ener-
The Rev. John Chamberlain is a co-laborer
Mission to Deaf-Mutes.

Church, one of the largest and most
organized in 1835, *ne congregation for
church in Lafayette Place. The impos-
nue and 44th Street was finished in 1876.
Lombardo-Gothic style, with lofty decor-
tower with open belfry. The interior is
chrome. Polished Scotch granite col-
gallery and a clere-story, support the
appointments bespeak the wealth of the
congregation. The rector is
the Rev. Dr. David H. Greer.
Aside from the usual be-
nevolent and missionary
activities of a well-or-
ganized parish, there is
St. Bartholomew's Par-
ish House, on East 42d
Street, near Third Ave-
nue, erected in 1 891, the
gift of Mrs. William H.
Vanderbilt and Corne-
lius Vanderbilt. It is a
costly stone and brick
building, and is made
the centre of an impor-
tant religious and hu-
mane work among the
poor of the East Side.

All Souls' Church,
at Madison Avenue and
66th Street, is one of the most attractive Episcopal temples in the city, and is the
home of the parish ministered to by the Rev. Dr. R. Heber Newton, the somewhat
iconoclastic preacher. The parish was organized in 1859, and early in 186 1 its first
edifice, on West 48th Street, was consecrated as a memorial to the Rev. Dr. Henry
Anthon. In 1890 the parish bought the property of the Church of the Holy Spirit,
selling its former place of worship, and taking possession of the beautiful stone
church which it now occupies. The building is in the Romanesque style, with a

ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S CHURCH, MADISON AVENUE AND EAST 44TH STREET

326

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

massive tower and an
imposing front on Mad-
ison Avenue ; and the
interior is quaint and
attractive, with richly
tinted walls and a series
of fine paintings on
the rear wall of the
chancel.

The Church of
the Holy Trinity,
at Madison Avenue
and East 42d Street,
was erected in 1873.
It is near the Grand
Central Depot, and its
variegated brick and
ivy-covered walls and
lofty corner tower

ALL SOULS' CHURCH, MADISON AVENUE AND EAST 66TH STREET. make it a COnSDicUOUS

object. The parish was founded in 1864, by the younger Stephen H. Tyng, and
the result of his early labors was a remarkable growth in many directions. In
1888 the Rev. E. Walpole Warren, an English "missioner," was called to the
rectorship. He has introduced many new agencies for increasing the effectiveness
of the parish. Holy Trinity has always been marked by the co-operation of its
laymen, the practical character of its preaching, and its adherence to the "evan-
gelical" school of churchmanship. It has a specially commendable boy choir.

The Church of Zion and St. Timothy was formed in 1890 by the union of
the two Episcopal parishes of Zion and St. Timothy, the latter having an organiza-
tion dating back to 1853, while the former was formed in 1810, when the English
Lutheran Church Zion conformed to the Episcopal Church. The new Church of
Zion and St. Timothy, at 332 West 57th Street, was erected in 1891. It is early
Gothic in design, treated in a simple and massive manner, and with an avoidance of
carving and minute detail, in order to bring the design within the rightful use of
brick and stone, the latter being employed only when needed to strengthen the
walls. A massive tower, with strongly marked pier-braces at the corners, is placed
in the north of the main front, the plainness and severity of the latter being relieved
by the staircase pinnacle and the deeply recessed doors and windows. On the 57th-
Street elevation three sharply pointed gables relieve the monotony and give charac-
ter to the design. The same simplicity of treatment marks the interior. The level
of the sanctuary is several feet above the choir floor, giving greater dignity to altar
and reredos, and the use of the customary chancel-arch has been avoided. The
roof and side walls are on the same lines as those of the nave, but greatly enriched
by extra braces in the open timber-work of the roof. A system of double trusses,
supported by clustered stone columns at the four transept angles, divides the nave
from the aisles and chancel, giving an appearance of greater length to the interior.
The roofs are constructed entirely in open timber-work, in natural hard pine, col-
ored to suit the expression of the interior, the walls of which are finished in red
brick, relieved by gray brick in wide bands. Connected with the church there is a
large parish-house, of similar construction. The combined parish is in charge of the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

327

Rev. Henry Lubeck, with the rector of Zion Church, Dr. Charles C. Tiffany, as rec-
tor emeritus.

The Church of St. Mary the Virgin, at 228 West 45th Street, is the most
ritualistic of the Episcopal churches of New York, with a daily celebration, an elab-

advanced Anglo-Catholic
and the church was opened
the interior is chiefly nota-
altar-screen ; the hanging
ures of Christ, the Vir-
founder of the British
and Festal services are
and beautiful character,
among the poor, support-
other agencies for charita-
Brown is rector and

at Madison Avenue and
temple, in a pleasant resi-

orate ceremonial, and all the usages of the
school. The parish was organized in 1868,
in 1870. It is a small Gothic building, and
ble for its white marble altar, tabernacle and
sanctuary lamps, and the sculptured fig-
gin and St. John ; and of St. Paul (as
Church), on the pulpit. The Sunday
largely choral, and of the most elaborate
The parish is active in good work
ing mission house, schools, guilds, and
ble work. The Rev. Thomas McKee
founder.

The Church of The Incarnation,
East 35th Street, is a modern Gothic
dence - quarter. The Rev. Dr. Ar-
thur Brooks is the rector ; and the
Rev. Newton Perkins has charge of
the Chapel of the Reconciliation, at
246 East 31st
Street. The
church is a pic-
turesque structure,
built of dark sand-
stone, with many
buttresses,a quaint
entrance porch on
the Madison-Ave-
nue front, and a
solid -looking
square tower, at
the corner nearest

,i • , , • r CHURCH OF THE HOLY TRINITY, MADISON AVENUE AND EAST 42D STREET.

the intersection 01 '

the street and avenue. The spire, which for some years has remained in the condi-
tion shown in the illustration, is being carried in 1892 to its intended height. The
front of the church is literally covered with ivy. It grows thickly around the bases
of the buttresses at the side of the building, and gives the appearance of an English
suburban church to the edifice.

All Angels' Church, at the corner of West-End Avenue and West 81st Street,
was built in 1890. The society came into existence about the middle of the century,
and had its first building in what is now Central Park. It occupies a corner-lot of
100 by 102 feet, and is 140 feet long, the builders having adopted the shrewd device
of placing it diagonally. Dr. Charles F. Hoffman is the rector, and Rev. S.
De Lancey Townsend, associate-rector.

The Church of the Holy Trinity, at Lenox Avenue and I22d Street, is
one of the recently erected Episcopal shrines. The building was consecrated
in 1888, and is Italian Gothic in style, and substantially constructed of rough-faced

328

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Indiana lime-
stone, with brown-
stone trimmings.
A massive tower
with long, narrow
openings sur-
mounts the main
entrance on I22d
Street, and the
long frontage on
Lenox Avenue is
agreeably diversi-
fied by two gables
and a small spire,
breaking the mo-
notony of the
roof- line. The
main feature of
the spacious in-
terior, which has
a seating capacity
of 1,200, and is
cruciform in
shape, with lofty
arched roof, is the

CHURCH OF THE INCARNATION, MADISON AVENUE AND EAST 35th STREET.

chancel, which is extremely decorative in its treatment. An
~ -^ oaken communion table, surrounded by the chancel
rail, occupies the center, and the Bishop's chair is
behind it. The walls are finished in polished
variegated marble, above which the effect of small
galleries is produced by arched openings.
There are two transept galleries, and the walls
are decorated in terra cotta and buff. On the
first floor of the Lenox-Avenue side are the
parish parlors, and above them, the Sunday-
school rooms. The parish was organized in
1868, and the Rev. William
N. McVickar became the
first rector. He was suc-
ceeded in 1884 by Dr. Ran-
dolph H. McKim, during
whose term of office the
parish grew rapidly, estab-
lishing in 1884 Holy Trinity
Chapel and Holy Trinity
Mission House and Day
Nursery, on East 112th
Street. The first church
was built in 1870, on Fifth
Avenue, at the corner of
125th Street. Under its

CHURCH OF THE HOLY TRINITY, LENOX AVENUE AND WEST 1220 STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

329

successive rectors, Holy Trinity has enjoyed a continually increasing measure of
prosperity, culminating in the present beautiful edifice, and a communicant list of
nearly 1,000. The Rev. Dr. C. W. Bridgman is the rector.

St. Michael's Church, at Amsterdam Avenue and 99th Street, is one of the
five picturesque and impressive ecclesiastical buildings which the Episcopalians have

St. Michael's
having been
was erected in
feeble growth,
recent years
and the in-
prosperity, to-
t i o n s. The
in the Italian
in 1891, and it

recently erected in the upper part of the city,
parish was organized in 1807, the first church
built the previous year. The second church
1854, and for many years the parish had but a
owing to its situation far up-town. But in
the city has stretched out in this direction,
crease in population has brought increasing
gether with the need of larger accommoda-
present stately structure, of Indiana limestone,
style of the twelfth century, was consecrated
is a noteworthy in- -...,,,

stance of modern in-
telligent ecclesiastical
architecture. As seen
from the street, the
sides of the nave,
aisles, and outer clois-
ter porch rise one be-
hind the other in three
successive groups, all
surmounted and dom-
inated by the massive
corner tower, rising
to a height of 1 80 feet,
and carrying a chime
of bells. The win-
dows and arcades are
round-arched. The
interior, in the shape
of a Latin cross, is
spacious and impres-
sive. Massive square columns separate nave from aisles, and support the lofty roof,
which is panelled in wood. The wide round arches have ornamental faces, and the
side-walls are treated in terra cotta. The windows are filled with Cathedral glass,
and there are two large windows in the transepts. The apsidal chancel is spacious,
and lighted by five windows. The church has sittings for 1,600 people. The total
cost Of the building, which is the crowning success of the 48 years' toiling of the
rector, the Rev. Dr. T. M. Peters, in the upper part of the city, was nearly $200,000.
The Cathedral of St. John the Divine. — In 1885 the authorities of the
Episcopal Church in the Diocese of New York began to agitate the subject of a
cathedral, worthy of the increasing growth of the Church, and for a centre of its
numerous religious and charitable activities. The result of the preliminary meetings
and the public agitation of the subject was the receipt of subscriptions sufficient to
warrant the purchase, at $850,000, of an eligible site between 110th and 113th
Streets and Morningside and Tenth Avenues, then occupied by the Leake and Watts

ALL ANGELS' CHURCH, WEST-END AVENUE AND WEST 81ST STREET.

33°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Orphan Asylum. Designs were then invited from the leading architects of the world ;
and after careful examination of the plans submitted, four were chosen for a second
competition. Those of Heins & LaFarge were finally accepted, and it is expected
that the corner-stone will be laid in 1893. In the amended drawings the ground-
plan has the shape of a cross, the arms of which are formed by the nave and tran-
septs and chancel, with central and side aisles. The general exterior design is that
of a group of seven towers ; two at the west front ; a large central tower or lantern
over the crossing of the transepts and nave ; and four smaller flanking towers at the
angles of the cross. There are to be entrances in each of these flanking towers, as
well as in those on the west. The central tower alone is crowned by a spire,
which is to dominate the group. Around the chancel will be seven apsidal chapels,
each capable of seating 150 persons; and a high arcaded balustrade will crown the
cornices of the side-aisles, whose buttresses will be surmounted by figures of angels
with folded wings. The cathedral will face toward the west, and the chapels will
appear to rise abruptly from the retaining wall of Morningside Park.

The principal dimensions of the cathedral, as proposed, are as follows ; total
length outside, 520 feet. Width across the front, 192 feet ; across the transepts, 290
feet. Width of the front towers 57 feet, and their height 248 feet. The width of
the four flanking towers will be 43 feet, and their height 158 feet. The total ex-
terior diameter of the central tower is to be 116, and its interior diameter 96 feet,
with a height of 253 feet for the vaulting, and 445 feet from the floor of the
cathedral to the top of the cross. The chancel will have a depth of 120 feet,
feet, and the nave will be 60 feet in width, with a length of 180 feet and a height of
105 feet, while the front gable will tower aloft to the height of 164 feet. The build-
ing will be constructed in the most substantial manner, and its total cost will proba-
bly reach $6,000,000 or more, of which it is proposed to expend $200,000 yearly
until the construction is completed. As seen from the streets of Harlem the spire

of the cathe-
Cathedral,
of the Eiffel
when meas-
completion,
Divine will
rivalling the

FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, FIFTH AVENUE, bETVvtt
11th AND 12th STREETS.

dral will appear 35 feet higher than that of the Cologne
which has a height of 510 feet, and with the exception
Tower, it will be the highest structure in the world
ured from the street-level. Years will elapse before its
but when finished the Cathedral of St. John the
be the noblest ecclesiastical building in America, and
grand cathedrals of England and the Continent.

The First Presbyterian Church is the oldest
local society of that denomination. It was formed in
1 716, and the early meetings were held in the City Hall.
In 1 7 19 the famous Wall-Street
Church was opened, and here
George Whitefield preached, in
1740. The church now occupied
by the parish, on Fifth Avenue,
between West nth and 12th
Streets, was erected in 1845. ^
is a plain brownstone building, of
graceful proportions, and with a
roomy auditorium. The first pas-
tor was James Anderson, a Scotch
clergyman, installed in 17 16. Dr.
John Rodgers, "the Father of

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

33*

332

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Presbyterianism "
in New York, was
another early min-
ister. Dr. Howard
Duffield is now in
charge.

The Presbyter-
ians began their
services in 1706,
with private meet-
ings at the houses
of a few families
of Presbyterian
sympathies. In
1 707 the Rev.
Francis McKen-
nie preached to a
small congregation in a private house, and baptized a child. He was arrested by
order of Lord Cornbury and thrown into prison, but was soon released. From 1719
to 1809 there was but one Presbyterian church, the Wall- Street, with the church in
Beekman Street, erected in 1 768, and that in Rutgers Street, built in 1797, as Col-
legiate charges. The Collegiate relation was dissolved in 1809. The Presbyterian
churches of the city are divided among the Presbyterians proper, the Reformed Pres-

BRICK MEETING-HOUSE. PARK ROW, NASSAU AND BEEKMAN STREETS, IN 1800.

byterians and the United Presbyterians,
fifty-three churches, while the others
have but five each. The Presbyterian
Church is to New York what Congre-
gationalism is to New England, a
strong and aggressive religious force.
It has a membership of 30,000.

The Scotch Presbyterian
Church, at 53 West 14th Street, was
organized in 1756 by a party of seced-
ers from the old Wall-Street Church,
under the name of the First Associate
Reformed Church. The chief cause of
the formation of the new society was
difference of opinion regarding the use
of musical instruments in the church.
The first pastor was the Rev. John
Mason, a Scottish clergyman, and the
first church stood on Cedar Street. In
1837 the congregation removed to a
church on Grand Street; and in 1853
the church on West 14th Street was
opened. It is a large stone building,
in the Italian Gothic style. Rev. Dr.
David G. Wylie is the pastor. The
church is about to build a new edifice,
at 96th Street and Central Park West.

The first is much the strongest, having

BRICK PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, NORTHWEST CORNER OF
FIFTH AVENUE AND 37TH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

333

The Brick Presbyterian Church, at Fifth Avenue and 37th Street, one of
the most important Presbyterian churches in the city, was erected in 1858, sup-
planting the old Brick Church, which had stood since 1767 on the corner of Beekman
and Nassau Streets. The new church is an exact reproduction in brick and brown-
stone of the older edifice, on a much larger scale ; and its interior, recently re-decor-
ated by LaFarge, is very attractive.

The parish was formed by mem
bers of the First Presbyterian
Church, and for forty-two years
the two branches continued their
organic connection, with one ses-
sion and the same trustees. The
first pastor was the famous Dr.
John Rogers. He was succeeded
in 1 810 by the Rev. Dr. Gardiner
Spring, who remained in office for
sixty-two years. The Rev. Dr.
Wm. G. T. Shedd, late of Union
Theological Seminary, was one of
his colleagues. The present pastor,
the Rev. Henry Van Dyke, was in-
stalled in 1883, and his ability as a
pulpit orator has attracted a large
and representative congregation.
Its Christianity is simple, practical,
and non-sectarian.

The Fifth-Avenue Presby-
terian Church was organized in
1808, and its first church was
erected on Cedar Street in that
year. The Rev. John Brodhead
Romeyn became the first pastor,
retaining his connection with the
parish until his death, in 1825.
In common with all the earlier
churches, the Cedar-Street parish
made several removals farther up-
town ; in 1834, to Duane Street;
in 1852, to its first Fifth-Avenue church, at the corner of 19th Street, when the
corporate name was changed to the present title; and again, in 1875, to ^ts present
location, at the corner of 56th Street. It is an ornate Gothic structure of imposing
proportions, and the interior differs widely from the traditional simplicity and
plainness of the older Presbyterian churches. There is an abundance of rich
coloring and elaborate carving ; light woods are effectively used in the panelling
of the walls; and the floor slopes gradually down from the entrance to the pulpit,
giving something of the effect of a public hall. The pastor, Rev. John Hall, D. D.,
LL. D., was installed November 3, 1867. The church is foremost, probably, in its
gifts to missionary and benevolent work in the Presbyterian denomination, if not
in the United States ; and occupies a position of noble prominence among the
Christian societies of the world.

FIFTH-AVENUE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, FIFTH AVENUE AND
56TH STREET.

334

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The University-Place Presbyterian Church was organized in 1845, by a
colony from the older Duane-Street Church. The present substantial stone church,
on University Place, at the corner of East 10th Street, was erected in 1844 by private-
subscription. In 1870 the congregation received a large and important addition to
its numbers from the Mercer-Street Church, which, after a prosperous existence since
1835, nad been so greatly weakened by the building of up-town churches that it
was compelled to sell its place of worship to the Church of the Strangers, and unite
with the University-Place congregation. Thus strengthened and invigorated, the
parish has enjoyed continued prosperity.

The West Presbyterian Church was organized in 1829, with eighteen mem-
bers, and its first house of worship was erected on Carmine Street, in 1832. There
for many years, under the efficient pastorate of the Rev. David R. Browning, the
congregation grew and prospered. The present ecclesiastical structure, on West 42d
Street, near Sixth Avenue, was erected in 1862. It is a noble example of the deco-
rative Gothic style, with lofty roof and gabled entrance and tapering spire. The
auditorium, seating 1,200, is striking and attractive. Four broad and sweeping
arches span the interior, one at either side and end, crossing near their spring from
the gallery floor. The large round arch at the pulpit end is supported by massive
pillars of polished stone, and roomy galleries sweep in a circle around three sides of
the auditorium. A large chapel and spacious parish-rooms are connected with the

church. Under the care of
the Rev. Dr. John R. Pax-
ton, one of the best-known
preachers in the city, the
West Church has gathered a
large and fashionable con-
gregation, with a goodly
record of practical charities
to attest its Christian zeal.

The Fourth-Avenue
Presbyterian Church, at
286 Fourth Avenue, corner
of 22d Street, was long in
charge of the Rev. Dr. How-
ard Crosby, so well known
as a reformer and earnest
worker in the temperance
cause. The church was
built in 1856, and Dr. Cros-
by, in virtue of his promi-
nence in public affairs, as
well as his solid merits as a
pulpit orator, attracted a
large and influential congre-
gation. The Fourth-Avenue
Church became one of the
most noted in the city, active
in reform movements and
greatly given to practical

MADISON-SQUARE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, MADISON AVENUE ° . .

and 24th street. Christian work among the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

335

ADAMS MEMORIAL CHURCH ( PRESBYTERIAN ),
211 EAST 30th STREET.

poor and wretched. The church is sub-
stantially built, after the Gothic man-
ner, and has an attractive interior, but
its chief claim to public notice is its
goodly record in the past. It adjoins
the 23d-Street Branch of the Young
Men's Christian Association, and a
view of the church is shown elsewhere
with the Association Building.

The Madison-Square Presby-
terian Church, at Madison Avenue
and 24th Street, was organized in 1853,
in response to the growing demand for
churches in what was then the up-town
portion of the city. Its original mem-
bership was drawn mainly from the Cen-
tral Presbyterian Church, in Broome
Street, and the Rev. Dr. William Adams
left the pastorate of the Central Church
to assume that of the new organization.
Public worship was begun in the chapel
of the Union Theological Seminary ;
and subsequently the services were held
in Hope Chapel, on Broadway, until
the present building was ready for oc-
cupancy, in December, 1854. The church is built of brownstone, in a simple style
of Gothic architecture ; and contains, besides the auditorium, which has a seating

capacity of 1,200, a large Sunday-school
room and lecture-room. In November,
1873, after a long and fruitful pastorate
of more than twenty years, Dr. Adams
tendered his resignation, in order to as-
sume the duties of the Presidency of the
Union Theological Seminary. In 1875
the Rev. Dr. William Tucker was in-
stalled as pastor. He resigned in 1879,
to assume the chair of sacred rhetoric in
Andover Theological Seminary. The
present pastor, the Rev. Dr. Charles H.
Parkhurst, was installed in 1880. The
history of the church has been a record
of continuous progress, and its present
membership is nearly 800. A mission
Sunday-school, started in 1858, has grad-
ually grown into the Adams Memorial
Church, at 211 East 30th Street, which
is now ecclesiastically independent, and
dependent financially only in a slight
degree. The resources of the parent
church, no longer required in this

WESTMINSTER PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, 210 WEST
230 STREET.

33^

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

direction, are now
devoted to the
maintenance of the
Mission and
Church House at
30th Street and
Third Avenue,
where there is be-
ing carried on a
variety of religious
and humane work.
The Church
of The Cove-
nant was founded
in 1 860 by the Rev.
Dr. George L.
Prentiss, in the in-

THE CHURCH OF THE COVENANT, PARK AVENUE AND 35TH STREET. tereSt of the New

School of liberal Presbyterians. For some time the services were held in the chapel
of the Home for the Friendless, in East 23d Street. The church was formally
organized in 1862, and the graceful stone building at Park Avenue and 35th Street
was dedicated in 1865. Few of the more modern structures surpass it in beauty of
design, spaciousness and attractiveness.

The Westminster Presbyterian Church, at 151
is one of the interesting meeting-houses of the central sec-
with a large work amid a permanent and floating population
It is near 7th Avenue.

The People's Presbyterian Church was organized in
took possession of the Gothic building which had been
son Avenue and 53d Street, to meet the need of a Presby-
that vicinity. It is a lofty brownstone structure, in the
style so much affected in the ecclesiastical architecture of
the present century, which was largely imitative in charac- j
auditorium, seating nearly 1,600, is decorated in neutral
church has enjoyed the services of a succes-
sion of powerful preachers. Under the
pastorate of the Rev. Dr. Charles L. Thomp-
son it has become one of the most influential
of the Presbyterian churches in the city. In
1892 it was converted into a People's
Church, with free pews, and a variety of
educational, philanthropic and religious en-
terprises.

The Central Presbyterian Church,
at 230 West 57th Street, was built in 1878.
It is a large and sightly stone structure,
with tower and pinnacles, and a spacious
auditorium, decorated with light colors.
The society was formed by the Rev. William

J _ J CENTRAL PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH,

Patton, who in 1820 began preaching to a 220 west 57th street.

West 22d Street,
tion of the city,
of great numbers.

1844, and in 187 1
erected at Madi-
terian church in
simple Gothic
the middle of
ter. The large
tints. The

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK*

337

handful of people in a school-room on Mulberry Street. A church was built on
Broome Street in 1821. Dr. Patton continued with the parish until 1834, building
up a strong and zealous congregation of nearly 1,000 members. During all its
changes of location and ministers the church has prospered, becoming one of the
prominent Presbyterian societies. Its pastor is Rev. Dr. W. Merle Smith.

The Phillips Presbyterian Church, at Madison Avenue and East 73d Street,

built in 1858, is a lofty brick edifice in the
ture. The auditorium is nearly square, with
ing decorative work on the walls. The organ
sition at the east end of the church and is
by two small galleries. The parish was J
its churches, erected by the generous gifts of
East 15th Street. Rev. Dr. George L.
The Park Presbyterian Church, at
sterdam Avenue, was
founded in 1853, and
called the 84th-Street
Presbyterian Church.
Francis L. Patton,
President of Prince-
ton University, was
pastor for awhile. In
1879 tne present pas-
tor, Rev. Anson P.
Atterbury, took
charge. In 1882 a
new location was pur-
chased; and two years
later the society
moved into the new
building. The church
is prospering greatly.

Gothic style of architec-
arched ceiling and pleas-
occupies an elevated po-
flanked on either side
formed in 1844, and
James Lenox, stood in
Spining is the pastor.
86th Street and Am-

—*£Z?Z.

PARK PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, AMSTERDAM AVENUE AND WEST 86TH STREET.

The West-End
Presbyterian

Church, at Amsterdam Avenue and 105th Street, is an example of the rapid multi-
plication of new and beautiful church edifices in the upper part of the city. The
church was organized in 1888, and for two years worshipped in its attractive chapel
in the rear of the church, pending the completion of the latter. The corner-stone
was laid June 22, 1891. The church is constructed of yellow pressed brick, with
ornamental line work, in the Romanesque style, and presents an extremely pictur-
esque external appearance, with its stately corner tower and highly decorated
round-arch entrances on the avenue. The auditorium is spacious and tastefully
decorated, and a large gallery extends around three sides. The Rev. Dr. John
Balcom Shaw is the pastor.

The Church of the Puritans, at 15 West 130th Street, is one of the leading

churches of the upper West Side, and has grown with great prosperity and vigor.

The Church of the Puritans was founded in 1846, by the Rev. George Barrell

Cheever, a learned and popular New-England clergyman, and author of scores of

books. The first services were held in the chapel of the University of the City of

New York, and here the admirers of Dr. Cheever and his opinions were formed into
22

33*

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

CHURCH OF THE PURITANS, 15 WEST 130th STREET.

a Congregational
church, which
erected a handsome
house of worship on
Union Square, at
the corner of 15th
Street. The influ-
ence of this church
was for many years
a power for right-
eousness, especially
during the contro-
versies about slav-
ery, intemperance,
the Bible in the
schools, the sanctity
of Sunday, and the
Mexican War. In

1870 Dr. Cheever retired from the pastorate, at the age of 63 years, and was long
retained as pastor emeritus. The Church of the Puritans retains the strength and
enthusiasm of its early history, and is a power in the community. Its new edifice,
in upper New York, is a very attractive Gothic structure, of recent construction, and
exemplifying the beauty of ecclesiastical architecture, the material being a fine quality
of stone, with broad portals, and a high clere-story. The church is now Presbyterian.

The Washington-Heights
Presbyterian Church, at 155th
Street and Amsterdam Avenue,
was built in i860. The Rev. Dr.
Charles A. Stoddard was its pas-
tor for 25 years, during which
time the church was built and
paid for. He resigned to become
editor of the New- York Observer.
The Rev. Dr. John C. Bliss is the
present pastor. Shepherd Knapp,
George B. Grinnell, William A.
Wheelock, F. N. DuBoice, and
other officers of the Deaf and
Dumb Institution, the Juvenile
Asylum and the Colored Orphan
Asylum, and many others have
been, or are, members of this con-
gregation. The building occupies
ground which once formed part of
the estate of Audubon, the natura-
list, and over which the battle of
Harlem Heights was fought ; and
some mementoes of this battle
were found in digging for founda-

rp, 1 , . r r WASHINGTON-HEIGHTS PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH,

tions. ine cliurcn is tree irom Amsterdam avenue and west issth street.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

339

RIVERDALE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, RIVERDALE, EEYOND HARLEM RIVER.

debt, and is in a pros-
perous and healthful
condition.

The Riverdale
Presbyterian
Church was organ-
ized in 1863, and the
present church-build-
ing, a very pretty
Gothic structure, de-
signed by Renwick,
was completed the
same year. The first
pastor was Rev. Dr.
George M. Boynton.
He was followed in
1867 by Rev. Dr. H.
H. Stebbins, in 1874
by Rev. Charles H. Burr, and in 1879 by Rev. William R. Lord. Rev. Ira S.
Dodd was installed in 1883, and is the present pastor. For many years the River-
dale Church has maintained a mission at Spuyten Duyvil. In 1889 a beautiful new
chapel, called, after the old one, the Edgehill Chapel, was completed at Spuyten

Duyvil, where it is the only house of
worship. The evening service of the
church is now held there. There is
also a flourishing Sunday-school and
Society of Christian Endeavor at Spuy-
ten Duyvil. The morning service is
held at the church at Riverdale. The
Riverdale Church is the most northerly
in the New-York Presbytery. The
gray stone church and parsonage are
among the most picturesque and beau-
tiful in suburban New York.

The First Reformed Presby-
terian Church, at 123 West 12th
Street, was opened in 1849. The so-
ciety, organized in 1798, was the first
Reformed Presbyterian organization in
America. The early meetings were
held in school-rooms, shops and other
humble places until the building of a
small church in Chambers Street, in
1 80 1. In 1845 tne Union Presbyterian
Church on Prince Street was purchased.
For nearly three-quarters of a century
the church had but two pastors, Dr.
Alexander McLeod and his son, Rev.
first methodist place of worship in new York, John McLeod, who labored faithfully
120 william street. for this devoted flock.

34°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

JOHN-STREET METHODIST-EPISCOPAL CHURCH,
44 JOHN STREET.

as a private dwelling. A
second church was erected
on the same site in 181 7 ;
and in 1 84 1 the third and
present structure was built,
somewhat smaller than the
earlier building, with two
brick houses, one on each
side, as a source of income.
The external appearance of
the church, which is Doric
in its style, is simple and
plain, and the interior is
devoid of any striking feat-
ures. The only relics of the
old John-Street Church
which have been preserved
are its venerable clock, the
gift of John Wesley, and
its library. The site of
the church, 44 John Street,
has been called "the cradle
of American Methodism."
The John-Street Church
has been the mother of

The John-Street Metho-
dist-Episcopal Church, the first
organized society of that denomina-
tion in America, was formed by
Philip Embury in 1 766, with four
or five members. The meetings
were held in Embury's house, and
later in a rigging loft on William
Street, until 1768, when a stone
church, 60 feet long and 42 in
width, was built in John Street,
and called Wesley Chapel. The
exterior walls of the church were
covered with blue plaster, and for
some years the interior was left
unfinished, the only means of as-
cent to the galleries being by
means of ladders. At that period
in the colonial history no public
services could be performed in
churches except such as were estab-
lished by law, and a fire-place and
chimney were among the internal
fittings of the building, in order
that it might legally be regarded

ASBURY METHODIST-EPISCOPAL CHURCH, WASHINGTON SQUARE AND
WASHINGTON PLACE.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

341

many churches. It has long been the Mecca of American Methodists. Its pastor is
the Rev. F. G. Howell. The Methodist-Episcopal Church was formally organized in
America, in 1773. In 181 7 there were five churches of that denomination in New
York : the John-Street ; the Forsyth-Street, consecrated in 1789 ; the Duane-Street,
in 1797 ; the Two-Mile-Stone (now Seventh-Street); and the Allen-Street. The de-
nomination now ranks among the foremost in the city, with 57 churches and 14,000
members.

The Seventh-Street Methodist-Episcopal Church was formed in 1786
by the Rev. William Veloe, a zealous local preacher from the John-Street Church.
The earlier meetings were held in a private residence, and were known as the "Two-
Mile-Stone Meetings." Later the Village Academy on the Bowery was used for
the meetings, and here Bishop Asbury preached. The first church edifice was
erected in 1818, near the Academy, and became known as the Bowery Village
Church. The building was
soon removed to 7th Street,
near Second Avenue, and
here the tumult of a long re-
vival so troubled the wealthy
families who had colonized
St. Mark's Place, that they
gladly offered to give two
lots near Third Avenue and
other considerations to have
the church removed. The
offer was accepted, and the
church was moved to the
present site. The more
modern edifice was erected
in 1836, and is a plain brick
structure of the Grecian
temple style, with large col-
umns at the front. The
interior presents nothing
worthy of note. The chief
interest of the church is its
age.

The Asbury Metho-
dist-Episcopal Church,
at the corner of Washington
Square East and Washing-
ton Place, is one of the
strong societies of the leading American denomination. Its two battlemented towers
are familiar features in the picturesque environment of Washington Square, on the
edge of the French and Italian quarters.

The Madison-Avenue Methodist-Episcopal Church, an impressive brown-
stone building in the Romanesque style, at Madison Avenue and East 60th Street,
was built in 1882. Its most striking external features are the graceful tower and the
pleasing variation of its lines. The auditorium is large and tastefully decorated. This
was General Grant's spiritual home during his last years, and the large and fashion-
able congregation sustains many practical and beneficent charities.

MADISON-AVENUE CHURCH, METHODIST-EPISCOPAL, MADISON
AVENUE AND EAST 60TH STREET.

342

KING'S HANDBOOK' OF NEW YORK.

ST. ANDREV

METHODIST-EPISCOPAL CHURCH, WEST 71ST STREET,
NEAR COLUMBUS AVENUE.

St. Andrew's Methodist-Episcopal Church, on 76th Street, near Colum-
bus Avenue, has grown out of a prayer-meeting held 25 years ago, on West 69th

Street, by Town-
send H. Harring-
ton. Under the
auspices of the
New- York City
Sunday-School
and Missionary
Society it began,
i:i 1882, to occupy
a neat stone chapel
at West 71st
Street, near Col-
umbus Avenue.
The present
church was com-
pleted and dedi-
cated June 8, 1890.
It is in the early
Romanesque style,

the front being of Indiana limestone; and is one of the handsomest Methodist
churches in the city. Besides the church, there is a chapel and parsonage. The
interior is novel and charming as a place of worship, and has several exquisite
stained-glass windows ; and the whole is admirably lighted and ventilated.

The Swedish Methodist-Episcopal Church is a plain and spacious struc-
ture at the corner of Lexington
Avenue and East 52d Street, and
has a large and devout constitu-
ency among the Scandinavians of
the city.

Calvary Methodist Church
is said to have the largest congre-
gation of any church of that de-
nomination in the city, although it
is of recent formation, the organi-
zation having been effected in
1883. The rapid growth of the
upper portion of the city brought
increasing prosperity to the church,
and in 1887 the commodious brick
edifice at Seventh Avenue and
129th Street was erected, largely
through the generosity of J. B.
Cornell. It is Romanesque in
style, with a massive tower, im-
pressive from its size, but not
strikingly picturesque in treat-
ment. The main auditorium is

SWEDISH METHODIST-EPISCOPAL CHURCH, LEXINGTON AVENUE

among the largest of the Protes- and east 520 street.

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

taut churches in the city, seating 2,200 people. It is attractively furnished and dec-
orated, and abundantly lighted from the three large Catharine-wheel windows and
numerous smaller ones, and from the stained-glass opening in the flat panelled
roof. A spacious gallery, with graceful horse-shoe curve, sweeps around three
sides of the auditorium, and there is a feeling of roominess and light which adds
to the general attractiveness. A large chapel and several class-rooms are connected
with the church.

The First Baptist Church, organized in 1762, has been a mother to many
of the Baptist churches. Its first ecclesiastical home was in a small stone building
erected on Gold Street in 1762 ; and here, both before and after the Revolution, the
Rev. John Gano labored zealously and successfully. In 1802 a larger church was
built on the old site, and this answered the needs of the congregation until 1842,
when a still larger building was erected, at Broome and Elizabeth Streets. In 1868
this edifice was sold to St. Matthew's German Lutheran Church, and the fourth
meeting-house of the society was erected, at Park Avenue and 39th Street. This
was an imposing Gothic structure, with a large and beautiful auditorium ; and here
the congregation rested and prospered, until the encroachments of trade made the
locality no longer suitable for religious work. In 1890 the Park- Avenue property
was sold, and the services are now held in the brick chapel in West 81st Street,
pending the erection of a splendid house of worship at the corner of 79th Street and
the Boulevard, which it is proposed to make one of the finest edifices in the city. The
first church has had nine regular pastors since its foundation in 1762. Its first
pastor,- the Rev. John Gano, did yeoman's service during the Revolution, and when
the successful issue of the struggle was celebrated at Newburgh he was called upon
to offer the prayer of thanksgiving. The Rev. Dr. Spencer H. Cone, eloquent in
oratory, and for many years President of the American and Foreign Bible Society,
and afterwards of the American Bible Union, and a prime mover in the work of the
re-translation of the Scriptures, was a former pastor. Dr. Thomas B. Anderson,
once President of Rutgers Female College, served the church from 1862 until 1878,
and added greatly to its prosperity and influence by his commanding oratory and his
genial presence.
The present pas-
tor is the Rev.
Isaac M. Ffalde-
man. Previous to
the organization
of the First Bap-
tist Church, ser-
vices had been
held in a rigging-
loft on William
Street, and one of
the early ministers
was imprisoned
for three months
for preaching
without a license.
A second Bap-
tist church was
organized in 1 7 7 1 , judson memorial baptist church, Washington square and Thompson street.

344

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

owing to dissensions in the first church. There are now 44 Baptist churches in
the city, with 14,000 members.

The Judson Memorial Baptist Church, on Washington Square, succeeds the
old Berean Baptist Church, organized in 1838, and formerly worshipping in Down-
ing Street. The noticeable group of buildings in Washington Square was com-
pleted in 1892, at a cost of $500,000, as a memorial to Rev. Dr. Adoniram Judson,
the first American foreign missionary. The main building, Greco- Romanesque in
style, is a handsome structure of ornate buff brick, with a conspicuous tall square
tower, surmounted by a cross which at night is illuminated by electricity. It con-
tains a large auditorium, with massive columns and marble wainscoting ; a spacious
Sunday-school room ; a day-school, where children under ten years of age receive
religious and secular instruction ; and the young men's apartments, including a
social room, reading-room and library, and gymnasium. A house for children and
other apartments occupy the square tower, and adjoining is the Judson, a large
apartment-house. The work of the society is among the poorer class who live in
the neighborhood. The Rev. Dr. Edward Judson is pastor.

The Church of the Epiphany, at Madison Avenue and 64th Street, is the
home of a strong religious organization. It is one of the oldest Baptist societies

in the city, with a history
running back in un-
broken succession to the
year 1 791, when a few
members of the Second
Baptist Church organ-
ized the Fayette-Street
Baptist Society, and in
1795 erected a small
wooden meeting-house,
on the corner of Oliver
and -Henry Streets.
There the congregation
remained until 1 860,
when a new church was
built in 33d Street. Still
later a larger and finer
church was occupied, on
53d Street, but a trouble-
some lawsuit led to the
dispossession of the con-
gregation, and the erec-
tion of the present brownstone Gothic edifice in 1882. The Madison- Avenue front
is quite imposing, with its lofty gable and double towers. The attractively deco-
rated auditorium has a high open roof, and seats about 1,000.

Calvary Church is one of the strongest Baptist congregations, as its ecclesias-
tical home is one of the finest. The parish was organized in 1846 ; its first pastor and
many of its members coming from the old Stanton-Street Baptist Church. Its first
place of worship was Hope Chapel, on Broadway ; but so great was the success of the
work, under the Rev. Dr. John Dowling, that in 1854 a large brownstone edifice
was erected on 23d Street. One of the noted pastors of the church was the
Rev. Dr. Gillette, who acted as the spiritual adviser to the conspirators who mur-

CHURCH OF THE EPIPHANY, MADISON AVENUE AND EAST 64th STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

345

dered President Lincoln. The present pastor is the Rev. Dr. Robert S. MacArthur,
one of the most eloquent preachers in the city. The church was erected in 1883.
It occupies a commanding position on West 57th Street, near Seventh Avenue, and
close by the new Music Hall. It is Gothic in style, substantially built of Albion red
sandstone and Lockport stone ; and with its tall steeple, smaller tower, and long
extended front it makes an imposing show. Above the central doors is a magnifi-
cent Catharine-wheel win-
dow, twenty feet in diameter,
filled with richly stained and
jewelled glass. The interior
appointments are beautiful
and complete. The main
auditorium, sloping down
from the entrance toward the
pulpit, has a seating capacity
of nearly 1,500, and is abun-
dantly lighted by many win-
dows of richly colored glass,
some of them being memor-
ials. In the centre of the
lofty ceiling is a large lan-
tern, whose central part is
carried up into a dome, with
sides and top filled with
painted glass, producing a
very rich effect. Galleries,
in a horseshoe curve, are car-
ried around three sides of
the auditorium, and behind
the imposing bronze pulpit
and over the baptistery, a
triplet of richly carved panels
with central medallions form
an effective background.
The organ is one of the larg-
est and finest in the city, containing 41 speaking registers, divided among three man-
uals. On the east of the auditorium is a beautiful chapel for special services. The
membership is over 1,900, and the parish is the centre of much religious and humane
work, one of its adjuncts being a mission on 68th Street, near the Boulevard, which
is doing a valuable work in that vicinity.

The North Church, at 234 West nth Street, was erected in 1882, to replace
the former church on Christopher Street, which had been built in 1828 It is an
attractive Gothic building, with a large and pleasant auditorium. The society was
organized in 1827, with twelve members, and the early meetings were held in the
Reformed Dutch Church on Bleecker Street. The congregation afterwards removed
to the old Greenwich- Village Watch-house, where the Rev. Jacob H. Brouner began
a long and successful pastorate. Dr. J. J. Brouner, the present pastor, was installed
in 1869.

Trinity Baptist Church was founded in 1868, by Dr. J. Stanford Holme, who
began preaching in a small hall on West 52d Street. A large congregation was soon

CALVARY BAPTIST CHURCH, 57TH STREET.
SEVENTH AVENUES.

BETWEEN SIXTH ANO

346

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

gathered, and in 1870 the church of the Eleventh Presbyterian Society, at 141 East
55th Street, was purchased, and here the congregation has remained and prospered.
The Baptist Tabernacle, at 166 Second Avenue, adjoining the Historical
Society, was formed in 1839 by members of the older Mulberry-Street Church. In
1850 the church left Mulberry Street, and erected the present Gothic edifice during
Dr. Edward Lathrop's pastorate. In 1886 the present pastor, Dr. D. C. Potter,

remodelled the interior, making it an
amphitheatre. He also added the large
parish-house adjoining. The church
has important missions and country
houses, and one of the largest and
finest organs in the city. The late Dr.
A. C. Kendrick and Dr. Wayland Hoyt
were among its pastors.

The Madison-Avenue Baptist
Church is another of the leading socie-
ties of this denomination. It was
organized in 1839, as tne Rose-Hill
Baptist Church. Its first meeting-
house, on Lexington Avenue, is now
occupied by the Moravian Brethren.
The substantial stone edifice at Madi-
son Avenue and East 31st Street was
erected in 1858. The large auditor-
ium, seating nearly 1,200, is tastefully
decorated. Dr. Henry M. Saunders is
the pastor.

The Fifth-Avenue Baptist
Church, at 6 West 46th Street, was
erected in 1861. It is a plain brown-
stone building, with a large and tastefully decorated auditorium. Its pulpit was
acceptably filled for forty years by Dr. Thomas Armitage, who resigned in 1888.
The society was organized in 1S41, and before the removal to 46th Street it wor-
shipped in a church on Norfolk Street. Because of its prominent and wealthy
members, it is regarded as one of the foremost Baptist congregations of the city.

St. Matthew's Church, at 354 Broome Street, is the oldest Lutheran society
in the city. In 1841 the church in Walker Street was purchased from the English
Lutherans, and in 1868 the church in Broome Street was bought from the Baptists,
and has ever since remained the ecclesiastical house of the German Lutherans in its
vicinity. The Lutherans were early comers to New York. They first attempted
to hold services in 1653, about the time of the Indian massacres at Pavonia and
Hoboken ; but Governor Stuyvesant issued a proclamation, the first in New York
against freedom of conscience, forbidding the people to assemble for any public
service contrary to that of the Reformed Church. He was rebuked by the Dutch
West India Company for his intolerance, and the Rev. Ernestus Goetwater was sent
out from Holland to organize a Lutheran church. But he was ignominiously sent
back, and the members were heavily fined. According to the old Dutch records,
still extant, and in the custody of this church, the congregation again sought recog-
nition in 1656, but it was again refused. The Lutheran Church was formally
recognized by the English Governor, Richard Nicolls. The document bears date

MADISON-AVENUE BAPTIST CHURCH, MADISON AVENUE
AND EAST 31ST STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

347

1664. Their first church-edifice stood near where now Bowling Green is. Accord-
ing to an order of the Dutch, who had again taken possession of the island, it
was razed to the ground, with many other buildings, because it was deemed an
obstacle to a proper defence in case of an attack. But the government paid the con-
gregation 45 guilders in cash, and gave it a new plot of ground to build on. The
documents bearing on this transaction bear the signatures of A. Colve, Governor,
and N. Bayard, Secretary. The property which the government gave in lieu of the
former ground and church is designated as "No. 5, west of Broadway, between the
property of George Cobbet and the City-wall"; date, "May 22, 1674." It was
four rods square. Up to 1749 the services were held entirely in the Dutch language,
although the Germans preponderated as eight to one. From that time the Germans
demanded services in their own tongue. When this was refused, they separated,
and organized as the Lutheran German Christ Church, and bought an old brewery
on what is now Cliff Street. In 1767 they built the "Swamp Church," at the
corner of Frankfort and William Streets. In the year 1789 the two congregations
united again, under the name "United German Lutheran Churches in the City of
New York." In the year 1866 their name was changed by an act of the Legislature
to "German Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. Matthew." The pastor of this
venerable and historic church is the Rev. J. H. Sicker.

St. James's Lutheran Church, at 870 Madison Avenue, corner of 73d Street, is
the home of the first English Lutheran congregation organized in the city. The
society was formed in 1827, and its first church, the gift of Pierre Lorillard, was in
Orange Street. Following
the constant up-town move-
ment, it has made three
removals ; in 1843 to Mul-
berry Street ; then to Stuy-
vesant Square ; and in 1890
to its present location. The
church is an excellent exam-
ple of the Gothic Roman-
esque. It is built of pink
Milford stone, with brown-
stone trimmings. A portico,
with a balcony and carved
pillars, surmounted by a
stone cross, forms the Madi-
son-Avenue entrance. Stone
pillars with embossed capi-
tals separate the nave from
the aisles, and lofty Gothic
arches span the chancel and
transepts. The richly dec-
orated chancel, with a beau-
tiful marble altar ; the great
rose window on Madison Avenue, representing Christ in Glory ; the baptismal
font, modelled after Thorwaldsen's Angel of Baptism, in the Copenhagen Cathedral ;
and other works of art, make the interior attractive. All the interior decorations
and the memorial window are the work of the Tiffany Company. The Rev. Dr.
J. B. Remmensnyder is the pastor.

FIFTH-AVENUE BAPTIST CHURCH, 6 WEST 46TH STREET.

348

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

The Evan-
gelical Lutheran
Church of the
Holy Trinity, at
47 West 2 1 st
Street, was organ-
ized in 1 868 by a
few members of St.
James's Church, to
provide an English
service for the Luth -
eran residents cf
the West Side. The
Rev. G. F. Krotel,
then pastor of St.
Mark's Lutheran
Church, in Phila-
delphia, accepted a
call to the pastor-
ate , ana tne Ke- ST_ PETER,S CHURCHj Lutheran, Lexington avenue and east 46th street.
formed Dutch
Church, formerly the scene of the ministry of the celebrated Dr. Bethune, was leased,

and named the
original Trinity
hundred years be-
warranted the pur-
1872 the adjoining
history it has
gation in the city,

SVENSKA LUTHERSKA GUSTAV ADOLPH KYRKA, 22D STREET,
NEAR THIRD AVENUE.

Church of the Holy Trinity, in memory of the
Lutheran Church, built on Manhattan Island two
fore. The immediate success of the enterprise
chase of the building in the following year, and in
parsonage was built. During the 24 years of its
grown to be the largest English Lutheran congre-
and has contributed liberally to general church
work. The building has recently been re-decor-
ated. Dr. Krotel still retains his position as pastor.
St. Peter's Lutheran Church, at Lexington
Avenue and East 46th Street, is a sombre
structure in appearance, with its high
gable, fronting on the ave-
nue, and its severe square
tower rising from the cen-
tre of the front. It is the
IP^ oldest Lutheran church, ex-

■'-" cepting St. Matthew's, in

h. the city.

The Gustavus Adol-
phus Church (or Svenska
Lutherska Gustav Adolph
Kyrka, as it is called in the
Swedish tongue), is in East
22d Street, near Third Ave-
nue. It is attended by a
considerable number of
Swedish people, and the

\ .

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

349

affairs of the congregation
are in a flourishing condition.

The Broadway Tab-
ernacle Church (Congre-
gational) was organized in
1840, and until 1857 wor-
shipped in the Tabernacle
built in 1836, by an earlier
Congregational society, on
Broadway, between Leonard
and Worth Streets. During
the long pastorate of Dr.
Joseph P. Thompson, a great
anti-slavery preacher a n d
worker, many stirring scenes
were enacted within its
walls. The present church,
a large perpendicular Gothic
building of stone, at Sixth
Avenue and 34th Street, was
completed in 1859, and re-
modelled in 1872. The pas-
tor, the Rev. Dr. William
M. Taylor, was installed in
1872.

The first Congregational
minister to hold services in
the city was the Rev. John Townley, about 1804, and a Congregational church was
formed in 1805. Its first building was erected in Elizabeth Street, in 1809, but after
a few years of fruitless struggle, under a heavy debt, it was sold to the Asbury col-
ored Methodists, and the congregation disbanded. An Independent Congregational

BROADWAY TABERNACLE (CONGREGATIONAL), SIXTH AVENUE AND
WEST 34th STREET.

ALL SOULS' UNITARIAN CHURCH, FOURTH AVENUE AND EAST 20th STREET.

15°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Church was organized in 1817, but in 182 1 it was united with the Presbyterians.
Other organizations were made later, but the strength of the closely related Pres-
byterian denomination has acted unfavorably upon the growth of New-England Con-
gregationalism in New York, and there are only seven churches in the city.

All Souls' Church, at 245 Fourth Avenue, was the first Unitarian organization
in New York. The society was incorporated in 1819, as the "First Congregational
Church of New York," from the outcome of a few services held by William Ellery
Channing. Edward Everett preached at the dedication of the church, in Chambers
Street, in 1820. The Rev. Henry Ware, Jr., was the first pastor, and his successor
was Dr. Henry W. Bellows, the President of the Sanitary Commission during the war.

The present church
was erected in 1855
by J. Wray Mould,
the famous and ec-
centric architect.
It is of brick,
trimmed with Caen
stone, in the form
of a Greek cross,
and was the first
experiment made
in this country
toward a Byzantine
style of architec-
ture, though the
remarkable tower
drawn in the origi-
nal design was
never completed.
The full-length
bronze bas-relief of
Dr. Henry W. Bel-
lows, by Augustus
S t. Gaudens, i s
considered one of
his best works ; it
can be seen by ring-
ing the bell at the
north door. The

entrance-porch is effective in treatment, and the large auditorium is unobstructed by
pillars. A central lantern rises above the roof, and the transepts are spanned by
lefty round arches. A large parish-house adjoins the church. Rev. Theodore C.
Williams is the pastor. All Souls' was the church of the poet Bryant and of Peter
Cooper, and among its present attendants are Joseph II. Choate, Dorman B. Eaton
and Daniel II. Chamberlain.

The Church of the Messiah is a well-proportioned brownstone building in
the Gothic style, with a large and attractive interior. The parish was formed in
1825 by a few members of the older Chambers-Street society. The first church, in
Prince Street, was destroyed by fire in 1837 ; and two years later another was built
on Broadway, near Washington Square, and called the Church of the Messiah. In

CHURCH OF THE ME

PARK AVENUE AND EAST 34TH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

351

1867 the present church was erected, at the corner of Park Avenue and East 34th
Street. Orville Dewey was once pastor of the church, which is now in charge of
Robert Collyer, the impressive and beloved blacksmith-preacher.

The Lenox-Avenue Unitarian Church, the youngest Unitarian society in
New York, has a handsome new building at Lenox Avenue and 121st Street, Har-
lem, with numerous clubs and charities.

The Church of the Divine Paternity is the strongest Universalist congre-
gation. The building is a brownstone Gothic edifice at Fifth Avenue and 45th
Street, and dates from 1865. The society was formed in 1839, an(^ the first church
stood in Elizabeth Street, running through to the Bowery,
between Hester and Canal Streets. In 1845 tne society
moved to more commodious quarters, in Murray Street,
just west of Broadway. In 1848 a third building was
erected, on Broadway, between Prince and Spring Streets ;
and here, under the Rev. Dr. Edward H. Chapin, the
parish increased rapidly in strength and influence. The
Rev. Charles H. Eaton is the present pastor.

The society was the fourth Universalist organization in
the city. Towards the close of the last century the Rev.
John Murray and other preachers of Universalism held
services, and induced several promi-
nent members of the John- Street
Methodist Church to unite in the
"Society of United Christian
Friends of New York," formed in
1 796. The next year a small church
was built, in Vandewater Street, and
Edward Mitchell, a member of the
congregation, was installed as pas-
tor. He was an eloquent preacher,
and in 181 8 a large brick church was
erected in Duane Street, between
Chatham and Centre Streets. Mr.
Mitchell died soon afterward ; and,
deprived of his inspiring leadership,
the congregation gradually dimin-
ished and finally disbanded. A
second society was organized in
1824. There are now three Univer-
salist churches in New York.

The Church of The Strangers, at 299 Mercer Street, was purchased by Com-
modore Vanderbilt in 1870, and presented to the Rev. Dr. Charles F. Deems, as a
token of interest in his work. Dr. Deems, who had been a Methodist-Episcopal
clergyman, in North Carolina, came to the city in 1866, and began to preach in the
chapel of the University of New York. His practical and independent presentation
of the truths of Christianity attracted large audiences, and in 1868 a church was
organized and called The Church of The Strangers, on account of its special field of
work among sojourners in the city. It has no organic connection with any of the
denominations, and remains faithful to its original work, which is a source of great
blessing to the strangers within our gates.

CHURCH OF THE DIVINE PATERNITY, (UNIVERSALIST),
FIFTH AVENUE AND WEST 45TH STREET.

352

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Broome-Street Tabernacle, at 395 Broome Street, is a station of the
New-York City Mission and Tract Society, and the center of an important work
among the 60,000 English-speaking people in its vicinity, for whom there is no other
Protestant church. It is a substantial brick building, with a large auditorium, a

reading-room and library, a
gymnasium, and numerous
smaller rooms. The Lodg-
ing-House Missionary Soci-
ety carries on an aggressive
missionary work in the lodg-
ing-houses in the vicinity of
the Tabernacle, and numer-
ous other societies are ac-
tively engaged in philan-
thropic work. The minister
in charge is the Rev. C. H.
Tyndall.

The Church of the
New Jerusalem, at 114
East 35th Street, a substan-
tial stone building in the
Doric style, was erected in
1859. The founder of the
New Church (often called
Swedenborgian ) in New
York was Edward Riley,
who came from England in
1805. The society was or-
ganized in 1 81 6, with the
name of The Association of
the City of New York for the
Dissemination of the Heav-
enly Doctrines of the New
church of the strangers, 299 mercer street. Jerusalem ; and in 1 82 1 a

small church in Pearl Street was purchased, and the Rev. Charles I. Doughty
installed as pastor. The Pearl-Street church was sold to the Zion Baptist society in
1838, and the services were held in various places until the erection of the 35th-Street
building ; and this, and a mission on West 44th Street, and a German church on
Chrystie Street, are the only New-Church places of worship in the city. The Rev.
Samuel S. Seward is pastor.

The Church of the Disciples of Christ, 323 West 56th Street, a substan-
tial brick building in the Gothic style, was erected in 1883, and is the spiritual home
of the oldest local congregation of that denomination. Its pastor is the Rev. Dr. B.
B. Tyler. At different periods in its history the society has worshipped in halls and
churches on Hubert, Greene, 17th and West 28th Streets, and it has grown and in-
creased with gratifying certainty.

The Disciples date from about the year 1827. Their purpose is to unite Christians
in a visible fellowship on the basis of Primitive Christianity, as described in the New
Testament — its creed — its ordinances — its life. They number nearly 1,000,000.
Their greatest strength is in the West and South, where they are known as "Chris-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

353

tians," or "Christian Church."
They are sometimes called
" Campbellites " (which name,
however, they repudiate), from
Alexander Campbell, one of their
early preachers. There are three
churches of Disciples in New-
York.

The Catholic Apostolic
Church is a handsome structure,
at 417 West 57th Street. The
congregation was organized in
1850, and the early services were
held in a small room in the Uni-
versity of the City of New York.
About 1855 a church was pur-
chased in West 1 6th Street. This
was sold to the French Presby-
terian society in 1886, when the
present edifice was opened. The
Catholic Apostolic people are bet-
ter known as Irvingites, from the
Rev. Edward Irving, a Scottish
clergyman, who is popularly
regarded as the founder of the
movement. (This name they
themselves repudiate.) One of
the distinctive features of the sect
is a return to apostolic methods
and principles; another is "the
preparation of the church as a
body for the coming and kingdom
of the Lord." Daily services are held at 6 A. M. and 5 P. M., and the Holy Com-
munion is celebrated every Sunday morning. There are about 400 members. There

is also a small German
congregation, which
meets at 127 East 10th
Street.

The Swedish
Free Evangelical
Bethesda Church of
New York is a small
congregation, worship-
ping in a former He-
brew synagogue at 240
East 45th Street. The
church was organized
in 1878, by a few mem-
bers of the Swedish

CHURCH OF THE NEW JERUSALEM ( SWEDENBORGIAN ), 114 EAST 35TH STREET. Lutheran CllUrch, who

BROOME-STREET TABERNACLE, BROOME STREET AND
CENTRE MARKET PLACE.

354

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

CATHOLIC APOSTOLIC CHURCH, WEST 57TH STREET, BETWEEN
NINTH AND TENTH AVENUES.

left that body by reason of differences
of opinion on matters of doctrine and
. discipline. There are 250 mem-
bers. The pastor is the Rev. K.
Erixon.

The Reading-Room
and Church for Seamen
is a picturesque structure
at the corner of Houston
and West Streets, in the
midst of the busy North-
River traffic district. It is
maintained by the Society for
Promoting the Gospel among
Seamen.

The Friends' Meeting
House, on Stuyvesant
Square, a plain, but substan-
tial brick building with a
large school-house con-
nected, was erected in i860,
and is one of the two Quaker
places of worship in the
city, the other being an
equally plain building with a
brownstone front, on Gram-
ercy Park. The first Quakers
came to New Amsterdam
in 1657, fugitives from
New England, and received
welcome

but scanty
from Peter Stuyvesant, who arrested two of the women for preach-
the streets. One of the men, Robert Hodgson, was arrested at
stead, Long Island, whither he had gone intending to preach, and
fore Gov. Stuyvesant, who used him harshly until Mrs. Ba-
yard, the Governor's sister, prevailed upon him to al-
low the unwelcome visitor to depart in peace.
The first meeting-house was built in Little
Green Street in 1700, and in 1775 a
second was erected in Pearl Street.
After the great schism of 1827,
the Orthodox Friends built a third
meeting-house in Henry Street,
leaving the Hicksite party in pos-
session of the others. Later,
these were sold, and the two now
in use were erected.

The First Moravian
Church, at Lexington Avenue

» .*» READING ROOM AND CHURCH FOR SEAMEN,

and 30th Street, is the fourth west streets.

ing in

Hemp-
haled be-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

355

FRIENDS' CHURCH AND SEMINARY, STUYVESANT SQUARE, EAST 16TH
STREET, CORNER OF RUTHERFORD PI ACE.

edifice occupied by this congregation since the corner-stone of its first church was
laid, June 1 6, 1 75 1, at the corner of Fulton and Dutch Streets, by Bishop Peter
Boehler and the pastor, Rev. Owen Rice, a native of Wales. Its present pastor is
Rev. Edward T. Kluge. The society was formed in 1741. The present pastor of
the German Moravian Church, 636 Sixth Street, between Avenues B and C, is Rev.
William H. Rice, a great-great-grandson of the pastor of 1 751. This second Mora-
vian congregation was organized in 1853.

The First Reformed Episcopal Church, at Madison Avenue and East 55th
Street, is the only church of that denomination in the city. It is a handsome stone
structure, with a large
and simply decorated
auditorium. It was
built in 1876, soon after
the formation of the
Reformed Episcopal
Church, which was or-
ganized by a number of
Episcopal clergymen
and laymen, under the
leadership o f Bishop
G. D. Cummins, who
objected to what they
considered the Roman-
izing tendencies of the
Prayer Book. Rev.
Dr. William T. Sabine, a former Episcopal clergyman, is in charge of the parish.

The Hebrew-Christian Church, the first of its kind in America, began in
1882 with its present pastor, the Rev. Jacob Freshman, a converted Jew, who had
resolved to devote himself to evangelizing the Hebrews of New York. For some
time the meetings were held in a small room in the Cooper- Union building, and in
the lecture-room of the Fourth- Avenue Presbyterian Church ; but in the year 1885 a
private house, at 17 St. Mark's Place, was purchased and fitted up for the work. The
audience-room, seating about 150, and lighted by stained-glass windows, is on the
ground floor, while the remaining rooms are used by the missionary for various pur-
poses connected with the work, which has met with a fair degree of success.

Roman Catholics visited Manhattan Island as early as 1629, but when Father
Isaac Jogues, the first priest to visit the island, came here in 1643, after his escape
from the Mohawks, he found only two of his co-religionists. Jesuit fathers labored
here at intervals between 1683 and 1785, when the first congregation was formed.
Severe laws were enacted against the Catholics, but with no serious results until the
execution of John Ury for alleged participation in the Negro Riot of 1 741, and on
suspicion of being a Catholic priest. Governor Dongan was an ardent Catholic, as
was his royal master, King James, and during his administration, in the closing years
of the seventeenth century, a number of Catholic families of repute settled in the
city, and a college was founded. In 1785 Sieur de St. Jean de Crevecceur, the
French consul, and three others were incorporated as the Trustees of the Roman
Catholic Church in the City of New York, and from that time the Church has stead-
ily grown in numbers and power, largely through the immense foreign immigration.
There are 83 Catholic churches and a long list of homes, asylums and schools.
There are 400,000 Roman Catholics in the city, and besides the churches for English-

356

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

speaking persons, there are others for Germans, Italians, Frenchmen, Poles and
other nationalities.

St. Patrick's Cathedral, on Fifth Avenue, between 50th and 51st Streets, is
one of the grandest ecclesiastical buildings in the country, and has cost the greatest
sum of money. It was projected by Archbishop Hughes, in 1850, and soon after-
ward the plans were drawn, by James Renwick, the architect of Grace Church. The
corner-stone was laid in 1858, and the cathedral was opened in 1879. The building
is now nearly completed, according to the original plans, only the Lady Chapel re-
maining to be constructed. The style of the cathedral is the Decorated Gothic of
the thirteenth century, of which the cathedrals of Rheims and Cologne are ex-
amples ; and, with the mansion of the archbishop and the rector's residence, it occupies

ST. PATRICK'S CATHEDRAL, MAD'SON-AVENU E AND 51ST-STREET SIDES.

the entire block bounded by Fifth and Madison Avenues, and 50th and 51st Streets.
It is built of white marble, and its leading dimensions are : length 306 feet ; breadth,
including chapels, 120 feet ; breadth of nave and choir, 96 feet ; length of transepts,
140 feet ; height of nave, 108 feet ; height of aisles, 54 feet. The principal front,
on Fifth Avenue, consists of a central gable, 156 feet in height, flanked by twin
spires, 330 feet high. The grand portal is richly decorated, and buttresses, pinnacles
and carved ornamentation abound in rich profusion.

The interior is particularly impressive. Massive clustered marble columns sup-
port the lofty groined roof; the organ-gallery in the nave, between the towers, has a
richly moulded front and ceiling ; and a magnificent rose window, 26 feet in
diameter, filled with costly glass, dominates the western end, and forms a fitting pen-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

357

ST. PATRICK'S CATHEDRAL, ROMAN CATHOLIC.

FIFTH AVENUE, 50TH AND 51ST STREETS.

358

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

ARCHBISHOP'S RESIDENCE, ST. PATRICK'S CATHEDRAL,
MADISON AVENUE AND 50TH STREET.

dant to the high altar in the sanc-
tuary, in the eastern end. The
altar was made in Italy of purest
Carrara marble, and its front is
inlaid with alabaster and precious
stones. The lower front is divided
into niches and panels ; the for-
mer containing statues of the four
Evangelists, and the latter present-
ing in bas-reliefs the Last Supper,
the Carrying of the Cross, the
Agony, and the Betrayal. The
tabernacle, above the altar, was
carved in France, and its three
niches contain statues of Our Lord,
St. Peter, and St. Paul. The altar
of the Blessed Virgin, at the eastern
end of the north aisle, is made of
French stone, delicately sculptured
in panels, on which are carved
scenes connected with the life of
Christ. At the eastern end of the
south aisle is the bronze altar of the Sacred Heart, with four statues, representing
the sacrifices of the old dispensation and, in the central niche, Jesus holding a
chalice. The columns on each side, surmounted by statues of St. Peter and St.
Paul, were the gift of Pope Pius IX. West of the sacristy is the elaborate bronze
altar of St. Joseph, and in a side chapel is the altar of the Holy Family, above
which hangs a fine painting of the Holy Family, by Costazzini. The cathedral is
seated for 2,600 people, and nearly as many more can be accommodated in the aisles.
The interior is lighted by
70 windows, the majority
being memorial windows
made in Chartres,
France, at a cost of over
$100,000. The total cost
of the building has been
not far from $2,000,000,
and $500,000 will be
necessary to complete it.
St. Peter's Church,
at Barclay and Church
Streets, is the oldest Ro-
man - Catholic organiza-
tion in the city. The
first church, a brick
building, 48 feet wide
and 81 feet long, was
erected in 1 786, and torn
down in 1836, when the
present stone church in

PETER'S CHURCH, BARCLAY AND CHURCH STREETS.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

359

ST. PATRICK'S CATHEDRAL.

THE HIGH ALTAR IN THE SANCTUARY, AT THE EASTERN END.

3<5°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NFAV YORK.

the Ionic style was erected
in its place. The interior
is spacious, and contains a
fine marble altar. The ceil-
ing is frescoed, and there
are 12 large stained-glass
windows.

St. Patrick's Church
is the oldest existing Catho-
lic church-building in the
city. It was built in 1815,
at Mott and Prince Streets,
and, until the opening of St.
Patrick's Cathedral, in 1879,
it was the cathedral church
of the See of New York.
In earlier days the massive

ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH, MOTT AND PRINCE STREETS. Gothic building with itS

richly decorated auditorium, was one of the sights of the city ; but with the depart-
ure of the Archbishop it lost much of its ancient fame, and is now merely the
parish-church of the Catholics who live in the neighborhood.

The Church of St. Benedict the Moor is an impressive classic building, at
210 Bleecker Street, in one of the ancient and crowded quarters of the city. The
congregation is mainly composed of colored people.

St. Stephen's Roman Catholic Church was organized in 1850, and a por-
tion of the large Italian Renaissance building, on 28th Street, between Third and
Lexington Avenues, was opened in 1855. This was enlarged and richly decorated
in 1865. It extends through to 29th Street. It is cruciform in shape, and the interior
is extremely beautiful.
Above each of the tran-
sept galleries are large
rose -windows, and the
side windows of the
nave are filled with
richly stained glass.
A fine painting of the
Crucifixion surmounts
a lofty marble altar in
the sanctuary. The
beautiful high altar
and the two rich side al-
tars cost $40,000. St.
Stephen's has long been
one of the fashionable
Catholic churches, and
for many years its choir
has been acknowledged
as one of the finest in
the country. The Rev.
Dr. J. W. Cummmgs church of st. benedict the moor, 210 bleecker street.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

361

ST. ANDREW'S CHURCH (ROMAN CATHOLIC), DUANE
STREET AND CITY-HALL PLACE.

founded this church, and Dr. Edward McGlynn held the pas-
torate from 1866 until 1887. During his term of office a large
Orphan's House and an Industrial School for girls were built.
Father Colton is now the rector.

St. Francis Xavier's Church, at 36 West 16th Street,
near Sixth Avenue, was erected in 1882, and
is in charge of the Jesuit Fathers. It is a
massive stone structure in the Roman Basil-
ica style, and is constructed in the substan-
tial manner which characterizes the work of
the Jesuits. A lofty porch, with massive
stone pillars and a vestibule, both with
vaulted stone ceilings, give entrance to one
of the grandest church interiors in the city.
The church is cruciform in shape ; and the
lofty vaulted and richly decorated ceiling of
the nave is supported by stone columns car-
rying a triforium gallery, pierced with round-
arched openings. The prevailing tone of
the decorations gives an effect of luminosity,
and there is a profusion of ornamentation in relief. The high altar is a costly mar-
ble structure, and on either side of the sanctuary stand the altars of the Blessed
Virgin and St. Joseph. In the transepts are the altars of St. Aloysius and the
Sacred Heart, all in marble, with statues and carvings. The walls are filled with
large paintings of.Scriptural scenes. Twelve hundred electric lights have just been
placed in the church. The effect is beyond description.

The Church of St. Paul the Apostle, at Ninth Avenue and 59th Street, is

one of the greatest
Catholic churches
in the city, second
only to the Cathe-
dral in size and
magnificence. It
is in charge of the
Paulist Fathers, a
missionary order
founded in 1858
by the late Very
Rev. Isaac Heck-
er, who, with four
other converts
from Protestant-
ism, began a re-
markable series. of
missions through-
out the United
States. The com-
munity then es-
tablished has since

ST. BERNARD'S CHURCH (ROMAN CATHOLIC), 332 WEST 14th STREET. increased tO twen-

362

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

ty-five priests and sixteen theological students. The Paulist Fathers devote all the
time they can spare from the missions to the preparation and spread of Catholic
literature. In connection with the great Church of St. Paul they have a large con-
vent and school-house, and lately built a printing-house, from which they issue
their monthly publications, The Catholic World, The Young Catholic, calendars,
sermons, tracts, etc. The corner-stone of the first church was laid in 1859, and
of the present church in 1873, while the solemn opening took place in 18S5. It
is the second largest church edifice in the country, being 284 feet long and 132
feet wide. The walls are constructed of rough stone, and there is very little
attempt at mere ornament, the architect aiming to obtain simplicity and dignity by
the size and massiveness of the building, correctness of detail and harmonious group-
ing. The main facade, on Ninth Avenue, approached by a double flight of granite
steps, is 132 feet wide, with a
central compartment flanked by
two towers 38 feet square,
and with a total height of
300 feet when the spires y ,

are built.
The style

ACADEMY OF THE HOLY CROSS FOR YOUNG LADIES, AND CHURCH OF THE HOLY CROSS, 335-343 WEST 42D STREET.

of architecture is the Thirteenth-Century Gothic, adapted to meet the special needs
of the Fathers. The spacious and impressive interior, with its side aisles and pas-
sages, has a seating capacity of nearly 5,000. The lofty nave arches are carried by
columns of polished Syracuse limestone, four feet in diameter, alternately square and
octagonal, with carved caps and moulded bases over each arch ; the tracery windows
of the clere-story give ample light from above, leaving a large expanse of wall space
for effective decorative work. The windows, twenty-seven feet in length and twelve
in width, are of the finest workmanship. Those in the sanctuary represent the
Queen of Angels surrounded by hundreds of angels in the centre, and flanked on
either side by the four great archangels, all in adoration of the Blessed Sacrament on
the altar. These were made in Munich. The fourteen tracery windows in the nave,
the work of the American artist LaFarge, are unrivalled for richness of color. The

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

363

sanctuary floor is well elevated above that of the nave, and contains the high altar,
of variegated marble, with a lofty baldichino, whose canopied roof is supported
by polished columns of Numidian marble. The great organ stands behind the high
altar, and on each side are the stalls for the choir and the dignitaries of the church.
On the left of the sanctuary, at the head of the south aisle, is the altar of the Blessed
Virgin, constructed of Sienna marble and beautiful Mexican onyx, and surmounted
by a lofty canopy, beneath which is a large marble statue of the Virgin. At the
head of the north aisle is the altar of St. Joseph, similar in treatment, with a marble

statue of the saint. At the end of the south

a beautiful baptistery, with marble font,

ble rail. In the side chapels of the

Agnes, The Annunciation and St

chapels of the north aisle

Sacred Heart, St. Catharine

The total cost of all the altars

and of the whole church

tude of the interior is best

The length of the nave and

width 60 feet, and the height

aisle, and near the entrance, is
enclosed by a substantial mar-
same aisle are altars of St.
Justinus the Martyr. The side
contain the altars of the
of Genoa and St. Patrick,
was not far from $50,000,
$500,000. The magni-
shown by a few figures :
chancel is 257 feet, the
96 feet, while the aisles
have a combined width of
50 feet, giving an
auditorium of im-
mense size and strik-
ing and impres-
sive perspective
effect. The im-
pression of im-
mense space,
height and soli-
tude of the inter-
ior is increased
by the treatment
of the ceiling,
which is painted
a deep blue and
studded with
stars. It is con-
cave in form, and
the stars and con-
stellations which
thickly stud its
surface are ar-
ranged from exact maps, made by one of the Paulist Fathers, to represent their
positions on January 25, 1885, the festival of the conversion of St. Paul, the patron-
saint of the church. The decoration of the church is in the hands of the well-known
artist LaFarge, and looks its best when lighted at night. At this church, every Sun-
day evening, can be heard the best congregational singing of English hymns in New
York. The singing at the other regular services is done by a surpliced choir of men
and boys, about 100 strong. The group of buildings of which St. Paul's is the cen-
tre forms one of the strongest fortresses of Catholicism in New York.

CHURCH OF ST. PAUL THE APOSTLE, ROMAN CATHOLIC, NINTH AVENUE AND
WEST 59TH STREET.

364

KING'S HANDBOOK *0F NEW YORK

The Church of Our Lady of Good Counsel, at 236 East 90th Street, is
one of the youngest of the Catholic churches. The building, a handsome structure
in the decorated Gothic style of architecture, with a front of Rutland marble, was
completed in 1892, and dedicated on September 18th. There are two entrance-
porches recessed into the front of the church, with steps which turn toward each
other and unite in an outer lobby, which is screened from view by the front main
wall. There are a number of handsome stained-glass windows, which were made
in Munich. The high altar of marble came from Venice, and four smaller altars
were made in the quarries of Carrara. Five paintings, over the high altar, are the
work of Sig. Rossi, a prize-winner of the Paris Salon. The parish is a new one,

established in 1886, and the
corner-stone of the church
was laid in May of that year.
Rev. William J. O' Kelly is
the rector, and he has four
assistants.

Other Interesting
Catholic Churches are St.
Andrew's, away down-town,
at City-Hall Place and Du-
ane Street ; St. Bernard's, a
noble Gothic building on
West 14th Street ; the Holy
Cross, on West 42d Street ;
and St. Cecilia's, on East
106th Street.

The B'Nai Jeshurun,
"Children of Jeshurun," is
the oldest Anglo-German
Hebrew congregation in the
city. It was founded in 1825
by a few German and Polish
Jews, who left the Spanish
synagogue on Stone Street,
and adopted the Polish or
German ritual, in place of
the Portuguese, in use in the
former congregation. The
early meetings were held in
a small hall in White Street,
but in 1826 the African Presbyterian Church in Elm Street was purchased and
remodelled. In 1850 a large synagogue was erected on Greene Street, followed in
1866 by a second in West 34th Street. In 1885 the large and impressive edifice
on Madison Avenue, near East 65th Street, was erected, at a cost of $200,000. It
is built of stone and pressed brick, in the Spanish-Moresque style, with twin towers
and an imposing facade. The auditorium is decorated in white and gold, and
harmonizes with the Moorish exterior. Its seating capacity is 1,200, and the con-
gregation is the leading orthodox Hebrew body in the city, holding conservatively
to the old Mosaic standards, and paying little regard to the changeful spirit of the
nineteenth century. Dr. Henry S. Jacobs is the Rabbi.

CHURCH OF OUR LADY OF GOOD COUNSEL, ROMAN CATHOLIC,
236 EAST 90TH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

36;

The Jews were early settlers in Manhattan, and in 1695 there were twenty
Hebrew families in the city ; but their petition for permission to establish a place
of worship was refused by the Provincial authorities. A Jewish congregation was
formed early in the last century, and in 1729 the first synagogue was opened, in
Mill Street, near Beaver. The Crosby-Street Synagogue was a spacious and elegant
building. With the rapid increase in the Jewish population, others have been
erected, and there are now 47 synagogues and temples, many of them magnificent
edifices.

The Temple Emanu-El, at Fifth Avenue and East 43d Street, is one of the
finest and most costly Jewish synagogues in the world. The congregation was formed
in 1845, as a re"
formed Hebrew
congregation. It
was ' ' a day of
small things" with
the infant congre-
gation for some
years, and the
earlier meetings
were held in the
Grand- Street
Court-room. In
1850 a church on
Chrystie Street,
which had been
deserted by its
Christian congre-
gation, was pur-
chased and remod-
elled. The first
Rabbi w a^s the
Rev. Dr. Leon
Merzbacher, one
of the early Jew-
ish reformers. In
1856 the Baptist
church on East
1 2th Street was
secured for the ST" CECILIA'S church, roman catholic, east 106th street, near Lexington avenue.

congregation, and here they remained until 1868, when their modern magnificent
temple was completed, at a cost of nearly $600,000. Like all the finer Jewish
synagogues of the city, it is Moorish in design and decoration, with twin towers
and an impressive front on Fifth Avenue. The auditorium will seat nearly 2,000
people. The decorations are of the most elaborate character, conceived and carried
out in the Moorish manner, with massive columns spanned by the peculiar Saracenic
arch, a lofty clere- story, and a fine pulpit and ark. The Rev. Dr. Samuel Adler,
father of Felix Adler, was long the Rabbi of the congregation, which is one of the
most radical in the city, as it was the first established ; and it is now the only one
maintaining regular Sunday services, in addition to the usual Saturday service.
The present Rabbis are the Rev. Drs. Gustave Gottheil and Joseph Silverman.

366

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Temple Beth-El, at Fifth Avenue and 76th
costliest and most imposing religious buildings in the
structed of Indiana limestone, and its architec
show a blending of the Byzantine and Moorish
styles. Its front is 102 feet long on Fifth Si
Avenue, and it extends back 150 feet on
76th Street. The land and building cost
$750,000. The main entrance takes ,

the form of a massive arch, with a
screen of columns and small i&ggff

arches, and richly foliated
bronze gates. The
dome is enriched
with lines of gild-
ed ribbing. The
main audience-
hall has a lofty
arched ceiling and
galleries sur-
mounted by large
round arches. Be-
neath the great
arch at the eastern
end is an apsidal
recess, containing
the organ - loft,

Street, is one of the
city. Itiscon-
tural features

TEMPLE BETH-EL, FIFTH AVENUE AND 76th STREET, OPPOSITE CENTRAL PARK.

TEMPLE EMANU-EL, FIFTH AVENUE AND 430 STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

367

pulpit and shrine, the latter a magnifi-
cent structure of onyx columns and
arches with capitals of gold, all richly
decorated. The Congregation Beth-El
was formed in 1874 by the union of the
.Congregations Anshi-Chesed and Adas-
Jeshurun, the former being the first
German Jewish congregation in the
country, dating back to 1828. The
Adas- Jeshurun Congregation, under the
ministry of the Rev. Dr. D. Einhorn,
became the leading Jewish reformed syn-
agogue, and when the Beth-El congre-
gation was formed, it worshipped in the
Lexington-Avenue synagogue until the
Temple Beth-El was completed in 1891.
Under Dr. Einhorn's successor, the
Rev. Dr. K. Kohler, the reforming ten-
dencies of the congregation have steadily
strengthened, and it is now the leading

exponent of modern liberal Judaism. shaarai tephila synagogue, 127 west 44th street.

The Shaarai Tephila, "Gates of Prayer," at 127 West 44th Street, was
erected in 1865. It is a magnificent building in a modified Moorish style of archi-
tecture, of Newark freestone, with trimmings of Dorchester stone. The spacious
interior, seating 1,200, is richly decorated in contrasting colors. Four slender iron
columns support the roof on transverse and longitudinal arches, and all the interior

fittings are of the most costly
character. Above the richly inlaid
and carved ark or shrine is a
large rose window. The syna-
gogue cost $200,000. The con-
gregation was formed in 1845 by
members of the Elm-Street Syna-
gogue. The Rabbi is the Rev. F.
De Sola Mendes.

The Rodoph Sholom, "Fol-
lowers of Peace," organized in
1842, and formerly worshipping in
Clinton Street, now owns the for-
mer Beth-El Synagogue, erected
in 1873 at a cost °f $250,000. It
stands at Lexington Avenue and
63d Street, and is a lofty stone
building in the Spanish-Moresque
style. The interior is elaborately
decorated in the Oriental manner
prevailing among the Jewish syna-
gogues. The congregation is large
and influential. The Rabbi is the
and east 64th street. Rev. Aaron Wise.

368

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

TEMPLE SHEARITH ISRAEL, 5 WEST 19TH STREET, NEAR FIFTH AVENUE

arches and tall pillars. The Rabbi is the Rev. Alexander Cohnt.

The Temple Shearith Israel, in West 19th Street, close to
Fifth Avenue, is one of those structures of unfamiliar appearance
which makes New York cosmopolitan in architecture. The front
presents the appearance of two very high stories, each with its capita
supported by double columns. The entrance is broad and high,
and the windows are capped with semi-circular
arches. The temple is surmounted by a Moorish
dome, which is prominent for a considerable dis-
tance. The Temple Shearith Israel looms high
over the houses of West 19th Street, with its clas-
sic front and ponderous dome.

The congregation, which is of the
orthodox type, and is composed mainly
of English-speaking Hebrews, is in a
sense an offshoot from a very old Portu-
guese Congregation of Newport, R. I.,
and as such it claims to be the oldest
Jewish Congregation now existing in
New York. Rev. H. Pereira Mendes is
the pastor and Rev. Abraham H. Niets,
assistant.

The Ahavath
C h e s e d " Neighborly
Love," was founded in
1 850 by some of the mod-
erate reform Hebrews.
For some years it occu-
pied a former Christian
church on Avenue C.
The stately synagogue,
at 652 Lexington Avenue,
was erected in 1872. It
is built of stone, in the
Moorish style, and the
front has five elevations ;
a central one for the main
entrance, with a tower
and a stairway wing on
each side. The towers
are 122 feet high, square
at the base, changing to
octagons near the top,
and crowned by gilded
metal cupolas. The in-
terior is very beautiful,
with arabesque decora-
tions and
graceful
Moorish

mi iufn'iliil
CONGREGATION SICHRON EPHRAIM, EAST 67TH STREET,
NEAR THIRD AVENUE.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

369

The Sichron Ephraim synagogue, on East 67th Street, near Third Avenue,
is a handsome piece of Saracenic architecture, with a North-African sentiment in its
tail and unique tower and the arcades along its front.

The synagogue was built in 1890, by Jonas Weil, a wealthy Hebrew, and a new
congregation was organized from the orthodox Hebrews residing in the vicinity. A
portion of the work of
the organization is the
maintenance of a relig-
ious school, which
holds sessions on Tues-
day and Thursday af-
ternoons and Sunday
forenoons. Rev. Dr. H.
Drachman is the pastor.

The Beth Israel
Bikur Cholim syna-
gogue, in the same
neighborhood, at Lex-
ington Avenue and 72d
Street, is a spacious and
commodious temple,
with a rich and vivid
interior. The society
was formed in 1 859, by
the union of the Con-
gregation Beth Israel
and the Society Bikur
Cholim; and wor-
shipped in White Street
and then in Chrystie
Street until 1887. It is
one of the foremost of
the orthodox Jewish
congregations.

Other forms of worship abound in the great metropolis, in many sects, and with
hundreds of societies, conclaves, missions and chapels. The services of the Greek
Church and of the Armenian Church have been celebrated here.

The First Society of Spiritualists, the only organized Spiritualistic society
in the city, holds weekly meetings in Music Hall, on West 57th Street. "Seances"
and meetings of the Spiritualists are also held in private houses.

The Chinese Joss House occupies the upper floor of a house at 16 Mott
Street. It is a small room containing the shrine, before which lights are kept con-
stantly burning. The shrine is a magnificent specimen of Chinese carved work,
adorned with many curious specimens of Chinese decorative art.

Religious Societies and Associations, devoted to the advancement of the
cause of religion, in charities, preaching, literature, and many other ways, abound
throughout this great city.

The magnificent system of the Catholic hierarchy is exemplified here in a per-
fect manner, and all the vast interests connected with the Papal Church are governed
with the precision and security of an ancient province of Rome.
24

BETH ISRAEL EIXUR CHOLIM, LEXINGTON AVENUE AND EAST 72D STREET.

i7o

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Bishops, a large reception-room,
a reading-room, sleeping-rooms
for the members of the Clergy
Club, and a large hall, called Ho-
bart Hall, in memory of the great
Bishop of that name, in which is
kept the Diocesan library.

The New-York Protest-
ant Episcopal City Mission
Society was founded in 1830,
and chartered in 1833 "to preach
the Gospel to the poor, and to
relieve the unfortunate." Acting
under its charter, the society led
the way in the establishment of
free churches for the middle and
poorer classes of the city popula-
tion. Later, when this need no
longer existed, it inaugurated a
mission work among the public
institutions of the city and adja-
cent islands, and out of this work
have grown many of the best be-
nevolent institutions of the city,
such as the House of Mercv ; St.

The Diocesan House,

29 Lafayette Place, was
opened in 1888, as a See
House for the Episcopal
Church in the Diocese of New
York. The house originally
belonged to Miss Catherine L.
Wolfe, the munificent bene-
factor of the Metropolitan
Museum of Art and of Grace
Church ; and was given by
her for its present purpose.
Extensive alterations were
made in the original building,
and the Diocesan House is
now an ecclesiastical-looking
edifice, conveniently arranged
for the purpose for which it
is intended, containing the
offices of the Bishop of the
Diocese, Arch-deacon of New
York, Presiding Bishop of the
Episcopal Church, Standing
Committee of the Diocese,
Secretary of the House of

DIOCESAN HOUSE, EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 29 LAFAYETTE PLACE.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

371

Barnabas' House; the Midnight Mission; the New-York Infant Asylum; the Shel-
tering Arms ; the House of Rest for Consumptives ; and many others. The society
now employs eleven clergymen, two lay readers, and a woman visitor in its work at its
mission stations, the city jails, hospitals and courts. The missions of the society are
St. Ambrose Chapel, on Thompson Street ; the Rescue Mission, on Mott Street ; St.
Barnabas Chapel, mission-house and schools, on Mulberry Street ; and the Chapel of
the Messiah, on Second Avenue. The yearly expenditure is about $50,000. The
Mission-House is at 38 Bleecker Street, where there is a free reading-room for boys.

PRESBYTERIAN HOUSE, FIFTH AVENUE AND EAST 12TH STREET.

The Protestant Episcopal Church Missionary Society for Seamen

in the City and Port of New York, at 79 Houston Street, was founded in 1841.
It supports three chapels, as many reading-rooms, and a sailors' boarding-house.

The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant
Episcopal Church in the United States of America, at 22 Bible House,
was founded in 1820. It supports 16 bishops and 1, 100 missionaries, besides mis-
sions, hospitals, schools and colleges in Africa, China, Japan, Greece and Hayti ;
and gives financial aid to twelve bishops and 543 clergymen in the United States,
in 34 dioceses, including also work among the Negroes and Indians. It disburses
$500,000 yearly.

The Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, at the
Presbyterian House, 53 Fifth Avenue, was established in 1834, and received its charter
in 1862. The Foreign Board sustains missions in China, India, Siam, Japan, Korea,
Africa, Central America, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Mexico, Syria, Persia, and among
the Indians, Chinese and Japanese in the United States, expending $1,000,000 yearly.
The Presbyterian House, at Fifth Avenue and 12th Street is the former residence
of the Lenox family.

The Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A.,
began its work in 1802, and received its present charter in 1872. It employs about

372

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEIV YORK

2,000 missionaries and teachers, in nearly every State and territory of the Union,
including Alaska, maintaining missions among foreign populations, Indians, Mexi-
cans, Mormons, Alaskans and mountain-whites. Its yearly appropriations are
$950,000.

The Methodist Book Concern, at Fifth Avenue and 20th Street, is the
eldest auxiliary of American Methodism. It was established in 1779, when the Rev.
John Dickins was appointed book steward, and began publishing books for the Meth-
odist Church, with a borrowed capital of $600. The first New-York office of the
Concern was in Church Street. Later the business was transferred to Mulberry
Street; still later to Broadway and nth Street; and the modern stone and brick
building, located at Fifth Avenue and 20th Street, eight stories in height, was erected
in 1889, at a cost of $1,000,000. It contains the offices and salesroom of the Publish-
ing Agents, the press-rooms, composing-rooms and bindery, where thousands of books
and pamphlets are manufactured yearly ; the offices of the missionary society ; a large

chapel; the library;
Board-room ; Bish-
op's room ; and a
number of private
offices. The profits
of the Concern are
used for the support
of old and disabled
ministers, widows
and orphans', and
during the century
of its existence it has
paid the Methodist
Church for these
purposes more than
$1,500,000.

The N e w-
York City Church
Extension Soci-
ety of the Meth-
odist Episcopal
bible house, fourth avenue and astor place. Phnrrh was char-

tered in 1866 to plant and support Sunday-schools, churches and missions in the
city of New York. It extends financial aid to 23 churches and missions, at an
annual expense of nearly $40,000.

The Board of Domestic Missions of the Reformed Church in America,
at 28 Reade Street, was formed in 1832 to promote the extension of trie Reformed
Dutch Church in America. At present the Board aids 97 missionaries, and supplies
ministers to 137 churches and missions, at a yearly expense of $50,000.

The Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in America,
at 25 East 22d Street, was organized in 1852. It has missions in China, India and
Japan, where it maintains 400 missionaries and native assistants. About $115,000
are disbursed yearly.

The Baptist City Mission, at 41 Park Row, was founded in 1870 to
establish Sunday-schools, to provide Gospel preaching, to aid in building meeting-
houses, and to disseminate Baptist literature, within the city limits. Its yearly income

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK 373

of $15,000 is expended in the support of 20 mission stations, including one Chinese,
one Swedish and six German missions, and a Summer Home for Children, at Peeks-
kill-on-the- Hudson.

The Bible House, at Fourth Avenue and Astor Place, was erected in 1852 by
the American Bible Society. It is a plain, substantial brick building and occupies
the entire block between Third and Fourth Avenues, and between Astor Place and
9th Street. It is six stories in height, and cost $300,000. The building contains
the offices, library, and publishing departments of the society, and is the local head-
quarters of the following societies : American Sunday-School Union ; American
Home-Missionary Society ; Congregational Church Building Society ; American
Missionary Association ; American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions ;
Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church ;
American Church Building Fund Commission ; New-York Sabbath Committee ;
New- York Bible Society ; Christian Aid to Employment Society ; Evangelical
Alliance of the United States of America ; National Women's Christian Temperance
Union ; Women's Union Missionary Society ; Willard Tract Repository, and a
number of religious publications.

The American Bible Society, Bible House, was organized in 1816 to encourage
a wider circulation of the Holy Scriptures "without note or comment." During the
76 years of its history it has received $21,000,000, and has distributed 55,500,000
copies of the Bible, printed in over eighty languages and dialects. Four times it
has sought to place a copy of the Bible in every home in the United States, and its
present aim is to place a copy in the hands of every child in the country who is able
to read. The library of the society, consisting of over 4,000 volumes, contains many
rare specimens of early typography, Bible translations, and commentaries in various
languages.

The New-York Bible Society was organized in 1823, and incorporated in
1866, as an auxiliary of the American Bible Society, to distribute copies of the Bible
in the city and harbor of New York, and to raise funds in aid of the former society.
Its office is in the Bible House. During 1891 it distributed nearly 100,000 copies of
the Bible.

The New-York Sabbath Committee, 31 Bible House, was formed in 1857,
by prominent laymen of different denominations, to protect and promote the observ-
ance of Sunday, by securing and enforcing just and wise Sunday laws, and by cul-
tivating a sound public sentiment by documents, addresses and the press. The com-
mittee was incorporated in 1884. It has exerted a wide influence over our land, and
a number of its documents have been reprinted in Europe.

The New-York City Mission and Tract Society, Bible House, was estab-
lished in 1827 and incorporated in 1866. It is the leading city missionary society,
and its field of work is New York below 14th Street. It sustains five mission
stations and five Sunday Schools, at a yearly expense of $70,000.

The American Home Missionary Society, 34 Bible House, was organized
in 1826 and incorporated in 1871, "to assist congregations unable to support the
Gospel ministry, and to send the Gospel and the means of Christian education to
the destitute within the United States." It is the home missionary society of Con-
gregationalism, and now employs 1,500 missionaries, expending yearly not far from
half a million dollars in its religious and educational work.

The American Tract Society, at 150 Nassau Street, was organized in 1825
for the publication and circulation of religious literature. It is undenominational,
and has issued more than 8,000 distinct publications, books, tracts, wall-rolls, etc.,

374

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

COLLIS P. HUNTINSTON.

THEORAL. DR. HALL'S CMURCH. WM . C. WHITNEY

FIFTH AVENUE, LOOKING SOUTH FROM 58th STREET.

CORNELIUS VANDEPBlLT.

ENTRANCE TO CENTRAL PARK.

FIFTH AVENUE, LOOKING NORTH FROM 58th STREET.

THE NEW NETHERLAND.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

375

THE NEW NETHERLANDS THE SAVOY. THE PUZA.

69TH 8TREET, LOOKING EAST FROM SIXTH AVENUE.

SAUE INSTITUTE

DEUTSCHE VEREIN. DR. SACHS'S SCHOOL. CATHOLIC CLUB

59TH STREET, LOOKING WEST FROM SIXTH AVENUE.

CENTRAL PARK APARTMENTS.

376

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

including supplies for immigrants in many languages. The work is carried on
largely through colporteurs, of whom there are now 174 working in different States.
It has published thousands of books and tracts at foreign mission-stations. The
society expends over $300,000 yearly.

The American Seamen's Friend Society was established in 1828 to pro-
mote the spiritual and temporal welfare of seamen. It supports missionaries and
homes in numerous home and foreign ports, and provides loan libraries for ships,
besides rendering aid to suffering and needy seamen. Its annual expenditures are
about $40,000, and it has an office at 76 Wall Street.

The Society for Promoting the Gospel Among Seamen in the Port of
New York is better known as the New-York Port Society. It was founded in
1818, and its headquarters are at 46 Catherine Street, where it maintains the Mari-
ner's Church, a library and a reading-room at a yearly cost of $15,000.

The Salvation Army has been working in this city for nearly twelve years.
The national headquarters of the Army are at in Reade Street. There are large

FOURTH-AVENUE PRtSBYTEBIAN CHURCH. ASSOCIATION HALL. 23D STREET.

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASCOCIATION, 23D STREET AND FOURTH AVENUE.

"barracks" at 122 West 14th Street, where nightly and Sunday meetings are held,
which are largely attended. Nightly and Sunday meetings are also held at 45th
Street and Broadway, 72d Street near Third Avenue, and at the corner of Bedford
and Downing Streets. There is a large Food and Shelter Depot, and three Slum
Posts. The Army is doing energetic work in its peculiar fashion among classes of
people who need help.

The Young Men's Christian Association was organized in 1852 for the
mental, social, physical, and spiritual improvement of young men. The main Asso-
ciation Building, at Fourth Avenue and East 23d Street, is a large stone edifice built
in 1869, at a cost of $500,000. It contains the offices of the Association, reception-
room, parlors, reading-room, a lecture and concert hall, seating 1,300 people, a
smaller lecture-room, numerous class-rooms, a library of 40,000 volumes, a gymna-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

377

HARLEM BRANCH, YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN
ASSOCIATION, 5 WEST 125TH STREET.

sium, bowling-alleys and baths. To aid in its

work among the young men of the city, the

Association has established fourteen branches

in different sections, and employs the entire

time of 77 young men in superintending its

work. Six fully equipped gymnasiums, in charge

of competent men, afford facilities for physical

culture ; the well-stocked libraries, containing

over 50,000 volumes ; the various reading-
rooms, where more than 1,000 newspapers,

magazines and reviews are kept on file ; and the

class-room instruction in 23 different lines of

practical study ; provide mental food for the

studious minded. Frequent religious meetings,

Bible-classes, and public addresses minister to

the spiritual needs of the members and their

friends ; while the social element is fostered by

frequent entertainments, lectures and receptions.

The total membership of the various branches

is 7,000, and the average daily attendance for

1891 was nearly 4,000. A prominent feature of

the Association work is aiding deserving young men to obtain situations ; and recently

a students' movement has been organized, to maintain religious meetings and Bible-
classes in the colleges in the city. The general offices of the Association are at 40

East 23d Street, just west of the
main Association Building, which is
now designated as the 23d- Street
branch. It was organized as a
branch in 1887, and is the center of
Association work in the city, and of
many noble and civilizing influences.
The Bowery Branch, 153 Bow-
ery, was organized in 1872 for the
special purpose of aiding young men
out of employment and in tempor-
ary destitution.

The Harlem Branch, formed in
1868, has an attractive building,
at 5 West 125th Street, containing
a reading-room, parlor, library and
gymnasium.

The East 86th-Street-Branch,
was organized in 1884 and occupies
two houses at 153-155 East 86th
Street, with a well-equipped gym-
nasium, bowling alleys, lecture-hall
and bath-rooms. The buildings
also contain a reading-room, libra-
ry, parlor, reception-room, bicycle
222 bowery. room and other departments.

YOUNG MEN'S INSTITUTE

378

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

The Young
Men's Institute,
220 Bowery, is a
branch of the
Young Me n's
Christian Associa-
tion, and was built
in 1885, at a cost of
$150,000. The
building is in the
style of the En-
glish Renaissance,
with a frontage of
50 feet on the Bow-
ery, and a depth of
90 feet. The first
story is trimmed

GERMAN BRANCH, Y. M. C. A., 142 SECOND AVENUE, NEAR 9th STREET. with Nova-Scotia

sandstone, and special prominence is given to the entrance vestibule. An impres-
sion of height is conveyed by the gables and the mansard roof, on which has been
constructed a flooring for summer-evening meetings and entertainments. There are
six stories in the front and two in the rear, and the interior is conveniently divided.
On the ground floor, at the right of the spacious vestibule of tiled brick and oak, is
the large reception-room, attractively finished and furnished, with a wide-mouthed
fire-place and cushion-seats. A well-equipped gymnasium is in the rear of the recep-
tion-room ; and beneath are the bowling-alleys, locker-rooms, and baths. The
second story contains a large reading-room and the library, finished in mahogany, a
lecture-hall, and other rooms. On the third story are several large class and com-
mittee rooms, finished in cherry, and connected with each other by sliding doors.
Several large class-rooms and the secretary's private room occupy the fourth story,
and on the fifth floor there are private bath-rooms, a large class-room and the jani-
tor's apartments. The object of the Institute is to provide for the physical, intel-
lectual and spiritual welfare of the young men living in its vicinity- Its membership

is over 600, with an average __

daily attendance of nearly
200 young men.

The German Branch, on
Second Avenue, was organ-
ized in 1 88 1 for work among
the East-Side Germans, by
whom it is greatly appreci-
ated.

The French Branch, at
128 West 23d Street, was
formed in 1889 ; and it offers
the attractions of a reading-
room, library, and parlor to
the French-speaking young
men in its vicinity, of whom
there are great numbers. railroad branch, y. m. c. a. , madison avenue and 45™ street.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

379

The Railroad Branch was organized in 1875, and occupies the beautiful and
elegantly equipped Railroad Men's Building, erected for it in 1887 by Cornelius
Vanderbilt, at a cost of $75,000. The building is on Madison Avenue and 45th
Street. It is unique in many respects, and is the outgrowth of Mr. Vanderbilt's desire
to provide the employees of the railroads which enter the Grand Central station with
a modern club-house, suited to their needs. It contains a reading-room, a library
of 7,000 volumes, social rooms, a gymnasium, bowling-alleys, sleeping-rooms, and
a lunch-room.

The \Vest-72d-Street Branch, was organized in 1889, and provides a reading
room, library, sleeping-rooms and lunch-room at the round-house of the New- York
Central & Hudson- River
Railroad.

The Association Boat-
House is on the Harlem
River ; and the athletic
grounds are at Mott Haven.

The Young Wom-
en's Christian Associa-
tion was founded in 1870,
and incorporated in 1873, to
aid self-supporting young
women by providing special
training in such industries
as are adapted to them ; to
assist them to obtain em-
ployment, and to provide
opportunities for self-cult-
ure. The rooms of the
Association are at 7 East
15th Street, and comprise
a library, containing
12,000 volumes, a reading-
room, and numerous class
and lecture rooms. Relig-
ious and social meetings
are a feature of the work ;
and there is an employment bureau, board directory, and free classes in type-writing,
stenography, needle-work and art, and a salesroom for the work of consignors. The
Association owns and conducts a seaside cottage. There is a branch at I5°9
Broadway, where classes in cooking and physical culture are held. The associa-
tion is in charge of the Margaret Louise Home, at 14 East 16th Street (adjoining
its own beautiful building), where temporary board, at moderate prices, is provided
for Protestant young women, amid pleasant surroundings.

The Young1 Men's Hebrew Association was founded in 1873 to advance
the moral, social, intellectual and religious welfare of Hebrew young men. It
adopts the general methods of the Young Men's Christian Association, and occupies
the building at 721 Lexington Avenue, with a branch at East Broadway and Jeffer-
son Street.

The Young Women's Hebrew Association, at 721 Lexington Avenue,
and the Hebrew Institute, corner of Jefferson Street and East Broadway, was

YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, 7 EAST 15th STREET,
NEAR FIFTH AVENUE.

38o

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

TRINITY CHURCH

BROADWAY, OPPOSITE WALL STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

38i

382

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

founded in 1888. The rooms are open for conversation, games, and dancing for
members, as well as for instruction. Entertainments of a musical and literary
character are frequently given for members and their friends. During the summer
of 1 89 1 the association opened a summer-home for working girls at Sea Cliff, Long
Island, at nominal rates. During the summer of 1892 the Y. W. H. A., in con-
junction with four other so-
cieties, kept Vacation House,
at Bedford Station, for He-
brew working-girls.

It is difficult to estimate
the enormous continual out-
lay of money, talent and toil
in the behalf of religious work
on Manhattan Island, and
especially among the poor
and degraded classes, who
stand most in need of eleva-
tion and up-building. Cer-
tainly the religious people
of the city do not withhold
from giving most liberally,
not only of their funds, but
also (and of greater import-
ance) of their own individual
and personal efforts. The
splendid churches from the
Battery to Harlem River
have all been erected by
voluntary contributions, and
the immense cost of their
maintenance is similarly
borne. In like manner, con-
tinuous streams of money are
flowing through the treasur-
ies of the great missionary
and philanthropic societies, to do good all over the wide world. However sordid
some aspects of New York may appear, there is certainly much in its civic character
of the heroic, the beautiful, and the noble. This, however, is not much in evidence,
in obedience to the injunction of the Divine Teacher, and its intense and benevolent
are conducted quietly, in the secret shadow of humility.

MARGARET LOUISE HOME, 14 EAST 16th STREET.

Institutions and Associations for the Poor and Unfortunate —
Homes, Asylums, and Temporary Relief.

THE many public and private organized charities of the city are bewildering in
their variety and all-comprehensive in their work. The useful New- York Chari-
ties Directory, published yearly by the Charity Organization Society, summarizes the
benevolent resources of the city as follows : Public charities, 28 ; for temporary
relief, 83 ; for special relief, 51 ; for foreigners' relief, 26 ; for permanent relief, 67 ;
for medical relief, 101 ; for defectives, 16; reformatory, 16; miscellaneous, 116;
making a grand total of upwards of 500 charitable and benevolent institutions, of
every sort and variety, receiving and dispensing yearly large sums of money in
relieving suffering and destitution.

The Commissioners of Public Charities and Correction, three Com-
missioners appointed by the Mayor, have charge of all the charitable and correc-
tional institutions of the city, and receive all applications for relief, or admission to
the hospitals and other public charitable or reformatory institutions. The office of
the Board is at 66 Third Avenue. The appropriations for this department for the
current year considerably exceed $2,000,000.

The Charity Organization Society of the City of New York, at 21 Uni-
versity Place, was inaugurated in 1882, to secure the concurrent action of the vari-
ous public and private charities of the city, and to act as a source of information on
all matters relating to benevolent work. It aims to raise the needy above want, to
prevent begging and imposition, to diminish pauperism, to encourage thrift, self-
dependence and industry, and to aid the poor by teaching and enabling them to
help themselves. At the main office a central registry is kept of all applicants for
and recipients of charitable relief, with a record of all that is known of their past
history. To this registry more than 300 churches and societies and upwards of
1,000 private families contribute information concerning their beneficiaries. To
systematize the work, the city is divided into districts, in charge of local committees
for investigation and relief. The society bestows no alms from its own funds, but
obtains the needed relief from the proper existing sources. Its affairs are controlled
by a Central Council, and in addition to its regular work it maintains a penny provi-
dent fund, a laundry and a wood-yard. A magnificent seven-story stone and brick
edifice, to be called the United Charities Building, now in course of erection at the
corner of Fourth Avenue and 22d Street, will be occupied by this society and others
with which it is affiliated.

The New-York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor,
at 79 Fourth Avenue, organized in 1843 an<^ incorporated in 1848, aims by system-
atic and scientific management to improve the condition of the working classes, and

3*4

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC CHARITIES AND CORRECTION,
AVENUE AND EAST 11TH STREET.

to elevate their physical
state. Its plan is to pro-
mote whatever tends to the
permanent improvement of
the condition of the working
people ; to uplift their home
life and habits ; to improve
the sanitary condition of
their dwellings ; to supply
baths in convenient localities
and at small cost ; to pro-
vide fresh-air benefits for
those who cannot supply
such for themselves ; and
whenever the necessity arises
to get relief for the destitute
and deserving, making em-
ployment its basis. It fur-
ther endeavors to prevent
indiscriminate and duplicate
almsgiving ; to secure the
community from imposture; and to reduce pauperism by ascertaining and rectifying
its accidental causes. It is controlled by a board of managers and executive com-
mittee, and supported by voluntary contributions. It is non-sectarian in character,
and recognizes no distinction of race or nationality. It supports the People's Baths,
at 9 Centre-Market Place, where baths at any temperature can be had the year
round for five cents. It maintains a Harlem Branch ; and covers the entire city.
It conducts six branches of work, registration, relief, sewing, sanitary, fresh-air and
public baths. It has the co-operation of the responsible charitable agencies of the
city. In 1 89 1 there were 37,626 beneficiaries ; 17,518 aided by the Fresh- Air de-
partment; 19,000 bathers at the People's Baths ; and 906 aided by work. There

were 16,051 visits
to and for the
poor; and the sum

of $44,333 was
disbursed. The
offices are to be
removed to the
new Charities
Building.

The Trinity-
Church Asso-
ciation, at 209
Fulton Street, was
organized in 1 879,
and incorporated
in 1887, to carry
on general chari-
table work in the
lower part of the

CHARITY ORGANIZATION SOCIETY, 21 UNIVERSITY PLACT. COR

KING'S HANDBOOK' OF NEW YORK'.

385

city. It maintains the Trinity Mission House, at 209 and 211 Fulton Street, as
headquarters for work among the poor, where they may apply for relief; a kinder-
garten for young children ; a kitchen-garden, where 25 young girls receive general
instruction in house-work ; a Down-Town Relief Bureau ; a Provident Dispensary ;
a Seaside House for Children, near Islip, L. I., and a Training- School for young
girls in household work. The yearly expenditures are about $10,000.

The Down-Town Relief Bureau, at 209 Fulton Street, was founded in
1882 for general out-door relief work among the poor in the lower wards of the city.
It is supported by the Trinity-Church Association and by voluntary contributions.
Five thousand applicants were aided in 1891, at an expense of $35,000.

The Society of St. Vincent De Paul in the City of New York was
organized in 1835, and chartered in 1872. Its leading objects are the cultivation of
the Christian life ; the visitation of the poor and sick ; educational work among
children ; and general charitable work. Nearly all the local Catholic churches have

FIVE-POINTS HOUSE OF INDUSTRY, 155 WORTH STREET, OPPOSITE PARADISE PARK.

separate conferences of the society, each confining its work to the limits of its own
parish. There are upwards of fifty local conferences, all under the jurisdiction of
the Particular Council of New York, which holds monthly meetings at the Cathe-
dral School-house, ill East 50th Street. The society maintains St. Joseph's Home
for the Aged, at 207 to 215 West 15th Street, which was opened in 1873.

The University Settlement Society was formed for the purpose of bring-
ing men and women of education and refinement into closer relations with the labor-
ing classes of the city, for mutual benefit. It aims to establish "Settlements" in
the tenement-house districts, where college men interested in the work may live, and
mingle with their poor neighbors, on terms of perfect equality, somewhat after the
plan of the famous Toynbee Hall, in London. At present it maintains : The
Neighborhood Guild, or Forsyth-Street Club, at 147 Forsyth Street, an institution
which seeks to promote the moral and physical improvement of the dwellers in its
vicinity, and The College Settlement, at 95 Rivington Street, founded in 1889 ^>* a
number of women college-graduates for the moral and material improvement of

386

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

families residing in the neighborhood. The Settlement sustains several boys' clubs,
and a Choral Club for young men ; and gives instruction in cooking, sewing, dress-
making and similar employments for young girls. There is also a free circulating
library, and a branch of the Penny Provident Fund.

The Theosophical League for Practical Work, with offices at 132
Nassau Street, was organized in 189T, to apply the principles of Theosophy to daily
living. A branch has been established at 1 78 Suffolk Street, where there is a board-
ing-house for working-girls, with educational, industrial and social privileges.

Noble efforts have been made, and with great measure of success, to introduce
the sweetness and light of Christianity and civilization into some of the darkest
corners of the metropolis. Of these, two or three only may be mentioned here.

The Five-Points House of Industry is one of the best-known charitable
institutions of the country. It has had a long and glorious history. For many years
the Five Points of New York, the meeting-place of Baxter, Worth and Park Streets,
bore an evil name and fame throughout the world. Dickens wandered into its dens
of iniquity in 1841, and described its horrors. With a few dilapidated wooden build-
ings, thickly peopled with human beings of every age, color and condition, it was
an abode of atrocious crime and vice, avoided by peaceful citizens, and regarded
with anxiety by the police. As early as in 1830 earnest Christian efforts were made
to regenerate this degraded neighborhood. A mission was started on Baxter Street,
and a day-school opened, mainly under the auspices of the Central and Spring- Street
Presbyterian Churches. No very promising results followed. In the spring of 1850
the Rev. Lewis
Morris Pease, a
Methodist clergy-
man, was commis-
sioned by the Con-
ference to open a
mission at the
Five Points, under
the guidance of
the Ladies' Home-
Missionary S o -
ciety of the Meth-
odist Episcopal
Church. Differ-
ences of opinion
regarding the best
methods of work
soon caused a
separation be-
tween the society
and Mr. Pease,
who immediately,

on his own responsibility, leased a number of houses, and opened the Five-Points
Home. His success was so great that generous gifts were made for the extension
and support of the work, and in 1854 a board of trustees was formed, and the Home
incorporated as the Five-Points House of Industry. In its early years the work of
the Home was largely among the abandoned women of the neighborhood, but of
late it has labored mainly among the children. A commodious brick building was

FIVE-POINTS MISSION, 63 PARK STREET, OPPOSITE PARADISE PARK.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

387

OLD BREWERY, SITE OF THE FIVE-POINTS MISSION.

erected in 1856; and here, with later additions, the work has since been success-
fully carried on. Over 50,000 inmates have been received and provided with homes,
sent to their friends, or placed in other institutions. The leading features of the
work are the preservation of children from crime and destitution ; and the providing
for them of homes, support, and religious and secular education. The institution
also boards chil-
dren of poor par-
ents at merely
nominal rates;
shelters women
while they are
seeking work as
servants ; and af-
fords temporary
relief to destitute
families in its
neighborhood.
Over 700 were
sheltered in the
Home during
1 89 1, while 1,200
pupils received in-
struction in the day-schools. The infirmary and free dispensary gives free treat-
ment to 1,500 cases yearly, and a lay missionary is constantly employed among the
poor and destitute classes in the vicinity. The yearly expenses average $40,000,
and are met by voluntary contributions and grants from the public funds. Morris
K. Jesup is president of the Board of Trustees ; and William F. Barnard is the
superintendent of the Home.

The Five-Points Mission, at 63 Park Street, was organized in 1850, by the
Ladies' Home-Missionary Society of the Methodist-Episcopal Church. The work
at the Five Points was begun in a former dram-shop at the corner of Cross and Little
Water Streets. The need of larger accommodations led to the purchase, in 1852, of
that lazar-house of crime, the Old Brewery, in Park Street, which, built long before
the city extended to the vicinity, had been for many years the resort of thieves and
murderers, and the scene of many horrible crimes. This nest of iniquity was speedily
demolished, and its place was filled by a group of buildings, comprising a chapel,
parsonage, school-house, bathing-rooms, dining-rooms, etc., and tenements for poor
families. This Mission has been a potent factor in the regeneration of the en-
tire neighborhood, its chief object being so to educate the poor as to make them
capable of self-support. The work is both religious and philanthropic. There is
much missionary work done among the poor of this part of the city ; and the mis-
sion also provides for the physical welfare of many children and adults. It has in
successful operation the Boys' and Girls' Shoe-Club ; the Cooking-School for Girls ;
the Day-School, in which 600 pupils are enrolled ; the Free Library and Reading
Room for men and boys ; the Fresh-Air Fund ; and the Girls' Sewing-School. Over
6,000 individuals and 900 families were assisted during 1891 ; and nearly 100,000
dinners were served to hungry mouths. Church and Sunday-school services are held
regularly.

The Bowery Mission and Young Men's Home, at 105 Bowery, was
founded in 1880, for aggressive Christian work among the young men living in that

388

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

locality, in which there are only two Protestant churches for an English-speaking
population of 30,000. The work has been uniformly successful, over 300,000 young
men having attended the evening meetings, many of whom have asked for help.
There are evening meetings; a reading-room; and a lodging-house, where 150
lodgers can be accommodated at a nominal cost. A distinctive feature of the work
is the visitation of the lodging-houses in the neighborhood, of which there are sixty,
crowded nightly with young men.

The Old Jerry McAuley Water-Street Mission, at 316 Water Street, was
established in 1872 by Jerry McAuley, at one time a convict in the State Prison at
Sing Sing, and afterwards a notorious river-thief about New York. He was con-
verted in prison by Orville Gardner, the converted pugilist, and reclaimed in 1868,
at a little prayer-meeting at Franklin Smith's house. This change of heart was of
profound benefit to thousands of outcasts, and in 1872 McAuley opened the Water-
Street Mission, which has become famous for the good it has accomplished among
the fallen men and women of the Fourth Ward, thousands of whom have been
transformed into useful members of society by its work. The original mission, which*
occupied a former dance-house, was replaced in 1876 by the present well-arranged
building. Services are held nightly, and substantial aid is extended to those
who desire to lead better lives.
The work is entirely among the
degraded ones of a district teem-
ing with crime, and presents many
interesting features. The yearly
expenses of the Mission, which
are met by voluntary contribu-
tions, are about $4,000.

The Cremorne Mission, at
104 West 32d Street, was opened
in 1882 by Jerry McAuley, for
rescue work among the fallen and
inebriate men and women of the
West Side. It occupies a part of
the building once known as the
Cremorne Garden, a notorious re-
sort in its day. There is no home
in connection with the Mission,
its work consisting mainly of
nightly religious services of a re-
vival character. Many converts
have been made and much good
accomplished during the last ten
years.

Scores of societies have been
organized for the protection and
endearment of children, and they
have done a mighty work in alle-
viating the sufferings of the lit-
tle ones, born to misery in the dives of the great metropolis. A few of these
societies may be mentioned here, to give an idea of the noble movement which they
represent.

THE NEW-YORK SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY
TO CHILDREN, FOURTH AVENUE AND 23d STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

389

The New-York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children,

the first of its kind in the world, was organized in 1875, under the provisions of the
general law of that year, providing for the institution of such societies in the differ-
ent counties of the State. Its objects are the prevention of cruelty to children, and
the enforcement by all lawful means of the laws relating to, or in anywise affecting,
children, and the care of children pending investigations. All magistrates, con-
stables, sheriffs and police officers are required by law to aid the society in its work,
which has been a source of incalculable benefit to the poor waifs of the city, too often
at the mercy of hard and cruel taskmasters or depraved parents. The society
is governed by a board of directors, who elect the members ; these are of three
classes — regular, honorary and life members. A life membership costs $50 ; regular
members pay $5 yearly ; and honorary members are those who have been active in
aiding the work of the society. The offices and reception-rooms for children are at
297 Fourth Avenue, corner of East 23d Street. Elbridge T. Gerry is the President ;
Dallas B. Pratt, Treasurer ; and E. Fellows Jenkins, Secretary and Superintendent.
The New-York Infant Asylum was founded in 1865, and chartered in 1871,
for the protection,
care and medical
treatment of
young unmarried
women during
their confinement,
needy mothers
and their infants,
and foundlings.
The asylum, at
Amsterdam Ave-
nue and 6ist
Street, is a large
and well-appoint-
ed building ; and
there is an effici-
ent staff of attend-
ants and nurses NEW YORK |NFANT asylum, Amsterdam avenue and we&t 61st street.

During 1891, 1.375 inmates were cared for, at an expense of $100,000. The insti-
tution has a country home and nursery at Mount Vernon, N. Y., to which poor
mothers and children are sent during the summer months.

The New-York Foundling Asylum was incorporated in 1869, and until 1891
it was known as the Foundling Asylum of the Sisters of Charity. The Asylum com-
prises a group of buildings at 175 East 68th Street, with accommodations for 700
children and 300 adults ; and is fitted up in a most complete and thorough manner.
Its objects are the reception, care and education of foundlings and abandoned chil-
dren, who are brought up in the Christian faith ; the influencing of the mothers to
lead useful and honest lives ; and obtaining homes in the West for indentured chil-
dren. Mothers who are willing to act as nurses are admitted with their infants.
Nearly 1,400 infants are cared for yearly at their homes by the Outdoor Department.
In connection with the Asylum, and under the same management, there is a Chil-
dren's Hospital, for the inmates of the institution ; a Maternity Hospital ; and a Day
Nursery and Kindergarten School. There is also an annex at Spuyten Duyvil, accom-
modating 150 children. The yearly expenses reach $300,000.

39°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

NEW YORK FOUNDLING ASVLUM, 1;

STREET, NEAR THIRD

The Day Nursery and Babies' Shelter of the Church of the Holy Com-
munion, at 118 West 2ist Street, was opened in 187 1 as a place at which the poor
working-women of the neighborhood might leave their little ones while they were at
work away from home. It is in charge of the Sisterhood of the Holy Communion,
a Protestant Episcopal order founded in 1850 for charitable work.

St. Joseph's Day Nursery of the City of New York, at 473 West 57th Street,
was incorporated in 1890. It receives and cares for during the day, and also at
night, when necessary, the children of
working-women, irrespective of color or
creed. The children receive kindergar-
ten instruction, and have two meals
daily. The average daily attendance is
42.

The Bartholdi Creche, at 21 Uni-
versity Place, was founded in 1886, and
incorporated in 1890. During the sum-
mer months it maintains a seaside cot-
tage at Ward's Island for poor mothers
with sick infants and children under 1 2,
who are unable to leave the city for a
prolonged stay at any of the more dis-
tant seaside homes. A trained nurse
and assistant are constantly in attend-
ance, and cots and hammocks, pure milk,
tea and coffee are provided. A ferry is
maintained at the foot of East 120th
Street for all who hold tickets, which are
issued free of charge by the Charity

DAY NURSERY AND BABIES' SHELTER, 118 WEST
21 ST STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

391

CHILDREN'S AID SOCIETY, GIRLS' LODGING HOUSE,
27 ST. MARK'S PLACE.

Organization Society, the dispensaries, and
other similar institutions. About 3,000
women and children are received each year.
The "Little Mothers'" Aid So-
ciety, at 305 East 17th Street, was founded
in 1890 to furnish summer-day excursions
for little girls compelled to take charge of
younger children while their parents are at
work, and who do not receive the benefit of
other fresh-air charities. During the winter
it provides entertainments, and classes in
cooking and sewing, and supplies clothing
to the deserving.

The Tribune Fresh-Air Fund was
established in 1877 by the Rev. , Willard
Parsons, sixty children having been sent out
into the country for a brief stay during the
year. In 1878 the cause was championed
by the Evening Post, and in 1882 the Fund
was transferred to the New- York Tribune,
which has had charge of the work since that
time. The children are selected by Chris-
tian workers among the poor in New York,
Brooklyn and Jersey City, and are given a fortnight's stay in the country, where
they are received, not as boarders, but as guests, generous readers of the Tribune
paying all transportation expenses. There are no office expenses, and all the re-
ceipts are used for the benefit of poor children. During 189 1 nearly 14,000 children

were aided by this charity, at an ex-
pense of $28,000. Since 1877 94,000
children have been sent into the coun-
try, and over $250,000 has been con-
tributed for the work. Besides the
children sent for long sojourns among
the fields and woods, 50,000 have been
given shorter outings in the country,
usually of a day or so.

St. John's Guild was organized
in 1866 by twelve gentlemen, who had
been touched by the sight of the suffer-
ings and privations of the thousands of
New-York's tenement-house children,
of whom a recent census of the Board
of Health shows more than 160,000
under the age of five, with as many
more between five and fifteen. The
city had made no adequate provision
for healthful out-door exercise for
these little dwellers in the crowded
tenement-houses, and the death-rate
among them was appalling. St. John's

CHILDREN'S AID SOCIETY: NEWSBOYS' LODGING HOUSE.
9 DUANE STREET, CORNER OF WILLIAM STREET.

392

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

CHILDREN'S AID SOCIETY: BOYS' LODGING-HOUSE.
SEVENTH AVENUE AND 32D STREET.

Guild was organized for the express
purpose of assisting sick mothers and
young children, by trips down the har-
bor in the floating hospital barge, and
by food and nursing at the Seaside
Hospital on Staten Island. As many
as four trips a week are made during
the summer, and over 30,000 mothers
and children receive the benefits of
invigorating sea-breezes. At the Sea-
side Hospital, 1 , 000 children and more
than 500 weary mothers yearly are ad-
mitted and tenderly cared for. Since
the organization of the Guild over half
a million sick children and mothers
have had the benefit of excursions
down the bay. The Guild has a mem-
bership of 700 representative citizens,
and is a favorite channel of benefi-
cences. It embodies and exemplifies
the true spirit and method of charitable
effort, and is conspicuous for its appli-
cation of the most careful business sys-
tem and practice to every department
of its work. The trustees have recently inaugurated a new feature in the work oi
ministering to the vast multitude of poor children, by opening the first of a series of
small hospitals for children,
which they hope to establish
in the centers of densely
populated districts. The
new hospital, opened in
1892, is on West 6 1st Street,
near Amsterdam Avenue.
Others will follow as soon
as the necessary funds are
forthcoming.

The Children's Aid
Society, one of the most
notable and helpful charities
in the city, was organized in
1853 by the late Charles Lor-
ing Brace and a few other
gentlemen, who had been en-
gaged in teaching some of
the little arabs of the streets.
The society was incorpo-
rated in 1856, "for the edu-
cation of the poor by gather-
ing children who attend no children's aid society: east-side boys' lodging-house and
schools into its industrial industrial school, 287 east broadway.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW" YORK

393

schools, caring and providing for children in lodging-houses, and procuring homes
for them in the rural districts and in the West." In 1891 36,000 children were
cared for, of whom nearly 3,000 were provided with homes. The offices of the
society are at 24 St. Mark's Place. As supplementary to its work it maintains :
The East-Side Mission, a

fragrant charity, whose work
is to distribute flowers daily
during the summer months
among the sick and poor ;
Free Reading- Rooms for
Young Men, in Bleecker and
Greenwich Streets; the
Health Home, at West
Coney Island, comprising
cottages and dormitories
where mothers with sick
children are given a grateful
outing ; the Sick Children's
Mission, at 287 East Broad-
way, with a staff of ten phy-
sicians and four nurses, who
visit the sick poor at their
homes and supply free medi-
cal attendance, medicine and
food for sick children, of
whom 1 , 500 are treated year-
ly ; a Summer Home at Bath
Beach, Long Island, where
over 4,000 tenement-house
children are given a week's
outing by the seaside each
year ; six lodging-houses,
•five for boys and one for
girls, in which, during 1 89 1, over 12,000 boys and girls were fed and sheltered ; and
twenty-two industrial and ten night schools, in which 10,000 children were taught
and partly fed and partly clothed during 189 1. One of the industrial schools is
located in each of the lodging-houses for boys, and the two branches of the work
are very closely interwoven. The lodging-house for girls is at 27 St. Mark's Place.
Those for boys are at 9 Duane Street, 295 East 8th Street, 287 East Broadway,
Second Avenue and East 44th Street, and Seventh Avenue and West 32d Street.
A special feature of the Second- Avenue establishment is the industrial instruction
for crippled boys. An adjunct to the house is a brush-shop, in which a dozen crip-
pled boys are constantly employed, and 150 or more are at work for short periods,
pending the securing of homes or permanent employment.

The Leake and Watts Orphan House, one of the most benevolent in
design and meritorious in mission of all the city charities, was incorporated in 1 831
as a free home for full orphans, between the ages of three and twelve years, in desti-
tute circumstances. This graceful charity owes its origin to the benevolence of
John G. Leake, a wealthy New-York lawyer, who died in the early part of the cen-
tury, leaving his large fortune to Robert Watts, the son of an old friend, on condi-

CHILDREN'S AID SOCIETY: LODGING-HOUSE AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL
FOR CRIPPLED BOYS, SECOND AVENUE AND 44TH STREET.

394

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

tion that he should assume the name of Leake. In case of a failure to comply with
this provision, or of the death without heirs of the testator, the estate was to be
applied to the founding of an orphan asylum. After a long lawsuit, it was decided
that Mr. Leake had left no direct heirs, and that Robert Watts could inherit the
property. He, however, died before he could comply with the condition mentioned
in the will, and the estate passed into the hands of a board of trustees, who obtained
a charter for an asylum under the name of the Leake and Watts Orphan Home. In
1843 they erected ^ie buildings until recently occupied by the asylum, in 113th
Street. Here the institution cared for homeless and friendless orphans, educating
them and, at the age of fourteen, obtaining Christian homes for them. In 1886 the
estate was sold to the trustees of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, for a building
site, and the pleasant and spacious home now occupied by the institution was built,
at Ludlow Station, near the extreme northern boundary of the city.

The Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum was founded in 1825, and incorpor-
ated in 1852, superseding an older society called the Roman Catholic Benevolent
Society, which received its charter in 1817. The original location of the asylum was
on Prince Street, but in 1851 the present asylum for boys at Fifth Avenue and 51st
Street was completed. It is one of the largest and best-equipped orphan asylums in

the country, and has
accommodations for
500 lads. An addi-
tional wing is being
built as a trade-
school, and will ac-
commodate 200 more
boys. The girls' asy-
lum was completed in
1870, and is of the
same substantial char-
acter as that of the
boys, but somewhat
larger, accommodat-
ing 800 girls. In both
the boys' and girls'

t:t^;.£<*?3^^^'«*^ss6s*S^*$

ROMAN CATt

ORPHAN ASYLUM (BOYS), FIFTH AVENUE AND 51ST STREET.

departments, provis-
ion is made for the
religious, moral and
technical instruction of the inmates. The work is carried on with a thoroughness
which is characteristic of the Catholic Church in other directions. $100,000 is
expended yearly.

St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum in the City of New York, at 98th Street and
Avenue A, was founded in 1858, and incorporated in 1859, for the support of orphans,
half-orphans and homeless and neglected children of German parentage, who are
cared for until they are sixteen years old, or until homes or occupations can be pro-
vided. The home is a large building, and has accommodations for 750 inmates. It
is in charge of the sisters of Notre Dame. The yearly expenses are $63,000.

The Orphans' Home and Asylum of the Protestant Episcopal
Church in the City of New York, one of the most important charities of its class,
was founded in 1 85 1, at the request of a few ladies connected with St. Paul's Chapel,
to whom a child had been entrusted by a dying father, with the injunction that it

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

395

ORPHAN'S HOME AND ASYLUM OF THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH,
LEXINGTON AVENUE AND EAST 49TH STREET.

should be brought up in the faith of the Protestant Episcopal Church. The asylum
was incorporated in 1859, for the care, support and religious training of orphans and
half-orphans, who are received between the ages of three and eight, and may be
retained — the boys until they are twelve, and the girls until they are fourteen, when
homes are pro-
vided for them.
In common with
other kindred in-
stitutions, relig-
ious, moral, intel-
lectual and tech-
nical instruction
is imparted to the
inmates, the aim
being to fit them
to become useful
and upright mem-
bers of society.
The home is a fine
building, at Lex-
ington Avenue

and East 49th Street, with accommodations for 150 iftmates ; and is in charge of
the Sisters of St. Mary. The yearly expenses are $25,000, and there is an endow-
ment fund of $212,000.

The Orphan Asylum Society in the City of New York is the oldest and
one of the best-endowed institutions of its class in the country. It was founded in
March, 1806, to minister to the wants of the parentless children of the community, and
train them up in the paths of virtue. The work was begun in a small way by leas-
ing a house in Greenwich Village. The act of incorporation came in 1807, and in
the following year a suitable building was erected, not far from the first temporary
quarters. A desirable location at Riverside Drive and West 73d Street was secured
in 1835, and a large building was immediately erected, with accommodations for
250 children. The location is a charming one, overlooking the Hudson, and the
grounds are attractively laid out. Orphans not above ten years of age are admitted
to the home, and given thorough moral, mental and manual training, until they
reach the age of fourteen, when Christian homes are obtained for those who show
themselves worthy. The home is usually taxed to the utmost of its capacity. Its
yearly expenses are $30,000, two-thirds of which are met by the income from invested

funds.

The Eighth-
Ward Mission
was established in
1877, and main-
tains a home at
Charlton Street,
where orphan boys,
too old to be re-
tained in other in-
• '_■•• ' :.. 2J "- ' i stitutions, and un-

ORPHAN ASYLUM SOCIETY, RIVERSIDE DRIVE AND WEST 73D STREET. able to Support

396

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

themselves, are cared for and educated, and assisted in their efforts to obtain perma-
nent employment. The Mission also supports an industrial school, where young
girls are taught sewing and other household work ; and the Brown Memorial
Home, at Sing Sing-on-the-Hudson, a summer home for boys.

The Society for the Relief of Half-Orphans and Destitute Children
in the city of New York was organized in 1835 anc^ incorporated in 1837. Protestant
children of both sexes, between the ages of four and ten are received and properly
cared for at a charge of $4 a month. Until 1890 the home was in West 10th Street.
Then it was removed to a more desirable location on Manhattan Avenue, between
104th and 105th Streets, where a building had been erected for it. It has 250 in-
mates ; and the work is similar in character and scope to that of other orphan asy-
lums, the object being the intellectual and moral training of the bereaved children
of working people until homes can be provided for them.

The American Female Guardian Society and Home for the Friend-
less was founded in 1834, "to protect, befriend and train to virtue and usefulness
those for whom no
one seemed to have a
thought or pity." For
a number of years the
work was carried on en-
tirely by women, with
great energy, fearless-
ness and success. In
1846 a successful appeal
was made to the public
for funds sufficient to
build a Home for the
Friendless, and in 1848
a substantial and con-
venient house was
erected at 32 East 30th
Street. There is a
Home Chapel, fronting
on East 29th Street.
Here homeless girls,
and boys not over eleven
years of age, are re-
ceived and cared for
until they can be placed
in Christian homes.
Besides the Home, the
society supports a
Home-School in East 29th Street and twelve industrial schools in various parts of
the city, where the children of poor parents are clothed and taught until they can
be admitted to the grammar-schools. The work is supported by voluntary sub-
scription, and by a yearly grant from the public school fund. In 1 89 1 there were
446 inmates in the Home, and 5,832 pupils in the schools. The yearly expenses
are $130,000.

The Sheltering Arms, one of the graceful charities for "The children in the
midst," in which New York so generously abounds, was founded in 1864 by the Rev.
Dr. T. M. Peters, then and now rector of St. Michael's Church, for the reception

AMERICAN FEMALE GUARDIAN SOCIETY AND HOME FOR THE FRIENDLESS,
HOME CHAPEL, 29 EAST 29TH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

397

SHELTERING ARMS, AMSTERDAM AVENUE AND WEST 129TH STREET.

and care of homeless
and destitute children,
between five and twelve
years of age, for whom
no other institution in
the city made provision.
Here the blind, the deaf
and dumb, the crippled
and the incurables, are
received and tenderly
cared for until they are
old enough to enter
other suitable institu-
tions. For ten years
this charity occupied a
house given to it, rent
free, by the founder,
but in 1874 it removed to more roomy quarters at Amsterdam Avenue and 129th
Street, where ample accommodations for 200 waifs are provided. Whole orphans
and infants are not received, and the children are not surrendered to the institution,
but are held subject to the order of the parents or other relatives, being sent to the
public schools and trained to household and other work. The yearly expenses are
$17,000, and there is an endowment fund of $100,000.

The Children's Fold is a charity organized in 1867 to provide homes for
homeless children between the ages of four and ten. They receive religious train-
ing, and education in the public schools. There are two families ; one for boys,
at Eighth Avenue and 92d Street, and the other for girls, on 155th Street. The two
homes have nearly 200 inmates, and each is in charge of its own "house-mother,"
with a general superintendent in charge of both. The yearly expenses are $17,000.
The Howard Mission and Home for Little Wanderers, known far and
wide for the extent and value of its work, received its charter in 1864. Its purpose
is to aid poor, neglected and helpless children, and worthy families among the very
poor, by providing food, clothing, shelter and Christian love and sympathy, expressed
in all practical ways. The record of good works for 1891 included visits to 450
families, aggregating 2,200 visits, and homes or situations obtained for fifty chil-
dren. The Mission-House and Home is at 206 5th Street, in the very heart of a
region of squalor, wretchedness, vice and poverty.

St. Christopher's Home, a large and well-arranged building at the corner of
Riverside Drive and West 1 12th Street, is under the patronage of the Methodist
Episcopal Church. It was founded in 1882 as a home for destitute and orphan
Protestant children between the ages of two and ten years. About 100 inmates are
received yearly, who are taught some useful occupation to enable them to obtain
self-supporting employment. Admission is free to those whose parents or friends
are unable to contribute to their support.

The United Relief Works of the Society for Ethical Culture, at 109
West 54th Street, was founded in 1878 to provide and maintain schools for working-
men's children. It maintains a kindergarten for children between three and six
years old ; a workingman's school for children over six years of age, with a normal
department and a library ; a fresh-air fund, and a district nursing department for
sending nurses into the homes of the sick poor. The yearly expenses are $20,000.

39*

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Children's Charitable Union was organized in 1877 to establish and
maintain kindergartens for destitute young children, and to educate young women
as kindergarten teachers. The school of the Union is at 70 Avenue D, where 75
poor children are taught daily and are fed at noon. The expenses are met by private
charity.

The Asylum of St. Vincent de Paul is a large and well-arranged house at
215 West 39th Street. The institution was incorporated in 1868 for the reception,
care and religious and secu-
lar education of destitute and
unprotected orphans of both
sexes, preferably of French
birth or parentage, over four
years old. It is in charge
of the Roman Catholic Sis-
ters " Marianites of the
Holy Cross," and is con-
nected with the Church of
St. Vincent de Paul. There
are about 250 inmates, for
whom a fresh-air fund pro-
vides seaside trips in sum-
mer. It is supported by volun-
tary contributions, and grants
from the public fund. The
architect was W. H. Hume.

The Dominican Con-'
vent of Our Lady of the
Rosary, also known as the
house of Our Lady of the
Rosary, is at 329 East 63d
Street. It was established in
1880 by the Sisters of St. Dominic, for religious, charitable, educational and reforma-
tory work among young girls. Homeless and destitute girls between the ages of 2h
and 14, are admitted free, educated, and trained in the Catholic faith ; and when 16
years of age, provided with good homes. The convent educates nearly 500 girls yearly,
at an expense of $60,000, which is partly met by a grant from the public funds.

The New- York Catholic Protectory was incorporated in 1863, to care for
destitute Catholic children of the following classes: 1st, children under fourteen
years old, entrusted to it for care or protection ; 2d, those between the ages of seven
and fourteen, who may be committed to its charge by magistrates as idle, truant,
vicious or homeless ; 3d, those of the same age transferred from other institutions by
the Commissioners of Public Charities and Correction. The protectories proper are
at Westchester, N. Y., and the office and House of Reception are at 415 Broome
Street. The Boys' Protectory is in charge of the Brothers of the Christian Schools,
and the inmates are educated and taught useful trades. The Girls' Protectory is in
charge of the Sisters of Charity, who educate the girls, and teach them housework
and other industrial employment. This is one of the largest institutions of its class
in the country, and cares for over 3,000 children yearly. The annual expenses, of
$425,000, are met by grants from the public funds, voluntary contributions, and the
sale of articles made by the inmates.

ST. VINCENT DE PAUL'S ASYLUM, 215 WEST 39TH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

399

The Mission of the Immaculate Virgin, which occupies a large brick build-
ing at Lafayette Place and Great Jones Street, was incorporated in 1870 as a home
for destitute boys under 16 years of age, who receive secular and religious education,
and are taught habits of industry and self-reliance. Newsboys, bootblacks, and other
youthful workers who are able to pay, are allowed meals and lodgings at $2 a week,
and in every case of destitution meals and lodgings are given free. The insti-
tution is in charge of St. Joseph's Union, a Catholic benevolent society. There is a
country branch, at Mount Loretto, Staten Island, to which invalid inmates of the
home are sent for an outing
in the summer months.
The mission usually has in
its care 2,000 boys, many
of whom obtain situations
through its employment
bureau. The institution re-
ceives a large yearly grant
from the public funds.

St. Joseph's Indus-
trial Home for Destitute
Children was established in
1868 by the Sisters of Mercy,
as a branch of the Institute
of Mercy. The home is at
the corner of Madison Ave-
nue and 81 st Street, and
has accommodations for 750
children. It affords a home
and an industrial education
to destitute young girls of
good character, and also re-
ceives children, over three
years of age, who may be
committed to its charge by a
magistrate. In connection
with the parent-house there is a St. Joseph's Branch Home for Destitute Children,
at Newburgh, delightfully situated amid charming rural scenery.

St. Ann's Home for Destitute Children, at Avenue A and East 90th Street,
is a Catholic charity, founded in 1879, for the care and education of destitute chil-
dren over three years of age who may be entrusted to it by parents or guardians, or
committed by a magistrate. The Home is a large and cheerful edifice with accom-
modations for nearly 300 inmates. It is in charge of the Sisters of the Good Shep-
herd, and receives a large yearly grant from the public funds.

The House of the Holy Family, at 136 Second Avenue, is a Catholic insti-
tution, incorporated in 1870 by the Association for Befriending Children and Young
Girls, for the rescue, care and education of depraved, vagrant and fallen children and
young girls, whom it trains and educates morally and intellectually, and teaches some
useful occupation. The Home receives and cares for nearly 500 children annually,
and provides homes or occupations for all deserving inmates when they are discharged.
The Roman Church in these institutions earnestly endeavors to shelter and refresh its
bereaved and friendless children, and to permanently improve their condition.

MISSION OF THE IMMACULATE VIRGIN AND ST. JOStPH'S UNION,
LAFAYETTE PLACE AND GREAT JONES STREET.

400

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

Many associations have been formed
for the education, defence and relief of
women, from the young girls just looking
out upon life up to the venerable grand-
dames, almost ready to pass away.

The Ladies' Christian Union of
the City of New York was organized in
1859 to promote the moral, temporal and
religious welfare of women, particularly
self-supporting young women, by pro-
viding them with home-like boarding-
houses. The society maintains two
homes : The Young Women's Home, at
27 Washington Square, North, where
nearly 100 respectable working-girls,
other than house-servants, are lodged
and boarded, at from $3 to $6 a week ;
and The Branch Home, at 308 Second
iVvenue, where the same privilege is
given to nearly 40 widows and elderly

HOUSE OF THE HOLY FAMILY, 136 SECOND AVENUE. ,™mQ^

WUIIlCll.

The Working Women's Protective Union was formed in 1863, to protect
working women against the exactions and oppressions of unscrupulous employers.
In every possible way the Union seeks to stand between the female wage-earner and
the employer who would defraud her of her scanty wage. It also aids the same
class in their efforts to obtain employment, and maintains a reading-room at its office,
19 Clinton Place. Household servants are not included in. its clients.

The Working Girls Vacation Society, at 223 West 38th Street, was
founded in 1883 to provide a two weeks' vacation for respectable unmarried working-
girls who have satisfactory recommendations and a physician's statement that a va-
cation is needed. Railroad fares and board are provided, at the nominal rate of
$1.50 a week. The society also pays the fares of working-girls to their friends in
the country, and gives frequent day excursions in New- York harbor. Applications are
made through clergymen, city missionaries or the Charity Organization Society. In
1890 490 girls were sent into the country for two weeks, 47 fares paid, and over
2,000 Glen-Island excursion-tickets furnished.

The Female Assistance Society was organized in 1813 for the relief of
poor women in sickness. It has no house or home for its beneficiaries, and does its
work by house-to-house visitation of those who apply for aid.

The Society for the Employment and Relief of Poor Women was
founded in 1844, to supply work at remunerative prices to poor women able and
willing to work, who, having young children, or from sickness, are unable to leave
their homes to obtain employment. About 100 applicants are aided yearly by the
society, which has a repository at 144 East 16th Street, and an office at 243 Fourth
Avenue.

The House and School of Industry, at 120 West 16th Street, was founded
in 185 1, to relieve poor women by furnishing them with plain and fine sewing, at
living prices. Instruction in needle-work is also given to large classes of young
girls. The yearly number of beneficiaries is about 125. The Home has a very
attractive and comfortable brick building.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

401

St. Mary's Lodging-House for Sheltering Respectable Girls, at 143

West 14th Street, was founded in 1877 by the " Friends of the Homeless," for the
comfort and protection of respectable young women in search of work, who are
given the comforts of a pleasant home, free of cost, until they are able to support
themselves. The object of the Home is to protect its inmates from the numerous
temptations that beset unemployed girls in all large cities. Nearly 2,000 young
women were received in 189 1.

The Institution of Mercy, on 81st Street, between Madison and Fourth
Avenues, was opened in 1848, for the care and protection of destitute young women
of good character, whom it trains in some useful pursuit, and assists in securing
employment. About 400 young women are aided yearly by this charity, which is in
charge of the Sisters of Mercy.

The New-York Female Asylum for Lying-in Women, at 139 Second
Avenue, was incorporated in 1827, to provide free accommodation and medical
attendance during confinement, to respectable indigent married women. It also
gives the same aid to similar cases at their homes, and trains wet nurses for their
profession.

St. Barnabas' House, at 304 Mulberry Street, is one of the numerous noble
charities of the Episcopal City Missionary Society. It was established in 1865,
as a temporary refuge for destitute and homeless women and those recently dis-
charged from hos-
pitals, cured, but
needing rest ; and
a temporary home
for destitute and
homeless children.
In connection
with the House,
and as auxiliary
to its work of re-
lief, there is a dis-
pensary ; a free
day-nursery ; an
employment so-
ciety for women ;
a fresh-air fund ;
a free library ; an
industrial school,
where needle-
work is taught ; a
training-school for

women who desire to receive instruction in household work, and a chapel, where
frequent religious services are held. During 189 1 nearly 1,700 women and children
were aided, and 2,000 meals supplied to hungry applicants.

The Isaac T. Hopper Home, at no Second Avenue, was opened in 1845
by the Women's Prison Association, to assist liberated female prisoners with advice
and encouragement ; to provide them with a home and work ; and to watch over
them during the transition from prison-life to freedom. The aims of the manage-
ment of the Home, which was named in memory of Isaac T. Hopper, the founder

of the Women's Prison Association, is to prevent the recently liberated prisoners
26

HOUSE AND SCHOOL OF INDUSTRY, 120 WEST 16TH STREET.

402 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

from falling back to their former evil courses, and to make an upright life easier for
them. The privileges of the institution are free to the inmates, of whom there are
about fifty.

The Riverside Rest Association, at 310 East 26th Street, provides a tem-
porary home for friendless women who have been discharged from the public institu-
tions on Blackwell's Island, and, so far as possible, procures work for them. It also
cares for women who are addicted to drink, or victims of the opium habit, or immoral,
and transfers them to the suitable institution for each case. The association was
founded in 1 887, and the Home has accommodations for 30 inmates.

The unfortunate women of the town, who are numbered here by legions, also
have pitying hands outstretched to help them.

The New-York Magdalen Asylum was established in 1830 by the New-
York Magdalen Society as a home for fallen women. It was the first local charity
of its class. For twenty years it occupied a building on West 25th Street, but in
1850 the large brick building on 88th Street, between Madison and Fifth Avenues,
was erected. The asylum accommodates 125 inmates, and every effort is made to
reclaim them by kindly treatment.

The House of Mercy is a Protestant Episcopal home for fallen women, pleas-
antly located at Inwood-on-the-Hudson (at 206th Street). It originated in 1850, in
the Christian labors of Mrs. Wm. Richmond, the wife of the then rector of St.
Michael's, in aid of the abandoned women who found no hand outstretched to help
them. Her labors resulted in the purchase of a suitable building at the foot of 86th
Street, in 1856. The work was there carried on until 1 891, when the present quar-
ters were secured. The south wing, known as St. Agnes Hall, is devoted exclu-
sively to the moral and industrial training of young girls between twelve and eigh-
teen years of age. The rest of the edifice is devoted to the work among the older
inmates. The House of Mercy is in charge of the Sisters of St. Mary, and a regu-
lar chaplain is provided. Legacies, donations and grants from the public funds are
relied on to meet the expenses.

The House of the Good Shepherd, at the foot of East 90th Street, was
founded in 1857 by five nuns of the Order of Our Lady of the Good Shepherd of
Angers, a Catholic sisterhood founded in France as long ago as 1661, by Pere Eudes.
It is a house of refuge for fallen women and girls, who desire to reform. Although
founded and maintained by members of the Catholic communion, the privileges of
the institution are free to all, regardless of creed, and there is kindly treatment of
all who apply for help and shelter. The inmates are allowed to remain until a
thorough reformation is effected, when permanent homes are secured, or employ-
ment is found for them. The House of the Good Shepherd is the largest of its kind
in the city, having accommodations for 500 inmates, and it has been the means of
restoring hundreds of Magdalens to industrious, useful and respectable lives.

St. Joseph's Night Refuge was founded in 1891 by the Friends of the Home-
less. The Refuge is in the rear, of 143 West 14th Street, and is open to all home-
less women, no questions being asked or references required. There are 100 beds.
During 1 891, 3,572 wandering women received shelter; and 7,300 meals were given
to poor people in the neighborhood. In connection with the Refuge there is a
laundry and sewing-room, where employment is given to inmates willing to work.

The Midnight Mission, at 208 West 46th Street, was opened in 1866, for the
reclamation of fallen women, who are here given homes, and, if found worthy, aided
in obtaining permanent homes or employment. It is in the charge of the Sisterhood
of St. John Baptist, an order of the Protestant Episcopal Church.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

403

The Florence Night Mission for Fallen Women was established, in
1883, by Charles M. Crittenton, in memory of his little daughter Florence, and has
since been maintained by him, at a yearly disbursement of $6,000. The Mission is
at 21 Bleecker Street, in the immediate vicinity of Mott Street and the Bowery, and
finds its work ready to its hand. Its purpose is to reclaim the fallen women of the

neighborhood, by providing them with
lodging and food until they are strong
enough to go out to work for them-
selves, and by Gospel meetings, which
are held nightly until midnight. Many
fallen women have been reclaimed
here. The nightly services are quite
interesting, and often bring out some
heart-breaking experiences.

The Margaret Strachan Home
and Mission, at 103 and 105 West
27th Street, is the outcome of a ven-
ture of faith begun in 1883 by Mar-
garet Strachan, a poor seamstress.
Her daily walks to and from her work
brought her in contact with the licen-
tiousness then rife in the vicinity of
27th Street, and she resolved to devote
her life to the work of rescuing the
fallen women in that part of the city.
She rented a house ; hung out a rude
sign, bearing the legend, "Faith
Home ;" and began the work, which
Florence N.GHT mission, 21 bleecker street. she continued until her death, in 1887.

She succeeded in interesting some of her patrons. The work increased to such an
extent that the adjoining house was rented, and in 1887 both houses were purchased
by the Mission, which was incorporated in that year. After the death of the
founder, the name was changed to the Margaret Strachan Home, and the work has
been continued with remarkable success. The lower story of one of the houses is
fitted up as a chapel, and Gospel- meetings are held there every night for the in-
mates, of whom there are about thirty. In the other house there are two pleasant
parlors, and the sleeping rooms are above, in both houses. The Home and Mission
engages the attention and care of a number of wealthy ladies, who carry on the work
at a yearly expenditure of $4,000.

Invalids' Homes and the distress of incurables have aroused the pity of
thousands, who have banded themselves together into societies to alleviate the
woes thus seen. One of the best of these is the Montefiore Home, described
farther on.

The Home for Incurables, at North Third Avenue and i82d Street, near
Fordham, is one of those useful but mournful charities made necessary by the incura-
ble nature of many diseases. Its pleasant and well-ventilated buildings stand in a
park of twelve acres, surrounded by shade-trees. It was incorporated in 1866, and
receives incurables of the better class at a charge of $7 a week. There are 180
beds, one-third of them free. The yearly expenses of $55,000 are met by voluntary
contributions and the income of an endowment fund.

404

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The House of the Holy Comforter Free Church Home for Incurables

is well named, for if any are in sorest need of comfort it is the unfortunate for whom
this home stands open. The house is one of the numerous beneficent charities of
the Protestant Episcopal Church, and was founded in 1880 to provide a free home
for the care of destitute Protestant women and children of the better class suffering
from incurable diseases. All patients are received on a three-months' trial and
tenderly cared for by the Sisters of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, who
are in charge of the work. The house is at 149 Second Avenue, and the work
involves the yearly expenditure of $7,000.

The New- York Home for Convalescents, at 433 West 11 8th Street, was
opened in 1878 to afford gratuitous temporary care, employment and other assistance
to worthy Protestant poor people, discharged as cured from the hospitals, but not
yet able to resume their usual occupations. This very necessary charity receives 300
inmates yearly, and is supported by private charity.

The Lazarus Guild of the New-York Skin and Cancer Hospital was
formed in 1 891, to provide clothing, old linen and sick-room delicacies for the
patients, as well as to raise funds for the endowment of free beds in the hospital.

The Society for the Relief of the Destitute Blind of the city of New York
and vicinity, founded in 1869, maintains a house for the indigent and friendless blind
of both sexes, at 104th Street and Amsterdam Avenue, with privileges free to those

HOivlE FOR THE RELIEF OF THE DESTITUTE BLIND, AMSTERDAM AVENUE AND WEST 104th STREET.

unable to pay ; and at $ioa month, to others. Employment at fair wages is given
to those able to work at mattrass-making, re-seating chairs and all kinds of knitting-
work. During 1891 the expenditures were $9,000, and 150 inmates were received.

Homes for the Aged. — There are half-a-dozen comfortable and well-main-
tained homes for aged women, as well as for aged couples, and for men and women
suffering from friendlessness and penury.

The Association for the Relief of Respectable Aged Indigent Females
is one of the oldest of the city's charitable institutions. Its charter runs back to
1814, a time when there was no other refuge than the poor-house for those gentle-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

405

• *

ASSOCIATION FOR THE RELIEF OF RESPECTABLE AGED INDIGENT FEMALES,
AMSTERDAM AVENUE AND WEST 103D STREET.

women who, hav-
ing in their youth
known better
things, had in their
old age fallen up-
on evil days. The
society had no
suitable home for
its pensioners un-
til 1833, when a
subscription list
was opened, which
John Jacob Astor
headed with $5,-
000. Petrus Stuy-
vesant gave three
lots of land in
East 20th Street,

and here the Asylum was erected, in 1838, followed in 1845 by a second building
for the Infirmary. The asylum is now located on Amsterdam Avenue, at 103d Street,
and here decayed gentlewomen find a pleasant and congenial home, as their faces
turn toward the setting sun. Any gentlewoman over sixty years of age is admitted
on payment of $200 and the surrender of any property she may possess. In addi-
tion to the regular inmates of the Home, the society supports a number of outside
pensioners, at a total yearly expense of $56,000.

The Presbyterian Home for Aged Women, at 47 East 73d Street, was

established in 1866, at the instance
of a few ladies, to provide a ref-
uge for aged and indigent female
members of the local Presbyterian
and Reformed Churches. Appli-
cants for admission must be over
65 years old, and must pay a small
weekly sum for board, in return
for which they are given a pleas-
ant home and tender care. Fifty
inmates can be accommodated.
The yearly expenses are met by
contribution.

St. Luke's Home for In-
digent Christian Females
originated in an application made
to the Rev. Dr. Tuttle, Rector of
St. Luke's Church, by an aged
woman for a place in which to
spend her declining years. The
good rector was compelled to re-
fuse, as there was then no such
home in the city. "But," said
he, "please God, there soon will

PRESBYTERIAN HOME FOR AGED WOMEN, 47 EAST

Xii ! J

730 STREET.

406

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

be"; and he immedi-
ately set about pro-
viding one, with such
success that a house
was soon leased and
fitted up. In 1852 a
charter was obtained,
and in 1857, after an
appeal to the leading
city parishes, a house,
adjoining St. Luke's
Church, in Hudson
Street, was pur-
chased. The present
cheerful and com-
modious house, at
Madison Avenue and
89th Street, was
bought in 1882, and
here the declining
years of 65 good women are made pleasant and happy. The Home is open for the
communicants of any of the Protestant Episcopal churches in the city which con-
tribute to its support. The applicant must be 50 years of age, and must surrender
any property she may possess, and pay an entrance-fee of $300.

The Peabody Home for Aged and Indigent Women was founded in
1874 by the Peabody Home and Reform Association, as a free and unsectarian home
for poor but worthy women, who must be over 65 years and in destitute circum-
stances. The home is pleasantly located on Boston Road, West Farms, and cares
for 25 inmates, at a yearly expense of $5,000.

St. Joseph's Home for the Aged is an enormous building at 207-215 West 15th
Street. This great charity was founded in 1873, and is under the charge of the Sisters
of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul. It is entirely for the comfort of aged women.

The Home for Old Men and Aged Couples, a charity of the Protestant
Episcopal Church,
was incorporated
in 1872, for mem-
bers of the classes
indicated who are
communicants of
the Episcopal
Church. The home
is at 487 Hudson
Street, and here
aged married cou-
ples are allowed to
dwell comfortably
cogether during
their closing years.
The Home
for the Aged of

HOME FOR THE AGED, LITTLE SISTERS OF THE POOR, COLUMBU6 AVENUE AND
WEST 106TH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

407

the Little Sisters of the Poor of the City of New York was incorporated in
1 87 1, to provide a home for old persons of both sexes, irrespective of religion and
belief. They must be over 60 years old, and destitute. There are two homes in
the city ; one at 207 East 70th Street, for applicants from the East Side ; and another
at 135 West 106th Street, for those from the West Side. The two homes give
gratuitous care to nearly 500 inmates. They are in charge of The Little Sisters of
the Poor, a Catholic charitable order instituted a quarter of a century ago, in France,
by a poor priest and two working-girls.

The Methodist Episcopal Church Home of New-York City, a large brick
edifice at the corner of Amsterdam Avenue and 93d Street, was incorporated in 1852

HOME FOR THE

'TLE SISTERS OF THE POOR, 207 EAST 70th STREET.

to provide a refuge for the aged and infirm destitute members of the Methodist
Church. Applicants must have been members of that denomination for at least
ten years, the last five in connection with one of the local churches. They must be
over sixty years old and of sound mind. No entrance-fee is charged, but all prop-
erty must be surrendered to the home, which supplies clothing, employment and
medical and other necessary care. One hundred and twenty-five aged and infirm
pensioners are cared for in the institution.

The Baptist Home for Aged and Infirm Persons was established in
1869 by the Ladies' Home Society of the Baptist Churches of the City of New York
as an abiding-place for aged, destitute or infirm members of the Baptist churches.
Applicants for admission must have been members of one of the Baptist city
churches for at least five years, must be recommended by the pastor and deacons of
the church to which they belong, and must pay an admission-fee of $100 each; in
return for which they receive a home, clothing, medical attendance and religious
privileges. The home has about ioo inmates, who are cared for at a yearly expense
of $15,000. It is in charge of a board of managers. The building stands on 68th
Street, between Park and Lexington Avenues.

4°^ KINCS HA XD BO OK OF NEW YORK.

The Samaritan Home for the Aged of the city of New York was incor-
porated in 1867, in order to relieve the crowded condition of other similar institutions.
The first building stood on West 37th Street. The cheerful and commodious home
at 414 West 22d Street was opened in 1S70. The object of the institution is to pro-
vide a haven of rest for aged Protestants of either sex, over 65 years of age, on pay-
ment of an admission-fee of 8250. Forty-five inmates are provided for, and there
is an endowment fund of $40,000. The affairs of the home are in charge of a
board of managers.

The Chapin Home for the Aged and Infirm, at 151 East 66th Street, was
opened in 1S69 as a home for aged and infirm persons of both sexes, in reduced
circumstances, who must be recommended by the board of managers. An applicant
must be over 65 years old, and must pay an admission fee of $300, a physician's ex-
amination fee of $5, and a burial fee of $50, and surrender all property in posses-
sion at the time of admission. There are 70 inmates ; and an invested fund of
$60,000.

The Isabella Heimath, corner of Amsterdam Avenue and 190th Street, was
established in 1S75, by the late Mrs. Anna Ottendorfer, at Astoria, as a home for in-
digent old women. The institution on its completion in 1SS9 was presented by Oswald
Ottendorfer to a society incorporated under the title Isabella Heimath. It is for the
maintenance and care of the aged and the sick, without regard to creed, sex or
nationality, comprising a home for the care of indigent persons — of at least sixty years
of age — unable to support themselves, and without relatives to support them ; and
a hospital for chronic invalids without means. Consumptives, or patients suffering
from infectious diseases, epileptics, idiots, and' those requiring constant personal
attendance, cannot be admitted. There is a convalescent ward, in which convales-
cents who need rest after an acute disease or a surgical operation are admitted for a
limited time. The admission to all departments is gratuitous. There are 176 beds.
The hospital is equipped with Worthington pumps, electric lights, and other conve-
niences and safe-guards.

Many avocations and trades, as confederated in modern days, have established
extensive charitable agencies for their own people, when fallen on unhappy days, and
have also made provision for helping their young people.

The Actors' Fund of America, at 12 West 28th Street, was incorporated in
18S2 for the relief of needy actors and other persons connected with the stage. Its
active founder was A. M. Palmer, who has constantly been its president. Its funds
are derived from membership dues, and the proceeds of the annual benefit perform-
ances held in many theatres throughout the country. During 1S91 438 persons
were relieved, at an expense of $28,000. In 1S92 a grand fair held in Madison-
Square Garden netted nearly $200,000 for the fund.

The General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, at iS East 16th Street,
is one of the oldest local organizations. It was founded in 1785 for the general
improvement of mechanics and tradesmen. It has a large membership ; is in a
flourishing condition ; and has become a valued friend to the young men and women
who avail themselves of its many privileges. Its leading features are the Apprentices'
Library, at 18 East 1 6th Street, a free circulating library, founded in 1820 ; the
mechanics' schools, furnishing free instruction in stenography, typewriting, and
mechanical and freehand drawing to worthy young men and women ; courses of free
lectures every winter ; and free scholarships in the New- York Trade-Schools. It
supports its indigent members, and pensions the widows and orphans of deceased
members.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

409

The New-York Society for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of
Medical Men was formed in 1843 to render aid to the needy widows and orphans
of deceased members. In special cases, other near relatives, who had been depend-
ent upon the deceased, are aided. Twelve widows and four orphans received
assistance in 1891, at an outlay of $4,000.

The Exempt Firemen's Benevolent Fund, at 174 Canal Street, was
founded in 1791, under the name of the Fire-Department Fund, by a few members
of the old volunteer force, at a convivial meeting. A charter was obtained in 1798,
providing for the maintenance and increase of the fund. For many years the bene-
ficiaries were few in number, and a large surplus accumulated. This was lost in the
great fire of 1835, which ruined the fire-insurance companies in which it had been
invested. The citizens, however, contributed $24,000 ; and when the volunteer
system was superseded by the paid Fire-Department, in 1865, the fund was placed
in charge of the Association of Exempt Firemen, which had been formed in 184 1.
At that time the fund amounted to $90,000. Now it is nearly $200,000, and the
income is expended for the benefit of indigent and disabled firemen, or their widows
or children. The Fire-Department has a fund amounting to nearly $500,000, the
income of which is used in the same manner.

The maritime class, the sailors who go down to the sea in ships, are admirably
protected by charitable funds, mainly of their own institution.

The Sailors' Snug Harbor, at New Brighton, Staten Island, was established
in 1801, by Captain Robert Richard Randall, who bequeathed to it considerable-
tracts of city real
estate, now of
enormous value.
The asylum build-
ings are very ex-
tensive, and the
grounds contain
180 acres, attrac-
tively laid out.
The Snug Harbor
is a home for
aged, infirm and
superannuated
sailors, who must
be native - born,
or, in case of those
of foreign birth,
must produce doc-
umentary evidence that they have served before the mast at least five years in vessels
flying the American flag. The home is in charge of a board of trustees, and there
is ample accommodation for 1,000 inmates. The institution has a yearly income of
over $300,000, and is self-supporting.

Webb's Home for shipbuilders, now approaching completion, on Fordham
Heights, palatial, endowed with millions, is intended partly for a home for aged and
destitute master shipbuilders and their wives.

The Marine Society of the City of New York, in the State of New York, at
57 Wall Street, was incorporated as early as 1770, for the improvement of maritime
knowledge, and the relief of indigent members who are or have been masters of ships,

METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH HOME, AMSTERDAM AVENUE AND WEST 93D STREET.

410

AVNG'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

or their widows or orphans. It is supported
by voluntary contribution and membership
dues. It aids nearly 50 widows yearly.

The Home for Seamen's Children
was founded in 1846 by the Society for the
Relief of the Destitute Children of Seamen.
It is pleasantly located at West New Brigh-
ton, Staten Island, and about 130 children
are cared for and educated yearly. No
one is received for a shorter period than a
year ; and a small weekly payment is re-
quired from parents who are able to con-
tribute to the support of their children.
The inmates, unless claimed by friends or
guardians, are retained in the home until
fourteen years of age, when suitable homes
are obtained for them.

The Mariners' Family Asylum of
the Port of New York, the only institu-
tion of its kind in the United States, was
incorporated in 1854, as a home for the
destitute sick or infirm mothers, wives,
widows, sisters or daughters of seamen of the
port of New York. Applicants must be over
60 years of age, and pay an admission fee of
$100. The Asylum is located at Stapleton,
Staten Island, and about $5,000 is spent yearly in caring for the fifty pensioners.

The Mizpah Seamen's Rest, at 665 Washington Street, is the graceful name
given to the mission-rooms of the Seamen's Christian Association, founded in 1888,
to promote the moral and religious welfare of seamen. Religious services are held
every evening ; and there is a library, reading-room and writing-room, where "Jack"
in port may find a hearty welcome and pleasant haven.

Foreign Relief Societies. — An interesting manifestation of charity is in its
application to various races from abroad. The great network of Jewish philan-
thropies is entirely built up and maintained from the abounding wealth and liberality
of the Hebrew-American population. On the other hand, the African asylums, and
the beneficent works done among the Chinese, the Italians and certain other immi-
grant colonies are maintained at the cost of the older population of the city. Among
these fraternal groups are ; The Italian Benevolent Society, founded in 1857; the
German Mission- House Association, in 1867 ; the Spanish Benevolent Society, in
1882; the Norwegian Relief Society, in 1883; the Hungarian Association, in 1884;
the Jewish Immigrants' Protective Society, in 1885 ; and the Greek Benevolent
Society, in 1 89 1.

St. George's Society, at 7 Battery Place, was established in 1786, succeeding
an older society with similar aims which had existed before the Revolution. It was
incorporated in 1838. Its object is to afford relief and advice to indigent natives of
England and the British Colonies, or to their wives, widows or children, in the cities
of New York and Brooklyn. Its income can be expended only in charity. The
persons eligible to membership are : natives of England or any of its dependencies,
and their sons and grandsons, and British officers and their sons, wherever born.

ITALIAN INSTITUTE AND ITALIAN HOME, 179 SECOND
AVENUE, BETWEEN EAST 11th AND EAST 12th STS.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

411

St. Andrew's Society of the State of New York, at 287 East Broadway, was
founded in 1756 and incorporated in 1826. It is one of the oldest existing benevo-
lent societies in the country. Its objects are the promotion of social and friendly
intercourse among the natives of Scotland and their connections and descendants in
the city and vicinity, and the relief of such as may be indigent. If employment
cannot be found for the industrious poor in the city, the society pays their passage
to any other place where work maybe offered. In 1891 2,161 persons received as-
sistance. The society has a permanent fund of about $56,000 ; and 400 members.
Its yearly expenditures amount to about $5,000.

St. David's Benefit Society, at 21 University Place, was founded in 1835,
and incorporated in 1846, for the relief of needy Welsh people. Welshmen and their
descendants, and persons married to Welsh women, are eligible to membership.

The Irish Emigration Society, at 51 Chambers Street and 29 Reade
Street, was founded in 1 841, and incorporated in 1844, to afford advice, protection
and relief to needy Irish immigrants. It is an outgrowth of the Social Benevolent
Society of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, the successor of the Friendly Brothers
of St. Patrick, which existed previous to the Revolution. The Society of the Friendly
Sons of St. Patrick was organized in 1 784, and became very active in extending
aid to indigent natives of Ireland in the city, especially in aiding newly arrived im-
migrants in obtaining employment. Since the founding of the Emigrant Society it
has turned its activity in other directions.

La Societe Francaise de Bienfaisance (French Benevolent Society) was
organized in 1809, and incorporated in 1 8 19, to assist needy Frenchmen by providing
medical advice, medicines, food, clothing, money, and temporary shelter for those in
need or sickness. It depends entirely on the generosity of the public for its yearly
expenses, which average $20,000. The society maintains a relief bureau, bureau of
immigration, night refuge, dispensary, hospital and home, at 320 West 34th Street.

The Young Women's Home Society of the French Evangelical Church
in the City of New York, at 341 West 30th Street, was organized in 1888 and incor-
porated in 1890, to provide un-
employed governesses, teachers
and domestics of French birth
with homes and board. It also
supplies needy applicants with
clothing, money and medical at-
tendance, and procures employ-
ment for them. The Home
furnishes rooms and board for
24 inmates, at a cost of $4 a
week. Nearly 1,000 worthy
cases are assisted yearly, at a
cost of $7,000.

The Belgian Society of
Benevolence, at 135 Duane
Street, was incorporated in
1 87 1, for the relief of indigent
Belgians and their descendants.
Its funds are derived from pri-
vate subscriptions largely from
swiss benevolent society, 108 second avenue. the natives of the Low Countries.

412

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Swiss Benevolent Society, the title of which indicates the scope of its
work, maintains a home at 108 Second Avenue, where needy natives of Switzerland
are cared for.

The Leo House for German Catholic Immigrants is for the protection
and care of recently-landed German Catholic immigrants, who are aided by advice,
financial assistance in extreme cases, and in all other possible ways. The society in
charge was incorporated in 1889. The House itself, at 6 State Street, is one of the

MISSION AND EMIGRANT HOUSES, ON STATE STREET.

few old-time mansions that have survived all the changes of the modern city. It was
for many years the home of James Watson, the first president of the New-England
Society of New York, and in its parlors that society was founded. Nearly all of the
adjoining houses abound in historic memories.

The Lutheran Emigrant House, at 8 State Street, was opened in 1869, for
benevolent and humanitarian work among the poorer classes of German Lutheran
immigrants, for whom a lodging-house, temporary employment, advice, and all other
needful assistance is provided. The House is supported by the Lutheran churches
of the country.

The Evangelical Aid Society for the Spanish Work of New York and
Brooklyn, at 1345 Lexington Avenue, was founded in 1886 to carry the Gospel to
the Spanish-speaking- people in their own language, to provide missionaries to visit
them in their houses, to relieve the sick and help the poor, and to establish Sunday
and industrial schools.

St. Bartholomew's Chinese Guild, at 23 St. Mark's Place, was founded in
1889 for the improvement, spiritual elevation and religious training of the Chinese.
It renders legal aid to its beneficiaries, and cares for the sick and dying in the city

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK 4l3

and vicinity. There are nearly 700 members, who have the privileges of a reading-
room, library and gymnasium, and receive instruction in the manual arts. The
guild is supported by St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church and by its member-
ship dues.

The Colored Orphan Asylum and Association for the benefit of col-
ored children, in the city of New York, is due to the earnest labors of two ladies,
Miss Anna H. Shotwell and Miss Murray, who in 1836 began to work in behalf of
the neglected colored children of the city. As the result of their labors, at a time
when the negro was generally regarded as nothing more than the white man's chat-
tel, the Association for the Benefit of the Colored Orphans was formed, the first of
its kind in the country, and a small house on 12th Street was purchased. The
association was incorporated in 1838, and in 1842, after repeated appeals to the
Common Council, a grant was obtained of twenty-two lots of land on Fifth Avenue,
and a suitable building was erected. This was destroyed in the Draft Riot of 1863,
in spite of heroic efforts to save it. Instead of rebuilding on the old site, the man-
agers secured a location on West 143d Street, between Tenth Avenue and the
Boulevard, and the present home was erected. With the passing away of the old
prejudice against the negro the institution has steadily gained in the confidence and
good will of the community. Colored orphans of both sexes, between the ages of
two and ten years, are received and gratuitously provided for, except in cases where
the children are intrusted to the society by parents or guardians, when a nominal
fee of seventy-five cents a week is charged. All the inmates are instructed in home
industries, and at the age of twelve indentured into families or at trades. The lead-
ing design of the home is not merely to rescue from poverty, and minister to the
physical comforts and necessities of those committed to its care, but to elevate the
character, develop the faculties and impart a knowledge of religious and moral obli-
gations and duties. About 350 children are cared for. The expenses are met by
private subscriptions and grants from the public school fund.

The Colored Home and Hospital of the city of New York originated in 1839,
in the labors of a few earnest-minded women, who sought to alleviate the condition
of the indigent colored population of the city. For the first few years the pensioners
were cared for in a building near the North River, known as " Woodside. " In 1845
the society was incorporated, under the title of The Society for the Support of the
Colored Home ; and $10,000 was secured from the State, for a suitable structure.
The group of buildings, at 65th Street and First Avenue, was erected in 1849, anc^
comprises the home, a chapel, a hospital for general diseases, and a lying-in hospital.
The privileges of the home are free to all indigent colored residents of the city, and
are open to non-residents upon the payment of a fixed sum quarterly. The Com-
missioners of Public Charities have the right to place in the institution adult desti-
tute, infirm, sick and incurable colored persons of either sex, for whose support
partial provision is made from the public funds.

The New-York Colored Mission, at 135 West 30th Street, was founded in
1 87 1 for the religious, moral and social elevation of the colored people in the city.
It seeks to attain its purpose by means of frequent religious services, by Sunday-
school instruction, by its free employment office, reading-room and library, and by
the zealous labors of a missionary, who visits the sick and poor, and gives relief in
food and clothing and other necessaries. It also has a lodging-room, where colored
women can obtain lodgings at nominal rates. Nearly 6,000 lodgings were furnished
in 1891. A sewing-school for women and young girls is also in successful operation.
The yearly expenses are $9,000, and are met by private contributions.

414

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The United Hebrew Charities of the City of New York, at 128 Second
Avenue, was formed in 1874 by the union of the Hebrew Benevolent and Orphan
Asylum Society; the Hebrew Benevolent Fuel Society; the Hebrew Relief Society;
the Congregation Darech Amuno Free Burial Society ; and the Ladies' Lying-in
Relief Society. Its objects are to afford relief of all kinds to worthy Hebrews, and
by co-operation to prevent fraud. The city is divided into districts, with visitors
and physicians attached to each district ; the sick are visited in their homes ; immi-
grants from Europe and other places are aided ; and the worthy Hebrew poor are
assisted in many ways. In 1891 nearly 29,000 persons were aided; situations were
obtained for 4,000 applicants ; and 2,400 lodgings and 7,600 meals were furnished.
The Hebrew Benevolent and Orphan Society of New York was in-
corporated in 1822, and reincorporated in i860. It maintains a large asylum, one

of the best appoint-
ed in the country,
at Amsterdam Ave-
nue and 136th
Street, where He-
brew orphans and
indigent boys and
girls are sheltered
and educated. The
building has a ca-
pacity of 1,000.
The origin of the
society is touching.
Many years ago a
Hebrew soldier of

the Revolution lay dying in the City Hospital, and expressed a desire to see some of
his co-religionists, a number of whom visited him. Becoming interested in the suf-
fering soldier, they collected a small fund, and after his death, they found them-
selves in possession of $300, which was made a nucleus of the larger sum with
which the asylum was founded. Wm. H. Hume designed the present building.

The Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids, at the Boulevard and West
138th Street, a useful Hebrew charity, was established in 1884 to afford shelter in
sickness to such invalid residents as, by reason of incurable disease, are unable to
obtain treatment at other institutions. Incurables of both sexes, discharged from
the city hospitals, are received and cared for, irrespective of their religious belief.
The families of the patients are also relieved, when deprived of the labor of the
breadwinner, from the income of the Julius Hallgarten Fund. There is also a Dis-
charged Patients' and Climatic Cure Fund, the income of which is used to send
improved patients to Vineland, N. J., or to Colorado, for a few months' change of
air and scene. In 1891 this charity cared for 302 inmates and 215 out-door patients,
at a cost of $73,000.

The Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society of New York was formed in
1879, to found and maintain an asylum where Jewish infants, orphans, half-orphans
and deserted children, not admitted into other institutions, might be received, cared
for and educated until they could be provided with homes or permanent employ-
ment. The asylum buildings are at Eleventh Avenue and 151st Street, for infants
and grown-up boys, and at the Boulevard and 150th Street, for girls. In addi-
tion to its regular work, the institution gives temporary employment, food and

HEBREW BENEVOLENT ORPHAN ASYLUM, AMSTERDAM AVENUE AND WEST
136TH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

415

shelter to former inmates out of employment, and furnishes meals to poor persons
and children not connected with the asylum. The yearly expenses are $60,000.

The Home for Aged and Infirm Hebrews of the City of New York, at
West 105th Street, near Columbus Avenue, was opened in 1848, and incorporated in
1872. Aged and infirm Hebrew New-Yorkers, of either sex, over sixty years of age,
are received here and given a home in their declining years. About 160 are cared
for yearly, at an expense of $30, 000.

The Ladies' Deborah Nursery and Child's Protectory was founded in
1878, for the reception, care and education of destitute Hebrew children from four
to fourteen years old, who may be committed to its keeping by magistrates. The
buildings are at 95 East Broadway, for boys, and East i62d Street, near Eagle
Avenue, for girls. The inmates are cared for and instructed in some trade or house-
hold work until they are able to support themselves. The average number received
yearly is 375.

The Aguilar Aid Society was founded in 1890 to assist the up-town Jewish
poor on the East Side with fuel, clothing, groceries, and in special cases money, and
also to provide Passover supplies to those unable to purchase them.

The Hebrew Sheltering Home, 210 Madison Avenue, was opened in 1889,
to aid Hebrew immigrants by furnishing free temporary lodgings and food, and
assistance in obtaining employment. During 1891 4,000 immigrants were assisted.

The Young Women's Hebrew Association, 721 Lexington Avenue and 206
East Broadway, was founded in 1888 to advance the cause of Judaism, to promote

MONTEFIORE HOME FOR CHRONIC INVALIDS, BOULEVARD AND WEST 138TH STREET.

culture among women, and to improve the moral and intellectual welfare of girls
over fourteen years, and of women of the laboring and immigrant classes. Lessons
are given in the domestic arts, cooking, physical culture, dressmaking, etc., mainly
to Russian immigrants, who are also taught the rudiments of the English language.

Miscellaneous Charitable Societies abound on every side, and quite defy
classification. A few of them may be mentioned, almost at random, in order to
exhibit the wide sweep of metropolitan kindliness.

The New-York Fruit and Flower Mission, at 104 East 20th Street, was
founded in 1870. It distributes flowers, fruits and delicacies among the sick in
hospitals, asylums and tenement-houses, and sends Christmas greetings to sick
children in houses and hospitals.

416

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

HOME FOR AGED AND INFIRM HEBREWS, 125 WEST 1 ObTH STREET,
NEAR COLUMBUS AVENUE.

The New-York Bible
and Fruit Mission to
the Public Hospitals is

an important local charity,
organized in 1876 for work
among the sick in public
hospitals. Weekly visits
are made to all the hospi-
tals in charge of the De-
partment of Public" Chari-
ties and Correction, and
flowers, food, fruit and
reading-matter are distrib-
uted to the patients. The
institution is also engaged
in useful philanthropic work
among the poor, and labors
to reform criminals and in-
ebriates. The Mission
Building at 416 to 422 East 26th Street contains a chapel, where services are held
every evening ; a coffee-house and restaurant, where meals and tickets for food are
sold at moderate prices ; a lodging-house for men, which furnishes lodgings and baths
at low rates ; a broom factory, which gives employment to men out of work, convales-
cents from the hospitals, and discharged convicts ; a reading-room and circulating
library ; and a sewing-school for young girls. Other branches of the mission work
are the Penny Provident Fund, the Fresh-Air Fund, and the Loan-Relief Bureau.
During 189 1 84,061 meals were furnished at the coffee-house ; 33,000 men were
registered at the lodging-house; and the sum of $2,200 was paid out in wages at
the broom factory.

The Christmas Letter Mission, was organized in Europe in 1871, and in
the United States in 1881. It is a charming charity, formed to distribute Christmas
messages of consolation and encouragement among the inmates of hospitals, prisons
and other similar institutions. These messages are written by friends of the move-
ment. In 1891 nearly 2, 500 letters of Christmas greeting were distributed among
the inmates of the local institutions, and over 35,000 in the United States.

The Island Mission for Cheering the Lives of the Poor and Sick,
at 102 Waverly Place, is an unsectarian charity, formed in 1887, to brighten and
cheer the lives of the inmates of the public charitable institutions by means of
pictures, books and entertainments, and by providing the ordinary comforts of life
for the aged, infirm and insane. It is supported entirely by private charity.

The Hospital Book and Newspaper Society, at 21 University Place, is a
department of the State Charities Aid Association. It was formed in 1874, and its
mission is to receive and distribute gratuitously among the inmates of the local hos-
pitals and asylums, books, newspapers and other reading matter. Nearly 60,000
books and papers are distributed yearly.

The Needlework Guild of America, New-York Branch, was founded in
1 89 1 to provide new and suitable garments for the inmates of the local hospitals,
homes and other charities, and to unite all who are interested in that special field
of charitable work. The guild has no office, but does its work privately, by house-
to-house meetings among the members.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 4J7

The Ladies' Fuel and Aid Society, at 199 Henry Street, was incorporated
in 1888. It distributes coal, provisions, clothing and other necessaries of life to
the worthy and suffering of any class or creed, assists in obtaining employment, and
renders any other assistance thought to be wise and good. In 1891 1,524 families
were aided. Other fuel and aid societies are : The Hebrew Benevolent Fuel Soci-
ety (1869), the Earle Guild (1876), and the East-Side Ladies' Aid Society (1889).

The New-England Society in the City of New York, at 76 Wall Street,
was organized in 1805, as a charitable and literary association. It had but a feeble
growth for many years, but after the opening of the Erie Canal, in 1825, many New-
Englanders settled in the city, and infused new life into the society, which has for many
years been a flourishing and popular institution. There is a committee on charity,
which distributes the money voted by the board of officers to the beneficiaries, who
are the widows and orphans of deceased members.

The Penny-Provident Fund of the Charity Organization Society was
established in 1888, to inculcate habits of providence and thrift among the poor, by
supplying them with facilities for small savings, such as the savings-banks do not
afford. The plan is similar to that of the English Postal Savings System. Deposits
of one cent and upward are received and receipted for by stamps attached to a Stamp-
Card, given to each depositor. As soon as a sufficient amount has been deposited
in this small way, the depositors are encouraged to open accounts in some savings-
bank. Over 165 local stamp-stations have been established in various parts of the
city, and more than 60,000 persons have made deposits, varying from one cent to
larger sums. The central office is at 21 University Place.

The Christian Aid to Employment Society, at 50 Bible House, was incor-
porated in 1888, to assist worthy men and women to suitable employment. No
worthy applicant is refused aid because of inability to pay a fee. A small charge is
made to employers for services rendered.

The German Legal Aid Society, at 35 Nassau Street, was incorporated in
1876, to render free legal advice and aid to persons too poor to employ a lawyer.
It has aided over 40,000 persons and has collected for claimants over $200,000.
Formerly the work was confined to Germans, but it is now international in char-
acter.

The Ladies' Union Relief Association was formed in 1865 for the care and
relief of sick and disabled soldiers and their families, and of the widows and orphans
of those who fell in the War of the Rebellion. Its work at present consists mainly
in obtaining pensions for those entitled to them, and in granting out-door relief, not
exceeding $10 a month, to those who have claims upon the National Soldiers' Home
at Washington. It is managed by a board of women trustees.

The International Telegraph Christian Association, American Branch,
was founded in 1890, to promote religion and Christian fellowship in telegraph-
offices. The parent organization is of English origin. The American Branch has
already established six Junior Branches in different parts of the city, where messen-
ger and telegraph boys under sixteen years of age receive moral, social and physical
benefits ; and a Senior Branch for letter-carriers. The address of the General Local
Secretary is 70 West 36th Street.

The Tenement-House Chapter of the King's Daughters and Sons, Mad-
ison Street, was organized in 1890 to bring the members of the Order into personal
relation with the dwellers in tenement-houses, whose moral and physical elevation is
the principal aim of the organization. In cases of special need, such aid as seems
best suited to each case is given; and nursing, sick-room comforts and food are
27

4i8

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

supplied to the sick. A valuable fresh-air work is done among the children during
the summer months. The headquarters of the King's Daughters are at 158 West
23d Street, in the former home of David M. Morrison.

The Ladies' Mission of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the Pub-
lic Institutions of the City of New York was incorporated in 1862. The mem-
bership is composed of charitably
inclined women of the Episcopal
Church, who are willing to devote a
portion of their time to visiting the
inmates of the numerous local public
institutions, including special prison -
work on Blackwell's Island. Dur-
ing 1891 over 25,000 visits were made
by the members of the mission.

The Guild of St. Elizabeth,
at 440 West 23d Street, was organ-
ized in 1876 to minister to the sick
and poor in the public institutions
at Bellevue Hospital, and on Black -
well's, Ward's, Hart's and Randall's
Islands.

The Institute Italiano (Italian
Home) is a charitable organization,
founded in 1889 by Gian Paolo Riva,
the Italian Consul-General, and other
prominent Italian residents, to main-
tain a hospital and to give advice to
Italian immigrants, disseminate in-
formation among them and promote
their welfare in various ways. It
king's daughters, 158 west 23o street. has occupied its present quarters, at

179 Second Avenue, near East nth Street, since February, 1891. Its work has
been comparatively limited because of lack of funds. Giovanni Starace is president.
The New-York Society for Parks and Playgrounds for Children,
at Room 7, 36 Union Square, was founded in 1891 to supply fresh air, sunshine and
healthful recreation to as many as possible of the 400,000 children crowded into the
stuffy tenement-houses of the city. The first playground started by the society, at
Second Avenue and 92d Street, accommodates 500' children at an expense of only
$5 a day. It is proposed to open other similar grounds, provided with swings, see-
saws, wagons, wheelbarrows, shovels, heaps of sand and jumping-ropes as rapidly
as funds are forthcoming. The economy of the work is such that all this can be
provided at an outlay of one cent a day for each child in attendance, and the value
of the work is out of all proportion to its cost. The expenses are met by voluntary
contributions.

Board of Health and Health Statistics — Hospitals and Dis-
pensaries — The Morgue -Curative Institutions — Insane,
Inebriate and other Asylums.

THE general sanitary condition of New York is fairly good, in view of the many
unfavorable conditions necessarily prevailing in all large cities. The average
annual death-rate of about 25 in 1,000, while somewhat higher than that of most
American and many foreign cities, is not abnormally high, when the large yearly
influx of immigrants, the crowded condition of the tenement-houses, and the
number of patients from other cities, who come here for treatment in the hospitals,
are taken into consideration. The average yearly number of deaths is not far from
40,000, fully 8,000 of which occur in the numerous public and private institutions,
and about 25,000 in houses containing three or more families. One drawback to a
satisfactory sanitary status is the difficulty of keeping the many miles of streets in a
cleanly condition, a trouble which is not so strongly felt in smaller cities. Strenu-
ous efforts are made by the Street Department to improve the condition of the
streets, and to remove all these menaces to the public health.

The Board of Health controls the sanitary affairs of the city. In its present
form it was established in 1873. It consists of the President of the Board of Police,
the Health Officer of the Port, and two Commissioners, one of whom must have been
a practising physician for five years previous to his appointment. The Commissioners
hold office for six years, and are appointed by the Mayor, independent of the P>oard
of Aldermen. A large corps of medical inspectors is constantly employed in the
cure and prevention of disease, in the inspection of houses, and for the enforcement
of the health-laws and the sanitary code. There is also a night service of such
physicians and surgeons as are willing to undertake the work, who answer all night-
calls that may be sent to them from the different police-stations ; a vaccinating corps ;
a disinfecting corps ; and an organization of meat and milk inspectors ; all of which
are potent factors in promoting the general healthfulness of the city. The Board
also has charge of the Reception Hospital, at the foot of East 16th Street, built in
1885 for the temporary care of contagious cases while awaiting transportation to the
Riverside Hospital, on North Brother Island, which was erected in 1884 for the
treatment of such contagious diseases as cannot well be isolated at home, as well as
similar cases from Quarantine ; and the Willard Parker Hospital, at the foot of
East 16th Street, opened in 1884 for cases of scarlet fever and diphtheria.

The Quarantine Service is administered by three Commissioners of Quaran-
tine appointed by the Governor for three years, and a Health Officer, for two years.
The Commissioners are authorized by law to make all needful regulations for the
examination and (when necessary) the detention of all incoming vessels. The
State of New York furnishes residences for the Health Officer and his three assistants,

420

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

at the boarding station at Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island. These officials are obliged
to board every vessel subject to quarantine or visitation, immediately after her
arrival at the boarding station ; to ascertain the sanitary condition of the vessel and
all its passengers by strict examination ; to send all sick passengers to the Quaran-
tine Hospital ; and to determine what persons and vessels are to be detained in
Quarantine. The property of the Department comprises the Hospital Ship, used as
a residence for the deputy health officer and a boarding station for all vessels arriving
from infected ports ; Swinburne Island, on which is the hospital for contagious
diseases ; Hoffman Island, used for the detention and purification of well persons
arriving in infected vessels ; the Crematory, on Swinburne Island ; the upper boarding
station at Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island ; and a steamer for daily communication
between all points of the Quarantine establishment.

Hospitals are more numerous in New York than in any other city on the con-
tinent. There are nearly eighty of these " inns on the highway of life where suffer-
ing humanity finds alleviation and sympathy," and many of them are among the
largest and most magnificent buildings in the city. The newer ones are built of
warm red brick, and fitted with the latest and most efficient heating and venti-
lating apparatus. There is no kind of bodily suffering that may not find skillful
treatment and kindly nursing in one or the other of these healing homes, where the
most eminent physicians and surgeons give freely of their time and skill to the
inmates. The wealthy patient may command all the luxuries a fine private home could
give, and the poor man unable to pay may enjoy comforts impossible -to him in his

BELLEVUE HOSPITAL, FIRST AVENUE, EAST 26TH STREET, AND EAST RlVER.

own narrow dwelling. Fully 100,000 patients are treated yearly in these curative
institutions, more than three-quarters of them without any payment for the care
and skill which restore them to health or smooth the pathway to the grave ; and the
death-rate is less than eight per cent. Nearly all the larger hospitals have an

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

421

ambulance service in constant readiness to answer calls for help, and some have
training-schools, where nurses are taught the duties of their calling, and trained in
those kindly ministrations which often are more potent factors in the patient's restora-
tion to health than all the skill of the physician.

Bellevue Hospital is a great charity institution. It receives gratuitously the
sick poor of the city. The first stone of the original building was laid in 181 1, and
in 18.16 it was opened as a hospital, almshouse and penitentiary, under the direction
of the Common Council. At that time the medical staff consisted of one visiting
and two young resident physicians. In 1826 the Hospital and Almshouse were sep-
arated ; and in 1848 the Bellevue grounds were divided, a large part sold to private
purchasers, and the convicts and paupers sent to Black well's Island. In 1849 tne
Common Council was superseded by a board of ten governors, who in i860 gave
place to the Commissioners of Public Charities and Correction, who now have
charge of the Hospital. Until 1849 tne members of the hospital staff were appointed
by the Common
Council, but in
that year the
present system of
appointment after
a rigid competi-
tive examination
was inaugurated.
At that time the
Junior, Senior and
House Services
were each of six
months' duration ;
the service was
divided into four
medical and two
surgical divisions ;
and the physicians
rotated, serving
three months on

the male, and three months on the female side. In 1866 this service was rearranged
into four medical and four surgical divisions, each having male and female sections,
while the physicians no longer rotated. This method is still in force, but the
number of wards has increased to forty, with 768 beds, making Bellevue one of the
largest institutions of its kind in the world.

The entrance to the hospital grounds, comprising 4^ acres, lying between East
River and First Avenue, is on 26th Street, through an arched gateway built in 1885.
Immediately to the left of the entrance gate is the Marquand Pavilion, a one-story
brick building erected in 1S77 by Frederick and Henry Gurdon Marquand in memory
of their brother, Josiah P. Marquand, who died from the effects of an operation. It
is a medical ward for women and children, and contains 18 beds for adults and 16
for children. Nearly opposite, on the right, is the Insane Pavilion, a low brick
building erected in 1879 by the city for people who become insane. It accommo-
dates 25 patients, who are kept five days to allow of communication with their
friends, and arrangements for their transfer to suitable institutions. The one-story
brick pavilion to the north is the Sturgis Surgical Pavilion, built in 1879 by Mrs.

STURGIS SURGICAL PAVILION, BELLEVUE HOSPITAL, FOOT OF EAST 26TH STREET.

422

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

William H. Osborne in memory of her father. Immediately opposite is the long
stone building of the old almshouse, four stories in height, which forms the centre
of the hospital. The long prison-like structure comprises a central division, with
side wings, giving a total length of 350 feet. The buildings, including the north-
east wing, built in 1855, have external balconies and staircases for each story, afford-
ing ample means of escape in case of fire, and also space for exercise. The central
portion of the building contains the reception-room, store-room, Warden's office,
the library, the consulting-room, and a notable operating-room, the largest in the
country, with a seating capacity of 1,000. In the rear, on First Avenue, is the
Townsend Cottage, where cases of uterine tumors are received. This building, and
the adjoining chapel and library, were erected in 1888 by Mrs. R. H. L. Townsend
as a thank-offering for recovery from sickness. An Alcoholic Pavilion was built in
1892, for the reception of male and female patients suffering from the improper use
of stimulants. Since 1 873 a superior grade of nurses has been obtained from the
Training- School for Nurses. The immediate care of the hospital is entrusted to a
medical board, appointed by the Commissioners of Public Charities and Correction,
and comprising three consulting and twelve visiting surgeons, three consulting and
sixteen visiting physicians. The House Staff includes four physicians and four
surgeons, and three assistants to each, none of whom receives any other compensation
for his services than suitable accommodations and a small yearly allowance for board.
The exceptionally large number of patients, averaging 14,000 yearly, has made
the hospital one of the most valuable in the country for the study of diseases of every
kind. This exceptional condition led in 1861 to the founding of the Bellevue-Hos-
pital Medical College, one of the leading schools of medicine and surgery in the
country, occupying a building in the hospital grounds, on East 26th Street.

The free dispensary service of the hospital, one of its most valuable features, was
established in 1866, and treats 100,000 patients yearly, besides the large number of

cases which are sent to dif-
ferent hospitals. The Am-
bulance Service is an im-
portant feature in the work
of the hospital, as may be
seen from the fact that nearly
5,000 calls are answered
yearly.

Under the same man-
agement as Bellevue are
the Adult, Children's and
Infants' Hospitals and the
Idiot and Epileptic Asylum
on Randall's Island ; the
Emergency Hospital, at 223
East 26th Street ; the Gouv.
erneur Hospital; the Harlem Hospital, at 533 East 120th Street; the Hart's
Island Hospital for the reception of convalescents ; the Fordham Reception
Hospital ; the Fordham Hospital, at Fordham, N. Y. ; the Insane Asylum for
Males and the Homoeopathic Hospital on Ward's Island ; and on Blackwell's
Island the Charity and Convalescent Hospitals, Female Insane Asylum, the
Hospital for Incurables, and the Paralytic and Aims-House Hospitals, mostly
large stone buildings, with a combined capacity of fully 5,000 beds, forming

GOUVERNEUR HOSPITAL, GOUVERNEUR SLIP AND FRONT STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 423

the largest group of associated charities under one management in the world, a
proof of the liberality of New- York City in caring for its sick and afflicted poor.

The Morgue, on the Bellevue- Hospital grounds, is a one-story building of
62 by 83 feet, containing an office, autopsy-room, room for refrigerator, and
two special rooms where the remains of the deceased are laid out, that friends
may view the bodies, or hold religious services previous to their burial. It was
opened in 1866, and contained at that time four marble tables. A corpse remains
in the Morgue for 72 hours, more or less, according to condition and weather,
and if not identified it is removed to the City Cemetery, on Hart's Island, for
interment. The clothing is preserved for six months, and if not then identified
it is destroyed. All bodies are photographed, and the photographs are carefully
preserved as a possible means of future identification. There are usually from
three to five bodies awaiting identification, and the sight is anything but a pleasant
one. The number of bodies received here exceeds 4000, the average being from 175
to 235 yearly. The number of bodies received here annually, from all sources,
averages about 8,000, including Morgue cases proper (the unknown dead).

The Gouverneur Hospital, at Gouverneur Slip and East River, is an emer-
gency hospital, in charge of the Department of Public Charities and Correction. It
occupies the old Gouverneur-Market building, and was established in 1885.

The Charity Hospital, on Blackwell's Island, was opened in 1852 for the
city's indigent sick. The original wooden building was destroyed by fire in 1865,
and a large granite edifice was opened in 1870. It is four stories high, and extends
across the southern end of the island. With the outlying pavilions of the mater-
nity, epileptic and nervous wards it contains 1,000 beds. There are thirteen male
and twelve female wards. The number of patients received yearly is 6,800. The
medical and surgical staff comprises twenty-four physicians and a large number of
attendants. In 1886 a training-school for female nurses was opened in the castellated
stone building erected in 1872 for a small-pox hospital. A training-school for male
nurses was established in 1887, and these schools have done much to improve the
quality of the nursing in the hospital.

The Homoeopathic Hospital, on Ward's Island, was opened in 1878, for
the treatment of all classes of diseases, both male and female, except contagious and
lying-in cases. It is under the Commissioners of Public Charities and Correction.

The New-York City Asylums for the Insane on Blackwell's, Ward's and
Hart's Islands, the Reception Pavilion at Bellevue, and the men's asylum at
Central Islip are in charge of the Commissioners of Public Charities and Correc-
tion. The buildings are of enormous extent ; and upwards of 6,000 patients are
cared for annually, at a cost of $700,000. The accommodations have long been
inadequate, and many plans for relieving the crowded condition of the asylums have
been proposed. The most promising of these schemes contemplates the use of the
large building on Ward's Island, formerly occupied for the uses of the State Com-
missioners of Immigration (but long since abandoned), the removal of all the insane
to Ward's Island and Central Islip, Long Island, and the expenditure of $1,500,000
in new buildings. Several unsuccessful attempts have been made to transfer the
city insane to the care of the State, which has a uniform system of hospitals, where
it is claimed the patients would receive better care. Passes to visit the asylums may
be obtained from their heads, or from William Blake, 66 Third Avenue. The gen-
eral medical superintendent is Dr. A. E. MacDonald.

The New-York City Asylum for the Insane, on Blackwell's Island, was
opened in 1848, and is now used for women only. The buildings occupy extensive

424

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

grounds on the northern end of the island, and have accommodations for about 1,500
patients. The main building is a four-story granite structure, and contains the office,
rooms for the house staff, and eight wards for patients. In each ward there is a large
sitting-room for the inmates, and all the wards open into a spacious central rotunda.
In 1 88 1 a stone building, accommodating 500 patients, was erected at the southern
end of the grounds, for acute cases ; and in 1892 a brick building was opened for
chronic cases. There are also ten wooden pavilions, one brick pavilion, a laundry,
bath-house, superintendent's residence, and a Roman Catholic chapel on the grounds.
The amusement building contains a large hall with a stage and piano, where dances
and entertainments are given frequently for the amusement of the patients, and a
work-room where mats, brushes, rugs, carpets, and fancy articles are made by the
inmates. The patients are kept without restraint, and every possible effort is made
to ameliorate their condition, by allotting them some occupation to employ their
minds. Twice a day they are given an hour's exercise in the grounds, in charge of
the attendants ; and once a week they are given baths, under the supervision of the
resident woman-physician. About 2,500 patients are received yearly ; and the daily
census averages nearly 1,900. Dr. E. C. Dent is medical superintendent.

The New-York City Asylum for the Insane, on Ward's Island, has been
used for male patients only. It is a large brick building, with towers and turrets,
and has trimmings of Ohio freestone, presenting a fine architectural appearance. It
was opened in 1871, and accommodates, with out-lying buildings, over 2,200
patients. The number of admissions during the past year was 750, and the total

NEW-YORK CITY ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE (WOMEN), BLACKWELL'S ISLAND.

number under treatment for the year was 2,498. The asylum has a resident medical
staff of sixteen physicians. The general treatment is that in vogue in advanced and
progressive asylums ; and all patients capable of appreciating them are provided with
occupation and amusements. Dr. W. A. Macy is medical superintendent.

The New-York City Asylum for the Insane, on Hart's Island, was opened
in 1878, for the reception and care of chronic cases of female insane. The buildings
comprise a number of pavilions. In 1886 the former Hart's-Island Hospital was
discontinued, and the pavilions utilized for insane of both sexes. There are accom-
modations for about 1,000 patients. Dr. G. A. Smith is medical superintendent.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

425

The New-York Hospital is the oldest local institution of its class. As early
as 1770 a number of public-spirited citizens contributed for the erection of a hospi-
tal in the city, and a charter was obtained from the Provincial authorities in the
following year. Considerable sums of money were contributed in England, and
the Provincial Legislature made a grant of $2,000 a year for twenty years towards
its support. The corner-stone of the first building was laid in 1775, an(^ when
nearly completed the structure was destroyed by fire, entailing a loss of $35,000.
The Legislature made a grant of $20,000 for its rebuilding, and the work was

NEW-YORK CITY ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE CMEN), WARD'S ISLAND.

begun. The building was nearly completed again, when the outbreak of the Revo-
lution turned men's thoughts into other directions. The unfinished building was
occupied by the British and Hessian soldiers as a barrack and hospital, and it was
not until January, 1 79 1 , that it was in a proper condition to receive patients. Eighteen
sick persons were then admitted. The original buildings were near Broadway,
between Worth and Duane Streets. In 1869 they were torn down, and a new
structure was erected on West 15th Street, between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. This
was opened for the reception of patients in March, 1877. The hospital has been
liberally aided by the State. In addition to the grants already mentioned, a grant
of $10,000 a year was made in 1792, which was increased to $20,000 in 1795, and
still further increased to $25,000 in the following year. The Bloomingdale Asylum
for the Insane, opened in 1 82 1, is a branch of the New- York Hospital. In 1799 an
arrangement was entered into with the United-States Treasury Department whereby
the hospital was- to receive a stipulated sum for the care of sick and disabled sea-
men. Under its present administration it is a general hospital for the reception
and care of both pay and free patients, the latter constituting nearly 80 per cent, of
the 4,700 patients taken yearly. Private patients are received and treated at vary-
ing rates, the price in the general wards being $7 a week, and for private rooms from
$x5 to $35 a week. The New- York Hospital's many advantages have made it one
of the best schools of medicine and surgery in the country, and no pains are spared
to render it valuable to students by furnishing every possible facility for the study
and treatment of disease. Clinics are regularly given in cases arising in the prac-
tice of the house, to which students from all the local medical colleges are admitted.
As early as 1796 a library was founded for the use of physicians and students, and
it now numbers upward of 18,000 volumes. In 1840 a pathological cabinet, now one
of the most important in the city, was begun, and has grown into a large collection of
specimens of morbid anatomy, casts, drawings, etc., embracing nearly 3,000 speci-
mens. A training-school for nurses was opened in 1877, which has graduated over

426

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

200 nurses. The new building, opened in 1877, is said to be one of the most luxu-
riously appointed hospitals in the world. It is seven stories high, with a mansard
roof, and has accommodations for 200 patients, with their attendants. Stone, iron
and red brick form the constructive materials, and the building is as nearly fire-
proof as is possible to the builder's art. In the rear, on West 16th Street, is the
venerable Thorn mansion, an old-time structure, used as an administration building
for the executive offices of the hospital ; and a handsome brick building, completed
in 1891, and occupied by the library, the pathological museum and the training-
school for nurses. The hospital is heated by steam, and artificial ventilation is

secured by means
of a large fan, which
forces a current of
fresh air through
the wards and cor-
ridors. The kit-
chens and laundries
are in the upper
stories, above the
wards. An unusual
and pleasing feature
of the hospital is
the solarium, a
large room on the
upper story of the
administ ration
building, covered
with a canopy of
translucent glass,
filled with plants
and flowers, fount-
ains and aquaria, a
sunny and healthful
resting-place for
convalescents. On
other stories are the
large operating and
autopsy rooms, the
general wards, pri-
vate apartments for

pay patients, and the offices. The corporation is controlled by a board of twenty-six
Governors. Besides the hospital proper it supports the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum ;
the House of Relief, or Emergency Hospital, at 160 Chambers Street, where 2,000
cases of accidents are received yearly ; and a dispensary, where upwards of 20,000
patients are annually given free treatment and advice. During 1 89 1 the total number
of patients in all departments of the hospital was 35,916, and the grand total since
its foundation is 539,512.

The Bloomingdale Asylum was occupied by the insane patients of the New-
York Hospital in 1821, when what is now known as the "main building" was
opened. The asylum is substantially built of brick and stone, and has long occupied
a commanding site on Harlem Heights, at the Boulevard and 117th Street, over-

NEW-YORK HOSPITAL, WEST 15TH STREET, NEAR FIFTH AVENUE.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

427

BLOOMINQDALE ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE.

VARIOUS BUILDINGS IN THE ASYLUM GROUNDS AT BOULEVARD, WEST 117TH AND WEST 120TH STREETS.

428 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

looking the Hudson and surrounding country. For many years no better location
could have been found. The rapid growth of the city in that vicinity has made a
change of location desirable, and the land and buildings have been sold to Columbia
College. Bloomingdale will remove in 1894 to new and imposing structures at
White Plains, N. Y. About 450 patients are received yearly, who are divided into
classes, according to the nature of their mental aberration ; and suitable methods of
treatment are adopted for each class, the so-called moral method being largely
employed, supplemented by the best-known scientific and medical treatment ; harsh
measures and all unnecessary confinement being strictly prohibited. The asylum
has some free beds, but most of the patients are required to pay, in proportion to
their ability ; and thus a quiet hospital has been provided, for those of moderate
means, as well as the rich, who are suffering from mental disease, where they can be
assured of kind and skillful treatment. During 189 1, 453 patients were treated, of
whom 148 were new cases. During the year 39 patients were discharged as cured ;
63 as improved ; 15 as unimproved ; and 38 died. The accommodations for the
lunatics having become inadequate at the New-York Hospital, the Governors applied
to the Legislature in 1815 for aid to construct new buildings elsewhere, and a grant
was given them for that purpose of $10,000 yearly, to date from 18 16 to 1857.
Accordingly in 1816 a plot of ground was purchased at Bloomingdale Heights, then
seven miles from the city, and buildings erected thereon and completed in 1821.

The Roosevelt Hospital, at 59th Street and Ninth Avenue, was referred to in
1874 by an eminent English surgeon as "Without exception the most complete medical
charity in every respect" that he had ever seen. It owes its existence to the princely
bequest of James H. Roosevelt, who, dying in 1863, left his whole estate "for the
establishment, in the city of New York, of a hospital for the reception and relief of
sick and diseased persons, and for its permanent endowment. " The amount received
from the bequest was a little more than $1,000,000 ; and, after long and careful con-
sideration, the nine trustees under the will decided to adopt the pavilion plan. The
corner-stone was laid October 29, 1869 ; and the hospital was formally opened
November 2, 1871. The cost of the grounds, which embrace the entire block lying
between Ninth and Tenth Avenues and 58th and 59th Streets, and the buildings con-
structed thereon up to 1890, together with their equipment, amounted to about
$950,000. The original design was for a central administration building, with two
pavilions on each side for patients and their attendants, to be connected with the
administration building by covered corridors, and yet so far apart from each other
as to secure light and ventilation for all. The money at the disposal of the trustees
did not admit of the execution of the entire plan. The buildings constructed com-
prise the following : 1st. The administration building, in the center of the block
facing on 59th Street, a four-story brick edifice containing the offices, examining
room, apothecary's department, staff dining-room, etc., on the first floor; on the
second floor, the private apartments of the superintendent, a reception-room for
the trustees, a medical-board room, and an operating-room for general surgery ; on
the third floor, a few rooms for private patients; and on the fourth floor, two surgical
wards — one for women, and the other for children. 2d. In the rear of this, facing
on 58th Street, is a building used for kitchen, laundry, store-rooms, sewing-room,
linen-room, and dining and sleeping rooms for out-ward help; while in the basement,
and running east, are the boiler-room, engine-rooms, fan-room, and various agencies
for heating and ventilating all the buildings. 3d. East of the administration build-
ing and fronting on 59th Street is the Medical Pavilion, a four-story structure, with
wards on each floor for patients, as well as living quarters for members of the house

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

429

staff and nurses. 4th. East of the Medical Pavilion is the Surgical Pavilion, con-
taining a ward for 36 male patients, with rooms for members of the house staff and
male nurses. 5th. East of the Surgical Pavilion is the new Syms Operating Theatre,
built through the liberality of William J. Syms, who left $350,000 for the purpose
of construction, equipment and maintenance. Of that amount $150,000 will be left
for maintenance. It is believed to be the best-appointed operating building in this
or any other country. The exterior is of brick, with granite trimmings, and built
in the most substantial manner. The main amphitheatre occupies the center,
and is semi-circular in shape, with abruptly rising seats, to allow an unobstructed
view of the operating table from all parts of the room. In the basement are the
janitor's apartments, the engine-room, and the fan-rooms for ventilating. The first
story contains, besides
the amphitheatre, a
special operating
room, an operating
room for septic cases,
a private reception-
room, a reception-
room for patients, an
examining room, two
etherizing rooms, a
photographic room,
a microscopic room,
a bandage-preparation
room, a bandage-stor-

age room, an instru-
ment-washing room,
and the instrument
room. The floors are
of mosaic tile, and in
many cases the walls
are wainscotted in mar-
ble. On the second
floor, south front, are
six rooms for the re-
ception of patients
after operation, and on the floor above that six other rooms for nurses, etc. 6th.
There is also the small and perfectly appointed McLane Operating Room, opened
in 1890, the gift of Dr. James W. McLane, the President of the College of Phy-
sicians and Surgeons, in memory of his son, James \V. McLane, Jr., and designed
solely for the use of the gynaecological service. 7th. Adjoining the administra-
tion building on the west is the Out-Patient Department, which received over 90,000
visits during 1 89 1, of patients who were cared for there without taxing the ward
accommodations of the hospital. There are 180 beds for patients in the hospital.
8th. The dead-house and ambulance stable are in a separate building. Fourteen

ROOSEVELT HOSPITAL AND SYMS OPERATING THEATRE, NINTH AVENUE
AND WEST 59th STREET.

43° KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

beds have been endowed in the Roosevelt Hospital, in the sum of $5,000 each. In
1891 2,704 patients were treated, of whom 1,098 were discharged as cured, 934 im-
proved, 251 not improved, and 269 died, leaving 152 under treatment. During the
same period 3,465 patients were treated in the accident room who were not detained
for ward treatment, and the calls of the ambulance during the year numbered 1,671.
From the opening of the hospital to the beginning of 1892, 36,468 patients had been
treated, 32,431 of them gratuitously, so that the institution well deserves its name of
a great free hospital, whose charity is bounded only by its ability to care for those
who seek its aid.

The Presbyterian Hospital in the City of New- York comprises an impos-
ing group of brick buildings, occupying the entire block between Madison and Park
Avenues, and extending from 70th Street to 71st Street. The group comprises the
operating pavilion, erected in 1892; the administration building, completed in 1872 ;
the dispensary, opened in 1888; the chapel, pathological department, and an isolating
pavilion, erected in 1889; two surgical pavilions and a surgical administration build-
ing, opened in 1890 ; and the laundry; all constructed of pressed brick, and con-
nected by corridors, as at the Roosevelt Hospital. The Presbyterian Hospital was
founded in 1868, and the first buildings were opened in 1872, on land given by James
Lenox, who took a deep interest in the work. In 1889 most of the original buildings
were destroyed by fire, and as a result the entire scheme was re-arranged, with a view
to secure greater efficiency, convenience and economy. The new edifices embody
the latest and best methods of hospital construction, and are admirably adapted to
their purpose. The operating pavilion, administration building and dispensary are
on 70th Street. In the rear of the latter, on Madison Avenue, is the chapel, and
near it the isolating pavilion. On 71st Street are the large medical and surgical
pavilions and a surgical administration building, with a second surgical pavilion on
Park Avenue. These pavilions provide 22 wards, having 330 beds, with a possible
increase to 450, and numerous other rooms for a great variety of purposes, such as
reception-rooms, parlors, dining-rooms, doctors' parlors, and consultation rooms ;
22 private rooms, for paying patients ; press-rooms, drying-rooms, pantries, dormi-
tories, solaria, etc. The buildings are entirely fire-proof, being constructed of
masonry and iron throughout ; and the system of ventilation is as perfect as could
be devised ; the great factor in the system being the lofty dispensary tower on Madi-
son Avenue, which has at its base a large battery of steam-driven fans. The tower
and the fans open into an immense underground duct, connecting by smaller branches
with all the hospital buildings, except the Isolating Pavilion and the Pathological
Department, which have independent systems of ventilation. While the foul air is
drawn from the buildings by these great fans, fresh air, taken from a considerable
height above the ground, is forced into them by other fans, thus ensuring a constant
current of pure air in all the wards. The heating and plumbing arrangements are
of the most approved pattern, and the comfort of the patients is still farther secured
by the ample lighting facilities of the wards, which are 16 feet in height, and painted
in delicate tones of color. The Children's Ward, with its long rows of dainty cribs,
is especially attractive. One noteworthy feature of the interior arrangement is the
provision of rooms for cases where death must speedily ensue, thus freeing the wards
from the depressing effects of death -bed scenes. The new operating pavilion has
three halls for surgical operations, each with a series of adjoining rooms, that add
much to the comfort, completeness and success of the best surgical work. The
amphitheatre seats 100 persons, and is abundantly lighted by a ceiling light and three
great side-lights. The wainscoting and floors are of marble. The smaller operating

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

431

rooms afford facilities for operations where retirement is essential to success and
spectators are undesirable. The pathological department is fully equipped with the
best modern appliances ; and the new dispensary building, a lofty hall 100 feet in
length, lighted by three-story windows, and surrounded by doctors' rooms, provided
with every convenience for the treatment of patients, is a model of its class. The
buildings represent an outlay closely approaching $1,200,000. Everything that the
best medical and surgical skill can suggest, and the lavish expenditure of money can
secure, is done for the relief of the patients. While the hospital is largely supported
by members of the Presbyterian and Reformed Churches, it is entirely undenomina-
tional in its work, less than ten per cent, of the patients being Presbyterians, and
over fifty per cent, being Roman Catholics. Of the 3,300 patients cared for in 1891,

PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL, MADISON AVENUE AND EAST 70TH STREET.

over 3,200 were treated gratuitously ; and scarcely more than $3,000 was received
from pay patients. The dispensary treats upwards of 70,000 patients yearly, and dis-
penses about 22,000 prescriptions, while the ambulance service answers 1,500 calls.
The entire plant is lighted by both gas and electricity, the latter light permitting
surgical operations under ether to be performed with safety as well by night as
by day. The hospital is also equipped with powerful Worthington pumps.

The Mount-Sinai Hospital was originally known as "The Jews' Hospital
in the City of New York." It was founded in 1852 by a number of benevolent
Hebrews, headed by Sampson Simson, who gave a lot of land on 28th Street. It
was opened in 1855, and remained in the first location until 1872, when it took
possession of its group of buildings on Lexington Avenue, extending from 66th Street
to 67th Street. The land is leased from the city for ninety-nine years, at a nominal

432

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

MOUNT-SINAI HOSPITAL, LEXINGTON AVENUE, EAST 66TH AND 67TH STREETS.

rental of %\ a year. Brick and stone form the constructive materials. The group
comprises three five-story buildings, connected by closed corridors. Like most other
so-called private hospitals, Mount Sinai has two grand divisions — the medical and

the surgical —
each having four
wards ; a gynae-
cological depart-
ment, classed as
surgical ; and a
children's ward.
It has also an eye
and ear depart-
ment, to which six
rooms, each con-
taining two beds,
are allotted. These
are on the first
floor of the admin-
istration building,
on Lexington
Avenue. On the
same floor are the

directors' room, the offices of the superintendent and the admitting physician, a sit-
ting-room and a library containing 2,000 volumes. The remaining floors are given
up to private rooms, those of the house staff and the superintendent, the synagogue
and operating rooms. The wards for women and children occupy the northern wing,
on 67th Street ; and the men's wards are in the southern wing. The arrangement
is alike for all the wards, each containing from 20 to 25 beds, ranged along the sides
of the room. All the wards are kept scrupulously clean, and abundantly lighted and
ventilated. In the rear of the administration building is the isolation-house for
contagious cases, the laundry building, and the morgue. In summer the intervening
court-yard forms a pleasant lounging-place for convalescent patients. The kitchen
and dining-rooms are in the basement of the main building.

Just across the way, in 67th Street, is the Dispensary Building, erected in 1890,
at a cost exceeding $125,000. It is connected with the hospital by a warm and well-
lighted tunnel under the street, and is thoroughly fire-proof. The first story of the
front is of Belleville stone, and the remaining four stories are of salmon pressed brick
and terra cotta. On the right is the entrance to the free dispensary, which, with its
reception-rooms and smaller operating and examination rooms, occupies the first two
stories of the building. There are eye, ear, throat, venereal and general departments.
The last annual report shows that over 70,000 patients were treated, and upwards of
58,000 prescriptions dispensed, in most cases free of cost. On the left side of the
building is an entrance to the rooms of the Ladies' Auxiliary Society and the Training
School for Nurses, which occupy the upper stories. The Ladies' Auxiliary Society
is an important factor in the work of the hospital. It was established in 1872, and
finds an ample field of work in providing clothes and bedding for the unfortunate
sick and needy. The Training- School for Nurses was opened in 1 88 1, and has
graduated many well-trained nurses.

Although Mount-Sinai was founded and is sustained by benevolent Hebrews,
it does not limit its ministrations to members of that faith, but admits patients

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

433

of all nationalities and creeds. About eight per cent, of the patients are Russian
Jews; and of the 3,000 cases yearly admitted, ninety per cent, are free patients.
Mount-Sinai receives a larger proportion of the annual Hospital-Sunday collection
than any other of the local institutions, as its percentage of free patients is the
largest. Unlike most of the other local hospitals, Mount-Sinai makes only provision
for clinical instruction for a limited number of students, but devotes all its energies
to the care of its inmates, seeking to make its work educational only to the
limits of the house staff, and medical students and practising physicians and sur-
geons who are invited to be present at operations. This was the first hospital in the
city to admit women to membership on its house staff, and although none are now
serving, their absence is not due to any change in the rules, but because the young
men have stood the highest in the rigid competitive examinations required of all
applicants for positions. Women are still on the general staff, but they have charge
of a division of the children's department, in the dispensary. The administration of
the hospital is under the control of a board of directors, who fill all vacancies by
election. Besides directing all expenditures of money, and regulating the general
policy of the institution, they have
the appointment of the medical and
surgical staff, all the members of
which serve without pay, for the term
of two years. The hospital accom-
modates 220 patients, including those
in private rooms, who pay from $12
to $40 a week, and have whatever
advantages come from isolation and
an abundance of room. The report
of 1892 shows the number of appli-
cations for admission to have been
5,428; number of patients treated,
2,980; number of consultations in
the dispensary, 71,157; number of
prescriptions in the dispensary,
58,411; total amount of receipts,
$130,072; amount of expenditures,
$109,689; permanent fund, $159,-
500 ; number of members and
patrons, 4, 285. Of the 2, 980 patients
admitted during 189 1 1,436 were
discharged as cured, 900 as im-
proved, 172 as unimproved, 5 were
sent to other institutions, and 263
died in the hospital.

St. Luke's Hospital, at Fifth
Avenue and 54th Street, holds a
unique place among the local hos-
pitals, as it is not merely a hospital,
but also a religious house. The
superintendent is a clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church ; the cen-
tral feature of the building is a large chapel ; and the services of the Church are
recited daily in the wards. While maintaining the highest standard of scientific
28

MOUNT-SINAI HOSPITAL DISPENSARY AND NURSES' HOME,
151 EAST 67TH STREET, NEAR LEXINGTON AVENUE.

434

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

work, it is the most home-like of the local hospitals, and the relations between
patients, physicians and nurses are as nearly as possible the same as would obtain
in private families under like conditions. The beginnings were made in 1846, when
Rev. Dr. William A. Muhlenberg, then rector of the Church of the Holy Com-
munion, took up a collection of $30 for the work. In 1850 an appeal to the public

LUKE'S HOSPITAL, FIFTH AVENUE AND WEST 54TH STREET.

resulted in the formation of a corporation and in subscriptions amounting to
$100,000. In 1854 the Sisters of the Holy Communion opened an infirmary, in a
house on Sixth Avenue, where upwards of 200 patients had been treated when the
work was transferred to the newly erected St. Luke's, in 1858. The building fronts
on West 54th Street, and faces south, with a length of nearly 300 feet. Its general
plan is that of an oblong parallelogram, with wings at each end, and a central
chapel flanked by two towers. The building stands well back from the street, with
a large lawn intervening, and is constructed of brick, painted a modest drab. The
chapel is well lighted and ventilated. There are nine wards for medical and surgical
cases, including three wards for consumptives. All acute, curable and non-contagious
cases are received, and treated free, if necessary. There are 220 beds. To the
extent of accommodation, no patient whose disease is suitable for treatment is
turned away because unable to pay for board. Over 2,000 patients are treated
yearly, at an expense of about $100,000. In connection with the hospital there is
a training-school for nurses, established in 1888. The popularity of St. Luke's has
been such as to make larger accommodations necessary, and the trustees have
recently purchased a spacious tract of land on 113th Street, near the proposed
Cathedral of St. John the Divine, where they will erect magnificent new buildings.

St. Vincent's Hospital of the City of New York, at 195 West nth Street,
was founded in 1849, and for some years occupied a house in West 13th Street. In
1857 the building of the Catholic Half-Orphan Asylum in West nth Street was
secured. The work of the hospital increased to such an extent that a large four-
story brick building was erected in 1882, at the corner of West 12th Street and
Seventh Avenue, giving the hospital accommodations for nearly 200 patients. The
Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, a Roman Catholic order instituted in

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

435

France in 1633, have charge of the hospital, which, since its foundation, has received
and treated upwards of 50,000 cases, the average number now admitted being nearly
2,500. No charge is made to persons unable to pay for treatment, and these form
a majority. The hospital has an ambulance service which answers upwards of 2,000
calls yearly. Although a Catholic institution, patients are admitted without regard
to their religious belief, and St. Vincent's occupies a prominent position among the
local hospitals.

The Hahnemann Hospital of the City of New York is a general hospital for
the reception of such free and pay patients, not suffering from incurable or chronic
diseases, as may desire to be treated by homoeopathic methods. It was chartered in
1875, two older institutions, the New-York Homoeopathic Surgical Hospital, incor-
porated in 1872, and the New-York Homoeopathic Hospital for women and children,
incorporated in 1848, uniting under the name of the Hahnemann Hospital. The
substantial four-story brick and stone building on Park Avenue, between 67th and
68th Streets, was erected in 1878, and has accommodations for about seventy pa-
tients. There are four well-lighted and pleasant wards, one each for men and
children, and two for women, besides an endowed room for firemen, containing three
beds; one for saleswomen, containing two beds; one for policemen, containing one
bed; and the Anthony Dey room, with one bed. In 1887 the Ovariotomy Cot-
tage was erected on the grounds, and in 189 1 the Dispensary was opened. In ad-
dition to its free beds, the hospital provides a quiet and comfortable home for the
sick and suffering of all classes under homoeopathic treatment ; and persons requiring
surgical operations, or taken ill with any disease not contagious, can be received and
obtain the best medical and surgical treatment and skilled nursing, their comfort and
sensibilities being always considered and secured. Private patients pay at rates
varying from $18 to $40 a week. A gift of $5,000 endows a bed in perpetuity;
one of $3,000 during the donor's lifetime ; and the same amount endows a bed in
perpetuity in the
Children's Ward, a
cheery apartment
containing beds and
cribs for the little
ones. About 2,000
patients are treated
yearly. The man-
agers contemplate
the erection of a
maternity hospital
and the establish-
ment of a training-
school for nurses.

St. Francis
Hospital, at 605
to 617 5th Street
is a general hos-
pital for the gra-
tuitous treatment of the poorer classes. It was opened in 1865, and is in charge of the
Roman Catholic order of the Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis. No contagious or in-
curable cases are admitted, but all others are received and treated without charge, when
unable to pay. There are 240 beds ; and about 2, 700 patients are admitted yearly.

HAHNEMANN HOSPITAL, PARK AVENUE, BETWEEN EAST 67th AND 68TH STREETS.

436

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

GERMAN HOSPITAL, PARK AVENUE AND EAST 77TH STREET.

The German Hospital and Dispensary of the City of New York, at Park
Avenue and 77th Street, was incorporated in 1861. Patients of every nationality,
color and creed are received, and treated gratuitously, when they are unable to pay.
Private patients are charged from $15 to $35 a week. There are 165 beds.
Upwards of 2,500 patients are treated yearly, a large proportion of them being free
patients. The dispensary department was opened in 1884, and gives free treatment
and advice to nearly 30,000 cases yearly. A nominal fee of ten cents is charged to
those who are able to pay. The annual expenses of the hospital and dispensary are
met by voluntary subscriptions, and the interest of an endowment fund of $170,000.
The Manhattan Dispensary and Hospital is a brick building at Amster-
dam Avenue and 131st Street. The dispensary was opened in 1862, and treats about

8,000 patients yearly. The
hospital was opened in 1884,
and contains seventy beds.
Medical and surgical treat-
ment is given free to pa-
tients who are unable to pay
for relief, and pay patients
are charged from $7 to $35
a week. Upwards of 600
cases are cared for yearly.

St. Elizabeth's Hos-
pital, at 225 West 31st
Street, is in charge of the
Sisters of the Third Order
of St. Francis of Assisium.
It was founded in 1870 ; and
all persons in need of surgical or medical aid, except contagious, insane and violent
cases, are admitted, and treated by their own physicians when desired. The charges
vary from $8 to $35 a week, and there are 90 beds, many of them being in

MANHATTAN HOSPITAL, AMSTERDAM AVENUE AND WEST 1318T STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

437

private rooms, for the use of those who are able and willing to pay for private
attendance.

The New-York Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital, at 'Second
Avenue and East 20th Street, a school for clinical instruction to practitioners of
medicine, was opened in 1882 for the treatment of general diseases. Patients
who are able to pay are charged from $7 to $20 a week ; and no contagious or
chronic cases are admitted. There are women's wards, men's wards, orthopaedic
wards for children, and an entire building for babies' wards. The hospital has 114
beds, and upwards of 800 new patients are admitted yearly. The directors have
built a fine six-story fire-proof structure for the school and hospital, at Second
Avenue and 20th Street. During the year 502 physicians attended the school, and
46,444 visits were made to the dispensary.

The Lebanon Hospital was organized in 1889, and has purchased the Ursu-
line Convent, at 150th Street and Westchester Avenue, which has been remodelled
and fitted up with beds for 500 patients. Although founded by benevolent Hebrews,
the Lebanon Hospital is open to all sufferers, without distinction to race or creed.

The Christopher Columbus Hospital is temporarily located at 320 East
109th Street. It was opened in 1890, for the free medical and surgical treatment of
both sexes ; and receives all classes of patients, except those suffering from contagi-
ous diseases. It is in charge of the Catholic Sisters of St. Joseph.

St. Mark's Hospital of New-York City is at 66 St. Mark's Place. It
was incorporated in 1890, and receives general charity and pay patients. Private
cases pay from $7 to $15 a week, and have the privilege of selecting their own
physicians. The
hospital is small,
treating 500 pa-
tients yearly, but
excellent care is
taken of the pa-
tients; and it num-
bers among its
staff physicians of
national reputa-
tion.

St. Joseph's
Hospital was
opened in 1882,

by the Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis, for the reception and care of consumptives,
and a limited number of other chronic and incurable diseases which cannot be
properly treated in other hospitals. But no acute diseases, affections of the mind
and nervous system (such as insanity, idiocy and epilepsy), chronic surgical diseases,
cases of deformity, or aged persons are admitted. The building occupies the entire
block between East 143d and 144th Streets and Brook and St. Ann's Avenues,
and is well adapted for its purpose, everything possible in the way of improved
sanitary conditions, pleasant surroundings and skilled medical treatment, being
provided to alleviate the sufferings of the patients. St. Joseph's is one of the
handsomest of the New-York hospital buildings, and is favorably placed in the
open country, not far from St. Mary's Park, beyond the Harlem River. There
are 300 beds ; and admission is free to the poor, without regard to nationality,
creed or color.

ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, BROOK AND ST. ANN'S AVENUES, EAST 143D AND 144-TH STREETS.

438

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Beth-Israel Hospital Association was incorporated in 1890. It main-
tains a free hospital and dispensary at 206 East Broadway and 195 Division Street.
The hospital contains 50 beds; and the dispensary treats yearly 12,000 patients.

The Flower Surgical Hospital was opened in 1890, by the authorities of
the New-York Homoeopathic College, on Avenue A, between East 63d and East
64th Streets. Surgical cases only are taken here, and 200 cases are received
annually. The dispensary averages 25,000 free prescriptions yearly.

The Sloane Maternity Hospital, at the corner of Tenth Avenue and 59th
Street, has been pronounced by many home and foreign physicians to be a model
lying-in hospital. It was erected in 1886 and 1887 by William D. Sloane, whose
wife, a daughter of the late William H. Vanderbilt, endowed the institution by
making all its beds free in perpetuity. It is built of brick, with mouldings of granite
and terra cotta, and its construction is fire-proof throughout. The flooring of the
halls and the wainscoting of the stairways are of white marble ; the wards and
operating rooms are floored with white vitrified tiles. In the basement are the
laundry, kitchen, servants' dining-room, coil chamber, and fan for warming and ven-
tilation ; a bath-room, where newly admitted patients are thoroughly cleansed before

NEW-YORK STATE WOMAN'S HOSPITAL, PA3K AVENUE AND EAST 50TH STREET.

going to the wards ; and a locker-room for the safe-keeping of the clothing worn by
patients on admission to the hospital. On the first floor are the rooms of the house-
physician, the assistant house-physician, and the matron ; a reception-room, a din-
ing-room for the house staff, the manager's room, and a large examination room.
The second floor contains three wards with 20 beds, a delivery-room, sleeping-rooms
for the nurses, the drug-room, and a dining-room. On the third floor there are five
wards, containing 25 beds, a delivery-room, the apartment of the principal of the
training-school for nurses, two isolating rooms, and sleeping-rooms for the ward-
nurses. The total number of beds is 45. In the attic are the rooms of the house-
servants. The lying-in wards are used in rotation. Each one, having been occupied

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

439

SLOANE MATERNITY HOSPITAL, TENTH AVENUE AND WEST 59TH STREET.

by five patients, is thorough-
ly cleansed and the furniture

washed with a solution of

carbolic acid. Each of the

delivery-rooms contains a

table of special design, and

the high character of the

service is shown by the fact

that in 2,000 cases, many

of them emergency cases

brought to the hospital in

ambulances, only 1 1 deaths

are recorded. The hospital

is in charge of the College

of Physicians and Surgeons,

which is the Medical Depart-
ment of Columbia College.
The New-York State

Woman's Hospital, the

earliest of its class established in the United States, was founded in 1854 by Dr. J.

Marion Sims, at that time the leading expert in female diseases in the world, and the

discoverer of a new method of treatment, which has revolutionized the practice of

medical surgery as applied to female complaints. The institution began its work in

1855, in a house built for a private residence, on Madison Avenue. The hospital

was incorporated in 1857, and in 1866 it
was removed to 50th Street, between Lex-
ington and Park Avenues, where two com-
modious brick buildings had been erected,
with accommodations for 150 patients, and
completely equipped with all necessary con-
veniences for the treatment of this class of
complaints. Each county in the State is
entitled to one free bed, and the medical
and surgical attendance is gratuitous. At
the Dispensary 1,500 out-door patients re-
ceive treatment yearly. The yearly ex-
penses, met by voluntary subscriptions and
the income of an endowment fund of
$152,000, are about $70,000.

The New-York Infirmary for
Women and Children, on Stuyvesant
Square (East), near 16th Street, was founded
in 1854 by Drs. Elizabeth and Emily
Blackwell, who were the pioneers among
women physicians. It is the only hospital
in the city (except the Homoeopathic Hos-
pital) where women and children can be
treated by women physicians. Its doors
are open to all classes for medical or sur-

5 Livingston place opp. stuyvesant square. gical treatment. The present hospital ac-

44o

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

NEW-YORK DISPENSARY FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN, 15TH STREET AND
LIVINGSTON PLACE.

commodates 35 pa-
tients, and additions
soon to be made will
double its capacity.

During 1891 390 pa-
tients were treated, and
of this number more
than half were free.
The dispensary, where
over 28,000 patients
received free treatment
during the year, occu-
pies the first floor of
the college building,
321 East 15th Street.
The Woman's Medical
College of the New-
York Infirmary moved
into its present commo-
dious building, corner of Stuyvesant Square and 15th Street, in 1890. Twenty-one
students graduated in 1892. The Training School for Nurses was united in 1 891
with the New-Haven Training School, the nurses from the latter school coming
to the Infirmary for obstetrical and gynaecological training. The Nurses' Home is at
327 East 15th Street.

The Nursery and Child's Hospital in the city of New York was opened as
a day-nursery in 1854, largely through the instrumentality of Mrs. Cornelius DuBois.
The original location was in St. Mark's Place ; and in 1857 a hospital was added as
a necessary adjunct of the work, and the institution became incorporated under its
present name. In 1855 a substantial brick building, 1 19 feet by 60 feet, with two wings,
was erected on the present site, at Lexington Avenue and 51st Street. In 1863 a
foundling asylum was built, but for four years it was used as a soldiers' home, for
the reception and
care of sick and
wounded soldiers.
In 1867 the build-
ing reverted to the
institution, and has
since been used as
a lying-in hospital.
A new three-story
brick building,
erected in 1888 in
memory of Miss
Mary A. DuBois,
for many years a
directress of the in-
stitution, contains
the wards and offi-
ces of the institu-
tion. Upwards of nursery and child's hospital, .lexington avenue and east 51st street.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

441

NEW-YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN,
213 WEST 54TH STREET.

600 mothers and 1,000 children are
received yearly and cared for, at an
expense of $100,000, which is met
by voluntary subscriptions.

The New-York Medical
College and Hospital for
Women, at 213 West 54th Street,
was founded in 1863. The treat-
ment is homoeopathic, and the aim
is to provide a hospital for self-
supporting young women, whose
only home is the boarding-house,
where, when overtaken by sickness,
they may receive skilful treatment
from physicians of their own sex at
a moderate cost, or free of expense
when necessary. The larger part of
the service, both in the hospital and dispensary, is gratuitous, and a steadily in-
creasing demand for the services of women physicians in the treatment of women
and children has made the present leased building inadequate, and a larger structure
is contemplated to meet the needs of the work. The building now occupied has
accommodations for thirty patients. During 1 89 1 174 cases were treated, with
only six deaths. During the same period, at the dispensary, upwards of 1,500 pa-
tients were treated and 5,000 prescriptions dispensed. This is the only local homoeo-
pathic hospital where women physicians are exclusively employed, and the maternity
ward shows the remarkable record of but one mother lost in twenty-nine years.

St. Mary's Free Hos-
pital for Children, at 407
West 34th Street, was organ-
ized in 1870 and incorpor-
ated in 1887, for the medical
and surgical treatment of
children between the ages of
two and fourteen years. It
is in charge of the Sister-
hood of St. Mary, a Protest-
ant Episcopal order, and
accommodates 60 patients.
The yearly expenses are
about $14,000, and upwards
of 400 cases are treated year-
ly. In connection with the
hospital, there is a free dis-
pensary for children, where
5,000 suffering children are
treated yearly ; the Noyes
Memorial House, at Peek-
skill, N. Y., for patients
who have been treated in
407 west 34tm street. the Hospital, and whose

442

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

diseases assume an incurable form ; and a Summer Branch House, at Rockaway
Beach, Long Island, for convalescent children.

The Laura Franklin Free Hospital in the City of New York, at 19 East
1 nth Street, a three-story brick building, was opened in 1886 for the free medical

and surgical homoeopathic treat-
ment of children between two and
twelve years of age. It is in
charge of the Sisters of St. Mary,
a Protestant Episcopal order. It
accommodates fifty patients, and
is supported by voluntary sub-
scriptions.

St. Andrew's Convales-
cent Hospital, at 213 East 17th
Street, was opened in 1886 for
the reception and care of women
and girls over 15 years of age, of
good character, and in need of
rest, nursing and medical treat-
ment. All cases, except those suf-
fering from nervous or chronic dis-
eases, are admitted free of charge.
There are twelve beds. The hos-
pital is in charge of the Sisterhood
of St. John the Baptist, a Protest-
ant Episcopal order founded at
Clewer, England, in 185 1.

The Yorkville Dispensary
and Hospital in the City of New
York, at 1307 Lexington Avenue, was incorporated in 1886, to maintain an out-door
service for the treatment of women and children. It is also a maternity charity,
furnishing medical and nursing attendance to poor women during confinement. As
yet it has no accommodations for in-patients, but confines its work to out-door relief.
It is supported by voluntary subscriptions.

The New-York Mothers' Home of the Sisters of Misericorde, at 523 to 537
East 86th Street, was incorporated in 1888, to provide and maintain maternity hos-
pitals and children's asylums in the State of New York At present the society main-
tains a maternity hospital, for destitute women and young unmarried girls, hitherto
respectable, about to become mothers. There are accommodations for 125 free and
30 pay patients, with private rooms. During 1891 138 women and 118 children were
cared for, at an expense of $10,000.

The Babies' Hospital of the City of New York, at 657 Lexington Avenue,
was incorporated in 1887, for the care of poor sick children under two years of age.
It has accommodations for 30 babies ; and in 1891 expended upwards of $13,000 in
its work. In connection with the hospital there is a dispensary for children ; a
country branch, at Oceanic, N. J. ; and a training-school for children's nurses, where
young girls of good character, over 18 years of age, are taught the management and
training of sick and well children.

The New-York Asylum for Lying-in Women was founded in 1798. A
suitable building was procured on Cedar Street ; and Robert Lenox, Dr. David

LAURA FRANKLIN FREE HOSPITAL FOR CHILDRtN,
19 EAST 111th STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

443

IES' HOSPITAL, 657 LEXINGTON AVENUE,
CORNER EAST 55th STRFET.

Hosack, and other leading citizens were ap-
pointed managers. It soon became evident
that the funds of the society were insuffi-
cient to meet the expenses, and an arrange-
ment was made with the New- York Hospital
by which that institution should receive the
income of the funds, on condition that the
governors should provide a lying-in ward.
This arrangement continued until 1827,
when the lying-in asylum was reorganized
and began an independent work. The
society has no home or hospital for its bene-
ficiaries, but renders assistance to them in
their houses.

The Ladies' Hebrew Lying-in So-
ciety, at 58 St. Mark's Place, is a branch of
the United Hebrew Charities. It was in-
corporated in 1877, and cares for poor
Hebrew mothers during confinement, and
supplies medical aid, food, nurses and
clothing to all deserving cases. The yearly
disbursements are about $2,000.

The New- York Eye and Ear Infirmary, at 218 Second Avenue, was the
first institution opened in the city for the treatment of diseases of the eye and ear.
The work was begun in 1820, by two young physicians, Edward Delafield and J.
Kearney Rogers, who leased two small rooms in a house on Chatham Street, and
announced their readiness to treat all eye and ear diseases. Within seven months
over 400 patients were treated, and many cases of partial blindness were cured. As
a result of the first year's work, a society known as the New-York Eye Infirmary was

organized, in 1 82 1 ; and in
1824 the old Marine Hospital
of the New-York Hospital
was leased. This was occu-
pied until 1845, when a
house in Mercer Street was
purchased and fitted up for
the use of the society. In
1854 an appeal to the Legis-
lature and the public re-
sulted in a grant and sub-
scription amounting to
$30,000, which was used in
the erection of a commodious
building on Second Avenue.
In 1890 the corner-stone of
a new and larger building
was laid, and in the follow-
ing year a hospital wing
containing 70 beds was
new-york eye and ear infirmary, second ave. and EAsr i3th ST. opened for the free treat-

's*

444

AGING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

ment of patients. An average of 700 patients are received yearly, and the dis-
pensary department gives advice and treatment to nearly 60,000 cases annually.

The New-York Ophthalmic Hospital, at Third Avenue and East 23d
Street, is a hospital for the treatment of diseases of the eye, ear and throat, and a
college affording clinical instruction in the diverse forms of these diseases. It was
incorporated in 1852, and after many years of useful work, in cramped and insuf-
ficient quarters, the present four-story brick building was erected, in 1 87 1, at a cost
of $100,000, the gift of Mrs. Emma A. Keep. It is conveniently arranged for its
purpose, and contains reception and operating rooms for out-door patients, numer-
ous wards and private rooms for those whose cases require a prolonged stay at the
hospital, and two large contagious wards, entirely isolated from the other patients.
The hospital is free to those unable to pay for the service of a physician, the
directors and surgeons serving without compensation, and it is one of the great
charities deserving of confidence and support. It is the only institution in the coun-
try authorized by law to confer the degree of Surgeon of the Eye and Ear upon
properly qualified students, and the steady growth of its work is shown by the fact
that while only 830 patients were treated during the first year of its existence, in
1890 it treated over 13,000 cases, received 400 resident patients, and issued more
than 53,000 prescriptions. The large visiting and consulting staff comprises many
eminent specialists, and the institution enjoys an enviable reputation for its skilful
treatment of the difficult diseases of which it makes a specialty.

The Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital was chartered in 1869, and occupies
a substantial brick building at 103 Park Avenue, corner of 41st Street. It is supported

by voluntary contribu-
tions, and is intended
solely for the treatment
of those who cannot
pay much for medical
aid. Besides the oph-
thalmic and aural de-
partments there is one
for nervous diseases,
and one for throat dis-
eases ; and an isolated
ward for the treatment
of contagious diseases
of the eye. ^Upwards
of 13,000 cases are
treated yearly. The
administration is in the

MANHATTAN EYE AND EAR HOSPITAL, PARK AVENUE AND EAST 41ST STREET. hands of a board of di-

rectors ; and the medical staff is composed of many of the best-known physicians and
surgeons of the city, who give freely of their time and skill for the relief of the un-
fortunate. The work has already outgrown the accommodations, and to relieve the
pressure upon the day clinics, as well as to meet the wants of those unable to leave
their work during the day, night clinics have been established in some of the depart-
ments ; and the directors are contemplating the enlargement of the building so as
to increase the usefulness of the institution, which has long been recognized as one of
the best of its class. The hospital has an endowment fund of $80,000; the C. R.
Agnew Memorial Fund of $12,000; and seven endowed beds.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

445

The New-York Ophthalmic and Aural Institute, at 46 East 12th Street,
was opened in 1869 as a dispensary and hospital for the treatment of diseases of the
eye and ear, and a school of ophthalmology and otology. Patients unable to pay are,
so far as the resources of the institute will permit, received, provided for, and treated
in the hospital without charge. Dispensary patients (about 8,000 a year) are treated
gratuitously. The institute leases the building it now occupies, and in 1891 treated
nearly 400 in the hospital, where 160 cataracts were successfully extracted. About
one-third of the patients receive free treatment.

The New-Amsterdam Eye and Ear Hospital, at 212 West 38th Street, a
substantial brick building, was opened in 1888 for the treatment of eye and ear dis-
eases. There are also nose and throat departments. It is supported by voluntary sub-
scriptions. Seventy patients are treated yearly; and 125 operations are made; while
the dispensary department gives free treatment to upwards of 1, 700 needy applicants.

NEW-YORK CANCER HOSPITAL, CENTRAL PARK WEST AND 106th STREET.

The New-York Cancer Hospital, at Central Park West and 106th Street,
was founded in 1884, for the treatment of all sufferers from cancer, whose condition
promises any hope of cure or relief. The building is of recent construction ; replete
with all the modern improvements and appliances; and has 130 beds. About 500 new
patients are admitted yearly, one-half being free. The charges for pay patients vary
from $7 to $30 a week ; and the yearly expenses are about $35,000.

The New-York Skin and Cancer Hospital, at 243 East 34th Street, was
incorporated in 1883, for the free treatment and care of the poor afflicted with cancer
and skin diseases. It has accommodations for 100 patients, and maintains a country
branch hospital for chronic cases at Fordham Heights, a dispensary for the free
examination and treatment of the poor, and the Guild of St. Lazarus, which assists
in providing necessary clothing, sick-room comforts and delicacies for the inmates of
the hospital.

The Metropolitan Throat Hospital, at 351 West 34th Street, was incorpo-
rated in 1874, It affords free treatment to those who are unable to pay special fees

446

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

for all affections of the nose and throat. The institution is unsectarian, is supported
entirely by voluntary contributions, and treats 1,000 cases yearly, aside from the
much larger number of those who simply make visits for treatment.

The New-York Society for the Relief of the Ruptured and Crippled
began its work in a small way in 1863, in a building on Second Avenue. Its found-
ing was due to Dr. James
Knight, whose long medical
experience among the poor
had convinced him of the
need of some provision for
the gratuitous treatment of
cases of hernia and deform-
ity. The rapid increase of
the work soon made large
accommodations necessary ;
and in 1867 a hospital was
opened at the corner of 42d
Street and Lexington Ave-
nue. It is an ornamental
structure of brick and stone,
five stories in height, with
accommodations for 200 in-
mates, most of whom re-
ceive gratuitous treatment,
the annual expenses of
$50,000 being met by an
appropriation from the city,
private subscriptions, and
a grant from the Hospital
Sunday Fund. Upwards of
9,000 cases are yearly
treated in the hospital and
out-door department, the
large majority receiving advice, apparatus and treatment free of charge.

The New-York Orthopedic Dispensary and Hospital, at 126 East 59th
Street, was established in 1866. It receives and treats destitute persons suffering
from diseases and deformities of the spine and joints, infantile paralysis, bow-legs,
club-foot and similar ailments, besides such cases as cannot get proper treatment at
home.

St. Bartholomew's Hospital and Dispensary, at 300 West 36th Street,
was organized in 1888, for the gratuitous treatment of the poor suffering from skin
and certain other diseases. Over 600 patients are treated yearly, at the dispensary.
Although managed by members of the Protestant Episcopal Church, the hospital is
unsectarian in character.

The New-York Pasteur Institute, at 178 West 10th Street, the first one of
its class in America, was opened in 1890 for the anti-hydrophobic treatment of rabies
according to the method of M. Pasteur. Its founder was Dr. Paul Gibier, a pupil
of Prof. Pasteur. Since the opening of the Institute, 1,500 patients have been
received, of whom 1,200 have been sent back, after having their injuries properly
dressed, it having been demonstrated that the animals attacking them were not mad.

NEW-YORK SOCIETY FOR THE RELIEF OF THE RUPTURED AND
CRIPPLED, LEXINGTON AVENUE AND EAST 42D STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

447

In the remaining 300 cases, the anti-hydrophobic treatment was resorted to, with a
loss of only three patients. In all cases patients unable to pay for treatment have
been inoculated and cared for free of charge. In 1893 the Institute will occupy the
Central-Park Sanatorium, at Central Park West and 97th Street, a six-story fire-
proof building, admirably equipped.

The New-York Christian Home for Intemperate Men was established in
1877 to rescue victims of intemperance and the opium habit by bodily rest, mental
repose, religious influence, and freedom from annoyance, irritation or temptation.
No drugs or nostrums are used, but every possible means is employed to divert the
minds of the patients and to keep them happily occupied. The Home, at 1 175
Madison Avenue, has accommodations for 75 inmates. None is received for a stay
of less than five weeks. During 1891, of the 302 inmates received, 260 professed
conversion, and of these 180 remained steadfast. The refuge of the home is free to
residents of the city who are unable to pay ; and otherwise the rates vary from $8 to
$20 a week, according to their recommendations. The yearly expenses are about
$25,000, and there is an endowment fund of $50,000.

The Vanderbilt Clinic was opened in 1888 as a free dispensary for the poor.
It is in charge of a board of five managers, but allied with the College of Physicians
and Surgeons ; and stands on land belonging to the college, at the corner of 60th
Street and Amsterdam Avenue. It is a large three-story brick building, similar in
design to the Sloane Maternity Hos-
pital ; and was erected and endowed
by the four sons of the late William
H. Vanderbilt, who gave the money
for the purchase of the half block on
which the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, the Sloane Maternity Hos-
pital and the Vanderbilt Clinic now
stand, and with which the college
buildings were erected. Besides its
dispensary department, where nearly
125,000 patients received free treat-
ment and advice during 189 1, the
building contains numerous small
rooms for the direct practical teach-
ing of diagnosis and treatment to the
students of the college, and a theatre
for clinical lectures which accommo-
dates an audience of 400. Although
of recent foundation, the Vanderbilt
Clinic has already become an important
medical institution.

The New-York City Dispens-
ary, at White and Centre Streets, was
established in 1791 on Tryon Street,
afterward Tryon Row, which extended
along the north-eastern side of the City-Hall Park, between Chambers and Chatham
Streets. In 1796 the Dispensary was incorporated by the Legislature, and in 1805 it
was united with the " Kinepox Institution," which had been established in 1803 for
vaccinating the poor with cow-pox instead of small-pox. In 1828 the three-story

INFIRMARY OF FIVE-POINTS HOUSE OF INDUSTRY,
155 WORTH STREET.

448

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

brick building now in use was opened. During the cholera season of 1832 it is said
that the dispensary physicians "were found in every part of the widely extended
city, stopping, as far as they were able, the ravages of the plague." The institution
treats 50,000 patients yearly, at a cost of $25,000.

The Infirmary of the Five-Points House of Industry, at 155 Worth
Street, is maintained by the charitable organization from which it takes its name.
It treats 1,500 patients yearly. Two stories were added to the building in 1892.

The Church Hospital and Dispensary of the Protestant Episcopal Church
was organized and incorporated in 1892 to concentrate and centralize Church medi-
cal work upon the most modern scientific medical principles, to provide a visiting
staff, and to give special care to the worthy poor who are averse to receiving medi-
cal aid from a public clinic.

OTTENDORFER FREE LIBRARY. GERMAN DISPENSARY. IYINS-IN HOSPITAL.

THE GERMAN DISPENSARY, 137 SECOND AVENUE, BETWEEN 8TH AND 9TH STREETS.

The German Dispensary occupies a very handsome and commodious build-
ing at 137 Second Avenue. It was opened in 1S59, and has been of vast benefit to
the crowded population of the German quarter.

The Northern Dispensary was founded in 1827. It is at Christopher Street
and Waverly Place, and has treated over 1,000,000 patients. Fully 15,000 cases
are cared for yearly.

The Good-Samaritan Dispensary (formerly the Eastern Dispensary, opened
in 1832), at 75 Essex Street, was opened in 189 1. Upwards of 1,250,000 patients
have been aided, and 160,000 cases receive treatment yearly, the number of pre-
scriptions dispensed being about 110,000.

The DeMilt Dispensary occupies a fine building at 23d Street and Second
Avenue. It was opened in 1851, and its service includes the district lying between
14th and 40th Streets and Sixth Avenue and the East River. It treats upwards of
30,000 cases yearly and dispenses nearly 70,000 prescriptions. It has cared for
nearly 1,000,000 patients and given out 2,000,000 prescriptions.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

449

The Northeastern Dispensary, at 222 East 59th Street, was founded in 1862.
It is a large medical and surgical relief institution, treating 24,000 cases yearly,
and dispensing upwards of 60,000 prescriptions.

The Harlem Dispensary, at Fourth Avenue and 125th Street, was opened in
1868. The district comprises that part of the city north of 100th Street and east of
Eighth Avenue. Upwards of 7,000
cases are treated yearly.

The Midwifery Dispensary, at
314 Broome Street, was founded in
1890, to supply free medical treatment
in their homes to women unable to pay
for medical assistance. It is supported
by voluntary subscriptions, and its
yearly expenses are $3,000.

The German Poliklinik, 411
Sixth Street, is managed entirely by
German physicians, for the poor in the
vicinity. It was opened in 1883, and
affords medical relief to 15,000 patients
yearly.

Other Local Dispensaries, aside
from those mentioned above and those
connected with the hospitals, include
the West-Side German, opened in
1872 ; the Dispensary of the Trinity-
Church Association, 1880 ; the Dis-
pensary of St. Chrysostom's Chapel,
1880 ; the New- York Dispensary for Diseases of the Skin, 1869 ; the Homoeopathic
Dispensary, 1870 ; the Northwestern Dispensary, 1852; the Yorkville Dispensary,
1887 ; and the Eclectic Dispensary, at 239 East 14th Street.

The New-York Training-School for Nurses was founded in 1873, f°r tne
instruction of intelligent women in hospital and private nursing. It was the first
school for nurses opened in this country, and was the outgrowth of a desire on the
part of a few charitable and public-spirited citizens to elevate the standard of nurs-
ing in the Bellevue and other public hospitals. Previous to the opening of the school
the male and female nurses in Bellevue Hospital had been the product of chance,
physical misfortune, and practical politics, and the service left very much to be
desired. The first class was graduated in 1875, and consisted of six well-trained
nurses, most of whom entered upon their duties in Bellevue. The work of the school
has been such as to elevate the nursing service in all the local hospitals, and the
graduates have in many instances been called upon to establish similar schools in
other cities, and even in Italy, China and Japan. When the school was opened, in
1873, only five applicants presented themselves, but such has been the growth of
the work that 1,500 applications for admission are now received yearly, and the
school always has its full quota of 68 students. The requirements are exacting.
The candidates must be from 21 to 35 years of age, and physically and mentally
fitted for their calling. At the expiration of a short probationary period, those who
have proved satisfactory are engaged for a two-years' course of theoretical and practical
training, which includes lectures by eminent physicians and surgeons and actual

service in the wards of Bellevue. The school building is at 426 East 26th Street,
29

ECLECTIC DISPENSARY AND ITALIAN INDEPENDENT CLUB,
237 AND 239 EAST 14TH STREET.

45° KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

opposite the entrance to Bellevue. It is a four- story brick structure, and was built
in 1887 by Mrs. William H. Osborn. It contains a kitchen, parlor, dining-room,
library, lecture rooms and sleeping apartments for the nurses. The distinctive garb
of the nurses is blue and white seersucker, with a white apron and cap and linen
collar. Over 300 nurses have been graduated.

The D. O Mills Training-School for Male Nurses occupies a substantial
brick building, erected in 1888 in the Bellevue-Hospital grounds, at the foot of East
26th Street. It is arranged and fitted up as a home for the nurses during their
two-years' course of study, which is on the same lines as that of the training-school
for female nurses, nearly opposite. Two classes have been graduated from the
school, and there are now fifty-seven inmates, all of whom serve in the male wards
of the hospital. It is a generous charity, founded by Darius O. Mills.

The New-York Post-Graduate Medical School Training-School for
Nurses, at 163 East 36th Street, was founded in 1885 for the instruction and train-
ing of hospital and private nurses. It has graduated upwards of 250 nurses.

The New-York County Medical Society, at 12 West 31st Street, is the
oldest local organization of doctors. It was established in 1806 "to aid in regu-
lating the practice of physic and surgery, and to contribute to the diffusion of true
science, and particularly the knowledge of the healing art." It is authorized to
examine students in medicine, and to grant diplomas to such as are duly qualified.

The New- York Medical and Surgical Society was founded in 1834 for
the discussion of professional topics. The membership is limited to thirty-two, and
the meetings are held at the residences of the members.

The New-York Academy of Medicine, at 17 West 43d Street, was estab-
lished in 1847, and incorporated in 1851, for the cultivation of the science of medi-
cine ; the advancement of the profession ; the elevation of the standard of medical
education, and the promotion of the public health. It is a large and important or-
ganization, and has sections in pediatrics, obstetrics and gynaecology, the theory
and practice of medicine ; neurology, orthopedic surgery, materia medica and
therapeutics ; laryngology and rhinology, surgery, ophthalmology and otology, and
public health and hygiene. The fine Academy building was opened in 1890. It
is Romanesque in style and ornate in treatment, and contains numerous meeting
and reception rooms and a large medical library, which is open to the public. The
Academy is one of the leading institutions of its kind in America, and its member-
ship includes many eminent physicians and surgeons.

The Scientific Meeting of German Physicians was established in 1857,
for the exhibition and study of interesting pathological specimens, and the report and
discussion of notable medical and surgical cases. It has a membership of about 90 ;
and the monthly meetings are held at no West 34th Street.

The Medico-Chirurgical Society of German Physicians meets bi-
monthly at 411 Sixth Avenue. It was organized in i860, for "the cultivation of
medical science and the promotion of the honor and interest of the profession."

The Medico-Historical Society was founded in 1864, for the preservation
and publication of interesting and valuable facts regarding the medical history of the
city. Among its other valuable publications mention may be made of its yearly
Medical Directory, which contains valuable information and statistics relating to the
many local benevolent and medical institutions.

The New-York Ophthalmological Society was organized in 1864, for the
improvement of its members in ophthalmic and aural studies. There are thirty
members; and the meetings are held bi-monthly at the members' houses.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

45 i

The Medico-Legal Society was founded in 1866, and incorporated in 1868,
for the study and advancement of the science of medical jurisprudence. The mem-
bership comprises regular practitioners
of the medical and legal professions in
good standing, leading scientists, and
eminent literary men.

The New-York Dermatologi-
cal Society was formed in 1869, for
the study and investigation of the
causes of skin diseases, the best cura-
tive methods, and all subjects con-
nected with dermatology.

The New-York Neurological
Society meets monthly at 12 West
31st Street, for the study of the causes
and cure of diseases of the nervous
system. It was established in 1872,
and has 35 members.

The New-York Laryngological
Society was founded in 1873, f°r the
study of diseases of the throat. The
meetings are held monthly, at 12
West 31st Street.

The New-York Clinical So-
ciety is devoted to the consideration
of medical and surgical topics in their
clinical and therapeutical aspects. The membership is limited to twenty, and
monthly meetings are held at the houses of the members.

The New-York Surgical Society holds bi-monthly meetings at the New-
York Hospital, for the discussion of interesting surgical cases occurring in the
hospital practise. It was founded in 1879.

Other Medical Societies are the American Microscopical Society of the City
of New York, founded in 1865 ; the New- York Medical Union, 1865; the Harlem
Medical Association, 1869; the Yorkville Medical Association, 1870 ; the Associa-
tion for the Advancement of the Medical Education of Women, 1874; the New-
York Therapeutical Society, 1877; the Materia Medica Society, 1 88 1 ; the Practi-
tioners' Society of New- York, 1882 ; the Society of Medical Jurisprudence, 1883 ;
the Manhattan Medical and Surgical Society, 1883 ; the Lenox Medical and Surgical
Society, 1885 ; and the Hospital Graduates' Club, 1886.

The Sanitary Aid Society, at 94 Division Street, was incorporated in 1885.
It investigates evasions and violations of existing sanitary laws, prosecutes the
offenders, and endeavors to educate public opinion on this important subject. It
maintains the Model Lodging-House and Dormitories, at 94 Division Street, where
a bed and bath, with access to a reading-room and library, are supplied to sober
single men at a nominal cost. The house has 140 beds, and lodgings are furnished
to 50,000 applicants yearly.

The Ladies' Health Protective Association, of New York, at 27 Beekman
Place, was organized in 1884, to protect the health of the people of the city of New
York by taking such action as may be necessary to secure the enforcement of exist-
ing sanitary laws and regulations, also calling the attention of the authorities to any

NEW-YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, 19 WEST 430 STREET.

45 2

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

VANDERBILT CLINIC, CORNER 60th STREET AND AMSTERDAM AVENUE.

violations thereof, and pro-
curing the amendment of such
laws and regulations when
necessary.

The Hospital Saturday
and Sunday Association
of New -York City, at 79
Fourth Avenue, was founded
in 1880. Its object is to col-
lect funds for the various
local hospitals, by means of
an annual collection in the
churches and synagogues, and
by other agencies. In 189 1
about $60,000 were collected
and distributed among the
hospitals.

The New-York Diet-
Kitchen Association was
incorporated in 1873, to pro-
vide the destitute sick with
nourishing food, free of cost,
upon a written requisition of any of the house and visiting physicians of the local
dispensaries. It supports five diet-kitchens, in various parts of the city, and assists
15,000 persons r— *. ... -. ~v, •••,.
yearly.

The American
Veterinary Col-
lege Hospital, at
139 West 54th Street,
was opened in 18S6
for the reception and
care of animals need-
ing treatment. Up-
wards of 3, 000
domestic animals are
treated yearly. In
the dispensary horses
and other animals
belonging to the poor
are treated free of
charge. Since its
opening over 7,000
animals have been
received, and up-
wards of 2, 500 opera-
tions performed.

The NeW-York DEMILT DISPENSARY, SECOND AVENUE AND 23d STREET.

College of Veterinary Surgeons has a large and efficient hospital for domestic
animals, at 332 East 27th Street.

The F»olice Courts, Prisons, House of Refuge, Penitentiary,

Work^House, House of Correction, Etc.

THE prevention, detection and punishment of crime and, when possible, the
reformation of the criminal, form important features in the municipal activity of
New York. All arrested persons are taken to the nearest station-house, and thence
at the earliest possible moment they are brought before one of the six police-courts,
where they are charged with specified offences and committed, bailed or discharged,
according to the nature of the evidence against them.

The Police-Courts have original jurisdiction over minor offences. They are
held at the Tombs, Jefferson-Market Court-House, Essex- Market Court-House,
Yorkville, Harlem and Morrisania. Drunkenness, assault and battery, and thieving
make the bulk of the work. Nearly all the convictions are disposed of by fines, or
by short terms of imprisonment in the city institutions on Blackwell's Island. The
courts have power to examine prisoners accused of serious crimes, and to hold them
for trial in the higher courts. In fact, they have an extended jurisdiction and a wide
latitude in the exercise of their powers. They stand next to the common people,
and their province is not only to punish offences, but it is even more to correct abuses
and to adjust family and neighborhood differences. For these reasons, the justices,
who are appointed by the Mayor, are not often members of the legal fraternity.
They are men of practical sense and experience in the every-day affairs of life, and
that they have knowledge of the character, the foibles and the needs of the people
with whom they come most in contact is regarded as more important than that they
have legal lore. They hold office for ten years, and have salaries of $8,000 a year.

The Tombs, at Franklin and Centre Streets, is a large granite building, occu-
pying an entire block. It is the city prison ; and covers the site of the pre-Revolu-
tionary gibbet, which was planted on a small island in the Collect Pond. The most
notable execution on the island was that of seven negro slaves, in 1 741, for alleged
complicity in the negro riot of that year. The Collect Pond was a small sheet of
water, separated from the river by a strip of marsh-land. The early experiments of
John Fitch in steamboat navigation were made in 1 796, on the pond. It was filled
in 181 7. The Tombs was built in 1840, and some of its granite stones came from
the old Bridewell, erected in City-Hall Park about 1735, and torn down in 1838.
The building is a pure specimen of Egyptian architecture ; and it is deplorable that
its really noble proportions are dwarfed by its location in a low hollow. The name
arose from its gloomy and funereal appearance and associations. It appears as a
single lofty story, with windows extending to the cornice. The main entrance is on.
Centre Street, through a lofty porch, supported by massive stone columns. Pro-
jecting entrances and columns vary the somewhat monotonous appearance of the
sides of the building. The Tombs Police-court is on the right of the entrance, and

454

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

the Court of Special Sessions is on the left. The latter is connected with the prison
in the rear by a bridge, known as the "Bridge of Sighs," from the fact that con-
demned prisoners are led across it, after conviction. The entrance to the prison
proper is on Franklin Street, through a locked and barred grating. The warden's
office is on the left of the entrance ; and a short hallway leads the visitor to the cells,
300 in number. These are arranged in tiers, one above the other, with a corridor for
each tier. In addition to the old granite building, two smaller prisons of yellow
brick were erected in 1885, to relieve the crowded condition of the Tombs. Crim-
inals awaiting trial in the Special Sessions or Tombs Police courts are detained here,
as well as those accused or convicted of more serious crimes. Executions formerly
took place in the central courtyard, but since the introduction of electrocution, all
executions occur at the State prisons at Sing Sing and Auburn. The Tombs prison
is in charge of the Department of Public Charities and Correction. The yearly
number of committals is about 25,000.

The Jefferson-Market Prison is a minor city prison, virtually a branch of the
Tombs, and an adjunct of the Jefferson-Market Police-Court. There is such a
prison attached to each of the police-courts, for the temporary detention of persons
accused of or convicted of crime. The Jefferson -Market Police-Court and prison,
and the market from which they take their name, occupy different portions of a
unique and handsome brick structure of irregular shape and considerable architec-
tural beauty, at Sixth Avenue, Greenwich Avenue and West loth Street. It was
built in 1868. One of its features is a tall tower, on the northeast corner, in which
is a clock with an illuminated dial.

The Ludlow-Street Jail is a large brick building in the rear of the Essex
Market, extending from Ludlow Street to Essex Street. It was built in 1868, and is
used for the safe-keeping of persons arrested under writs issued to the Sheriff of the

County of New York, who has
charge of the jail. Those who
have violated the United-States
laws are also confined there, the
Government paying a stipulated
daily sum for each prisoner.
Sheriffs prisoners who are will-
ing and able to pay for the priv-
ilege are allowed superior accom-
modations, and the system has
led to many abuses, which the
Legislature has often attempted
to correct. Persons arrested for
debt were formerly confined here,
but the practice is now done
away with, as contrary to the
Federal laws. A debtors' prison
was built in 1735, on the City
Commons, near the present City
Hall. During the Revolution it was used as a prison by the British, and in 1840 it
was converted into the present Hall of Records, which is thus the oldest public
building in the city, and the only Revolutionary prison remaining in the country.
It is a low brownstone building, in the Doric style ; and stands near the entrance
to the East-River Bridge.

LUDLOW-STREET JAIL, LUDLOW AND ESSEX STREETS.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

455

45 6

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Blackwell's Island, purchased by the city in 1828, for $50,000, is a long, nar-
row island in the East River, extending northward 1^ miles, from opposite East
50th Street to East 84th Street, and containing about 120 acres. It is the principal
one of the group of islands upon which are most of the public reformatory and cor-
rectional and many of the charitable institutions for which New York is famous.
Upon it stand the Charity Hospital, the Penitentiary, Aims-House, Hospital for In-
curables, Work-House, Asylum for the Insane, and other institutions. Most of the
buildings are of granite, of imposing size, and built after the turretted and battle-
mented designs of feudal times. They have all been erected by convict labor, as
was also the sea-wall surrounding the island. The name of the island commemorates
Robert Blackwell. He married the daughter of Captain John Manning, who in 1673
surrendered New York to the Dutch. After his disgrace, Manning retired to his
farm on Blackwell's Island, then known as Hog Island; and after his death it became
the property of his daughter. It remained in the Blackwell family for many years.
The old Blackwell homestead, a low rambling wooden house, built nearly 125 years

THE PENITENTIARY, BLACKWELL'S ISLAND.

ago, still stands, and is used as the residence of the warden of the Alms-House. The
warden of the Penitentiary occupies a picturesque stone cottage, standing on an
elevated plateau, just north of the Penitentiary. The island contains much fertile
land, and gardening and farming are carried on by the convicts. The population is
about 7,000 persons, all in care of the Commissioners of Public Charities and Cor-
rection, from whom permits to visit the island must be obtained. The island- ferry
leaves the foot of East 26th Street twice daily.

The Penitentiary on Blackwell's Island is a stone building, 600 feet long, with
a long projecting wing on the north. The main building was erected in 1832, and
the northern wing in 1858. The material used in its construction was the grey stone
from the island quarries. It is four stories in height, castellated in design, and con-
tains 800 cells, arranged back to back, in tiers, in the center of the building. A
broad area runs entirely around each block of cells ; and each tier is reached by a
corridor. Persons convicted of misdemeanors are confined here, and the number of
prisoners averages nearly 1,000 a day. Over 3,000 offenders are received yearly, of
whom 400 are women. Each of the cells bears a card, giving the inmate's name,
age, crime, date of conviction, term of sentence, and religion. All inmates are
compelled to follow some trade or occupation. Stone-cutting in the quarries on the
island, and mason-work on the buildings which the city is constantly erecting, furnish
employment to a large number ; others are employed in the rough work of the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

457

SCENES ON BLACKWELL'S ISLAND.

THE ALMS-HOUSE CHAPEL, OLD BLACKWELL RESIDENCE, AND OTHER BUILDINGS.

45«

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Department of Public Charities and Correction; and still others work at the various
trades which they followed before their incarceration. Most of the women prisoners
are employed in sewing, or as cleaners in the female department. Each cell contains
two canvas bunks, and all are kept freshly whitewashed and scrupulously clean.
Solitary confinement is not practised, except as a punishment for insubordination ;
and in spite of the fact that the inmates of the Penitentiary are to be seen at work
all day in various parts of the island, and with a seemingly insufficient guard, escapes
are almost unknown, only one prisoner having got away in ten years. This immunity
from escapes is due to the exceptionally strong natural safeguards afforded by the
insular position of the institution, and the tremendously swift flow of the tide in the
river, which makes it possible to guard nearly 1,000 criminals with fewer than 20
guards and about 35 keepers. To this same fact, as well as to the open-air life of
the prisoners, is due the exceptionally healthy condition of the inmates.

As early as 1796 the Legislature provided for two State prisons, one at Albany,
and one in New- York City. The first Newgate Prison, in Greenwich Village, was

WORK-HOUSE, BLACKWELL'S ISLAND.

opened in 1797, but it soon became crowded, and in 1816 the Penitentiary was built,
on the East-River shore at Bellevuc. In 1848 the Bellevue grounds were divided,
and the convicts were removed to Blackwell's Island.

The Work-House, on Blackwell's Island, was built in 1852, to take the place
of an older building which had been erected early in the century in the Bellevue
grounds, on East 23d Street, where portions of the massive stone walls are still to
be seen. The Bellevue grounds once extended from East 23d Street to East 27th
Street, and from the river to Third Avenue, but in 1848 they were divided, and the
larger portion sold for business purposes and dwellings. The Work-House is of
granite, three stories in height, and comprises a long wing running north and south,
and two cross wings, running east and west. The main building is about 600 feet
long, and contains 221 cells, arranged in tiers against the side walls, and separated by
a broad hallway. The cells are large, airy and well-lighted, and the entire building is
kept immaculately neat. The offices are in the west wing ; and the kitchen in the
east wing. The Work-House is intended to be an institution for the punishment of
the large class of petty criminals, always abounding in large cities. Most of the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

459

BLACKWELL'S ISLAND INSTITUTIONS.

THE CHARITY HOSPITAL, PENITENTIARY WORKSHOPS, AND CHURCHES.

460 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

22,000 inmates yearly committed to the institution belong to the class known as
"drunks." Many of them are old offenders, who have become almost permanent
residents. Some of the inmates are daily drafted to perform household and other
duties in the other public institutions controlled by the Commissioners of Public
Charities and Correction. Those who remain at the Work-House are kept busily
engaged in some useful occupation — much of the clothing, bedding, etc., used in
the other institutions being made here. The average daily number of inmates is
about 1,000, and about the same number are furnished to other institutions. The
terms of commitment range from five days to one year, the majority of committals
being for short periods, for drunkenness or disorderly conduct. Chief among the
reformatory methods adopted at the institution are the Protestant and Roman Cath-
olic religious services ; the work of the Temperance Society ; the school, in which
the inmates are taught the rudimentary English branches ; and the privilege of the
library. The large percentage of short-term sentences makes the Work-House a
house of detention, rather than a house of correction, or reformation.

The Branch Work-House, at Hart's Island, occupies a number of buildings
formerly belonging to the Hart's-Island Hospital, which was given up in 1887. ^ x%
intended to relieve the overcrowding of the main Work-House, and it receives yearly
about 2, 500 prisoners.

The Aims-House, on Blackwell's Island, was built, in 1846, by convict labor,
from the granite of the island quarries. The original buildings were two in num-
ber— one on the south for women, and one on the north for men. They are simi-
lar in design and treatment, and, with the later additions, they afford accommoda-
tions for 2,000 of the city's paupers. The grounds of the Aims-House occupy the
central portion of the island, and contain about a dozen buildings, including the five
now occupied by the Aims-House proper, the two older stone buildings, and three
brick structures erected in 1889-91 ; the Aims-House hospital for women, a num-
ber of wooden buildings, opened in 1 881; the hospital for incurables, opened in 1866;
the pretty little Episcopal Chapel of the Good Shepherd, erected in 1888 by George
Bliss as a memorial ; the old Blackwell mansion; the Aims-House Hospital, for
men ; and other buildings used for various purposes connected with the manage-
ment of the institution. There is a large reading-room in the basement of the
chapel; and much active religious work is done among the inmates by the Episcopal
City Mission Society, the Roman Catholics, and numerous charitable guilds. Over
3,000 paupers are annually received and cared for, and in their pleasant island-home
they are more comfortably situated than are thousands of the dwellers in the crowded
tenement-houses of the city. The first alms-house was built in 1734, on the Com-
mons, now City-Hall Park, alongside the Bridewell. It was of stone, two stories
high, and served also as a house of correction and a calaboose for unruly slaves. A
new building, on the same site, was opened in 1 795, just after the breaking out of
an epidemic of yellow fever in the city, and for some time it was used as a hospital
for the victims of the fever. In 1816 a large building was opened on the Bellevue
grounds, which was occupied by the hospital and the almshouse until 1828, when
they were separated, and in 1846 the paupers were removed to Blackwell's Island.

Randall's Island, near the union of the East River and Harlem River, com-
prises about 100 acres. Located upon it are the House of Refuge, the Idiot Asylum,
Nursery, Children's and Infant's Hospitals, schools, and other charities provided for
destitute children. Passes to visit the city institutions may be obtained from the
Commissioners of Public Charities and Correction, but are not needed at the House
of Refuge, which is open daily until 4 P. M.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

461

The House of Refuge, on Randall's Island, was erected in 1854, and is a re-
form school for juvenile delinquents of both sexes. It is in charge of the Society
for the Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents, the oldest organization of its class in
the country. It was founded in 18 1 7, as the "Society for the Prevention of Pau-
perism ;" and one of its first important works was the investigation of the prison
systems of England and the United States. In 1823 it was merged into the Society
for the Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents. The first House of Refuge was opened
in 1825, in the old barracks on Madison Square. In 1839 the Refuge was removed
to the Bellevue grounds, at East 23d Street and East River, where it remained
until the Randall's Island location was occupied, in 1854. The grounds of the insti-
tution are on the southern end of the island, and comprise a tract of 37^ acres, upon
which numerous buildings have been erected from time to time, to meet the needs
of the work. They are of brick, in the Italian style of architecture. The two

FEMALE ALMS-HOUSE, BLACKWELL'S ISLAND.

main buildings are nearly 1,000 feet in length, and will accommodate 1,000 inmates.
Children brought before police magistrates for misdemeanors are committed to the
institution. The yearly number of committals approaches 4,000. The boys and
girls are kept apart. They are taught useful trades, and are instructed in the com-
mon English branches. The secretary is Evert J. Wendell.

The Prison Association of New York, at 135 East 15th Street, was founded
in 1846 to improve the penal system, to better the condition of prisoners, and to aid
reformed convicts after their discharge. Daily visits are made to the Tombs and
the police-courts, and all needful aid is given to those prisoners who are deemed
worthy. The association has been instrumental in introducing many reforms in
prison management. In 1888 it founded the United-States Press Bureau, to give
employment to deserving ex-convicts in the collection and sale of newspaper clip-
pings.

The New- York Juvenile Asylum, at 176th Street and Amsterdam Avenue,
was incorporated in 185 1 as a reformatory home for truant and disobedient children,
committed by magistrates or surrendered by parents or friends. The asylum is a
large stone building, with accommodations for 1,000 inmates, who receive moral,
mental, and industrial training, and are provided with homes when they reach a

462

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

suitable age. Truant and disobedient children between the ages of 7 and 14 years,
belonging in the city, are received; and the institution draws $110 from the city
treasury for each child supported during the year. This amount is supplemented by
a grant from the public school funds and by private gifts. The thoroughness of the
work is shown by the fact that of the many children who have been placed in western
homes, not more than five per cent, have proved to be incorrigible or guilty of serious
misconduct. There is also a House of Reception at 106 West 27th Street, where
the children are kept for a few weeks before being sent to the asylum.

The Wetmore Home for Fallen and Friendless Girls, at 49 Washington
Square, was founded in 1865, with the late Apollos R. Wetmore as president, to
protect young girls against temptation, and to rescue them when they have been led
astray. Mr. Wetmore took a warm interest in the work, and upon his death, in
1 88 1, the present building was purchased, and named the Wetmore Home, in his

NEW-YORK JUVENILE ASYLUM, AMSTERDAM AVENUE AND 176TH STREET.

memory. Since the opening of the institution over 3,000 young women and girls
have been admitted to its shelter. Instruction is given in housework and sewing,
and the inmates are aided in procuring employment.

The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, at 10
East 22d Street, is one of the most widely known of the many civilizing influences
of the city. It was founded in 1866, by the late Henry Bergh, who remained its
President until his death in 1888. The first laws for the prevention of cruelty to
animals were enacted in 1866, and have been amended by successive legislatures
until they are the best of their kind in existence. Nearly every State and Territory
has adopted similar laws, with societies to enforce them, and which are in com-
munication with the parent institution. The headquarters are open perpetually.
Thousands of complaints are received yearly of cruelty to animals, all of which are
thoroughly investigated, and the evils remedied. No animal is too insignificant for
attention. The society has ambulances for the removal of disabled animals ; a
patrol service for rendering first aid to injured and sick animals ; and a force of uni-
formed officers, who have authority to arrest and prosecute offenders found violating

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

463

any of the humane statutes of the State. By numerous publications and the work
of sixty affiliated societies, it has developed a strong public sentiment ; and the
good work it has accomplished to mitigate and prevent suffering to animals is in-
calculable. Its monthly official journal is called Our Animal Friends. The Society
has prosecuted 17,000 cruelists ; suspended over 50,000 animals from labor by rea-
son of disabilities ; humanely destroyed 34,000 horses and other animals, injured or
diseased past recovery ; and removed 6,000 disabled horses in ambulances. The
President, John P. Haines, has been connected with the organization for many
years, and under his guidance the humane work has been greatly extended.

The New-York Society for the Suppression of Vice, at 41 Park Row,
was incorporated by the Legislature of the State of New York in 1873, through the
efforts of Anthony Comstock, its secretary, aided by a few public-spirited citizens.
Its object is the enforcement of all laws for the suppression of obscene literature,
pictures, and articles for indecent and
immoral use, including gambling in its
various forms, lotteries, and pool-sell-
ing. It seeks the defence of public
morals by preventing the dissemination
and seed-sowing of criminal influences.
Through the efforts of this society five
acts were passed in 1873 Dv Congress
prohibiting the importation into this
country, or the dissemination by mail,
or in provinces under the exclusive
jurisdiction of the United States, of
obscene books, pictures or articles.
Through its efforts stringent laws were
enacted the same year in New-York
State, and since then in various other
States. Branch organizations have
been established in New England and
the Southern and Western States.
Nearly 1,800 arrests have been made,
44 tons of obscene matter and 15 tons
of gambling material and parapher-
nalia have been seized and destroyed.
Upon persons convicted, 319 years'
imprisonment and more than $112,000 of fines have been imposed. The annual
expenses are about $10,000, which are met by voluntary contributions. Through
the efforts of this society stringent laws were enacted by Congress in 1889 prohibit-
ing "green-goods" swindlers and other fraudulent devices from using the mails.

The Society for the Prevention of Crime, with spacious and commodious
offices at 923 Broadway, was organized in 1877 and incorporated in 1878. Its special
and peculiar mission is the attempt to remove the sources and causes of crime, by the
enforcement of existing laws and the enactment of new ones, and by arousing public
opinion, more particularly regarding the excise laws, gambling, and public nuisances
in general. Under the direction of its former President, the late Rev. Dr. Howard
Crosby, the society accomplished a vast amount of work, and incurred a correspond-
ing degree of hostility from those upon whom the laws have no other restraining

* Taken down in 1892, to make room for new building.

SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS,
FOURTH AVENUE AND EAST 22D STREET. *

464

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

power than that due to the fear of detection and punishment. The society employs
a number of agents to detect violations of the law. The present President, the Rev.
Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst, is well known as the author of the crusade against the
brothels and gambling-houses of the city, as a result of which the Grand Jury in 1892
found a sweeping indictment against the Police Department.

The Home of Industry and Refuge for Discharged Convicts was
founded in 1 879, and incorporated in 1 882. Its object as stated in the articles of

incorporation is "To do
good to the souls and bodies
of men," but its labors are
confined to the criminal
class. A small house at 305
Water Street was secured
for the initial stages of the
work, and after several re-
movals they located in 1891
in a large and commodious
building of their own at 224
West 63d Street. Since its
start, 3,000 ex-convicts have
been received into the
"Home," 1,400 of whom
have obtained employment.
The yearly expenses are
$8,000, of which fully one-
fourth is earned by the in-
mates, chiefly at broom-
making. The yearly aver-
age of inmates is 40. Gifts
are greatly needed to pay
indebtedness existing.
The Christian League for the Promotion of Social Purity, at 33 East
23d Street, is an outgrowth of the modern awakening of the public conscience regard-
ing private and social morality. It was organized in 1886, and incorporated by
special act of Congress in 1889 as a national institution. Its purpose is the impor-
tant one of elevating public opinion regarding the nature and claims of morality,
with its equal obligation upon men and women, and enlisting and organizing the
efforts of Christians in protective, reformatory, educational and legislative work in
behalf of social purity. It also aims to supply employment, funds and advice to
deserving young women in need, and to protect young girls from immorality.

The Society for the Purification of the Italian Quarters may be classed
as among the reformatory organizations of the city, since its work is the important
one of driving disorderly houses and disreputable people from the Italian quarters of
the city. It was organized in 1890, and, in addition to the work outlined above, it
endeavors to do away with the crowded condition of the Italian tenement-houses..

The Lunacy Law Reform and Anti-Kidnapping League, at 10 East
14th Street, was founded in 1890 to protect sane persons against unjust and unlawful
imprisonment in insane asylums and hospitals, and to secure humane treatment and
the protection of their legal and constitutional rights to those suffering from insanity.
Legal and medical advice is freely given to all deserving applicants.

HOME OF INDUSTRY AND REFUGE FOR DISCHARGED CONVICTS,
224 WEST 63D STREET.

Final Resting Places.

iftii^

mmmSM

Cemeteries, Burial»Places, Crematories, Church^Yarda
and Vaults, Toinbs, Etc.

IN AND about New York are some of the most beautiful and most interesting
resting-places of the dead in the world. With all the demands of high-pressure
civilization the needs of the dying and the dead have been most sacredly cared for.
Great and small, there are nearly fifty cemeteries in the city, or in the immediate
vicinity, that are used for the interment of the dead. A reasonable estimate gives
the population of these burial-places at nearly, if not quite, 3,000,000, and that
number is added to at the rate of 40,000 a year. By a law of 1830 interments were
prohibited within the city limits below Canal Street, except by special permit, and
the tendency in recent years has been strong toward closing altogether the city cem-
eteries, and using only those that are in the suburbs, or far removed from the thickly
settled wards. Forgotten God's Acres still exist in various parts of the city, mostly
down-town, where they are crowded by tenement-houses and towering warehouses
and manufactories. The history of New York in this respect shows a constant
record of the pushing the dead out of place by the living. Some of these old places
still remain in part, but a far greater number have disappeared altogether. Only the
established and powerful corporations of Trinity and a few other churches have been
able to resist the demands of modern life and business for the ground once sacred to
the dead. Hundreds of acres, now covered by huge buildings or converted into
public thoroughfares, were at some time burial-places ; over ninety of which have
thus existed, and passed away. Of most of them even the location has been forgotten
by this generation.

There was a burial-ground around the old Middle Dutch Meeting-House, on the
site of the Mutual Life-Insurance Company, in Nassau Street, between Cedar and
Liberty Streets; another in John Street, adjoining the John-Street Methodist Church ;
others in Maiden Lane, in Frankfort Street, and near Burling Slip. On the site of
the Stewart Building, corner of Broadway and Chambers Street, and where is now
the City-Hall Park, was a negro burying-ground ; in 1770 hundreds of negroes who
died in the small-pox epidemic were buried there. The old Potter's Field was on
the site of the present Washington Square, then far out in the country. Where now
are asphalt walks, flowers, fountains, the Washington Arch, and aristocratic homes,
the poor were once buried by the thousands in nameless graves. Afterward the
Potter's Field was where Madison Square is.

The old Jewish Cemetery on the New Bowery, at Chatham Square, dates back

more than a century and a half. A wealthy Portuguese Jew, Louis Gomez, gave a

large tract of land for that purpose in 1729. The cemetery was in high esteem for

a century, but then it began to be shorn of its proportions for new buildings and

3°

466

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Streets. Now only a smail strip of land remains, containing a hundred tombs, with
illegible inscriptions and many unknown dead.

When this cemetery became unfashionable many of the bodies were removed to
a larger and handsomer place far out of the city, in the green fields, where it was
thought that they would remain forever undisturbed. To-day what is left of that
once beautiful place of the dead is a few feet of land in 2 1st Street, just west of
Sixth Avenue, hemmed in by a huge dry-goods store and other buildings, and shut
in from public gaze by a high brick wall on the street side. A few tomb-stones
remain, and that is all.

On nth Street, just to the east of Sixth Avenue, in a little triangular plot, shut
in by the walls of adjoining buildings, is all that is left of what was once a large

MARBLE CEMETERY, A HIDDtN GOD'

:, BETWEEN THE BOWERY, SECOND AVENUE, 2D AND 3D STREETS.

cemetery. The place is overrun with a wild growth of shrubs and vines, and one
little pyramidal monument is all that tells the story of what has been. In 85th
Street, near Fourth Avenue; in Ninth Avenue, where old Chelsea village once was;
in Mott Street, about St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church ; and in several localities
in Harlem, there are cemeteries that have fallen into neglect and that must soon pass
out of existence.

Trinity Churchyard, surrounding Trinity Church, on Broadway, opposite Wall
Street, is to the antiquary and the student of local history a most interesting burial-
place. Some of the gravestones date back nearly 300 years, and they constitute in
their names an index-book to the leading families of the metropolis for nearly two
centuries. The churchyard is a quiet and attractive spot, immediately at the head
of the financial district of the American continent, with the whirl of the money
market and the uproar of traffic about it night and day. On one side is Broadway,
thronged from morning to night with hurrying crowds of men and teams, and on the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

467

other side the cars of the Elevated Railroad rattle noisily by. But within there are
the greensward and the stately old trees, reminders of the time when all this country
hereabouts was fair orchard or pasture land. The sparrows twitter cheerfully about
in the trees or on the ground, and New York's illustrious dead rest there, undis-
turbed by the traffic or the birds, sleeping their last sleep. The dead are placed in
vaults underground, and flat slabs set into the green grass or into the slabs of the
paved walks indicate the locations.
You literally walk above the dead
wherever you go, and under your feet
are names of once prominent families
that have long since been forgotten,
as well as of those that are still bright in
civic annals. Here are the Laights, the
Bronsons, the Ogdens, the Lispenards,
the Bleeckers, the Livingstons, the
Apthorpes, the Hoffmans, and so on.

At the left, as you enter the church-
yard, is the last resting-place of the
naval hero Captain Lawrence, of the
Chesapeake. On a rectangular base of
red sandstone is a sarcophagus of like
material, upon one end of which is
carved the side of a war-vessel with
protruding guns, and on the opposite
end a wreath and anchor. The base
bears this inscription : "The Heroick
Commander of the Chesapeake, whose
remains are deposited here, expressed
with his expiring breath his devotion
to his country. Neither the fury of
battle, the anguish of a mortal wound,
nor the horrors of approaching death
could subdue his gallant spirit. LI is
dying words were ' Don't Give Up the
Ship.'" An iron fence encloses the
Captain- Lawrence tomb, within which
is also interred his wife.

In the south part of the yard is the
tomb of Alexander Hamilton, a rec-
tangular sarcophagus of white stone,
with urns at the four corners, and a
stunted pyramid surmounting it. On
the base there is an inscription, now nearly obliterated by the ravages of the
weather, reciting' the history and the virtues of the great statesman and financier.
At the foot of this monument, beneath a slab, simply inscribed, are the remains of
Hamilton's devoted wife. By a curious coincidence, near the Hamilton monument
is a slab marking the final resting-place of Matthew L. Davis, who was Aaron Burr's
intimate friend and biographer, and Burr's companion on that fateful morning when
Burr and Hamilton met in the duel at Weehawken, whence Hamilton was brought
away dying.

MARTYRS' MONUMENT, TRINITY CHURCHYARD.

468 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Near the southwest corner of the church is the tomb of Albert Gallatin, a red
sandstone sarcophagus, with a slanting ribbed top and a frieze of leaves cut in
bas-relief. Gallatin and his wife are interred there. Just east of the Gallatin tomb
is the Livingston vault, in which are the remains of Robert Fulton, the inventor
of the steamboat. In the immediate vicinity, beneath a slab in the pavement
marked Anthony Lispenard Bleecker, are five generations of the old Bleecker
family. Near the Rector-Street railing are the remains of Bishop Benjamin Moore,
second Bishop of New York, and President of Columbia College. On the west
slope, in the south part of the yard, in a vault built in 1738, is buried the third Earl
of Stirling, the Scottish nobleman who gave up a coronet to fight for freedom in
the New World, and who was Washington's trusted and valued friend. Over in
the middle of the north side, an old slab, broken and moss-covered, shows where is
buried Benjamin Faneuil, father of Peter Faneuil, of Boston fame. One of the
quaintest headstones in the churchyard is that at the grave of William Bradford,
the friend and companion of William Penn, the first printer in the United States
outside of Boston, the first newspaper publisher and paper-maker, and the father
of book-binding and copperplate engraving in this country. The inscription on
his tomb-stone reads: "Here lies the body of William Bradford, Printer, who
departed this life May 23, 1752, aged 92 years. He was born in Leicester, in Old
England, in 1660, and came over to America in 1682 before the city of Philadel-
phia was laid out. He was Printer to this Government for upwards of fifty years ;
and being quite worn out with old age and labors, he left this mortal State in the
lively Hopes of a blessed Immortality.

" Reader reflect how soon you'll

quit this Stage.
You'll find but few attain to

such an age.
Life's full of Pain : Lo Here's a

Place of Rest !
Prepare to meet your Goo : then

you are blest."

Another interesting stone stands at the grave of Sydney Breese, a wealthy New-
York merchant and a witty society man, whose name still lives in the fame of one of
his descendants, Professor S. F. Breese Morse, inventor of the telegraph. The stone
bears the curious inscription :

" Sydney Breese, June 19, 1767. Made by himself.
Ha, Sydney, Sydney !
Lyest thou Here ?
I Here Lye
'Till Time is flown
To Its Eternity."

The most conspicuous monument in the churchyard is that erected thirty years
ago by the Trinity-Church corporation in memory of the soldiers of the American
Revolution who died in the prison-pens during the occupation of the city by the
British. The monument faces Pine Street, and was built at a time when there was
talk of extending Pine Street through the churchyard, from Broadway to Church
Street and the desecration was thus forever prevented. The ashes of the patriot
soldiers repose in undistinguishable graves about this monument. The memorial is
a square structure of red sandstone in Gothic style, to harmonize with the neigh-
boring church building. Above the base there is a high arehed canopy with open
sides, the four corners of which terminate in ornamental finials, and a tall spire

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

469

stands up from the centre. On each of the four gables of the roof is a group of
thirteen stars. This is the inscription on the east or Broadway face of the base :
"Sacred to the memory of those good and brave men who died whilst imprisoned
in this city for their devotion to the cause of American Independence."

Among other interesting things in Trinity churchyard are the Bronson head-
stone, curiously carved with winged cherubs, a border of leaves and a group con-
sisting of an hour-glass, crossed thigh-bones, a corpse and a skeleton, emblems of
mortality ; the slab that covers the remains of Charlotte Temple, whose name, by
a peculiar coincidence, was erroneously associated with a fictitious sad story in one
of the romances of New York's early life ; the Watts family vault, that, marked by
a single slab, contains the ashes of the gallant General Phil. Kearny ; the tomb of
Francis Lewis, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence ; of General
[ohn Lamb, a famous Liberty Boy ; of Lieut. -Governor and Chief- Justice James
Ue Lancey ; and of the De Peysters, Crommelins and other Huguenot families.

St. Paul's Churchyard, in Broadway, between Vesey and Fulton Streets, and
extending back to the Trinity Building in Church Street, is hardly less interesting
than Trinity, to which it is, in fact, an adjunct. It is not as old, but it contains
many honored and distinguished dead. On the Broadway side are three notable
monuments, all of them curiously enough to men of Irish birth. In the Broadway
wall of the chapel is a memorial
tablet to General Richard Mont-
gomery, who fell at Quebec.
There is a pedestal with an urn
upon it, and trees and palms and
military insignia surrounding. On
the tablet is the inscription. The
memorial was erected by Con-
gress in 1776 ; and the remains
of the gallant Irish - American
were brought from Quebec at the
expense of the city of New York,
and with pomp and ceremony
placed in a vault directly beneath
the tablet. To the south of the
church is the monument to
Thomas Addis Emmett the Irish
patriot of '98, who died November
14, 1827. It is a granite obelisk,
upon the east face of which, near
the top in bas-relief, is a bust of
Emmett, and below a group show-
ing an urn, clasped hands and an
eagle. The north face has an
inscription in English, giving the
facts of Emmett's life, and on the
opposite face is the same inscrip-
tion cut in Celtic characters.

*
Upon the west face on a sunken tablet is the inscription

W. L. G. " To the north of the church is the

THOMAS A. EMMETT MONUMENT

PAUL'S CHURCHYARD.

21.5'

J. MacNevin, who, an

Irish refugee of '98, came

400 10' 12" N. 710 05'
monument to Dr. William
to New York and attained

47°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

eminence as a physician, chemist and medical instructor. The monument that com-
memorates him is a square pedestal, surmounted by a pyramidal shaft. Both base
and shaft are decorated with elaborate floral designs. The pedestal has inscrip-
tions in Latin, in English and in Celtic. On the east face of the shaft is a bas-relief
bust of Dr. MacNeven, an eagle and an urn, and a draped harp with clasped hands

beneath it. The monument to George
Frederick Cooke, the actor, is near the
centre of the grounds to the west of
the church. It is a low, square marble
pedestal, on a double base, and sur-
mounted by an urn, with the repre-
sentation of flames flashing upward
from its mouth. The pedestal bears
this motto :

" Three kingdoms proclaim his birth :
Both hemispheres pronounce his worth.1''

Inscriptions on the four sides of the
pedestal record that the monument
was erected by Edmund Kean, and
successively repaired by Charles Kean,
Edward A. Sothern and Edwin Booth.
Not far from the Cooke monument
is the Bechet tomb, a large square
structure of stone, overrun with climb-
ing vines. There reposes Colonel
Etienne Marie Bechet, the Sieur de
Rochefontaine, who served under Count
Rochambeau in our Revolutionary
War ; and with him are his wife and
other members of the family. Within
the church is a tablet in memory of Sir
John Temple, the first Consul-General
of England to the United States. The
tablet is in the form of a rectangular
base, bearing an inscription, and surmounted by a pyramid, upon the face of which are
carved an urn and the Temple coat-of-arms. Other distinguished persons have been
buried in St. Paul's churchyard ; members of the Somerindyke, Ogden, Rhinelander,
Onderdonk, Van Ameridge, Bogert and other families; John Dixey, R. A., an Irish
sculptor ; Captain Baron de Rahenau, a Hessian officer ; Major John Lucas, of the
Georgia line; Major Job Sumner of the Massachusetts line; Lieut. -Col. Beverly
Robinson ; Philip Blum, who was sailing-master of Commodore McDonough's flag-
ship Saratoga at the battle of Lake Champlain ; Colonel Thomas Barclay, the first
British Consul to New- York City ; Anthony Van Dam ; John Wells, whose bust is in
the church ; and many other American patriots and British officers.

The New-York City Marble Cemetery is on 2d Street, between First and
Second Avenues, in a thickly settled tenement district. When it was first opened,
it was a fashionable burial-place, but now it is little in favor, save by a few old
families. It is about half the length and half the depth of the block. On the
street side is a high iron fence. Opposite is a tall brick wall, shutting out the

MEMORIAL TABLET TO MAJOR-GENERAL RIGHAKU
MONTGOMERY, ST. PAUL'S CHAPEL.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF XEW YORK.

471

tenement-yards, and at both ends the abutting houses look down upon the plot.
The ground is devoted entirely to vaults underground, and interments are still
permitted, under restrictions. The place is well kept, but is laid out in severe
style. Half a dozen parallel gravel walks run the length of it. Between the
walks are narrow strips of sodded ground in which at regular intervals lie the gray
slabs that cover the entrances to the vaults. President James Monroe was buried in
a vault here, but his remains were subsequently removed to Richmond, Va. , for
permanent interment. John Ericsson, the inventor and builder of the famous war-
vessel Monitor, whose remains were finally sent to his native land, Sweden, on
board a United-States war-ship, rested for a time in the Marble Cemetery. There

NEW-YORK CI

BETWEEN FIRST AND SECOND AVENUES.

are several monuments historically interesting, noticeably one to Stephen Allen,
once Mayor of New-York City ; and the names of Lenox, Lewis, Ogden, Ogilvie,
Webb, Oothout, Hyslop, Kip, MacElrath and other old families appear.

There is another little cemetery, hidden in the centre of the block bounded by
the Bowery, Second Avenue, and 2d and 3d Streets, which belongs to the same
corporation. It is sometimes called the New- York Marble Cemetery, and is
distinguished from the other by the omission of the word "City" from the title.
It is scarcely half an acre in extent, and it cannot be seen from either street or
avenue. The entrance is through an iron gate and a heavy wooden door on Second
Avenue, near 2d Street. Even this is kept closed constantly, and, so far as appear-
ances go, it might be the entrance to the adjoining house.

St. Mark's Churchyard is also a record of the past. It is at the corner of
Stuyvesant Street and Second Avenue, even now an aristocratic neighborhood, and
formerly more so. Here was once the farm of old Peter Stuyvesant. Near by he
lived, and on the site of St. Mark's he built a chapel, over two centuries ago, and
when he died he was buried therein. When the chapel made way for St. Mark's

472

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

MEMORIAL TABLET TO
PETRUS STUYVESANT,
ST. MARK'S CHURCH,
SECOND AVENUE AND
STUYVESANT STREET.

the body of Stuyvesant was removed and placed in a vault beneath the walls of the
new building. On the east side of the church is a massive red sandstone block,
held in place by iron clamps. This marks the Stuyvesant tomb, and it bears this
inscription: "In this vault lies buried Petrus Stuyvesant, late Captain-General and
Governor-in-Chief of Amsterdam in New Netherlands, now called New York, and
the Dutch West India Islands, died in A. D. 167 1-2, aged 80 years."

In the churchyard are buried Colonel Sloughter, one of the English
Colonial governors ; Daniel D. Tompkins, an early governor
., - of the State of New York ; Nathaniel Prime, an old-time
merchant; and Philip Hone, one of the most courtly
"L^ -1 and most distinguished >>f the mayors of New-York
City ; and there, too, are the family
vaults of Nicholas Fish, P. P.
Goelet, David Wolfe, Frederick
Gebhard, Abraham Iselin, Peter
M. Suydam, Abraham
Schemerhorn, R. S. Living-
ston and others. It was from
a vault in this yard that the
body of A. T.
Stewart was
stolen by grave-
robbers.

St. Luke's

Churchyard, in Hudso n

Street, near Christopher, is

another place of the dead,

with only the inscribed

tablets on the surface to indicate

the vaults below. There are

several hundred vaults here, but no

interments are now made in them.

St. John's Burying-Ground, con-

-».••" nectedwith St. John's Chapel of Trinity

Church, is between Hudson, Leroy and

Clarkson Streets. It was established about

sixty years ago ; and more than 10,000 bodies

are interred in it, for the most part (it would appear)

people of the middle and poorer classes, although some

well-known folk were laid at rest there. Christopher P. Collis,

-^%S^a ■ tin.' friend of Robert Fulton, and the projector of the Croton water -

-i system, was buried there. The ground contains the body of William

5 E. Burton, the famous comedian, and of Naomi, the wife of Thomas

Hamblin, a famous actor and manager of Burton's time. A quaint monument is that

erected by Engine Company 13 to Eugene Underhill and Frederick A. Ward, who

were killed while on duty in 1834. It is a sarcophagus, surmounted by a stone

coffin, upon the top of which is a fireman's cap, a torch and a trumpet. Most of

the monuments and stones are in a dilapidated condition. The burial-ground is a

picturesque place in summer time, with its fine old shade-trees. There has been talk of

the city taking it for a park, which is much needed in that tenement-house district.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

473

Woodlawn Cemetery is the most important modern place of burial within the
city limits. It is in the Twenty-Fourth Ward, about twelve miles from the City
Hall ; and is reached easily by trains over the New-York & Harlem Railroad from
the Grand Central Depot. The railway tracks border the cemetery on one side, and
the station is a few steps from the main entrance. Trains run every half-hour dur-
ing the day, and there are also special funeral trains. The cemetery has an area of
396 acres. Within a few years it has become the fashionable burial-place of New-
York millionaire families. The grounds are on an eminence, with gently sloping
sides, and an uneven surface, that is capable of many fine landscape and other effects.
Woodlawn ranks among the most notable of American cemeteries in the beauty of its
adornments, as well as in the richness of its monumental work. Its present predom-
inating feature is the group of mausoleums, erected by wealthy New-Yorkers of this

WOODLAWN CEMETERY, WOODLAWN STATION, NEW-YORK AND HARLEM RAILROAD, 24TH WARP.

generation, including some quite notable structures. Woodlawn is destined to be
preeminent in this particular. It surpasses every other place of burial in the country
in the number, the beauty and the value of these imposing houses of the dead. The
mausoleums cost from $10,000 upwards.

Jay Gould was one of the first to build a mausoleum at Woodlawn. It was put up
about ten years ago. It stands alone on a high hill ; a cold gray granite structure,
like a Greek temple. It was built and designed by H. Q. French of New York.
There are heavy bronze doors of artistic workmanship, and at the end of the build-
ing opposite to the door is a handsome stained-glass window. Mr. Gould's wife is
interred here. Not far from the Gould mausoleum is that of Henry Clews, the
banker ; a simple Greek temple of rough gray granite, with bronze door and stained-
glass windows. It stands near a little lake upon. whose shores are the mausoleums
of Maurice B. Flynn, the Matthiesons, George L. Lorillard, H. H. Cook, G. A.
Osgood, Peter C. Baker, Peter F. Meyer, and others, and the lots of Cornelius
Vanderbilt, Joseph H. Choate, the eminent lawyer, Washington E. Conner, and
others. Truly, this is a neighborhood of plutocrats. On the Vanderbilt lot is only
a marble tree-stump with straggling vines carved upon it. The Lorillard mausoleum

474

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

DESIGNED AND BUILT BY H. Q. FRENCH.

JAY GOULD'S MAUSOLEUM, AT WOOOLAWN CEMETERY.

is a large and ornate structure of rough white marble, with door-frames of finished
Sienna marble, and cornices and columns of finished white marble. Even more
elaborate is the Matthieson mausoleum, imposing in size, and built of colored marble

and granite, with
much decoration
in buttresses,
carved work and
moulding finials,
and crosses on the
gables of the roof,
and many stained-
glass windows.
On the Austin
Corbin lot is a
plain block of
granite. Sidney
Dillon's lot is
marked by an
elaborately carved
Runic cross. The
monument in the
Sloane lot is a
showy creation of
highly polished

rich red marble, consisting of a rectangular pedestal upon which is a column with
a square base, and a conical shaft surmounted with an elaborate finial. On the
sides of the base are the names of the Sloane brothers, William Sloane, John
Sloane, Henry T. Sloane and Thomas C. Sloane.

Another part of the cemetery, on the brow of the hill, overlooking to the east-
ward the grassy slope that extends to the railroad, a quarter of a mile away, is also
much in favor. Here are many tombs built into the side of the hill, with handsome
marble or granite entrances, as well as mausoleums, which are the independent
structures most popular at Woodlawn. Not far from the cemetery entrance on this
eminence Collis P. Huntington is erecting a mausoleum that in size and cost will
be one of the most notable structures of its kind. Near by is the mausoleum of
Marshal O. Roberts, a Gothic structure of granite, with polished red marble columns,
and also the plain granite tomb of William E. Dodge.

Probably the most costly, as it is the most elaborate Woodlawn monument, is
that belonging to Henry M. Flagler, the Standard-Oil millionaire. It is a massive
granite cylinder, surmounted by a dome, upon the apex of which is a cross, stand-
ing upon a circular granite platform. It is covered in nearly every part with the
most delicate carvings and traceries. On opposite sides of the shaft are four
sunken panels, framed with light columns, and arched over with semi-circular
porticoes of carved granite. Scripture texts are carved on these panels, and the
name Flagler is in raised letters upon the base of the shaft. The monument
stands on an eminence that makes it the most conspicuous object in this part of
the cemetery. The mausoleum that holds the remains of the millionaire Daniel
B. Fayerweather is also notable. It is near the Flagler monument, and almost
equally conspicuous. The material used in its construction is a dull red granite,
with polished columns upholding the portico, on the pediment of which is a

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

475

WOODLAWN CEMETERY.

WOODLAWN STATION, NEW-YORK AND HARLEM RAILROAD.

476 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

bronze wreath and crossed palms. The bronze door has a beautiful figure of an an-
gel with opened wings. The main part of the building is oval in shape, with tessel-
lated floor, vaulted roof and four stained-glass windows. Other mausoleums are the
Butterfield and Falconer, a heavy Egyptian structure of granite ; the Cossitt, the
J. M. Randall, the Ladew and the Tilt. There are nearly a hundred of these
costly structures in Woodlawn. Illustrious dead are not lacking in this cemetery.
Admiral Farragut is here, sleeping at the foot of a simple monument. Just a bro-
ken mast of marble it is, standing on a square pedestal and draped at the top.
Around the base of the mast are flags, swords and other insignia of naval warfare,
and the arms of the United States, The only inscriptions are :

" Erected by his wife and son.

David Glasgow Farragut.

First Admiral in the United-States Navy.

Born July 5, 1801.

Died Aug. 14, 1870."

And another to Virginia D. Farragut, his wife. Within a stone's throw of the Far-
ragut monument is the grave of another naval hero, De Long, of the ill-fated Arctic
expedition. With him repose his four brave companions, but their graves are not
yet marked by a monument.

The monument to Dr. Leopold Damrosch, the eminent musical conductor, is
very artistic. It is a seated granite figure of Music, of heroic size, with one arm
outstretched over the grave. Upon the low pedestal is the word " Damrosch," and
a bronze scroll has the inscription "Erected by the Oratorio, Arion and Symphony
Societies of New York, A. D. 18S8. " The inscription upon the headstone is "Leo-
pold Damrosch. Born Oct. 22, 1832. Died Feb. 15, 1885." Another artistic
monument is that to Auguste Pottier, a granite pedestal with a bronze bas-relief
portrait-bust in a medallion, and an exquisite draped figure of Grief, with bowed
head and drooping hands, seated upon it.

Rev. Dr. Howard Crosby is buried here. Over his grave is a plain granite shaft,
in summer-time covered with a thick mass of ivy and woodbine. On the shaft is
the inscription "Howard Crosby. Born Feb. 27, 1826. Died Mar. 29, 1891."
On the headstone is the same inscription, with the text "Well done, good and faith-
ful servant. Enter thou into the joy of thy Lord." A massive granite sarcopha-
gus, with a palette and brushes, encircled by a laurel wreath, marks the grave of
Frank Leslie. Other monuments are those of Edward C. Moore, a large dark -colored
boulder, covered with vines, and marked "Family of E. C. M."; of Spencer C.
Stokes, the famous circus-rider, over whose grave is the marble statue of his favorite
horse; of Julius Count Seyssee d'Aix; of Horace F. Clark, an Aberdeen-granite
tomb upon a polished granite platform; and of the Wheeler family, a rough boulder,
with a large bronze bas-relief of a boy reclining in the grass on the front. The
Havemeyers, James Law, Judge Whiting, Rev. Dr. John Hall, Edward A. Ham-
mond and ex-Secretary of the Navy William C. Whitney are other well-known New-
Yorkers who own lots in Woodlawn. The offices of Woodlawn Cemetery are at 20
East 23d Street, and the Comptroller is Caleb B. Knevals.

Trinity Cemetery is at Washington Heights, on Tenth Avenue, between 153d
and 155th Streets. It contains about fifteen acres, and was opened for the burial of
Trinity parishioners sixty years ago, when intra-mural interments were forbidden.
The location is sightly, on an eminence overlooking the country round about, and
the Hudson River to the west, the grounds extending to the river. A handsome
granite wall with frequent columns, supporting an ornamental iron fence, surrounds

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

477

the property. Spacious gateways give ingress to it, and on the corner of Tenth
Avenue and 154th Street there is a pretty Queen- Anne lodge, with the offices. The
grounds are divided into two parts by West End Avenue, a broad public thorough-
fare, the grade of which is below the level of the cemetery hill. An iron suspension-
bridge, with Gothic sandstone archways at either end, spans the avenue and connects
the two parts of the cemetery. The grounds are well laid out with paths and road-
ways, and trees and shrubs are abundant. There is little floral decoration except
on private lots. Many prominent New- York families bury their dead here. The
tombs or headstones bear such well-known names as Astor, Hargous, Schieffelin,
Sayre, Delafield, Gallatin, Dix, Furniss, Harsen, Wilmerding, Livingston, and
De Peyster. There are few mausoleums, those of Stephen Storm and Garrett Storm,
large Gothic redstone structures near the south-east entrance, being the most con-
spicuous. Most of the tombs and vaults are in the western section. There the hill-
side slopes steeply toward the Hudson River, and offers peculiar advantages. The

SUSPENSION BRIDGE, TRINITY CEMETERY, ELEVENTH AVENUE AND 155th STREET.

tombs are built underground, on the side hill, and have ornamental granite or sand-
stone facades. There are several hundred homes of the dead of this description.
The vaults of the Astors are the most unpretentious. The William-B. -Astor lot
is a smooth stretch of unbroken greensward, entirely concealing from view the vault
underneath. In the centre of the plot is a plain marble shaft, with the inscription,
"Astor Vault." The John- Jacob- Astor tomb is severely plain. Only the front,
looking toward the river, is in evidence. This is a simple granite wall, broken by a
flight of steps leading up to the greensward that covers the top of the tomb. There
stand several headstones and a little monument. The name John Jacob Astor is on
the granite coping. In this tomb are the remains of the original John Jacob Astor;
John Jacob Astor the second ; and his wife and other members of the family. The
interior decorations of the tomb, which are invisible to the general public, are very
rich. Next to this Astor tomb is that of William P. Furniss, an old-time wealthy
New-Yorker. The William-Astor vault is also an excavation on sloping ground.
It is enclosed with ample granite walls, and the top is a square of green grass, sur-
rounded with a low granite and bronze parapet. Entrance is from the upper level
down a flight of steps that is kept covered by iron bulk-head doors.

The grave of the Irish poet, John Augustus Shea, who died in New York in
1845, ^s °f interest. A marble slab covers it, and on this is cut three verses from
Shea's brilliant apostrophe to the Ocean. A monument to Richard Sands is in the
form of a circular open temple. In the centre of this is a marble bust of the
deceased, and on top is a female figure. In the Dix lot lies General John A. Dix.

478 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Kensico Cemetery is one of the number which make New York famous for its
charming rural burial-places. In olden times church-yards were the only burial-
places. The modern cemetery, as distinct from the church-yard, originated in
Kensal-Green Cemetery, near London, which was founded in 1832. In France, Pere
La Chaise was started in 1804. Mount Auburn, near Boston, established in 1 831,
was the first in America. Laurel Hill, at Philadelphia, was opened in 1836. These
are famous because they were grand efforts, made by people of wealth and culture,
whose deeds usually attract attention.

Kensico Cemetery is situated on the Harlem Division of the New- York Central
& Hudson-River Railroad, only 48 minutes' ride from the Grand Central Depot.
The natural beauty of Kensico, in the midst of an elevated and extensive plateau,
with picturesque and historic surroundings, and many other advantages, make it
most desirable for the purpose. The cemetery depot, which is built of stone covered
with moss, is an attraction in itself, besides having the modern conveniences of a
city office-building. The public receiving-tomb is much superior to any structure of
the kind in this country. Its front and entrance is in the form of a chapel. The
floors and inner walls are of the purest marble. A new and most perfect system of
ventilation for the interior of the catacombs has been adopted. The gases are con-
veyed to a detached purifying furnace, and currents of pure air are formed and kept
in circulation. The architect of the Kensico station, and also of the Kensico
Receiving-Tomb is H. Edwards Ficken, the noted artist-architect. It seems to
be the avowed purpose of the founders and managers of this cemetery to make it
an ideal place of burial from the very foundation, and, therefore, recognized
leading architects and landscape-gardeners have been given the work of planning
the buildings and laying out the grounds. No efforts are being spared to make here
one of the most beautiful of American burial-places.

The Kensico Cemetery is being surrounded by a stone wall placed on deep
culverts, and laid in the best cement. All the drives, roads and avenues are built
of stone foundations of from three to five feet in depth, and no expense is spared to
make everything of the most lasting and durable character. In the laying out of
this place of burial an equal regard has been had to convenience, completeness of
arrangement and beauty of effect ; the winding drives diversifying the scene and
breaking the monotony of the ordinary grave-ground. A gentleman narrating the
story of his visit to the Kensico Cemetery, speaks of the stone depot of Queen-Anne
style, costly and perfect in all its appointments, and exclusively used for cemetery
purposes. He says : "I was not anticipating such a series of entertaining views as
I enjoyed when being driven through the cemetery. Two little children, who were
with us, were almost beside themselves with pleasure as the carriage drive took them
higher and higher by easy gradations, until they could view Long-Island Sound
and the richly cultivated fields in the distance. The pretty lakes, the floral gardens
and the tastefulness of the arrangement of the entire grounds, all added pleasure to
our drive. Surely your cemetery cannot be excelled. I should have known that
such gentlemen as form your Board of Trustees, would not have served as trustees
of your cemetery, unless it promised decided merit."

The office of the Kensico Cemetery is 16 East 42d Street, New York, and the
officers and trustees are : James W. Husted, President ; Allen S. Apgar, Vice-
President ; Samuel I. Knight, Secretary and Treasurer; Reese Carpenter, Comp-
troller; Chauncey M. Depew, Phineas C. Lounsbury, Samuel Shethar, Charles G.
Langdon, William E. Dodge Stokes, Joseph O. Miller, Edward Kearney, James F.
Sutton, Isaac G. Johnson, Gardner Wetherbee, and H. Walter Webb.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

479

480 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Mount Hope Cemetery is one of the charming places of burial in the vicinity
of New York. Although it has been established only a few years, it has already
been selected as the last resting-place of many families of the city. It is delight-
fully situated at Mount Hope, on the line of the New- York and Northern Railway,
j ust beyond the city of Yonkers ; six miles to the north of the limits of New York,
and one mile east of the Hudson River. The locality is in Westchester County,
and on old maps it is designated as Odell's, its former name. It is easily reached by
the West-Side elevated railroads and the New- York & Northern Railroad, which
have a joint terminal station at 155th Street and Eighth Avenue. Twenty-four
trains stop daily at the gateway of the cemetery. It may be reached also by the
New- York Central & Hudson-River Railroad, the Hastings station of which is about
one mile from the cemetery.

The property consists of about 200 acres of bold and picturesque territory, of
irregular surface, and well covered with trees. It has been set apart and dedicated
to cemetery purposes by the proper process of law, and its perpetual devotion to
such use is insured. The spot is a sightly one, and possesses marked natural
advantages. From a point on the main avenue, a short distance from the principal
entrance, there is a beautiful view of mountain scenery ten miles to the northward,
toward the famous Sleepy-Hollow region. From the Overlook plot, the highest
crest in the cemetery, the Palisades are seen, to the west. A magnificent stretch of
rolling country extends along the middle distance, and the valley of the Nepperhan
River is in the foreground. The valley of the Sprain River, another beautiful
stretch of country, lies to the eastward.

Mount Hope is destined to be an ideal rural cemetery. The work of improve-
ment was begun in 1887, and was carried on for two years before the cemetery was
opened for burial purposes. A number of large sections, which bear the names of
Spring Lawn, Brookside, Elmvale, Hillside, Locust Grove, Buttonwood Terrace, and
Sunnyside, have been laid out and beautified, and hundreds of lots have been sold.
St. Luke's Episcopal Church of New York has purchased a large plot, and to it have
been removed many remains originally interred in St. Luke's churchyard, in Hudson
Street. The Chapel of St. Augustine, of Trinity Parish, has also purchased a plot.
The New- York Typographical Union No. 6 owns a lot. Several fraternal orders
are among the plot-owners, and so are many families prominent in social and other
circles in New York. Dion Boucicault, the famous dramatist, is buried here, and
here, too, will probably be a popular burial-place for other actors.

A prospectus of the Association, after speaking of the bold and picturesque site
of Mount Hope, says: "Its future, as a large permanent rural cemetery, free from
molestation, is assured. Its great advantages and beauty of location, and adapta-
bility to cemetery purposes, are acknowledged by every visitor. It is a city set apart
by itself, a place for the dead, where they can repose undisturbed by the changing
interests of man, and still it is within a convenient distance of and of easy access
from the city of New York. Its suitable proximity to the city, its accessibility, the
character of its soil, its undulation of surface, its commanding situation, and its
picturesque variety of woodland, hill and valley, all combine toward carrying out
the plans of the Association, which promise to make Mount Hope in all respects an
attractive and well-appointed cemetery, beautiful and adorned by the living, and
sacred as a resting-place forever for the dead."

The office of the Association is at 380 Sixth Avenue, corner of West 23d Street,
on the lower floor of the Masonic Hall, New York, and George L. Montague is
the Comptroller.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

48 r

-MIMBBBW

MOUNT HOPE CEMETERY.
MOUNT HOPE STATION ! NEW-YORK & NORTHERN RAILROAD.

482 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Green-Wood Cemetery, in Brooklyn, is the largest and handsomest in
the vicinity of New York, and one of the famous cemeteries of the world. It com-
prises 474 acres, which have been beautified with well-kept avenues, neat paths, and
flowers, shrubbery and other adjuncts of landscape-gardening. The cemetery was
opened in 1 842, and over 270,000 interments have been made in it. The place is
reached from New York easily by the Hamilton Ferry, or by the Elevated Railroad
at the Brooklyn terminus of the East-River Bridge. Thousands of monuments,
statues and other ornamental structures have been set up in the grounds. Most
prominent are the northern entrance building, with its beautiful statuary groups,
representing scenes from the life of the Saviour, and the monuments to Horace
Greeley, James Gordon Bennett, Louis Bonard, John Matthews, the Brown brothers,
S. F. B. Morse, Harry Howard, Miss Mary M. Danser, Miss Charlotte Canda,
Captain John Correja and A. S. Scribner, the Pilots', the Soldiers' and the Fire*
men's monuments and the bronze statue of DeWitt Clinton.

Other Cemeteries outside the city limits are the principal last resting-places of
the people of New York. For the most part these are on Long Island and in New
Jersey. The greater number of them are located in the town of Newtown, on the
outskirts of Brooklyn and Long-Island City. This village has become a real city
of the dead. It contains twenty-two cemeteries, with a total acreage of 2,000.
There is a population of nearly 18,000 in the town, and over 1,500,000 dead are
buried there, or nearly 100 dead to every living person in the village.

Calvary Cemetery is the principal burial-ground in Newtown. It is the place
of interment for the Roman Catholic diocese of New York, and belongs to St. Pat-
rick's Cathedral. There are about 200 acres in the cemetery, which is in two sec-
tions, and was opened in 1848. Over 750,000 have been buried there. It is very
crowded, and the dead are buried three, four and five in a single grave.

The Lutheran Cemetery in Newtown comes next to Calvary in number of
interments, 250,000 — and exceeds it in extent, which is 400 acres. It is a German
cemetery, controlled by Lutherans. Severe simplicity characterizes the place.

Evergreen Cemetery, in Newtown, also has about 400 acres, and has received
100,000 bodies since it was opened in 185 1. It contains a soldiers' monument.

Cypress-Hill Cemetery, in Newtown, has 400 acres, and 133,000 bodies. The
national plot for soldiers killed during the civil war is here, and also the lots of the
New- York policemen and the New-York Press Club.

Other Cemeteries in Newtown are Salem Field, Ahawath Chesed, Washing-
ton, Macpehah, Mount Nebo and Union, Jewish places of burial ; and Maple Grove,
Linden, Mt. Olivet, St. John's, St. Michael's and Holy Cross. Sleepy Hollow, at
Tarrytown ; New- York Bay, on the New- Jersey shore, and Rockland, in Rockland
County, are cemeteries in which New- York people are interested to a degree.

Fresh-Pond Crematory is also in Newtown. The building is in the form of
a Grecian temple, with an ornamental marble front. A large apartment is in
connection with the retort. The body is subjected to a heat of 2, 700 degrees
Farenheit, and when the process of incineration is complete, the ashes are
deposited in ornamental urns.

The Huguenot Graveyard on Staten Island contains the Vanderbilt mauso-
leum. It is a handsome marble structure, with many buttresses and angles and
two marble domes, for light and ventilation. With one exception, all the dead of the
family are buried here. The mausoleum cost more than $100,000.

The Potter's -Field is the city cemetery on Hart's Island. Only a soldiers' monu-
ment is there. Annually the interments of unknown and paupers are about 2,000.

Defense and Protection-

The F»olice and Rire Departments; Detectives and Rire F»atrol ;

The National Guard; United-States Army and

Navy Stations and Forts.

LIFE and property in the metropolis are substantially guarded against the crim-
inal elements of society, the mishaps incidental to all large communities, and
the possible invasion of foreign foes. In its police, firemen and National Guard
the city has a brave army of defenders, whose efficiency has been proven on many
occasions such as try men's souls. Not secondary in importance to these, even if
less evident in every-day life, are the detachments of the regular army of the United
States, in the harbor defences that are maintained by the Federal Government.

The Police Department, in general efficiency, discipline and morality, is con-
ceded to be " one of the finest " in the world. In one form or another, it is over 250
years old. As early as 1624, under Peter Minuit, the first Director-General'of the
Dutch West India Company at New Netherland, when there was a population of
only 270, the police force consisted of one important officer called the Sellout Fiscal,
a sort of sheriff and attorney-general. Under Wouter Van Twiller, in 1632, a penal
system was established ; and there is a record, in the time of Director-General
William Kieft, in 1638, of jails and a gibbet, and severe penalties for many offenses.
In 1643 a burgher guard, the first of which there is any record, was created. Among
the regulations for this guard were these :

" If any one, of the burgher guard, shall take the name of God in vain, he shall
forfeit for the first offense, 10 stivers ; for the second, 20 stivers ; and for the third
time, 30 stivers.

"Whosoever comes fuddled or intoxicated on guard shall for each offense pay
20 stivers ; whosoever is absent from his watch without lawful reason shall forfeit 50
stivers. "

With the advent of Peter Stuyvesant in 1647 a more systematic order of affairs
than had heretofore prevailed was established. The city of New Amsterdam was
incorporated in 1652, and a year later the machinery of the municipality was put
into operation. The Sellout Fiscal was still the important officer whose business it
was to see that the people did not break the laws, and he was assisted at night by
the burgher watch. In October, 1658, a permanent paid "rattle watch " of eight
men was appointed, to patrol the city by night ; and in 1655 Dirk Van Schelluyne
was appointed by the Burgomasters the first High Constable of New Amsterdam.
Ludowyck Post was made Captain to the Burgher Provost, as a sort of inspector, to
see that the rounds were regularly made.

When the English came into possession of the city, in 1664, the same method of
policing remained in operation, but in 1674 the police force was increased to 16
members; and in 1675 to f°ur corporalships of seven persons each. In 1684 the

484 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

yearly cost of the city watch was ^150. Probably the first uniformed policemen
were the four bellmen, appointed in 1693. It was ordered by a vote of the Com-
mon Council that each one should be provided with " a coat of ye citty livery, with
a badge of ye citty arms, shoes and stockings, and charge itt to ye account of ye
citty." This system was continued far into the next century, with occasional
changes in the character of the force, constables and watchmen dividing the duty.
In 1 7 10 the cost of the force was £277, 4s. In 1731 the first watch-house was
built, near the corner of Wall and Broad Streets. In 1735 the force was increased
to ten watchmen and two constables. About this time, too, a bridewell and debt-
ors' prison were built, near the present City Hall.

The Revolution and the occupation of the city by the British brought about the
subordination of the civil to the military power. But after the war there was a re-
turn to the old system of constables for day duty, and watchmen with bells, hour-
glasses, lanterns and staves, for night patrol. With the beginning of the century
there was a force consisting of two captains, two deputies, and 72 men, maintained
at a cost of $21,000 a year. In 1838 a law was passed, creating a force to consist
of a superintendent, 12 captains, 34 assistant captains, 132 sergeants and 784
watchmen, half the men to be on duty every alternate night. The force was made
up of citizens, who were occupied in private pursuits during the day time. They
wore heavy firemen's hats of leather, highly varnished ; and from this circumstance
they received the nick-name " Old Leather-Heads. " At one time they wore copper
shields, and thence comes the word "copper," and its abbreviation, "cop," as
applied to the policemen of to-day.

Down to this time the old system established by the first Dutch settlers had
practically continued, with only immaterial change. In 1840, George W. Matsell,
the founder of the modern police system of the city, was appointed one of the four
police justices. Shortly after his appointment, James Harper was elected mayor, and
immediately organized a police force on the English model, adopting the English
dress and the " M. P." on the coat-collar, an imitation of English customs which
gave great offense to the " Native Americans." In 1844 the State Legislature passed
an act establishing the police department of New- York City. This act abolished
the old watch department, and divided the seventeen wards of the city into separate
patrol districts, with a station-house, captain and sergeant for each precinct. Justice
Matsell was appointed chief of the department, which included over 900 officers.

In 1857 the police forces of New York, Westchester, Kings and Richmond Counties
were consolidated under the name of the Metropolitan Police, governed by a board
of seven commissioners, including the mayors of New York and Brooklyn, and com-
manded by a Superintendent. In 1870 the Metropolitan District was abolished, so far
as New York was concerned, and in its place the Police Department of the City of New
York was created, and placed in charge of four commissioners. The Commissioners
arc appointed by the Mayor for terms of six years, and receive yearly salaries of
$6,000 each. The chief executive officer is the Superintendent, who is appointed
by the Commissioners, and serves for an indefinite period, at a yearly salary of $6,000.
Next in rank is the Chief Inspector, who receives $5,000 a year. Next are three
inspectors who are each paid $3,500 a year ; then 38 captains, at $2,750; 15 police
surgeons, at $2,250; 40 detective-sergeants, at $1,600; 167 sergeants of police, at
$1,600; 174 roundsmen, at $1,300; 3,497 patrolmen, at from $1,000 to $1,200;
and 75 doormen, who are paid $1,000. There are also 20 police matrons, who look
after the welfare of arrested Women. The Commissioners have absolute power of
appointment, but are limited in their range of selection for the higher offices, by the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

485

civil-service laws. Neither they nor anybody else can dismiss any member excepting
for cause. All candidates for positions on the force are compelled to pass examina-
tions regarding their physical, mental and moral qualifications ; and all the higher
officers are required to give bonds for the satisfactory performance of their duties.
The appropriations for the Police Department in 1892 were $5,045,468.

There are 36 precincts in the city, with separate station-houses, connected with
the central office in Mulberry Street by special telegraph and telephone services.
Each precinct is in charge of a captain and several sergeants. The force in one pre-
cinct is known as the
Harbor Police, and
watches the river fronts
from the steamboat Pa-
trol. In addition, there
are squads assigned to
duty at the six police
courts, at the Central
Office, for sanitary in-
spection, and for special
detective service, under
the direction of the
chief inspector ; and
during the summer
there is a Steamboat
Squad, whose particular
duty is to look after the
harbor and river excur-
sions, picnic parties and
pleasure - boats gener-
ally. The department
has a patrol-wagon ser-
vice, for emergency
duty, in carrying the
men quickly and in
force to any spot where
they may be suddenly
needed ; and there is
a telegraph system, by
which the patrolmen
can communicate with their station-houses, directly from their beats. The force
includes a considerable number of mounted men, most of whom are employed in the
trans-Harlem part of the city, as yet essentially a country district. The control of
the local election machinery is also to a considerable extent in the hands of the
department, the Commissioners having the appointment of the chief of the bureau
of elections (who supervises all the election machinery), the inspectors of election,
and the poll clerks, and the selection of polling-places, while patrolmen protect the
ballot-boxes and take charge of the returns. After twenty years of service each
man is entitled to ask to be placed on the retired list, and to an annual pension pro-
portioned to his rank. Each of the 36 precinct station-houses has a jail connected
with it, for the temporary detention of prisoners, and the yearly number of arrests is
about 100,000.

POLICE HEADQUARTERS, 300 MULBERRY STREET, NEAR bLtbClstrt

4&6

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The property-clerk retains in his possession all lost or stolen property, recovered
by the police, until it is satisfactorily identified and claimed by the owners. The
value of the property so recovered and restored yearly is nearly $1,000,000.

There are about 90,000 arrests a year. The first quarterly report for 1892 shows
that 20,231 arrests were made, one-quarter being of women. Most of these arrests
were for intoxication, disorderly conduct, larceny and assault. Lodgings were pro-
vided for 45,000 indigent persons; 415 lost children were recovered; 1,972 sick,
injured or destitute persons cared for; 38 rescued from drowning; and 723 fires
were reported.

Connected with the force during the last half century have been several superin-
tendents and inspectors who have had more than local renown. Among them have
been George W. Matsell, J. J. Kennedy, John Jourdan, J. J. Kelso, George W.
Walling, George W. Dilks, and in the present day William Murray and Thomas

POLICE BOAT

PIER A, NORTH RIVER.

Byrnes. The last named is now the Superintendent. The department is continually
subjected to a great deal of adverse criticism from those who think that crime is not
sufficiently repressed. Nevertheless the fact remains that according to statistics no
other city of equal size in the world is less afflicted by the criminal class. There has
been a radical change for the better during the last ten or fifteen years, and vice is
now kept in control to a gratifying degree. In many emergencies the police have
shown their courage and their devotion to duty. Notably was this the case during
the Draft Riots, when for a week, day and night, they fought bloodthirsty mobs and
helped to save the city from dire disaster. The yearly parade of the department is
an event of considerable importance. A good showing is made by the force, and
the moral effect of the display is not inconsiderable.

Police Headquarters is between Houston and Bleecker Streets, with the main
entrance on Mulberry Street, but extending through the entire block to Mott Street.
It is a large building, not particularly handsome, with a marble front. The interior
is plain, and there are not many modern conveniences, for the building was put up
many years ago. It contains the offices of the Board, the Superintendent, the Chief
Inspector and other inspectors, and various others. Special telegraph-wires keep
headquarters in immediate communication with all branches of the service in every
part of the city.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

487

32d PRECINCT (MOUNTED!) POLICE STATION, AMSTERDAM AVENUE
AND WEST 152D STREET.

The Detective Bureau, connected with the Police Department, is practically
the creation of Thomas Byrnes, who was placed at the head of the detectives as Chief
Inspector in 1880, retaining that position until his promotion to the Superinten-
dency in 1892. It was not, however, until 1882 that the bureau was created, and it
was a year later before it was definitely organized. Since then it has developed a
wonderful efficiency. ■ As an inspector, Byrnes acquired the reputation of being one
of the foremost detectives of the world ; and the corps which he trained is now
regarded as equal in
cleverness and courage
to that of any European
or American capital.
There are 40 detectives
in the Bureau, and 24
patrolmen, all under
charge of Chief Inspector
Henry V. Steers. Until
April, 1892, there was a
ward detective system,
which consisted of 44
patrolmen, assigned to
duty in special territories,
and to a considerable ex-
tent independent of the
Central Office. Upon
the accession of Superin-
tendent Byrnes to the head of the Department, this corps was abolished, to be
reorganized more directly under the control of the Superintendent and Chief Inspector.

The Rogues' Gallery is in connection with the Detective Bureau. It is a large
collection of photographs of criminals, kept for purposes of record and identification.
There is also a museum which contains many interesting relics, principally imple-
ments with which notorious crimes have been committed. To those who have a
morbid curiosity this is one of the most fascinating museums in the city, but it is
not open to the general public. Not the least important of Inspector Byrnes' achieve-
ments was one that is little heard of, save in financial circles. At the outset of his
career he turned his attention to the neighborhood of Wall Street, where thieves
had run riot for years, to the dismay of the monied interests there. He established
in that locality a special detective bureau, to which some of the best men in the
service have been permanently assigned. They maintain a rigid supervision of that
part of the city, not merely for the detection of crime, but, what is more important,
for its prevention. Well-known "crooks" who are found there, are either arrested
summarily, or are escorted out of the financial district. The territory is absolutely
forbidden ground to the known dishonest fraternity. Even a reformed criminal, no
matter what his present standing may be, dares not go into Wall Street, in broad day-
light on legitimate business, without first securing a permit, and then submitting to
detective espionage from the time he enters until he leaves the precinct. The result
of this system is that professional thievery has been almost entirely driven out, and
notwithstanding the temptations offered by the almost limitless wealth, property is
as safe there, as in any other part of the city.

The Police-Department Pension Fund is kept up from donations, excise re-
ceipts, and various official sources. The total receipts of this fund for 1891 was

485 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

$487, 227, and the disbursements were $480,653. Members of the force are retired on
half pay, on their own request, after twenty years of service, on attaining to sixty years
of age, and for disabilities, The widows and orphans of deceased policemen are also
cared for. During 189 1 the beneficiaries of this fund were 629 ex-officers, and 408
widows and orphans, a total of 1,037. Among the distinguished pensioners are
ex-Superintendent William Murray, who was retired in 1892, and ex-Inspector
George W. Dilks. Ex-Superintendent George W. Walling, who died in 1891, drew
a pension for many years.

Private Detective Agencies are numerous. The uprightness of many of them
is questionable, but the principal ones are honest, reliable and capable, There are
more than a score of such establishments, employing several hundred men and
women in work of a private character that does not well fall within the legitimate
scope of the public officers. The leading agencies of this kind are Pinkerton's, Drum-
mond's, Fuller's, Meehan's, and Wilkinson's. Several of these make a point of
refusing all business pertaining to marital affairs, but there is a small army of less
scrupulous detectives, who live mainly upon divorce cases.

Private Watchmen are employed by many individuals and corporations, and
they make all told an army of several thousand men. Nearly all the large mercantile
and banking houses and manufactories have these employees, and buildings in process
of erection, which number over a thousand a year, are thus protected. There are
some unusual phases of this system of private protection. Maiden Lane, the head-
quarters of the jewelry trade, is guarded at night by a regularly organized company
of watchmen, supported by the Jewelers' Association. There is a captain and
several men, The district is patrolled throughout the night, and every store is
entered and inspected several times between dark and daylight,

Many of the millionaires in recent years have felt constrained to secure private
protection for themselves, their families and their property, since they have become
the point of attack for "cranks." Several well-known men have stalwart body
guards. But more particularly do the millionaires have their mansions thus guarded,
day and night. In upper Fifth Avenue and vicinity there are some two-score watch-
men thus employed by Gould, Sage, the Vanderbilts, the Rockefellers, the Astors,
and others of their class. These watchmen are strong and brave men, several of
them ex-policemen. They are well armed ; and by night they practically constitute
a subsidiary police force for that part of the town.

The Park Police is an independent body, under the control of the Park Com-
missioners, for the policing of the parks and the streets that come under the care of
that department. The handsome gray uniforms are familiar sights to the frequenters
of the pleasure-grounds. It is a well-drilled and efficient body of men, who have
lived down the derisive designation of "sparrow cops," originally given to them
because of the place and the character of their duties. Many of them are mounted,
and one of their most frequent, most dangerous and most valuable services to the
public is the saving of life by stopping runaway horses in the parks. The force con-
sists of one captain, one surgeon, nine sergeants, 17 roundsmen, 247 patrolmen, 10
doormen and 10 minor employees, a total of 295. The headquarters of the force is
in the Arsenal Building, in Central Park, where 170 men are stationed. Other parks
in the city south of the Harlem, to the number of 21, are patrolled by about 82
men, while the seven new parks, north of the Harlem, have only 23 officers,

Protection against Fire. — In the good old days of the Dutch West India
Company, when the population of New Netherland was only a few hundred, the
duty of protecting the little community from fire was imposed upon every house-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

489

holder. Chimneys were looked after by a warden, and owners were compelled to keep
them clean and to pay fines if fires broke out. The fire apparatus consisted of leathern
buckets, which every family was com-
pelled to possess ; a few fire hooks and
poles and seven or eight ladders ; and
the department included the entire
community. After a while the first
fire-company was organized, a night
patrol of eight men, and the appar-
atus consisted of 250 fire-buckets, 12
ladders, and hooks and poles brought
over from Holland. In 1731 a room
was fitted up in the City Hall, and
in it were placed two hand fire-
engines, imported from England.
Five years later the first engine-house
was built in Broad Street, and
Jacobus Tink was paid ^10 a year
to keep the apparatus in order. In
1737 a regular Fire Department of
23 men was organized.

At the beginning of this century
the Department was in charge of an
engineer, who had full control of
all fire matters. There were five
wardens, to inspect buildings and to
keep order at fires; and several
engine-houses, with hand -engines
that were operated by volunteer
companies. Great dependence was
still placed upon the old hooks,
! idiers and buckets, that were kept
ready for service in the basement of
the City Hall.

Those were exciting times with
ni2n who " ran wid der machine."
Rivalry existed between the different
volunteer companies, and free fights
sometimes occurred at the fires.
The companies went deep into
politics, and many men found in a
fire-company the stepping-stone to
political preferment. "Big Six"
was a famous engine and company in its day, and thence William M. Tweed gradu-
ated to be " boss" of the city.

The Fire Department is governed by a board of three Commissioners,
appointed by the Mayor, each with a salary of $5,000 a year. Under them
comes a Chief, salary, $5,000. Then there are two Deputy Chiefs, each salaried at
$3,500, and 12 Battalion Chiefs, each at $2,750. In all the branches of the
department there are 1,400 men. The department has three marine engines, or

FIRE DEPARTMENT, 67TH STREET, NEAR THIRD AVENUE.

49°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

ENGINE HOUSE

CHAMBERS AND CtNTKE STREETS.

fireboats, for service on the water front,
91 steam-engines, 100 hose-carriages,
38 hook-and-ladder trucks, 4 water-
towers, 5 chemical engines, 136 chem-
ical fire-extinguishers, 3 hand-engines,
and 55 other pieces of apparatus.
Additions are being constantly made to
this apparatus. The force is divided
into 57 companies, and uses 300 horses
and 200,000 feet of hose. All the
most improved appliances for putting
out fires and for saving life are in use.
The new water-tower and the new
fireboat are not surpassed by anything
of their kind in the world. The fire-
men are brave, hardy and proficient.
They are splendidly drilled, especially
in life-saving manoeuvres, and they
frequently display heroism that calls
out public applause and wins the medals
of honor that are given for the decoration of the deserving. The department main-
tains an extensive repair-shop ; and a training-school where new horses are taught
in the peculiar requirements of their woik, until in intelligence and expertness
they are second only to their human associates.

On the principle that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure, the pre-
vention of fires is looked after by a Bureau of Combustibles. Another bureau, with
the Fire Marshal at its head, investigates the origin and causes of fires, and also the
losses, with a particular purpose of detecting and suppressing incendiarism. Until
April, 1892, the bureau for the inspection of old buildings and also those in pro-
cess of erection, so as to insure an observance of the laws relating to exits, fire-
escapes, strength of walls and floors, and other details for the protection of life,
was for many years connected with the Fire Department. The Legislature of 1892
made it a department distinct by itself, with a Commissioner appointed by the Mayor
at its head. The appropriation for the Fire Department for 1892 was $2,301,282.
There are about 4,000 fires every year, with an
estimated loss of $4,000,000.

The Fire-Alarm Telegraph is one of the
most valuable features of the general outfit for
extinguishing fires. A system of independent
telegraph-wires covering the entire city is main-
tained, in charge of a superintendent of telegraph.
There are over 1,000 miles of wire and over 800
alarm-boxes, keys to which are held by all police-
men and firemen, and are also placed in the houses
or the places of business of reputable citizens.
There are also in use many keyless alarm-boxes,
through which alarms are rung in by merely open-
ing the doors.

The Insurance Patrol co-operates with the E
Fire Department, but in the special interests old slip, near front street.

KING^S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

49 1

of the combined insurance companies, who support it through the Board of Fire-
Underwriters. The corps was organized in 1835, when there was an epidemic
of incendiary fires. The Patrol has saved millions of dollars by its vigilance in
detecting and extinguishing incipient fires. But its most important service is in
saving goods, which it does by removing them from burning buildings, or by cover-
ing them with rubber and oiled sheets, as a protection from water, dirt and cinders.
The Patrol is provided with wagons and an abundance of equipment designed for
its special work.

The National Guard stationed in the city constitutes the entire First Brigade,
Brigadier-General Louis Fitzgerald, commanding. The organizations are ; two bat-
teries of artillery : the First, Capt. Louis Wendel, 84 men ; and the Second, Capt.
David Wilson, 79 men ; one Troop of Cavalry, Capt. Charles F. Roe, 102 men;
one Signal Corps, Capt. Albert Gallup, 24 men ; and seven regiments of infantry:

FIREBOAT "NEW-YORKER," AT CASTLE-GARDEN BULKHEAD,

the Seventh, Col. Daniel Appleton, 1,047 men '■> tne Eighth, Col. George D. Scott,
492 men; the Ninth, Col. William Seward, 581 men ; the Twelfth, Col. Herman
Dowd, 598 men ; the Twenty-Second, Col. John T. Camp, 627 men ; the Sixty-
Ninth, Col. James Cavanagh, 829 men ; and the Seventy-First, Col. Francis V.
Greene, 545 men. The First Brigade numbers 5,019 officers and men. The Naval
Reserve, Lieut. -Commander J. W. Miller, 291 men, is an independent organization.

The citizen soldiers are enlisted for five years. They are required to go into
camp on the State Camp-ground at Peekskill for a week every other summer, and to
drill regularly in the armories during the winter. They parade on special occasions
during the year, when distinguished military guests are received by the city, or pub-
lic anniversaries are celebrated. The regiments are provided with armories by the
city, and with arms, equipments and munitions of war by the State. The members
receive pay for duty when called out by the commander-in-chief — the Governor —
for parade or military service.

Armory accommodations for the militia have not always been adequate to the
necessities of the service. In years gone by there were small armories down-town,

492

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

in what is now the business part of the city, and the old castellated structure in Cen-
tral Park, now used for the menagerie, was the arsenal a quarter of a century ago.
The Tompkins Market Armory is the only important building of the old times that is
now left, and that is very soon to make way for a more modern structure. The need
of new armories was pressed closely to the attention of the authorities as far back
as 1880, and in 1883 the Legislature created an Armory Commission, consisting of
the Mayor, the Commissioner of Public Works and the Brigadier-General of the
First Brigade. In 1886 this law was amended so as to make the Commission con-
sist of the Mayor, the President of the Board of Taxes and Assessments, the Com-
missioner of Public Works and the two senior officers of the First Brigade. This
Commission has full power to condemn land and to erect armory buildings, expend-
ing such amounts of money as it alone may consider advisable. Under the provisions
of this law the Eighth, Twelfth and Twenty-second Regiments have been provided

FIREMEN AT WORK IN 1800.

with armories that are not surpassed anywhere in the United States for architectural
beauty and practical military usefulness, while the Ninth, Sixty-ninth and Seventy-
first Regiments will, in a short time, be equally as well established in permanent
homes.

The Seventh Regiment is the pride of New- York City. Its members are
selected with a view to character. It has an honorable and brilliant history, and
has always been kept in the perfection of discipline and drill. In the beginning the
Seventh alone was the National Guard, the name having been selected for that par-
ticular organization. Known then as the Twenty-seventh Regiment, it first paraded
in 1826 under Colonel Prosper W. Wetmore and received a stand of colors from
Mayor Philip Hone. It became the Seventh Regiment in 1847, and since then it
has had a notable career of prosperity and honor. In every emergency the Seventh
has been prompt and patriotic in serving the public welfare. When the Astor-
Place riot against Macready, the English actor, occurred, in 1 849, and the police
force of 300 men was overmatched, the Seventh dispersed the mob of 20,000 with
powder, ball and bayonet, killing many of the rioters. Seventy of its own men were
disabled. In 1 86 1 the regiment gave its services to the cause of the Union, and

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

493

made a memorable march from Annapolis to the defence of the Federal capital. It
was sent three times to the front, and took a strong hand in suppressing the Draft
Riots. The regiment furnished 660 officers to the regular and volunteer armies
against the Disunionists in 1861-65. In the Orange Riots of 1 87 1, in the Railroad
Strike troubles of 1877, and on other occasions the Seventh has proved its courage,
its ability and its patriotism.

The Armory of the Seventh Regiment was built before the municipality took this
work upon itself. The land is owned by the city, and constitutes the entire block
between Park and Lexington Avenues and 66th and 67th Streets. The armory was
erected with funds raised by public subscription, a regimental fair and other enter-

SEVENTH REGIMENT ARMORY. 66Tri AND 67TH STREETS, PARK AND LEXINGTON AVENUES.

tainments, the total cost, including decorating and furnishing, being about 1*650,000.
The corner-stone was laid in October, 1877, and the armory was first occupied in Sep-
tember, 1880. Col. Emmons Clark planned and supervised the erection of the build-
ing. The Armory consists of the Administration Building, which occupies the entire
Park- Avenue front of 200 feet, and the drill-room, 200x300 feet. It is built of Phil-
adelphia red brick, with granite trimmings, in the Italian style of architecture, and
is a substantial and handsome structure, with a genuine military air about it. The
Administration Building is three stories high. A handsome central tower, with open
belfry, and square solid-appearing towers at the two corners add to the impressive-
ness of the facade. The entrance is at the second story, reached by a flight of granite
steps. Here under an archway is a massive bronze gate, over which is a bronze
tablet, showing the regimental coat of arms. Farther under the arched recess is a
solid oak, iron-studded door, opening into the main hall. The basement of the build-
ing has thick granite walls with narrow defensible windows. In this basement is a
rifle range, 300 feet long, and storage, toilet and heating arrangements. On the
upper floors are ten company rooms, six squad drill rooms, and other rooms for the

494

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

colonel, the adjutant, the field and staff, the Board of Officers, the non-commis-
sioned officers, and reception, library and reading rooms, gymnasium, veterans'
quarters, and memorials. All these rooms are beautifully decorated and elegantly
furnished. In the hall there are bronze tablets, recording the history of the Armory.
The library and reading-rooms are handsomely finished in hard woods and wrought
iron, and the decorations and furnishings are of a pronounced military character.
The unique iron chandeliers and basket lights, the antique fire-place and mantel, the
quaint frieze, the paneled ceiling, and even the chairs, tables and standing lamps
make an artistic ensemble i^m that is wholly delightful.

Among the art-treasures of the Armory are portraits

of Washington, by Rem- && brandt Peale ; of Colonels

Abram Duryea, Marshall aAAA-Ji fif Lefferts, Vermilyea and Em-

mons Clark, and of many * * ' other officers and distin-

guished former members Hf of the regiment ; paintings of

'MM 1 1

TWELFTH REGIMENT ARMORY. 6 1 ST STRnET, NEAR COLUMBUS AVENUE.

the Seventh in camp and on the march, by S. R. Gifford and Thomas Nast ; a large
bronze statue of Mercury ; a bronze reproduction of Bartholdi's statue of Liberty ;
and a plaster cast of Ward's Central-Park statue of the Seventh-Regiment soldier.
The drill-room is a fine spacious hall, roofed by a single arch at a great height.
At one end are glass-cases for the arms, and on the sides are platforms and galleries,
with seats for spectators. At the east end is the exit, through an arched door-
way, closed with thick oaken doors and a heavy iron gate, directly on a level with
Lexington Avenue.

The Twelfth Regiment, organized in 1847, nas na(^ an honorable record for
performing duty with its companion organizations in suppressing local riots. It
served with distinction in the Army of the Potomac during the Civil War. The
armory of the Twelfth, on Columbus Avenue, from 61 st to 62d Street, was the first
building to be constructed under the Armory Law. It was completed and occupied
in 1887, and was dedicated on April 27th, the twenty-sixth anniversary of the
departure of the regiment for the front in the Civil War. The building is a castel-
lated structure in the Norman style of architecture, and has a solid fortress-like
character, with its mediaeval bastions, machicolations and narrow slits in corbelled

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

495

galleries, and grille-work at the windows. At each street corner are flanking
towers, with loop-holes and arrangements for howitzers, or Gatling guns, on the
top. Around the entire roof is a paved promenade, protected by a parapet with
many loop-holes, constituting a valuable defensive position. Brick and granite are
the materials used in construction. The building measures 200 by 300 feet, and
cost about $300,000, with $208,000 additional for the land. In the administration
building there are the usual company, officers' and reception rooms, library and
gymnasium. The salmon-tinted walls, solid brick fire-places and wrought iron
work in gas fixtures and railings are wholly artistic, and in harmony with the char-
acter of the building. There is a rifle range, with eight targets ; and the drill-room
is a great high-roofed hall, 300x175 feet.

EIGHTH REGIMENT ARMORY. PARK AVENUE AND 94TH STREET.

The Eighth-Regiment Armory occupies nearly an entire block between Park
and Madison Avenue and 94th and 95th Streets. There is an administration build-
ing, fronting on Park Avenue, and a drill-hall in the rear, 200 feet square and 85 feet
high in the clear. The front of the building is a wide gable, deeply recessed between
two great towers, 50 feet in diameter and 125 feet high. The lower story between
the towers is occupied by a terrace, the front wall of which is pierced by an entrance,
leading directly to the main drill-halL The terrace has an area of 33x90 feet, and
can be used for drill purposes. In the sub-basement is the rifle range, with six
targets; and in the terrace basement is a squad drill-room. In the 94th-Street tower,
the first story is fitted up as a reception-room ; and in the corresponding room
of the 95th-Street tower is the Board of Officers' room. These rooms are 47 feet in
diameter, and 21 feet high. In the same story, in the gable, are the library, reading-
room and officers' quarters, substantially furnished. The companies have the entire
second floor of the building. Here are ten meeting- rooms, measuring about 23 by 33

496

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

feet, and 18 feet high, plainly furnished with desks and chairs. On the third floor
are 12 rooms, besides the quarters for the band and drum-corps. The fourth floor
in the 94th-Street tower has been fitted up as a gymnasium ; and in the 95th-Street
tower on the same floor, is the regimental club-room. The block upon which this
armory stands measures 61,430 square feet, but this includes an unoccupied space
on Madison Avenue. The total cost of the land was $350,000, and of the building
$330,000. An armory for the Cavalry Troop A will soon be built on the Madison-
Avenue part of the block.

The Sixty-Ninth Regiment, the famous Irish organization, sprang into noto-
riety in 1859 by refusing to obey the orders of the commander-in-chief, to parade
in the procession in honor of the Prince of Wales. A little more than a year later
the regiment was doing valiant service in the field. Under Colonel Corcoran it fought
at Bull Run and elsewhere in a way that excited the admiration of the country.
The armory is in the Tompkins-Market building, on Third Avenue, 6th and 7th
Streets. The building, which is of iron, of composite architecture, measuring 225

by 135 feet, was

erected in i860
for the Seventh
Regiment. In the
basement are
drill -rooms. On
the first floor are
markets ; on the
second floor, ten
company rooms
and offices ; and
on the third floor,
a drill-room. The
building is inade-
quate, and meas-
ures have been
taken to tear it
The land alone is valued at $898,000,

The area is 57,900 square feet,

TWENTY-SECOND REGIMENT ARMORY. BOULEVARD, 67TH TO 63TH STREETS

down and erect a new armory in its place

of which the city already owns $500,000 worth.

and the new armory will cost over $300,000.

The Ninth Regiment can be traced historically back to 181 2. In 1848 it
was reorganized and became an Irish regiment, but was disbanded and again
organized ten years later, with Michael T. Van Buren as its colonel. The regi-
ment served faithfully throughout the Civil War, in the Army of the Potomac. In
1870 James Fisk, Jr., became colonel, and held that position until his death, two
years later. Under Col. Fisk's lead the regiment attained to a high military rank,
which it has ever since held. In common with other regiments, the Ninth has done
much good work in aiding the civil authorities in preserving order. Downing's
famous regimental band was connected with this organization. The Ninth Regi-
ment Armory will be erected during 1892-3. Land for this purpose has been
acquired in 14th and 15th Streets, between Sixth and Seventh Avenues, at a cost to
the city of $425,000. The building will be of brick, with stone trimmings, and a
roof of slate or tile. In the basement will be a rifle gallery, and on the ground-
floor a main drill-room, with administration and company rooms above. The cost
of the building will be $300,000.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

497

The Twenty-Second Regiment Armory, on Columbus Avenue, the Boule-
vard and 67th and 68th Streets, stands on 55,461 square feet of land, that cost
$265,000. The building cost $300,000, and is a granite-trimmed brick fortress, in
the general style of the fifteenth century. It is, to an exceptional degree, a defen-
sive structure, with re-entering angles, loop-holes for cannon and musketry, a bastion
for heavy guns on the northwest corner, a machicolated parapet, and a sally-port and
portcullis. The main entrance on the Boulevard will allow the free passage of bat-
teries and cavalry. The main building contains the offices, library, etc., a handsome
reception-room, two stories high, kitchen, gymnasium and mess-room on the third
floor, and a hospital and medical department in the tower. The rifle-range, 300 by
25 feet, is in the basement. The drill-room is 235 by 175 feet, with a high arched
roof and large central skylight. On the north side of this room are ten company

jj •» 'unmwngijg^ ' /-tssiwWwf «■ *-*■■■ mm--?-

- «

| A *t A *»

SEVENTY-FIRST REGIMENT ARMORY. FOURTH AVENUE AND 330 STREET.

locker rooms, for uniforms and arms ; and above these are ten company parlors,
nicely furnished and with galleries, each capable of seating 50 persons. The armory
was erected from designs of Captain John P. Leo, a member of the regiment. The
building was completed and occupied in 1890.

The Seventy-First Regiment Armory is now being erected on Park Avenue,
at 33d and 34th Streets. The site covers 56,748 square feet, and the land cost
$455,000. The building will call for nearly $400,000. In this armory will be the
Brigade Headquarters, the Signal Corps, and the Second Battery, as well as the
regiment.

Leased Armories are now occupied by the Ninth Regiment, at 227 West 26th
Street ; the Seventy-First Regiment, at 107th Street and Lexington Avenue ; the
First Battery, at 340 West 44th Street ; the Second Battery, at 810 Seventh Avenue ;
and the Cavalry Troop, at 136 West 56th Street.
32

498

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

NEW-YORK STATE ARSENAL. SEVENTH AVENUE AND

The State Arsenal, at

Seventh Avenue and 35th
Street, is a big turreted
building, of gray stone and
brick. It is the oldest of
all the military structures in
the city, save the old arsenal
in Central Park. In appear-
ance it is much like a fort-
ress— and this is augmented
by the half-dozen field-pieces
which are parked in the
little strip of grass which
skirts the sides of the build-
ing next the street and
avenue. The Arsenal, as its
name suggests, is the store-
house for the State's muni-
tions of war, and it is also
the headquarters of the Ord-
nance and Quartermaster's
Department of the National
Guard.

The Naval Reserve is

an organization that bears the same relation to the United-States Navy that the

State militia does to the regular army. The headquarters of the battalion are in

old Castle Garden, at the Battery, and the members are mostly enthusiastic young

yachtsmen. Every summer there is a week or more of practical service and naval

instruction on a Government war-ship, detailed for the purpose, with naval officers

in charge.

The United-States Military Headquarters of the Department of the East

are on Governor's Island, in upper New-York Bay, a little more than half a mile

from the Battery. Major -General

Oliver O. Howard is in command.

At the head of the department staff

is Brevet Brig. -Gen. George D.

Ruggles, Assistant Adjutant-Gen-
eral. This department covers all

the country east of the Mississippi

River, excepting Illinois, Michigan,

and Wisconsin. The troops in the

vicinity of New York are three

batteries of the First Artillery, at

Fort Columbus ; four batteries of

the First Artillery, at Fort Hamil-
ton ; two batteries of the Second

Artillery, at Fort Schuyler ; three

batteries of the First Artillery, at

FortWadsworth; and one company

of the Sixth Infantry, at Fort Wood.

SECOND BATTERY, SEVENTH AVENUE, BETWEEN
52D AND 53D STREETS.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 499

Governor's Island was shunned by the early Dutch settlers of New Netherland,
but Lord Cornbury, an English colonial governor, preempted it and built thereon a
mansion, and laid out a race-track. After the British had been driven out of the
city, Governor Clinton took the island, and leased it to a Dr. Price, who proceeded
to pull down the earthworks that had been thrown up by the British and the patriot
troops, and to put up a hotel and make the place a public pleasure-resort. With
the danger of war with England again threatening, the island was turned over to the
Federal Government, which has since remained in possession. The island, which
is egg-shaped, with a circumference of a little more than a mile, contains 85 acres.
It is very handsome, with its fortifications, barracks and other buildings, fine trees
and stretches of grass. At the northern end are piles of cannon-balls, large guns
and other ordnance. Near the center of the island is Fort Columbus, with its
tar-shaped embankments. Within it are barracks and magazines of stone and
brick, and guns are mounted on the ramparts. On the land side, the fort is
entered across a moat, with a draw-bridge, and through an archway of stone,
above which is a relief group of military insignia : a bundle of fasces and a liberty-
cap, a mortar, a cannon, shells, an eagle and a flag. Conspicuous on the north
point of the island is Castle Williams, which was completed in 181 1 ; a stone
fort with three tiers of casemates and an abundant armament. At the opposite end
of the island is the small triangular South Battery, two magazines, and munitions
of war. The center of the island is elevated thirty feet above high-water mark and
laid out as a parade-ground and a handsome park, with band-stand, brick walks,
trees, flowers and shrubbery. A score or more of pretty houses, the residences of
the officers, surround this park ; and hereabouts and elsewhere on the island are the
offices, a chapel, library, billiard-room, laundries, work-shops, store, the rooms of
the Military Service Institution, and a museum, in which are battle flags, me-
mentoes of Washington, Sheridan and others ; and many Indian trophies.

Fort Hamilton, a fortified military post, is situated on the southwest shore of
Long Island, on the Narrows, 2^ miles from the county-town of New Utrecht, and
adjoining the village of Fort Hamilton. It is a stone casemated structure. There
are 150 acres in the reservation, over 50 acres having only within the last year been
acquired. This new ground is on the southeast side, adjoining the old reservation,
towards Bath and facing Gravesend Bay, and was acquired with a view of extending
the fortifications along the water-front. The corner-stone of the post was laid
June 11, 1825 ; and the works were first garrisoned by troops November 1, 1831.

Fort Lafayette became familiar to the public during the Civil War as a prison
for political captives. It is at the entrance to the Narrows, on an artificial island,
built upon a ledge, and is overlooked by Fort Hamilton. In appearance the fort is
a large circular brick building, and its guns used to command the channel. The name
originally selected for it when it was begun, in 1812, was Fort Diamond, but as it
was first occupied about the time of Lafayette's famous visit to this country, the name
was then changed. The interior was damaged by fire in 1868 ; and the place is now
used for the storage of ordnance, and for experiments in torpedoes and other ap-
pliances.

Fort Wadsworth is a triple casemated fortification of granite. The Govern-
ment reservation, to which as a whole the name applies, is 100 acres of precipitous
land on Staten Island, commanding the entrance to the harbor through the Nar-
rows. It is in all respects, a perfect position for a fort, and could be easily made
impregnable against any force approaching by sea. The crest of the hill is 140 feet
above high-water mark, and there is Fort Tompkins, with a heavy armament. Below

5°°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

is Fort Wadsworth, proper ; and on the water's edge are Battery Hudson and a con-
tinuous line of other fortifications. The Narrows at this point are only a mile wide,
and the passage is completely commanded by the cross fire of Fort Wadsworth and
Fort Hamilton.

Fort Schuyler is on Throgg's Neck, near the western end of Long-Island Sound,
where its tide and that of the East River meet. The Government reservation con-
sists of 54 acres. The fort is a casemated fortress of gneiss, with extensive earth-
works. It was first garrisoned in 1861, and during the war was the site of the
McDougal Government Hospital. Opposite, across the river, is Willett's Point, with
fortifications, a station of the Engineer Corps of the United-States Army. These
two fortresses command the approach to New-York City, by the way of Long-Island
Sound. A little further north is David's Island, a depot for the reception of United-
States recruits.

Fort Wood is the double star-shaped fortress on Bedloe's Island, enclosing the
site of the Statue of Liberty. The fort was built in 1841, and was a strong structure
in its day. It is partly dismantled, and though the walls are in excellent condition,
they would offer little protection against heavy modern artillery.

Harbor Defences on a large scale have, in recent years, been projected by the
National Government. These include the acquisition of territory at Sandy Hook,
Coney Island, Staten Island, adjoining Fort Wadsworth, and Long Island, adjoin-
ing Fort Hamilton. The plan is to mount batteries of powerful modern guns on
embankments, on lifts, on disappearing carriages and in steel turrets, and to estab-
lish lines of torpedoes under
water, thus effectually barr-
ing the harbor entrance.
These works have been
steadily in progress for a
number of years.

The United-States
Army Building is on
Whitehall Street, at the cor-
ner of Pearl Street, near the
Produce Exchange. It is a
large square building of im-
posing proportions, eight
stories high, and occupying
the whole block. It covers
the site of the old Produce
Exchange. The two lower
stories are of granite, and
with the barricaded entrances
and narrow windows give
the place the general air of a
fortification. The upper
stories are of red brick, and
the offices, which are ar-
ranged on the four sides of a
large central hallway, are
liijht and airy. Over the

UNITED-STATES ARMY BUILDING. WHITEHALL, PEARL ° . J

and water streets. main street entrance is a

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

5GI

"'""""""^rrffliraattfis

FORT WADSWORTH, THE SCHOOL SHIP AND WAR-VESSELS.

VIEWS TAKEN IN NORTH RIVER AND NEW-YORK HARBOR. PHOTOS BY JOHNSTON.

5°2

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

flag, carved in stone, with the motto "This we defend," and the same design and
motto is engraved on the glass of the doors inside. In this building are grouped
nearly all the principal offices of army administration for the Department of the
East, such as those of the Quartermaster's, Subsistence, Medical, Engineer, Pay
and Recruiting departments. There are general recruiting-offices in Park Row and
in Abington Square.

The Navy Yard, although on the Brooklyn side of the East River, plays a
very important part in the defenses of New York. It is situated on Wallabout Bay,
and with all its appurtenances covers 145 acres. There are officers' quarters,
store-houses, marine barracks, machine-shops, two dry-docks, one of them the
finest in the world, built at a cost of over $2,000,000, and the United-States Naval

CASTLE WILLIAMS, GOVERNOR'S ISLAND.

Hospital, with a fine library and museum. The yard is the principal naval station
of the Republic, and is in charge of a Commodore, with about 2,000 men constantly
employed. One or more naval vessels are generally to be found here. In case of
war the yard would become a most important depot for naval supplies. It occupies
a position unequalled in advantages for projecting naval movements in Atlantic
waters. During the War of the Revolution the Jersey and other British prison-
hulks were stationed here, and more than ten thousand patriots, who miserably
died in confinement, were buried in the neighborhood.

The United-States Pension Office is at 396 Canal Street, just west of West
Broadway. Only two offices in the country — that of Indianapolis, Ind., and that
of Columbus, O., exceed this in the magnitude of business transaction. The
names of about 60,000 pensioners are on the books, and of these about 17,000 are
paid in person, while the remaining 43,000, residing in different parts of the
country, and even in foreign lands, have their payments forwarded to them. The
office pays out over $1,000,000 every quarter. The disbursing agent is Col. Frank
C. Loveland.

Clu.fc>s and Social Associations, Secret and Friendship

Organizations.

THE clubs of New York at first were in taverns. To Old Tom's came the poets ;
at the Pewter Mug, the politicians planned. William Niblo, who afterward
owned a garden and playhouse on Broadway, near Prince Street, and bequeathed a
fortune to the Young Men's Christian Association, that it might form a library, kept
the Bank Coffee-House, where assembled the politicians in office. A French noble-
man, a refugee, Jerome Cressac de Villagrand, kept, in College Place, a hotel where
Fitz-Greene Halleck, manager of Astor's business in Vesey Street and in Prince
Street, received Prince Louis Napoleon. In 1824 James Fenimore Cooper lived at
3 Beach Street, and founded, with Halleck, Bryant, Chancellor Kent, Francis and
Verplanck, the Bread and Cheese Club. When the club received great men from
abroad, or entertained Irving, it hired Washington Hall, at the corner of Chambers
Street and Broadway, for a whole evening. In 1836 the Hone Club, named after
Mayor Philip Hone, gave dinners at the houses of the members, at the expense of
every member in turn. The Hone Club never failed to have a dinner when Daniel
Webster was in town. Since then many clubs have been founded and dissolved
that shall not be forgotten. Among them were the Bohemians, who met at Pfaff 's,
and who, although they were real and not pretentious or masquerading Philistines,
made that man Pfaff wealthy; the Arcadians, who had a costly club-house, and were
too exclusively artistic ; the Fellowcraft Club, which was vain enough to exclude
Mecsenas ; and the Tile Club, the enchanting adventures of which on land and afloat
have been recorded with pen and pencil.

At the present day, the club-life of New York is a prominent and interesting
feature of the metropolitan cosmorama. Besides a great number of local and special
fraternities and organizations, there are at least 300 social clubs in the city, affording
to their members a vast variety of luxuries and delights, outside the sometime worried
precincts of home. The greater clubs, like the Union League and Manhattan, have
incomes of not far from $1,000 a day each, throughout the year, the Manhattan much
exceeding that figure. Perhaps a third of this amount comes from members' dues ;
and the rest is received from the dining-rooms, from the sale of liquors and cigars,
and from lodgings and billiards. These enormous expenses and receipts give an idea
of the extension of club-life, and the wealth and freedom of its devotees. Nearly all
the great clubs are around or above Madison Square, and Fifth Avenue is their
favorite street, and contains some of their best houses.

The Union Club, on Fifth Avenue, at the northwest corner of 21st Street, was
organized in 1836. The President is Clarence A. Seward. The entrance-fee is
$300; the yearly dues are $75. With the sanction of the House Committee the
Secretary may invite to the privileges of the club Ministers Plenipotentiary and

5°4

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

UNION CLUB, FIFTH AVENUE AND 21ST STREET.

strangers of dis-
tinction. It was
the first club, in
the modern sense,
organized in this
city. The found-
ers met at the
Athenreum, and
limited the mem-
bership to 600 per-
sons. They were
the Beekmans,
Kings, Schuylers,
Livingstons, Stuy-
vesan t s, Gr is-
wolds, Van Bur-
ens, the Astors
and other patri-
cian leaders.
There are now
1,500 members ;

they are the patricians of to-day. The first club-house of the Union was at 343
Broadway; the second at 376 Broadway, a large and handsome dwelling owned by
William B. Astor; the third at 691 Broadway, opposite Great Jones Street, the prop-
erty of the Kerno-
chans ; the fourth
is the present
brownstone pal-
ace, the property
of the Union
Club, dedicated as
its club-house in
the year 1855.

The Union
League Club, at
the northeast cor-
ner of Fifth Ave-
nue and 39th
Street, was organ-
ized in 1863, and
incorporated in
1865, "to dis-
countenance dis-
loyalty to the
United States, and
for the promotion
of good govern-
ment, and the ele-
vation of Ameri-
can citizenship." union league club, fifth avenue and 30™ street.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

5°5

The President is Chauncey M. Depew. The entrance-fee is $300 ; the yearly dues
are $75. The founders of the Union League Club were members of the United-
States Sanitary Commission. Its Presidents have been Robert B. Minturn, Jonathan
Sturges, Charles H. Marshall, John Jay, Jackson S. Shultz, William J. Hoppin,
Joseph II. Choate, George Cabot Ward, Hamilton Fish, William M. Evarts, and
Chauncey M. Depew. Its library is regarded as the most valuable of club-libraries.
Its art-gallery is superb. The interior decorations of its stately building are by La-
Farge and Tiffany. The Union League Club has a standing political committee, of
strong Republican proclivities. The membership of the club includes 1,500 gentle-
men. The club-house was erected for the Union League, at a cost of $400,000,
and is a magnificent specimen of Queen-Anne architecture, with admirable interior
arrangements and a famous oak -panelled dining-room.

The Manhattan Club, at the northwest corner of Fifth Avenue and 34th
Street, was organized in 1865, and re-organized in 1877, "to advance Democratic
principles, to pro-
mote social inter-
course among its
members, and to
provide them with
the conveniences
of a club-house.11
The home of the
club was at the
southwest corner
of Fifth Avenue
and 15th Street,
until 1 89 1, when
it purchased the
white marble man-
sion built for A.
T. Stewart. The
President is Fred-
eric R. Coudert.
The entrance-fee

is $250 ; the half-yearly dues are $37.50. The Manhattan has one of the largest,
most commodious, and most beautiful club-houses in the world, and is celebrated,
moreover, for its delicious cuisine. Nearly all of the club's thousand members be-
long to the Democratic party, some of whose most important councils and recep-
tions are held in this marble palace.

The Metropolitan Club, is building a house at the corner of Fifth Avenue
and 60th Street, on a site formerly owned by the Duchess of Marlborough. It is of
white brick and marble, with halls and vestibules of Numidian marble. A feature
of this club, organized in February, 1 89 1, by members of the Union Club, is to be a
Ladies' Annex. The entrance-fee is $300 ; the annual dues are $100 for resident
members, and $50 for non-residents. The president is J. Pierpont Morgan. Al-
though a very recent organization, the club has the favor of so many men of great
wealth that it is already known as the Millionaires' Club.

The New-York Club, on Fifth Avenue, at the southwest corner of 35th Street,
was organized in 1845, an(^ incorporated in 1874. The President is. James D.
Smith. The entrance-fee is $300; the yearly dues are $75. For non-resident

MANHATTAN CLUB, FIFTH AVENUE AND WEST 34-TH STREET.

5°6

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

NEW-YORK CLUB, FIFTH AVENUE AND 35TH STREET.

members the entrance-fee is
$150; the yearly dues are
$37.50. The club-house is
the Caswell house, the
former home of the Univer-
sity Club, remodelled into a
graceful building of the
Queen-Anne style. The
club was originally housed
in Chambers Street, opposite
the Court-House. It moved
to the corner of Broadway
and Walker Street, to 737
Broadway, to 558 Broad-
way, to 620 Broadway, to
Astor Place and Broadway,
to 15th Street and Fifth
Avenue, to Madison Square, opposite the Worth monument, and in 1887 to its
present building.

The Knickerbocker Club is at 319 Fifth Avenue, in a brick building with
brownstone trimmings at the bay windows on the avenue and the entrance on 33d
Street. It was organized in 1871, of descendants of original settlers of New York;
of "Knickerbockers," elected by a Board of Governors. The entrance-fee is #300 ;
the yearly dues are $100. Visitors are admitted for six months and three months by
ballot of the Board of Governors.

The St.-Nicholas Club, at 386 Fifth Avenue, is formed of descendants of resi-
dents, prior to 1 785, of the city or State of New York. Its object is social, and to
collect and preserve information respecting the early history and settlement of the
city and State of
New York. The
President is
James W. Beek-
raan. The admis-
sion-fee is $100.
The yearly dues

are $75 f°r resi-
dent and $37. 50
for non-resident
members. The
social object of
the club is pre-
dominant.

The Calumet
Club, at 267 Fifth
Avenue, a large
brick building
with brown-stone

trimmings and bay windows on the avenue, and entrance on 29th Street, was
organized in 1879, allfl incorporated in 1 89 1. The members are elected by the Gov-
erning Committee. The initiation-fee is $170; and the yearly dues are $65 for

KNICKERBOCKER CLUB, FIFTH AVENUE AND 32D STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

5C7

ST. -NICHOLAS CLUB, 386 FIFTH AVENUE.

the yearly dues are $100 for resident and $50

resident and $35 for non-resident mem-
bers. The Calumet is a club for the men
whom the limit of membership and the
long waiting list keep out of the Union.

The Gotham Club, 624 Madison Ave-
nue, was organized and incorporated in
1887. The initiation fee is $50 ; the yearly
dues are $50. Its object is to promote
sociability among its members. The club
is composed entirely of members of the
most refined and wealthiest Hebrew fami-
lies. It is a very exclusive club, and until
recently the membership has been limited
to 100, the limit now being raised to 200.
A new club-house has just been procured
at 651 Madison Avenue, which has been
elegantly furnished.

The New Club, at 747 and 749 Fifth
Avenue, was organized and incorporated
in 1889. The initiation-fee is $100
for non-resident members.

The Fulton Club, at 81-83 Fulton Street, in the Market and Fulton Bank
Building, was organized and incorporated in 1889. The initiation fee is $100 ; the
yearly dues are $50 for resident and $25 for non-resident members.

The West-End Club, at 134 West 72d Street, was organized and incorporated
in 1889. The initiation fee is $100 ; the yearly dues are $50.

The Authors' Club, organized in 1882, and incorporated in February, 1887, is
formed of authors of published books proper to literature, and writers holding a rec-
ognized place in distinctively literary work. The entrance-fee is $25 ; the yearly
dues are $20. New members are elected by a committee. Rossiter Johnson is sec-
retary of the club. To obtain funds for a house the members have written stories,

sketches, and
poems, to fill a
large and sumptu-
ous volume, which
the club will pub-
lish in a limited
edition of 251 cop-
ies. Every article
will be signed by
its author, with
pen and ink, in
every copy of the
book. The sub-
scription-price is
$100 a copy. The
manuscripts will
be bound up and
sold to the highest

CALUMET CLUB, FIFTH AVENUE ANB EAST 29TH STREET. bidder.

5o8

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

The Century Club, at 7 West 43d Street, was organized in 1847, and incor-
porated in 1857, to promote the advancement of art and literature. It was called
the Century, because the number of members was limited to a hundred. There are

CENTURY CLUB, 7 WEST 43D

at least 800 members at present. The building agreeably recalls the palatial English
club-houses. The style is Italian Renaissance. The basement is of light stone, the
superstructure of cream-colored brick. The contrast between the severity of the
lower stories and the ornateness and plasticity of the superstructure, between the
tall and massive archway of the main entrance and the rich and graceful loggia, is
enchanting. The President is Daniel Huntington. The members are authors,
artists, and amateurs, of literature and the fine arts. The entrance-fee is $100 ; the
yearly dues are $40. An art-gallery, an art-library, a Twelfth-Night revelry,

wherein the greatest
artists and men of let-
ters are sublime jesters,
and a superb disregard
for the money standard
of value, are the dis-
tinctive traits of the
Century Club. Its in-
corporators were Guli-
an C. Verplanck, Wil-
liam Cullen Bryant,
Charles M. L e u p p ,
Asher B. Durand, John
F. Kensett, William
Kemble and William
H.Appleton. Its former

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•1 •

vjflj^^^B

. .. ...JUtM J

HARLEM CLUB, LENOX AVENUE AND 123d STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

5°9

club-house was at 109 and 1 1 1
East 15th Street.

The Harlem Club, at Lenox
Avenue and 123d Street, was or-
ganized in 1879, and incorporated
in 1886. The initiation-fee is $50 ;
the annual dues are $40.

The Lotos Club, at 149
Fifth Avenue, northeast corner
of 2 1st Street, was organized in
1870, and incorporated in 1873,
"to promote social intercourse
among journalists, artists, and
members of the musical and
dramatic professions, and repre-
sentatives, amateurs and friends
of literature, science and fine
arts," formed of persons of all
vocations. The initiation-fee is
$100; the yearly dues are $60
for resident and $25 for non-resi-
dent members. Whitelaw Reid was formerly th
is Frank R. Lawrence
William H. Hume.

The University Club, at Madison Square and East 26th Street, was incor-
porated in 1865, for "the promotion of literature and art, by establishing and
maintaining a library, reading-room and gallery of art, and by such other means as

shall be expedient for

LOTOS CLUB, 149 FIFTH AVENUE, CORNER 21ST STREET.

President. The President now
The club is erecting a new club-house from plans by

UNIVERSITY CLUB, MADISON AVENUE AND 26TH STREET.

such purpose." The
members are graduates
of colleges or universi-
ties, where a residence
of three years is required;
distinguished men who
have received honorary
degrees ; and graduates
of the United-States
Military Academy and
the United-States Naval
Academy. The Presi-
dent is James W. Alexan-
der. The building is the
property of Lawrence
Jerome's daughter, Lady
Randolph Churchill.

The Colonial
Club, at the southwest
corner of 7 2d Street and
Sherman Square, near
Washington's headquar-

5IQ

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

COLONIAL CLUB, BOULEVARD AND 72D STREET.

ters, and in the
center of a circle
of Revolutionary
sites — whence the
name Colonial
Club — was organ-
ized in April, and
incorporated in
May, 1889. The
building, of gray
limestone to the
second story, of
gray brick with
white terra cotta
trimmings from
there to the top
story (which is en-
tirely of terra cot-
ta)— is colonial in
its style of archi-
tecture and colo-
nial in its inter-
ior decorations.

There are a drawing-room, sitting-room, smoking-room, billiard-room, ball-room,
dining-room, and bowling alley. The roof is Hat, paved with brick, and sur-
rounded by a high stone bal-
ustrade. Members are elec-
ted by the Trustees. The
entrance-fee is $100; the
yearly dues are $50. Ladies
are accorded privileges at
this club, an entrance being
provided for them on 72d
Street.

The Germans have sev-
eral very fine social clubs,
besides their numerous musi-
cal and athletic organiza-
tions, press-club, etc.

The Harmonie Club,
at 45 West 42d Street, is the
most homelike in jealous
regard for privacy of clubs.
An ancient and honored in-
stitution of the German col-
ony of New York, an aristo-
cratic club, with the charac-
teristic that the members
attend it with their wives, if
they please, reputed to be

HARMOME CLUC 45 WEST 420 STREE

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

PROGRESS CLUB, FIFTH AVENUE AND EAST 63D STREET.

very wealthy, and one of the
most delightful of social cir-
cles, it seldom permits itself
to appear in the printed news-
papers.

The Progress Club, at
Fifth Avenue and 63d Street,
was organized in 1864, and in-
corporated in 1865. It trans-
acts its business and keeps its
records in the English lan-
guage. " The members, how-
ever, shall be privileged to
use the German language at
all meetings of the club." It
is composed entirely of He-
brews. The initiation-fee is
$100; the yearly dues are
$100. The President is Simon
Goldenberg. The club build-
ing, in the style of the Italian
Renaissance, was inaugurated
in March, 1890.

The Deutscherverein, or German Club, has been in existence since 1842,
although its charter dates from March 20, 1874. It is a social organization, limited
in its membership to Germans and those who speak German. For many years its
club-house was at 13 West 24th Street. In 1890 it erected a handsome building at
112 West 59th Street, which it now occupies. It is five stories in height, of Indiana
limestone, in the Renaissance style of architecture, and occupies three city lots. The
membership is about 200, but for its numerical strength the club is one of the richest

in the city. The inita-
tion-fee is $100, and
the annual dues $75.
Charles linger is the
President, and Otto
Hofmann the Secre-
tary.

The Freund-
schaft Verein, at Park
Avenue and 72d Street,
was organized in 1879,
and incorporated in
1886. The initiation -
fee is $100; the yearly
dues are $100.

The Fidelio Club,
was organized in 1870,
and incorporated in
February, 1887. Its
mission is simply to

FREUNOSCHAFT VEREIN, PARK AVENUE AND 72D STREET.

5i*

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

FIDELIO CLUB, 110 EAST 59TH STREET.

promote social intercourse among its mem-
bers. Its membership is under no close
restriction. The club-house that it occu-
pies is a handsome building, of brick, in
the Moresque style of architecture, four
stories in height. It occupies two city lots
at no East 59th Street, near Park Avenue,
adjoining the Arion Club. There are about
250 members. William R. Rose is the
president, Abraham L. Gutman the secre-
tary, and Arthur Meyer the treasurer.

There are numerous important literary
and artistic social organizations, besides the
Century, the Authors', and the Lotos.

The Lambs' Club, at 8 West 29th
Street, was organized in 1874, and incorpo-
rated in 1877, for "the social intercourse of
members of the dramatic and musical pro-
fessions with men of the world, and the
giving of entertainments for mutual amuse-
ment and instruction." The admission-fee
is $50 for lay members, and $25 for profes-
sional and non-resident members ; the yearly
dues are $50 for resident, and $25 for non-
resident and professional members.
The Salmagundi Club, at 49 West 22d Street, was organized in 187 1, and
incorporated in 1880, for "the promotion of social intercourse among artists, and
the advancement of art." It is made up of painters, draughtsmen, sculptors, and
crayon artists. The President is C. T. Turner. The initiation-fee is $20 ; the yearly
dues are $20.

The St.-Anthony Club is a local or-
ganization of members of the Delta Psi
college fraternity. Its mission is social, and
its membership is limited to post-graduate
members of some chapter of the fraternity.
It has a modest club-house at 29 East 28th
Street, near Madison Avenue, which was ex-
tensively remodelled in 1892. It is of brick,
relieved with stone, and it occupies a single
lot. Gouverneur W. Morris is the president,
Frederick A. Potts the secretary, and David
I. Jackson the treasurer.

The Quill Club, at 22 West 23d Street,
was organized in 1890 for "the promotion of
fellowship and interchange of views on ques-
tions in the domains of religion, morals, philos-
ophy, and sociology," formed of believers in
the Christian religion, members of one of the
learned professions or engaged in literature.

r _ o => ST.-ANTHONY CLUB, 28TH STREET BETWEEN

The initiation-fee is $3; yearly dues are $15. madison and fourth avenues.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

5*3

The Grolier Club, at 29 East 32c!
Street, was organized in 1884, and in-
corporated in 1888, for "the literary
study and promotion of the arts per-
taining to the production of books."
The building is small and graceful,
and in the style of the Renaissance.
The club takes its name from Jean
Grolier, a great French book-lover of
the Renaissance. It occasionally pub-
lishes books that are models of typog-
raphy, and not for sale excepting to
members, and several times yearly ex-
hibits works of art and arranges lec-
tures germane to its purposes, to which
the public is admitted by a member's
card. The initiation-fees are $50 and
$25; the yearly dues are $30 for resident
and $15 for non-resident members.

The Cosmos Club, at 98 Fifth
Avenue, was organized in 1885, "for
the promotion of knowledge and social
intercourse among its members and
their families." Members must have
read Humboldt's Cosmos. The initia-
tion-fee is $100 ; the yearly dues are
$50 for resident and $25 for non-resi-
dent members.

The Shakespeare Society of
New York, at Hamilton Hall, Col-
umbia College, organized and incor-
porated in 1885, is formed of students grolier club, 29 east 32d street.
of Shakespearean and Elizabethan literature. The President is Appleton Morgan.
The initiation fee is $25 ; the annual dues are $5. The society publishes the Bank-
side Shakespeare, in 20 volumes, with addenda, besides original works of reference,
and a magazine, Shakespeareaua. J. O. Halliwell Phillips bequeathed to the society
his invaluable books and notes on Shakespeare, with his blocks and electros, views,
curios and relics.

The Holland Society of New York was organized and incorporated in
1885, "to collect and preserve the history of the settlement of New York and else-
where in America by the Dutch ; to collect documents, perpetuate the memory
of Dutch ancestors, promote social intercourse, gather a library, and publish a his-
tory of the Dutch in America." It is formed of descendants in the male line only
of Dutchmen, Dutch settlers, or Dutch citizens in America prior to 1675. Mem-
bers are elected by Trustees. The President is Judge Augustus Van Wyck. The
initiation fee is $5; the yearly dues are $5. There are 1,000 members.

The Players, at 16 Gramercy Park, organized in 1887, incorporated in 1888.
" Its particular business and objects are the promotion of social intercourse between
the representative members of the Dramatic profession, and of the kindred profes-
sions of Literature, Painting, Sculpture and Music, and the Patrons of the Arts ;
33

5*4

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

the creation of a library relating espec-
ially to the history of the American
Stage, and the preservation of pictures,
bills of the play, photographs and curi-
osities connected with such history."
The club-house, the gift of Edwin Booth
to the society, is filled with paintings and
engravings, scarce books, and relics of
the stage. Members are elected by Trus-
tees. The President is Edwin Booth ;
the Vice-President, Augustin Daly ; the
Secretary, Brander Matthews ; the Chair-
man of the House Committee, A. M.
Palmer.

The Aldine Club, at 20 Lafayette
Place, organized and incorporated in
1889, is formed of printers, publishers,
authors and artists. The President is
Frank R. Stockton. The initiation-fee
is $100 for resident, and $50 for non-
resident members ; the yearly dues are
$50 for resident, and $25 for non-resi-
dent members. The club-house was
formally opened February 12, 1890,

PLAYERS' CLUB, 16 GRAMERCY PARK.

with
an ex-
hibition of portraits, photographs, and manuscripts
of American authors. Exhibitions, dinners,
meetings at which celebrated writers of stories
and celebrated speakers tell anecdotes and recol-
lections of men and events, are distinctive traits
of the Aldine Club.

The New-York Press Club, at 120 Nassau
Street, was organized in 1872, and incorporated
in 1874, for benevolent and social purposes. It is
formed of literary and newspaper men. The
President is John A. Cockerill. The initiation
fee is $10; the yearly dues are $10. A congenial
dinner, monthly informal receptions of prominent
artists, musicians and players, a good reference
library, and files of the most important journals,
are distinctive features of the Press Club. The
membership is 700.

The local societies of college men include,
besides the University Club, the following :

The Union-College Alumni Association
was organized in 1888 for " social intercourse and
mutual acquaintance and the promotion of the
best interests of Union College." It is formed of
persons who have attended the college for a year.

THE ALDINE CLUB, 20 LAFAYETTE PLACE.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

5*5

The Yale Alumni Association of New
York aims " to increase the acquaintance among
Yale graduates, to facilitate the entrance of young
graduates into active life, and to promote the
interests of the University." It is formed of
Yale graduates. The President is Chauncey M.
Depew.

The Delta Phi Club, at 56 East 49th
Street, was organized in 1884, and is formed of
graduate members of the A §> college fraternity.
The President is T. J. Oakley Rhinelander.

The Delta Kappa Epsilon Club, at 435
Fifth Avenue, was formed in 1885, anc^ *s made
up of 500 graduate members of the A KE frater-
nity. The President is Hon. Calvin S. Price.

The Zeta Psi Club, at 45 West 32d Street,
was organized in 1882, and incorporated in 1886,
by graduate members of the Z W college frater-
nity. The President is Austen G. Fox.

The Sigma Phi Club, at 9 East 27th Street,
incorporated in 1887, is formed of graduate
members of the 2 $ college fraternity. The
President is Daniel Putterfield. The yearly dues
are $5 for non-resident and $20 for resident
members.

The Psi Upsilon Club, at ^ West 42d
Street, was organized and incorporated in 1886,
by graduates of the W IT college fraternity. The
President is Dr. George Henry Fox. The initia-
tion-fee is $15 ; the yearly dues are $25 for resi-
dent and $10 for non-resident members.

The Del-
ta Upsi-
lon Club,
at 1 42 West
48th Street,

33 WEST 42D STREET.

organized
and incor-
porated in

l887 IS NEW-YORK PRESS CLUB, 120 NASSAU STREET.

formed of graduates of the A T college
fraternity. The initiation-fee is $10 ; the
yearly dues are $20 for resident and $5 for
non-resident members.

The Alpha Delta Phi Club, at 226
Madison Avenue, organized and incorporated
in 1890, is formed of graduate members of the
A A $ college fraternity. The President is
Joseph H. Choate. The initiation-fee is $25
for resident and $10 for non-resident members.

5'6

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

***

HARVARD CLUB, 11 WEST 220 STREET.

The Harvard Club of New-
York City, at 1 1 West 22d Street,
was organized in 1865, and incor-
porated in 1887, "to advance the
interests of the University, and to
promote social intercourse among
the alumni resident in New York
and vicinity." It is formed of
graduates of Harvard elected by
the club. The President is Ed-
ward King, '53 ; the Treasurer, C.
H. Russell, '72 ; the Secretary,
Evert Jansen Wendell, '82. The
annual Harvard- Club dinner as-
sembles, at Delmonico's, in Febru-
ary, many eminent persons. A
fund is accumulating for a new
building.

The Congregational, Univer-
salist and Unitarian denomina-
tions each has a powerful central
club.

The Catholic Club of New York, at 120 West 59th Street, was organized in
187 1, and incorporated in 1873, to advance Catholic interests, to encourage the
study of Catholic literature, and for the moral and intellectual improvement of its
members. The first story and basement of the building are of rustic stone, the
upper stories of Roman brick and terra cotta. The style is Early Italian Renais-
sance. The library occupies the entire third story. It is the best Catholic library
in the United States. The Presi-
dent is Chailes V. Fornes ; Vice-
President, Joseph F. Daly.

The Church Club was organ-
ized in 1887, " to promote the study
of the history and the doctrines of
the Church, and to stimulate the
efforts of Churchmen for her wel-
fare and for the maintenance of the
faith." It is formed of baptized
laymen of the Episcopal Church.
The President is George Zabriskie.
The Clergy Club, at 29 Lafay-
ette Place, organized in 1888, is a
social and literary club of the Prot-
estant Episcopal clergy. The Presi-
dent is Bishop Potter.

The Xavier Club is a powerful
organization of Roman Catholic
gentlemen, with a fine club-house,
at 29 West 1 6th Street. It is many-
sided in its activities and aims.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

5*7

The Association of the
Bar of the City of New
York, at 7 West 29th Street,
was organized in the year

1870, and incorporated in

1 87 1, " for the purpose of
maintaining the honor and
dignity of the profession of
the law, of cultivating social
relations among its members,
and increasing its usefulness
in promoting the due admin-
istration of justice." The
presidents have been William
M. Evarts, 1870 to 1879;
Stephen P. Nash, 1880 and
1 88 1 ; Francis N. Bangs, 1882
and 1883 ; James C. Carter,
1884 and 1885 ; William Allen
Butler, 1886 and 1887; Joseph
H. Choate, 1888 and 1889;
Frederick R. Coudert, 1890
and 1 89 1 ; and Wheeler H.
Peckham. The initiation-fee
is $50 ; the yearly dues are
$40. The club-house, wid-
ened by the addition of a new building, is filled with oil-paintings of eminent law-
yers, and engraved portraits of famous judges, and contains the most famous law-
library in America. The association has standing committees on amendment of the
law, to watch all proposed changes in the law, and propose such amendments as in
their opinion should be recommended ; the judiciary, to observe the practical work-
ing of the judicial system, and to entertain and examine projects for change or re-
form in the system, and recommend such action as they deem expedient ; grievances,
to investigate charges against members of the Bar, whether or not they are members
of the association; and judicial nominations, to pass upon the qualifications for
judicial office of candidates nominated by political parties.

The Lawyers' Club, at 120 Broadway, was incorporated in 1887, to provide
a meeting-place, lunch-room, and library for members. The President is William
Allen Butler, Jr. Members are elected by a Governing Committee. There is a
special dining-room for women.

The clubs of business men include many strong organizations.

The Electric Club, at 17 East 22d Street, was organized in 1885, and incor-
porated in 1887. ^ *s formed of persons interested in electrical science and industry,
and officers of the Army and Navy of the United States. The initiation-fee is $40
for active and $20 for associate members ; the annual dues are $40 for active and
$20 for associate members. The club-house contains a museum of electrical works.

The Insurance Club, at 52 Cedar Street, is formed of persons engaged in the
insurance business. It was incorporated in 1891. The President is James A. Silvey.
The admission-fee is $20; the yearly dues are $24 for resident and $12 for non-
resident members.

ASSOCIATION OF THE BAR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK,
7 WEST 29TH STREET, NEAR FIFTH AVENUE.

5*8

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Down-Town Association, at 60 Pine
Street, was organized and incorporated in April,
i860, to afford "facilities and accommodations
for social intercourse, dining and meeting during
intervals of business. " The President is Samuel
B. Babcock. The entrance-fee is $150 for resi-
dent and $75 for non-resident members ; the
yearly dues are $50 for resident and $25 for non-
resident members. The club-house is elegant
and handsomely- appointed.

The Merchants' Club, at 108 Leonard
Street, was incorporated in 1871, "to promote
social intercourse among the members thereof,
and to provide for them a pleasant place of com-
mon resort for entertainment and improvement."
Its locality makes it an ideal place of dining for
business men of the dry-goods district. , The
initiation-fee is $100 ; the yearly subscription is
$75. Members are elected by the Board of
Directors.

The Merchants' Central Club, at 29
Wooster Street, was organized and incorporated
in July, 1886, "to promote social intercourse
among the members, and to provide for them a
pleasant place of common resort for entertain-
ment." The entrance-fee is $75 ; the yearly
dues are $50. Visitors introduced by members obtain the privileges of the club-
house for $10 a month.

The Building-Trades' Club, at 1 1 7 East 23d Street, was organized in 1 889, ' ' to
maintain a club-house furnished with all the requirements for the advancement of
social enjoyment and encouragement of friendly intercourse between the members
thereof, and to advocate the establishment of uniformity of action upon general prin-
ciples, among those concerned in the erec-
tion and construction of buildings." ,It is
formed of "employers in any legitimate
business connected with the erection or fur-
nishing of a building." The initiation-fee is
$25 ; the yearly dues are $20 for resident,
and $10 for non-resident members.

The Importers' and Traders' Club,
at 13 Cedar Street, was organized in 1 891,
" to promote a more enlarged and friendly
intercourse between merchants and business,
men and united action in all matters of com-
mon interest." The entrance-fee is $35 ;
the yearly dues are $50.

The Engineers' Club, at 10 West
29th Street, although of recent origin (in-
corporated in 1888), has had a steady and
constant advance as to the number and merchants' club, 108 Leonard street.

DOWN-TOWN ASSOCIATION, 60 PINE STREET.

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

5*9

ENGINEERS' CLUB, 10 WEST 29TH STREET.

standing of its members equalled by but few of

the many New- York clubs. While its aims are

purely social, it has in its membership engineers

whose accomplished work at home and abroad

has made them famous. The engineer is ever a

thoughtful man, bearing about with him the heavy

responsibilities of his undertakings, but here,

more than elsewhere, he for the time being lays

them aside for social good fellowship. The

present membership is over 600. The president

is J. F. Holloway, who is president of the cor-
poration of Henry R. Worthington, steam-pump

manufacturers. The treasurer is Addison C.

Rand, of the Rand Drill Co. ; and the secretary

is David Williams, publisher of The Iron Age.
There are many clubs devoted to Americans

of foreign origin or antecedents, besides the great

German social clubs, the Arion and Liederkranz

and other musical societies, and the Turn-verein

and other special organizations. Almost every

nationality is thus represented, and even the Japanese have their bright little club.
St. George's Club is made up entirely of Englishmen, and dates its origin from

1891.

The New-York Caledonian Club, at 8 and 10 Horatio Street, was organized

in 1856, and incorporated in 186 1, for "the preservation of the ancient literature and

costume, and the encouragement and practice of the ancient games, of Scotland."

It is formed of Scotchmen and sons of Scottish parents. The Chief is William

Hogg. The initiation-fee is f 5 ; the yearly dues are $3. The annual fall games, at

Jones's Wood, are distinguished
for their athletic feats, and the
assemblage of Scots from all over
America. The Caledonian built its
own brick and stone club-house.

St. Patrick's Club, Morton
House, was organized in 1884 for
"social intercourse among Irish-
men, their descendants, and all
those friendly to the Irish peo-
ple." The president is Edward
E. McCall. The yearly dues are
$10. The club has an annual
banquet, on March 17th.

The New-York Swiss
Club, at 80 Clinton Place, was
organized in 1882, for social and
literary intercourse among the
Swiss residents of New York and
their descendants. The President
is M. L. Muehlemann. The
new-york Caledonian club, 8 and 10 horatio street. yearly dues are $IO.

520

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

Other interesting societies are those formed by men from other States, now
dwelling in the Empire City.

The New-England Society, the first of the kind in America, was founded
in 1805, by Watson and Woolsey, Lawrence and Dwight, Wolcott and Winthrop,
and other New-England-born New-Yorkers. It is for New-Englanders and their
descendants, and to promote friendship, charity and mutual assistance ; and for
literary purposes. The membership is 1,530; and the society's productive fund of
$85,000 pays annuities to the widows and children of deceased members, if in need.

The Ohio Society of New York, at 236 Fifth Avenue, was organized in 1886,
and incorporated in 1888, "to cultivate social intercourse among its members and
to promote their best interests." It is formed of natives of Ohio, sons of natives of
Ohio, and persons who have lived for seven years in Ohio. The President is Wil-
liam L. Strong. The initiation fee is $20 for resident and $10 for non-resident
members ; the yearly dues are $15 for resident and $10 for non-resident members.

The New-York Southern Society, at 18 and 20 West 25th Street, was or-
ganized in 1886, " to promote friendly relations among Southern men resident in
New-York City, and to cherish and perpetuate the memories and traditions of the
Southern people." It is formed of persons of Southern ancestry, or who resided in
the South twenty years prior to 1884. The initiation-fee is $50 for resident and

$10 for non-resident mem-

bers ; the yearly dues are
$30 for resident and $10
for non-resident members.

Among the clubs of mili-
tary men are : —

The United Service
Club, at 16 West 31st Street.
It was organized and incor-
porated in 1889, of commis-
sioned officers or ex-officers
of the Army, Navy, and Na-
tional Guard, and graduates
of the U. -S. Military and
Naval Academies. The
President is Brig. -Gen. G.
H. McKibben. The initia-
tion-fee is $25 ; the yearly
dues are $20. The mem-
bership is nearly 800.

The Old Guard of the
City of New York, at the
northwest corner of Fifth
Avenue and 14th Street, was
organized as the Light Guard
in 1826, and as the City
Guard in 1833, and reorganized and incorporated as the Old Guard in 1868. It is a
military company, governed as the National Guard, but formed as a club " to afford
pecuniary relief to indigent or reduced members and their widows and children ; and
to promote social union and fellowship." Members are over 30 years of age, and
duly qualified by military service. The initiation-fee is $25 ; the yearly dues are

MMi^mmmistmsmxx^

UNITED SERVICE CLUB, 16 WEST 31ST STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 521

$36. The President is the Major of the Guard, George \V. McLean. The yearly
Old-Guard ball is a brilliant social festival.

The Seventh Regiment Veteran Club, at 756 Fifth Avenue, was organized
and incorporated in 1889, and formed of veterans of the Seventh Regiment, N. G.,
S. N. Y., officers of the Army and Navy and Marine Corps, and active members of
the Seventh Regiment. The initiation-fee is $25 ; the yearly dues are $35. The
President is Locke W. Winchester.

The Society of the War of 1812, was incorporated in 1892, " to inculcate
love of country and to perpetuate the memory of the glorious dead and of the sol-
diers of 181 2." The President is Morgan Dix, S. T. D., D. C. L.

The Grand Army of the Republic, a secret order, membership in which is
open to any Federal soldier or sailor who served honorably during the Civil War, is
very strong in this city, although the headquarters of the department of New York
are at Albany. There are 55 posts in New-York City, of which the best-known
are Phil-Kearny Post 8, which meets at 117 West 23d Street; Abraham-Lincoln,
13, at 54 Union Square ; George G. Meade 38, at 501 Hudson Street ; Farragut 75,
at the Boulevard and 74th Street; George-Washington 103, at Hotel Brunswick;
John-A. -Dix 135, at 33 Union Square; Lafayette 140, at Masonic Temple; and
Phil-Sheridan 233, at 1591 Second Avenue. The membership of the order in this
city is not far from 8,000. Two officers of the Department-Commander's staff come
from this city. They are the Junior Vice-Commander, William F. Kirchner, of L. -
Aspinwall Post 600, and the Senior Aide-de-Camp, L. C. Bartlett, of Lafayette
Post 140. There is in the city a permanent relief and memorial committee, chosen
from the different posts, with headquarters in the basement of the City Hall. The
officers of this committee are David S. Brown, of James-Munroe Post 607, chair-
man; N. W. Day, of John-A. -Dix Post 135, treasurer; E. J'. Atkinson, of Horace-
B. -Claflin Post 578, recording secretary.

The Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States is an
organization composed of men who held commissions in the army or navy, regular
or volunteer, during the Civil War. The headquarters of the Commandery of the
State of New York are in the Morse Building, 140 Nassau Street. The organiza-
tion has regular meetings on the first Wednesdays in February, April, May, October
and December, at Delmonico's. Gen. Wager Swayne is the Commander.

Political Clubs are numbered by the score, in all grades of organization and soci-
ety. The van of the Democratic line is led by the magnificent Manhattan Club ;
and the Republican columns are marshalled by the sagacious leaders of the Union
League Club.

The Tammany Society, or Columbian Order, has a large brick building on
East 14th Street, with a spacious public hall. This organization was formed in 1789,
as a benevolent society, with many queer observances and titles borrowed from the
Indians. Even yet the two classes of its members are known as Braves and Sachems,
and other aboriginal titles diversify the roll of officers. The membership is almost
identical with that of

The Tammany Hall General Committee, which is allowed by the society to
occupy its building. This is the most powerful and the most skilfully organized polit-
ical organization in the world, and practically holds the headship of the Democratic
party in the city of New York, besides being a power in State and National politics.
The General Committee is composed of 1,100 members; and each election-district
has its local committee. The organization of the entire Tammany mechanism is so
perfect and so efficient that it will probably control the city for an indefinite period.

522

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

STREET, BETWEEf
THIRD AVENUE.

ment of West- Side property. The initiation

The Harlem Democratic Club, at 15
East 125th Street, was organized in 1882,
" to foster and disseminate Democratic prin-
ciples." The initiation-fee is $10; the
yearly dues are $20.

The New-York Free-Trade Club, at
365 Canal Street, was incorporated in 1878,
for the ' ' formation of a public opinion that
will secure Congressional action toward
freedom of commercial intercourse, other-
wise abolition or a reduction of the tariff."
The President is D. H. Chamberlain. The
yearly dues are $5.

The Lincoln Club of New York, at
56 Clinton Place, was organized in 1870, and
incorporated in 187 1, of persons who are
residents of the city, citizens of the United
States, and Republicans in politics. The
President is Cornelius Van Cott, postmaster
of the city of New York. The initiation-fee
is $25 ; the yearly dues are $24.

The Democratic Club of
the City of New York, at 617

Fifth Avenue, was organized in
1852, and incorporated in 1890,
"to foster, disseminate, and
give effect to Democratic princi-
ples." The President is John
H. V. Arnold. The initiation-
fee is $25 ; the yearly dues are
$25 for resident members.

The Sagamore Club, at
21 West 124th Street, incorpor-
ated in 1889, is formed of per-
sons Democratic in politics.
The entrance-fee is $10; the
yearly dues are $10.

The Iroquois Club, at 4
West 13th Street, was organized
and incorporated in 1889. It
is formed of persons Democratic
in politics. The initiation-fee
is $25; the yearly dues are $13.

The West-Side Demo-
cratic Club, at 59 West 96th
Street, was incorporated in
1892, for the promotion of Dem-
ocratic political ideas and the
protection and secure develop-
fee is $10 ; the yearly dues are $12.

SAGAMORE CLUB, 21 WEST 124TH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

523

The Republican Club, at 450

Fifth Avenue, was organized in 1879,
and incorporated in 1886, " to advo-
cate, promote and maintain the princi-
ples of the Republican party." The
President is James A. Blanchard. The
initiation-fee is $50 for resident and
$25 for non-resident members.

The Harlem Republican Club,
at 145-147 West 125th Street, was or-
ganized in 1887, and incorporated in
1888, " to advocate and maintain the
principles of Republicanism as enun-
ciated by the party." The initiation-
fee is $10 ; the yearly dues are $12 for
resident and $6 for non-resident mem-
bers.

The William H. Seward Club,
was organized in 1888, and incorpor-
ated in 1890, "to honor and perpetu-
ate the memory of William II. Seward,
and to collect and preserve in the republican club, 45o fifth avenue.

archives of the club everything appertaining to his public and private life ; and to
advocate and maintain the principles of the Republican party." The President is
William M. Evarts.

The City Reform Club, at 47 Cedar Street, is a non-partisan municipal organ-
ization, founded in 1882. Its objects are to promote honesty and efficiency in
municipal affairs, and to secure honest elections, and to issue publications upon these
subjects, and an annual record of the members of the Legislature, in book form. It
makes a specialty of securing and preserving information bearing upon all these sub-
jects, which in-
formation is im-
parted to those
wishing to use it
for proper pur-
poses. The club
has a small active
and large sub-
scribing member-
ship.

The Com-
monwealth
Club was organ-
ized in 1886, for
the discussion of
political and
economical ques-
tions at monthly
dinners. The
members are com-

REFORM CLUB, FIFTH AVENUE AND 27TH STHEET.

524

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

mitted to the principles of civil-service reform, and assert the right of individual
action in politics. The Chairman of the Executive Committee is Hon. Carl Schurz.
The initiation-fee is $5 ; the yearly dues are $3.

The Reform Club, at the corner of Fifth Avenue and 27th Street, has a brick
building with brownstone trimmings at the bay windows on the avenue and the
entrance on the street, widened by the addition of a new building on the street. It
was organized in 1888 "to promote honest, efficient and economical government."
The President is E. Ellery Anderson. The initiation-fee is $25 ; the yearly dues
are $40 for resident, and $10 for non-resident members.

The City Club was organized in 1892, as an "anti-bad-city-government club."
The President is James C. Carter.

The City Improvement Society was organized in 1892, for the improvement
of the condition of the streets, the prevention of extortion by cab-drivers, the care
of the public parks, the inspection and improvement of tenement-houses, the in-
spection of theatres and public buildings, and, in general, to aid the authorities in
their efforts to make the city a more cleanly, healthful and pleasant place of resi-
dence. The headquarters is at 126 East 23d Street.

The Athletic Clubs of New York include some of the famous record-breakers
of the world, and have spacious, beautiful and admirably arranged houses. The

Berkeley, Cale-
donian, Y. M. C.
A., West - Side,
Oly m pic and
other societies
give much atten-
tion to athletics,
and there are sev-
eral capital pri-
vate gymnasiums.
The grounds of
the New -York
Base - Ball Club
("The Giants")
are at Eighth
Avenue and 157th
Street.

The Man-
hattan Athletic
Club, at the south-
east corner o f
Madison Avenue
and 45th Street,
was organized in
1877, and incor-
porated in 1878,
"for the encour-
agement of ath-
letic exercises and
games, and to pro-

MANHATTAN ATHLETIC CLUB, MADISON AVENUE AND 45TH STREET. mOte physical CUi-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

525

ture and social intercourse among its members. The President is George W. Carr.
The magnificent iron and stone club-house is said to be the finest and most costly of
its kind in the world, and exemplifies the Renaissance style, with a little of Flamboy-
ant Gothic. It has a swimming-tank in the basement, a concert-hall and a roof-
garden, besides the complete appurtenances of a perfect athletic and perfect social
club. The club has an eight years' lease of Manhattan Field, which is said to be
the finest athletic plant on the globe. It is here that the big athletic and college
field and track events are held. The club has under contemplation the purchase of
a summer-home. There are about 3,000 members.

The New-York Athletic Club, at West 55th Street and Sixth Avenue, was
organized in 1868, and incorporated in 1870, for " the promotion of amateur ath-
letics, physical culture and
the encouragement of ad
manner of sport." The
President is Bartow S.
Weeks. The initiation-fee
is $100 ; the yearly dues are
$50 for resident members,
$20 for resident athletic,. and
$10 for non-resident athletic
members. The magnificent
four-story brick club-house
has bowling-alleys, baths
and a swimming-tank in the
basement ; dining - rooms,
parlors and reading-rooms
on the first floor; 1,100
lockers on the second floor,
and boxing and dressing-
rooms ; a rubber running-
track around the grand
gymnasium on the third
floor, beside the admirable
equipments. Travers Isl-
and, near New Rochelle, is the property of the club, and contains a country club-
house, boat-houses, a track and athletic field. The cycle department of the club is
at 26 West 60th Street. The membership of the N. -Y. A. C. is 2,900.

The University Athletic Club, at 55 West 26th Street, in the building for-
merly occupied by the Racquet Club, was organized and incorporated in 189 1, "to
furnish athletic facilities for its members, and to cultivate a love for athletic sports
in the amateur spirit, without a trace of professionalism." Members must be gradu-
ates of colleges where at least three years of residence and study are required. The
President is George A. Adee. The yearly dues are $50 for resident and $25 for non-
resident members.

The American Actors' Amateur Athletic Association, at 43 West 28th
Street, was organized in 1889, and incorporated in 1890, for the "encouragement of
athletic sports among actors, and for social purposes." The initiation-fee is $25;
the yearly dues are $12. It is usually called the Five A's.

The Pastime Athletic Club, at 66th Street and East River, was organized in
1877, and incorporated in 1891, "to encourage all out and in-door exercises, and to

:%.-*' Y,*^^.

■%i ,^^ ........

Ntw-YUKK ATHLETIC CLUB, SIXTH AVENUE AND WtST

526

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

RACQUET AND TENNIS CLUB, 27 WEST 43D STREET.

promote the social interests
of its members. " The initia-
tion-fee is $3 ; the yearly
dues are $6.

The Racquet and
Tennis Club, at 27 West
43d Street, stands "for the
encouragement of all manly
sports among its members."
The President is Isaac
Townsend. The initiation-
fee is $100; the yearly dues
are $75 for resident and $40
for non-resident members.
The club-house is of Long-
meadow stone, Pompeian
brick and terra cotta, in the
Romanesque style. The sec-
ond story has the racquet-
courts, the third the gymnasium, and the fourth the tennis-courts ; and there are all
the appurtenances of a delightful social club.

The Central Turn-Verein was organized and incorporated in 1886 for physi-
cal culture. The initiation-fee is $5 ; the
yearly dues are $9 for active and $12 for
passive members. The President is Dr.
H. A. C. Anderson.

The Central Turn-Verein has a mag-
nificent new German Renaissance build-
ing, modern and fire-proof, extending from
205 to 217 East 67th Street, near Third
Avenue, six stories high, and covering a
ground-area of 175 by 104 feet. It cost in
the vicinity of $700,000. Among the in-
terior equipments are admirable rooms for
swimming, shooting, fencing, bowling, and
schools ; a huge gymnasium, with all kinds
of apparatus ; a library and reading-room ;
meeting-rooms, a restaurant, a theatre, and
the largest ball-room in the city.

The New-York Turn-Verein, at 66
and 68 East 4th Street, was organized in
1849, and incorporated in 1857, " for
mental and physical education and for the
relief of members in case of sickness or
distress." Members must be citizens of
the United States. The initiation-fee is
$5 ; the yearly dues are $6.

Yachting is one of the most popular
amusements of a New- York summer, and
there are more than a score of clubs here.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

527

The patriarch of these is the famous
old New- York Yacht Club ; and the
American Yacht Club, with its splendid
fleet of steam-yachts, is also of great
interest.

The New-York Yacht-Club is
the foremost and the oldest yachting
organization in the country. It was
organized in 1844, and incorporated in
1845. Its club-house is at 67 Madison
Avenue, New York ; its general ren-
dezvous, off Bay Ridge, just inside the
Narrows ; its racing-course, from Bay
Ridge to Sandy-Hook Bay, and thence
to Sandy-Hook light-ship, and return.
Its membership-roll includes the best-
known amateur sailors and yacht-own-
ers in the East. Its fleet numbers
nearly 300 steam and sailing vessels,
many of which are famous for speed or
cruising qualities. One of the principal
yachting events of the year is the an-
nual cruise of the New-York Yacht
Club, which begins early in August, and new-york turn-verein, 66 and 68 east 4th street.
extends generally to Marblehead, Mass., with calls of some length at Newport and
Martha's Vineyard. It lasts for two weeks or more. The club is the custodian of the
famous " America Cup," and under its auspices have been sailed all the international
races, in which English yachtsmen have attempted to win the cup. The entrance-
fee is $100 ; the yearly dues $25. The officers of the club are Elbridge T. Gerry,
Commodore ; V. S. Oddie, Secretary ; Frank W. J. Hurst, Treasurer.

The American Yacht-Club has its principal rendezvous and club-home at
Milton Point, on Long-Island Sound, some distance beyond the city limits, but it is
distinctively a New-York organization, and its business meetings are held in the city.
Jay Gould, George Gould, Washington E. Conner, the Vanderbilts, the Aspinwalls,
and other owners of palatial pleasure-craft, are among the members. The officers are

Frank R. Lawrence, Commodore ; Thomas L. Sco-
ville, Secretary, and George W. Hall, Treasurer.

The Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht Club,
at 7 East 32d Street, was organized in 1 87 1, and in-
corporated in 1887, to encourage its members "in
becoming proficient in navigation, in the personal
management, control and handling of their yachts ;
and in all matters pertaining to seamanship." The
club has a house at Bay Ridge, L. I. The Com-
modore is George H. B. Hill. The initiation-fee is
$100 ; the yearly dues are $50.

The Columbia Yacht Club, at 86th Street and
the Hudson River, was organized in 1867, and incor-
porated in 1860 and 188^. The initiation-fee is $c ;

SEAWANHAKA CORINTHIAN YACHT CLUB, , hk

7 east 32d street. the annual dues are $12.

528

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Audubon Yacht Club was organized in 1890. The initiation-fee is $5;
the annual dues are $6. Grounds have been procured for a new club-house, at the
foot of West 147th Street.

The boat-clubs include the Bloomingdale, Walhalla, Gramercy, Friendship and
others, and the following named :

The Knickerbocker Canoe Club, at the foot of West I52d Street, Hudson
River, was organized in 1880, and incorporated in 1884, "to promote canoeing,
sailing and racing." The initiation-fee is $20 ; the yearly dues are $12 for active
and $5 for associate members. The New- York Canoe Club has its house at Staple-
ton, Staten Island.

The Atalanta Boat Club was organized in 1848, and incorporated in 1866, " to
improve, encourage and perpetuate the healthful exercise of rowing, and to promote
the cultivation of social intercourse among its members." The club has a boat-house
on the Harlem, and rooms at 574 Fifth Avenue.

The Dauntless Rowing Club, at 147th Street and Lenox Avenue, was organ-
ized in 1863, and incorporated in 1880, for "the promotion of rowing, athletics and
social intercourse." The initiation-fee is $10; the yearly dues are $24.

The Nassau Boat Club, at East I32d Street and the Harlem River, was organ-
ized in 1867, and incorporated in 1868. The initiation-fee is $10; the yearly dues
are $25.

The Nonpareil Rowing Club, at I32d Street and the Harlem River, was
organized in 1874 for aquatic and athletic sports. The initiation-fee is $20; the
yearly dues are $15.

The Union Boat Club, at 140th Street and the Harlem River, was organized in
1878, and incorporated in 1882. Members must be Christians. The initiation-fee
is $20; the yearly dues are $12.

The Waverley Boat Club, at 156th Street and the Hudson River, was organized
in 1859. The initiation-fee is $10; the yearly dues are $12.

The Metropolitan Rowing Club, on the Harlem River, was organized in 1880.
The initiation-fee is $10; the yearly dues are §18.

The Wyanoke Boat Club, at East I32d Street and the Harlem River, was

organized in 1878,
and incorporated in
1885. The initia-
tion-fee is $10 ; the
yearly dues are $ 1 5.
The Wheel-
men's Clubs, be-
sides the New-
York, Citizens' and
Harlem, are :

The Manhat-
tan Bicycle Club,
organized in 1 887,
and incorporated in
1888, "to promote
cycling as a pastime
and pleasure, ' '
formed of persons
eligible to member-

l!M.*fw'i;

RIDINS CLUB. TBOOP A.

RIDING CLUB AND TROOP A ARMORY, 130 WEST 56TH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK' OF NEW YORK.

529

ship in the League of American Wheel-
men, and amateurs as defined by the
L. A. W. rules. The yearly dues are
$24 for resident, and $6 for non-resi-
dent members.

The Gotham Wheelmen, at 54
East 79th Street, was organized and
incorporated in 1890, "for the promo-
tion of cycling as a pastime, and for
social intercourse among its members."
The initiation-fee is $5 for men, and
$10 for women; the yearly dues are
$18 for resident, and $9 for non-resi-
dent members.

The Riverside Wheelmen, at
138 West 104th Street, incorporated in
1889, exclude professionals under the
L. A. W. rules, and members of other
bicycle clubs. The initiation-fee is
$5 ; the yearly dues are $24 for resi-
dent, and $6 for non-resident members.

Among the clubs of lovers of eques-
trian exercise are :

The New- York Riding Club,
at Durland's Academy, Central Park
West, organized in 1873, incorporated
in 1883, for improvement in the art of
riding. The initiation-fee is $100 ; the
yearly dues are $50.

The Riding Club, at 7 East 58th
Street, was organized in 1882, and in-
corporated in 1883, and has a special
and graceful building. The President
is H. H. Hollister. The initiation-fee
is $200 ; the yearly dues are $100.

Shooting Clubs, besides the
Amateur Rifle Club, and the St. Nich-
olas Gun Club, includes :

The Deutsch - Amerikanische
Schuetzen Gesellschaft, the central organization of the German shooting-clubs
in New York and the adjacent cities, the ranges and shooting-grounds of which are
mainly on the western end of Long Island, to the south and east of Brooklyn. It
has a fine club-house at 12 St. Mark's Place, near Third Avenue, which contains,
besides the usual club-apartments, a large hall for social assemblies.

The Washington-Heights Gun Club, at Fort-Washington Hotel, was
organized in 1878 "to perpetuate the use of the rifle and shot-gun in the city of
New York and vicinity." The initiation-fee is $5 ; the yearly dues are $12.

The city also has clubs for fishing, bowling, racquet, tennis, cricket, base-ball,
and other active amusements, besides others devoted to the more sedentary amuse-
ments of chess, whist and the like.
34

loon-AMtKli\ANISCH£ SCHUETZEN GESELLsOHAFT,
12 8T. MARK'S PLACE, NEAR THIRD AVENUE.

53°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

The Fencers' Club, at 8 West 28th Street, was organized in 1883 for the
encouragement of fencing in the United States. The President is Charles de Kay.
The initiation-fee is $50 ; the yearly dues are $30 for resident and $15 for non-
resident members.

There are societies devoted to the English beagle, the fox terrier, the mastiff, and
the spaniel ; and to Jersey cattle. The Westminster Kennel Club, the American and
Long-Island Jockey Clubs, and the Monmouth-Park Association, and many other
societies of this class are very useful in their way.
Among the clubs of women are these :

Sorosis, at 212 Fifth Avenue, was organized in 1868, for "the promotion of
agreeable and useful relations among women of literary, artistic and scientific tastes ;
the discussion and dissemination of principles and facts which promise to exert a
salutary influence on women and on society." Dr. Jennie de la H. Lozier is Presi-
dent. The initiation-fee is if 25 ; the yearly dues are $5.

The Meridan Club, at the Fifth- Avenue Hotel, was organized in 1886, "to
discuss social, economical and literary topics for men and women only, limited in
number to thirty. Every member may bring guests, but all are committed to secrecy
about the proceedings at meetings. There are no fixed dues ; members are assessed
for actual expenses. The Secretary is Mrs. Rossiter Johnson.

The Berkeley Ladies' Athletic Club, at 23 West 44th Street, was organized
in 1890, "for the promotion of physical culture, the encouragement of athletic sports
and the increase of means of recreation for women." The President is Mrs. Arthur

Brooks. The in-
itiation-fee is $25;
the yearly dues
are $40 for resi-
dent and $25 for
non-resident
members.

The Wom-
en's Press Club,
in West 18th
Street, was organ-
ized in 1890 by
women engaged
in literary and art
work. The presi-
dent is Jennie
June Croly.

The Ladies'
New-York
Club, at 28 East
22d Street, was
organized in 1 889.
The admission -
fee is $ 20 ; the
yearly dues are

An unclassi-

MASONIC HALL, 230 STREET AND SIXTH AVENUE. fied club is :

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

53'

The Thirteen Club,

incorporated in 1882, "to
combat superstitious be-
liefs," especially the one
relative to the presence of
thirteen persons at one table
at dinner. The club exerts
itself to prevent the choice
of Friday for sentences of
criminals, makes of 13 a
favorite number, publishes
essays, speeches, and reports
of its meetings, and is doubt-
less one of the most per-
sistently advertised clubs in
New York. The dues are
trivial. The expenses of
monthly dinners are assessed
on the members present.

There are a hundred
secret and mutual benefit
societies.

The Masonic Temple,
at the northeast corner of
Sixth Avenue and 23d Street,
is a granite building, the portico of which has
ing was erected and is owned by the fraternity
State of New York. The corner-stone was

SCOTTISH RITE HALL, MADISON AVENUE AND 29th STREE

ARLINGTON HALL, 21 ST. MARK'S PLACE.

coupled Doric columns. The build-
of Free and Accepted Masons of the
laid June 8, 1870, and the building
dedicated June 2, 1875. Ninety
lodges meet regularly in the build-
ing, and the Grand Lodge meets
there annually on the first Tues-
day in June. In addition, a num-
ber of Chapters of Royal Arch
Masons, Councils of Royal and
Select Masters, Commanderies of
Knights Templar, and Chapters
of the Order of the Eastern Star,
meet there regularly. The Temple
contains a valuable Masonic
library and museum.

Scottish Rite Hall, at Madi-
son Avenue and 29th Street, was
formerly the Rutgers Presbyterian
Church. The building was pur-
chased in 1 888, and slightly altered
in its interior, for the purpose of
the Mystic Shrine, which confers
the thirty -second degree in
masonry. There is the original

532

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

jewel of the Mystic Shrine, which was presented to W. J. Florence at Cairo, in Egypt.

In a valuable collection of photographs which the Lodge preserves is material for

an interesting biographical record.

The Odd Fellows, enumerate more than 150 lodges in New-York City. The

headquarters are at 853 Broadway. The German Odd Fellows have a building at

69 St. Mark's Place.

Various Other Clubs and Societies include an infinity of debating societies,

reading clubs, music clubs, amateur dramatic clubs, clubs that meet only at a dinner

every year, like the New-England Society, the St. -Nicholas Society, and the Loyal

Legion ; clubs of cooks, and clubs of vegetarians ; clubs like the One Hundred

and Sixty Exclusives among the Four
Hundred, noted by Ward McAllister.
There are even clubs of club-haters,
for the New-Yorkers lack the capacity
not to form clubs and cults. When
they are agnostics they hire a hall
which becomes a temple where Vol-
taire and Paine are worshipped ; when
they are club-haters, they must meet
and form variations of an Ant i- Club
Club.

In this Paris of the New World, the
tendency is to social life, to fraternal
union, to manifold forms of confedera-
tion. There is little opportunity here
for ascetic seclusion, or for withdrawal
from the brightening attrition of hu-
manity. There is also little inclination
for such separation. The air of the
metropolis is full of mercurial activi-
ties, and gregariousness becomes in-
evitable. Hence the multiplication of
clubs, or places for the reunion of
kindred spirits, of brothers in art, lit-
erature, music, war's alarms/athletics,
and religious efforts, as well as in the
pleasures of the table and the billiard-
room.

The clubs of New York, like those
of London, have plenty of gossips,
and their windows are favorite places
from which to watch the world's pass-
ing show, and to comment upon its
actors. But among these great asso-
ciations of gentlemen scandals are
almost unknown, and a general sereni-
ty pervades the air in their fraternal
halls.

GERMAN ODD FELLOWS HALL

MARK'S PLACE.

Amusement Places

Play-Houses, Opera»Houses, Theatres, Public Malls,

Lyceums, Etc.

AMONG all the cities of America New York stands first in the strength and
scope of its interest in the drama. There is good reason, too, for claiming
first position in the world, for, aside from its purely local enterprises, New York is
distinctly a metropolis in the dramatic field. It is the great clearing-house and out-
fitting depot for the theatrical enterprises of the entire continent. In this respect
it is a city of greater importance than London, Paris, Berlin or Vienna. As many
new plays are produced in New York in a season as are brought forward in London
or Paris. Occasionally four, five and even six new plays are put on at different
theatres on a single Monday night. Then, too, New York is the only city in the
world in which the music drama, or grand opera, is maintained as a permanent insti-
tution without assistance from a public or royal treasury.

In its business phase the drama is of great importance in New York. There are
in the city thirty-four houses at which regular dramatic or operatic performances are
given, with the accessories of stage scenery and drop curtains, and at which no other
inducements than the regular performances are held out to patrons. Four new
theatres, all of the first class, are either in process of construction, or have been
planned to that degree of certainty that makes it safe to predict their erection within
a year. Including as theatres all houses which have more or less distinctly defined
claims to the title, and at which variety or vaudeville performances are given, the
number in the city of New York is about fifty. The people of the city and its visi-
tors pay upward of $5,000,000 a year for theatrical amusement. There is printed
in any one of several of its leading newspapers, in a year, as much matter, critical,
descriptive and narrative, concerning plays and players, as would make a volume of
perhaps twice the size of this "King's Handbook." The theatrical managers pay
to the proprietors of the newspapers about $400,000 each year for advertising space.
Several hundred reputable actors and actresses find permanent employment in New
York. Many thousands regard this city as their home, and every year return to it
to secure their employment for the following season. All America looks to New
York for its dramatic entertainment. Nearly all the large theatrical companies
which travel over the continent are organized, drilled and fitted out here.
Eight or ten men, whose desks are located within a circle of a radius of a quarter of
a mile, allot, six months or a year in advance, the main part of the theatrical amuse-
ment to nearly every city and town in America for a whole season. In the business
aspect of the drama New York is the first city in America. The purely artistic
aspect is inseparable from the business phase.

Dramatic history in New York began more than a century and a half ago. Col.
T. Allston Brown, who has written extensively on the history of American theatres

534 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

for the New York Clipper, and who is recognized as an authority on the subject,
avers that the first dramatic performance ever seen in America was given in New
York during the last week in September, 1732. A group of actors who came from
England formed the nucleus of a company, in which there were also a number of
amateurs, and an upper room in some building which cannot be definitely located
served them for a theatre. The company gave three performances a week for about
a month, and then disbanded. It re-assembled in December of the same year and
held together for a short time. The Recruiting Officer was one of the plays presented
in those early days.

The first play-house erected as such in New York was the Nassau-Street Thea-
tre, and its site was on the east side of Nassau Street — then called Kip — between
John Street and Maiden Lane. It was a wooden building, and it belonged to the
estate of the Hon. Rip Van Dam. It was opened on March 5, 1750. Kean and
Murray were the managers, and the play for the first night w 'as Richard III. . There
were performances twice a week, and the season lasted for five months. This house
gave place to a new one, built in 1753, by Lewis and William Hallem, the one a
manager, the other an actor ; but in a few years the new house was converted into a
church for the use of the German Calvinists. The building was torn down in 1765.

One David Douglass built, in 1 761, a theatre at Nassau and Beekman Streets,
where Temple Court now stands, at which, on November 26th of that year, Hamlet
was presented for the first time in America. It is interesting to know that the cost
of this play-house was $1,625, and yet it was a theatre of fair proportion, for the
dimensions are given as 90 by 40 feet. This establishment was very nearly demol-
ished by a mob which assembled to express disapproval of the Stamp Act, in 1764.

The John-Street Theatre, erected in 1767, and opened on December 7th, was
the first of the really fam'ous play-houses of New York. Its location was on the north
side of John Street, six doors from Broadway. It was the leading theatre, and at
times the only one, for thirty-one years. Good work in the cause of the drama was
done on its stage, for among the plays brought forward were The Beaux' Stratagem,
Richard III. , Hamlet, Cymbeline, The Busy-Body, A Clandestine Marriage, Romeo
and Juliet, Othello, Jane Shazv and The Merchant of Venice. There is a popular
supposition that this theatre was the first one built in New York. This arises from
the fact that President Washington attended performances on various occasions, and
thus gave the house a prominence which none of its predecessors ever enjoyed.
The John-Street Theatre was pulled down in 1798.

The Park Theatre, which was located on Park Row, at what is now numbered
21 to 25, was built by a stock corporation, and was opened January 29, 1798. With
this opening the real history of the drama, or rather that of its most important
period, began. For fifty years the Park Theatre was the prominent play-house of
New York. It occupied a position similar to that filled by Wallack's Theatre twenty
years ago. At the outset there were four performances a week, but very soon after-
ward the house was open every secular night. John E. Harwood, who was as pop-
ular in his time as was ever Lester Wallack, played there in 1803. George Frederick
Cooke, the great tragedian, made his American debut at the Park, November 21,
1810, in Richard III. James W. Wallack made his first appearance in America in
Macbeth at this house, September 7, 1818. Junius Brutus Booth made his first ap-
pearance October 5, 1 821, also in Richard III. During the season of 1825-26 actors
of such prominence as W. A. Conway, Edmund Kean, and Edwin Forrest played
upon its stage ; and the Kean riot, so-called, occurred in the vicinity of the theatre,
November 14, 1825. The first performance of Italian opera in America was given at

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

535

the Park, November 29, 1825. The opera was // Barbiere di Seviglia. The company
was brought here by Sig. Garcia, the father of the singer who afterward became
famous under the name of Malibran. Edwin Forrest played his first star engage-
ment at the Park, beginning October 17, 1829. Rip Van Winkle, which made J. H.
Hackett as popular during the early days of the century as it has made Joseph Jef-
ferson in the later days, was produced April 29, 1830. The Ravels, Charles and
Fanny Kemble, Charles Kean, and Tyrone Power were among the artists seen on
the stage in 1832 and 1833. Ellen Tree, who afterward became Mrs. Charles Kean,
appeared as Rosalind on December 12, 1836. James E. Murdock made his first ap-
pearance in 1838 as Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing. Fanny Ellsler intro-
duced the ballet in America, May 14, 1840. She danced a pas settle called La Craco-
Vienne, and aroused the indignation of all the clergymen and church-going people
in the city. The theatre was burned, May 25, 1820. It was rebuilt, and opened a
year afterward ; and was again destroyed by fire December 16, 1848. It was never
again rebuilt, but in after years its name was given to theatres in other localities.
There is a reminiscence of the ancient play-house, however, in Theatre Alley, the
narrow passage which runs from Beekman Street to Ann Street, in the rear of the
buildings on Park Row.

Two buildings only, Castle Garden and the Bowery Theatre, remain in existence
to-day as landmarks of the drama of the first half of the century, although a third
(Niblo's) brings down to the present generation something of the prestige of its
predecessor, which was burned.

Castle Garden, the picturesque structure at the southern extremity of New-
York City, is the oldest. It was erected by the General Government in 1807, and
its site was then 300 yards from the main land. A portion of Battery Park is made

CASTLE GARDEN, BATTERY PARK, AS IT IS IN 1892.

land, occupying the intervening space. The structure was known as Castle Clinton
in the early days, and, as its name indicates, it was a fortress. The necessity for its
existence as a means of defence passed away in time, and in 1822 the structure was
ceded to New- York City. Two years later it was leased to private individuals as a
place of amusement, and its floor was laid out elaborately as an in-door garden.
Many pieces of statuary, the work of famous sculptors, were placed in it. A stage
was erected at the north side, concerts were given at intervals, and refreshments
were sold in the audience. Six thousand people easily found room for amusement
and recreation, and on various occasions as many as 10,000 people were in the gar-

536 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

den at one time. Col. Richard French (afterward well-known as the proprietor of
French's Hotel) became the manager in 1839, anc* thereafter the place became more
distinctly a play-house. Various dramatic companies occupied the place, and for
several years, succeeding 1847, Castle Garden was distinctively the home of grand
opera. The Havana Opera Company began a season August 8, 1847, an(^ sung
such operas as Ernani, Norma and La Sonnambula. Signor Arditi, whom all
musical people now know as Patti's conductor, was the musical director, and Sig-
norina Detusco was the prima-donna. Max Maretzek, a famous impresario, gave
opera in Castle Garden for several seasons. The one event, however, which has
made Castle Garden famous as a place of amusement was the appearance of Jenny
Lind in concert, on September 1 1, 1850, under the management of P. T. Barnum.
What Patti is to-day, and has been for twenty years, in the musical world, Jenny
Lind was forty years ago. The enterprising manager had engaged her for a con-
cept tour of America, at figures which were then considered fabulous, but Jenny
Lind's personal prestige was so well supplemented by Manager Barnum's methods
of advertising that the singer's first appearance in concert was regarded by musical
people of the day as the event of a life-time. Fabulous prices were paid for seats,
and a tradesman of the time (Genin, the hatter) made a business reputation, which
lasted for many years, by buying the first choice of seats for $225. Jenny Lind gave
four concerts at Castle Garden in the fall of 1850. Another event of importance in
the old fort was a grand dramatic festival which was held on September 6, 1852, to
celebrate what was then erroneously considered the 100th anniversary of the first
theatrical performance in America,

Castle Garden's history as a theatre ended in May, 1855, and the building was
turned into a depot for the reception of immigrants. A fire on May 23, 1870,
destroyed the interior, but the walls remained intact, and the structure was re-built.
When the General Government assumed the care of the immigrants, two years ago,
the reception depot was transferred to the Barge-office, and Castle Garden shortly
afterward passed into the control of the Department of Public Parks of New-York
City. It has been used occasionally for great popular concerts, and recently has
been the rendezvous of the New-York State Naval Reserve. The Park Commis-
sioners have determined to turn the place into a grand aquarium. A large tank,
fifty feet in diameter and about five feet deep, is to be built in the center of the
floor, and around this will be arranged, in a circle, six other pools, somewhat smaller.
All these will be filled with very large fish. Around the walls will be arranged two
rows of smaller tanks, one above the other, numbering about 150 in all, in which
every form of marine life, both animal and vegetable, will be exhibited. It is intended
to make the aquarium an educational fully as much as an amusement establishment.

The Old Bowery Theatre was second only in interest and prestige to the
Park Theatre. Its site was on the west side of the Bowery, just below Canal Street.
It was built in 1826, and opened in October 23d of that year. It was the first
theatre in New York to be lighted by gas. For many years Thomas S. Hamblin,
who did greater work in the interest of the drama than any man of his time, was
the manager. The house was the scene of Edwin Forrest's first appearance as a
tragedian, on November, 1826 ; of Malibran's last appearance in America, October
28, 1827 ; of Charlotte Cushman's debut as Lady Macbeth, September 13, 1836 ; and
of the first grand production of London Assurance, May 16, 1842. The theatre was
destroyed by fire four times. First on May 26, 1828, when it was rebuilt and re-
opened in ninety days. It was destroyed again September 22, 1836 ; for the third
time, February 8, 1838 ; and last on April 25, 1845. ^ stained the name Bowery

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. .537

until 1879, wnen it was re-christened the Thalia. This theatre is the second of the
two landmarks mentioned.

Burton's Chambers-Street Theatre, another old play-house, was famous
mainly because of the name of its manager, William E. Burton, a popular comedian
who had been identified prominently both as actor and manager, with a number of
other theatres. It was originally known as Palmo's Opera-House, and was opened
February 4, 1844, for a season of grand opera. It was occupied by Christy's
Minstrels during the summer of 1846, and was leased by Burton July 10, 1848.
Some years later it passed into the hands of Harry Watkins and E. L. Davenport,
and was then known as the American Theatre. In 1857 it was leased to the Federal
Government, and occupied for offices. The site of the building is now occupied by
the American News Company's establishment, having been sold to that company,
January 29, 1876.

Barnum's Museum is a title which is familiar to theatre-goers even of the
present day. The nucleus was Scudder's American Museum, which was originally
opened in 1810, on Chambers Street, where the Court-House now stands. It was
bought by Phineas T. Barnum in 1 841, and the equipment of curiosities and objects
of interest was removed to Broadway and Ann Streets, the site of the New- York
Herald Building. As a museum simply, the new establishment was not successful,
but Mr. Barnum opened as accessory thereto his famous "Moral Lecture Room,"
which was purely and simply a theatre ; and the joint establishment, comprising both
museum and theatre, became very profitable. It was here that Charles S. Stratton,
who became famous as General Tom Thumb, made his first appearance, in Decem-
ber, 1842. As a theatre, Barnum's Museum ranked with the first of the day for
twenty years or more. It was fired on November 25, 1864, by an incendiary, but
the flames were extinguished, after serious damage had been done. The establish-
ment was destroyed by fire July 13, 1865. The name Barnum was then trans-
ferred to a building at 539 and 541 Broadway, which previously had been known as
the Chinese Rooms. The establishment was re-fitted and opened September 6,
1865, as Barnum and Van Amburgh's Museum and Menagerie, with a dramatic com-
pany and a large collection of curiosities. Fire followed Mr. Barnum, however, for
this place was burned, March 3, 1868. Again Barnum transferred his name and
prestige to an establishment on the south side of 14th Street, opposite the Academy,
which had been previously known as the Hippotheatron and Lent's Circus. But
this establishment, too, was burned, on December 24, 1872. Since then, the name
and prestige of Barnum have been attached to a travelling amusement enterprise,
billed all over the world as " The Greatest Show on Earth," which has had for its
temporary New- York home, each season, the Madison-Square Garden.

The Astor-Place Opera-House, which was opened November 22, 1847, was
for a number of years the home of grand opera. Sanquirico and Patti were the
managers at the outset, and Max Maretzek conducted operas there for several seasons.
The place was best known, however, because of the fierce Macready riot, which
occurred on May 9, 1849. This was the forcible expression of the intense dislike
of a certain class of New- York people toward Macready, the famous English actor,
because of their belief that he was responsible for the ill-treatment of Edwin
Forrest in London a few years previous. The house was re-christened the
New- York Theatre in 1852, and two years later was sold to the Mercantile Library
Association, and remodelled and re-opened as Clinton Hall. In 1890 the old
building was torn down, and the fine new Clinton Hall and Mercantile Library build-
ing arose on its site.

538 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Tripler Hall, which was on Broadway, nearly opposite Bond Street, was built to
serve for Jenny Lind's debut, and it was because it was not finished in time that the
famous singer made her debut at Castle Garden. Tripler Hall was the scene of the
first appearance in public of Adelina Patti, on September 22, 1853. Patti was then
a child of ten years, and Max Maretzek, who was the manager, is authority for the
statement that the price of her services was a hatful of candy. The house was burned
on January 8, 1854. It was re-built, and re-opened on September 18th, as the
New-York Theatre and Metropolitan Opera-House, and as such was the scene of
Rachel's first appearance in America, September 3, 1855. The house was re-fitted
and re-christened in December as Laura Keene's Varieties ; and in September, 1856,
was called Burton's New Theatre. Still later, it was known as the Winter Garden,
and in August, 1864, it passed into the control of William Stuart, Edwin Booth and
John S. Clarke. A performance of yulius Cczsar, given November 25, 1864, is of
historical interest, in that Junius Brutus Booth, Edwin Booth and John Wilkes
Booth were in the cast. It was at this house that the famous 100-night run of Hamlet
occurred. It began November 26, 1864. The house was destroyed by fire March
23, 1867.

Brougham's Lyceum Theatre, which was on Broadway, near Broome Street,
was opened December 23, 1850, and passed under the management of James W. Wal-
lack a few years later, and was re-christened Wallack's Lyceum. This was the first
Wallack's Theatre, and the one dear to the hearts of the older theatre-goers. It was
a successful establishment from the outset. Lester Wallack's name appeared as such
for the first time, October 30, 1859. Previous to that date he had appeared under
the name of John Lester. The Wallacks retired from this house in 1861, and trans-
ferred their prestige and name to a new theatre at Broadway and 13th Street, now
known as the Star Theatre. The old house was finally torn down in 1869.

Franconi's Hippodrome is well remembered by many New-York people. It
was built by a syndicate of eight American showmen, among them Avery Smith,
Richard Sands, and Seth B. Howe, as a permanent home for a Roman circus and
chariot races, such as have been made popular in recent years by P. T. Barnum and
his associates. Its site is now occupied by the Fifth-Avenue Hotel. Before the days
of the Hippodrome there was on the spot a famous road-house called the Madison
Cottage, kept by Corporal Thompson, which was very popular with horsemen. The
Hippodrome was of brick, two stories high, and 700 feet in circumference. There was
a roof over the auditorium only. The arena, which was in the center, was uncovered.
The opening, on May 2, 1853, was a brilliant event. About 4,000 people were
present, and many of them had paid high prices for their tickets. For two seasons
the Hippodrome was in high favor. Then it gave way to the Fifth-Avenue Hotel.

The Crystal Palace was a unique structure, modelled after the Crystal Palace
of London, but much more beautiful as an architectural work. It occupied the plot
of ground at Sixth Avenue, 40th and 42d Streets, now known as Bryant Park. It
covered five acres of ground. The building was two stories in height ; the lower
one octagonal in form, the upper one in the shape of a Greek cross. The central
portion rose to a dome, 148 feet from the ground, and there were eight towers, 70
feet high, at the angles of the octagon. There was an entrance, 47 feet wide, -on
each street. The style of architecture was Moorish and Byzantine. Strictly speak-
ing, there were no walls. The roof was supported by iron columns, and the spaces
between them was closed in with glass. Hence the name of the edifice. The dedi-
cation of the place as an industrial exhibition hall, on July 14, 1853, occasioned a
grand public demonstration. There were present President Franklin Pierce, Secre-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

539

tary of War Jefferson Davis, Secretary of the Treasury James Guthrie, Attorney-
General Caleb Cushing, many United-States Senators, army officers, the governors
of several States, prominent foreigners, and about 20,000 people. Several of the

THE CRYSTAL PALACE OF 1851, IN BRYANT PARK.

annual fairs of the American Institute were held at the Crystal Palace. The edifice
was burned on October 5, 1858. The land was owned by the city of New York,
and it was turned into a park. It is advocated by some people, especially through
the New York Herald, that this is the proper site for a new city hall.

Laura Keene's Varieties was a title attached to half a dozen different theatres
during the period from 1850 to 1870. But the best-known house was that which
was opened on Broadway, just above Houston Street, November 18, 1856, and
which was soon afterward re-christened Laura Keene's New Theatre. Joseph Jef-
ferson, already a good and well-known actor, came prominently to the front during
the years 1857 and 1858. Our American Cousin, a play afterwards made famous
the country over by E. A. Sothern, was first produced October 18, 1858, and Jef-
ferson played the part of Asa Trenchard. The Colleen Bawn, one of the best of
Dion Boucicault's Irish plays, was presented for the first time March 29, i860.
Laura Keene retired in 1863, and John Duff, who then became the manager,
re-opened the house as Mrs. John Wood's Olympic Theatre. Mrs. Wood retired
in 1866. Afterward the house had a checkered career, and finally became a variety
theatre. It was demolished in 1880.

The Broadway Athenaeum was the title given by A. T. Stewart to a theatre,
built out of a church, which stood on Broadway, opposite Waverly Place. It was
opened January 23, 1865. Lucy Rushton, Lewis Baker and Mark Smith, the Worrell
Sisters, and Josh Hart were in control at various times during the following eight years.
Augustin Daly leased the house soon after the burning of the first Fifth-Avenue
Theatre, and opened it January 21, 1873, as Daly's New Fifth-Avenue Theatre. A
year later it was known as Fox's Broadway Theatre, but it is best remembered by
play-goers of to-day as Harrigan & Hart's New Theatre Comique. It was the
house at which The Mulligan Guards Ball and others of Edward Harrigan's earlier
plays were produced. Harrigan & Hart took possession on October 29, 1881. The
house was burned December 23, 1884. Three years later the quaint structure known
as The Old London Streets was built. It was an attempt to reproduce a fragment of
ancient London, and to combine it with nineteenth-century retail shop-keeping ; but
it was not a success. The place has been tenantless for some time.

54° KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Booth's Theatre, at Sixth Avenue and 23d Street, was one of the leading play-
houses of the city for fourteen years. It was built of granite, in the Renaissance
style of architecture, and occupied a plot of ground measuring 184 feet on 23d Street
and 76 on Sixth Avenue. The seating capacity was about 1,800. It was opened
February 3, 1869, with Edwin Booth as manager, and with such artists as Mary
McVicker, Edwin Adams, Fanny Morant, Mark Smith, Kate Bateman, W. E. Sheri-
dan and Agnes Booth as members of the company. Among the significant perform-
ances given here were those of A Winter's Tale, April 25, 187 1 ; Man O'Airlee — its
first in America — June 5th ; Julius Ccrsar, with Edwin Booth, Lawrence Barrett, F.
C. Bangs, D. W. Waller and Bella Pateman, in the cast, December 5th ; Adelaide
Neilson's first appearance in America as Juliet, November 18, 1872 ; George Rig-
nold's production of Henry V., February 8, 1875; and Sarah Bernhardt's American
debut in Adrienne, November 8, 1880. J. B. Booth, Jr., succeeded his brother as
manager in 1873; Jarrett & Palmer followed in 1874; James C. Duff, in 1878; and
then, after several quick changes, Henry E. Abbey became the manager, April 12,
1879. Jonn Stetson succeeded him, August 31, 1881, and he held the house until it
was permanently closed, April 30, 1883. The site is now occupied by a large busi-
ness block.

The Park Theatre, a title which became famous down-town, reappeared April
13, 1874, over the door of a new play-house on Broadway, between 2ist Street and
22d Street. William Stuart was the manager, and Charles Fechter stage-manager.
The construction had been begun by Dion Boucicault in 1873, but he lost control of
the house, through business complications. It was at this theatre that the French
opera Girojle'-Girojla was sung for the first time in New York, February 4, 1875 ;
and its stage was the scene on December 18th of the same year of the debut of ex-
Mayor A. Oakey-Hall in his own play, The Crucible. Henry E. Abbey became
the manager, November 27, 1876. The house was burned late in the afternoon
of October 30, 1882, the day on which Mrs. Langtry was to have made her American
debut on its stage. It was never rebuilt.

Other Play-Houses by scores have risen and passed out of existence during
the present century. For example, the Chatham-Street Garden and Theatre, on
Chatham Street, between Duane and Pearl, was a formidable rival to the old Park
Theatre during the period from 1821 to 1823. Henry Wallack was at one time the
manager, and the elder Booth, the stage-manager. The National Theatre, at Leon-
ard and Church Streets, was in existence from 1833 to 1 84 1. During a part of that
time it was the home of Italian opera, and for the latter portion it was under the
management of William E. Burton. The Franklin Theatre, in Chatham Street
(now Park Row), was opened in 1835, anc^ remained in existence for 19 years. Wil-
liam Rufus Blake, a comedian contemporary with Burton, was stage-director in its
early days. Mitchell's Olympic Theatre, at 442 Broadway, contemporary with the
Franklin, was also the scene of some of the best work of Burton and Blake. The
old Broadway Theatre, which stood on Broadway, between Pearl and Worth Streets,
was opened in 1847, an(^ continued as a play-house, under various names, for twelve
years. At this house Edwin Forrest and W. C. Macready won their greatest
laurels. The Wallacks also played there in its early days. C. W. Couldock, who
has been on the stage in this country almost constantly for forty-three years, made his
American debut there, October 8, 1849; anc^ E. L. Davenport played Hamlet on its
stage for the first time in New York, February 19, 1855.

Theatre Fires have caused fearful losses to the theatrical interest of New York.
Thirty-seven theatres have been burned during the past century. This is the record :

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

541

Rickett's Circus and Greenwich- Street Theatre, burned December 17, 1799; Park
Theatre, May 25, 1820 ; again, December 16, 1848; Vauxhali Garden, August 30,
1808; Bowery Theatre, May 24, 1828, September 22, 1836, February 18, 1838, and
April 25, 1845; Lafayette, April 11, 1829; Mount-Pitt Circus, August 5, 1829;
National Theatre, September 23, 1839; again, May 28, 1 841 ; Niblo's, September
18, 1846; again, May 6, 1872; White's Melodeon, May 20, 1849; Wood's Opera-
House, December 20, 1854; Tripler Hall, January 8, 1854; Crystal Palace,
October 5, 1858; Barnum's Museum, July 13, 1865; Barn urn's at Broadway and
Spring Street, March 3, 1868; Barnum's at 14th Street, December 24, 1872; But-
ler's American Theatre, February 15, 1866; Academy of Music, May 21, 1866; New
Bowery Theatre, December 18, 1866; Winter Garden, March 23, 1867; Theatre
Comique, December 4, 1868; Mechanics' Hall, April 8, 1868; Kelly and Leon's,
November 28, 1872; Daly's Fifth-Avenue, January, 1873; Tony Pastor's, at 585
Broadway, December 28, 1876; Abbey's Park, October 30, 1882; Windsor, Novem-
ber 29, 1883 ; Standard, December 14, 1883, Harrigan & Hart's Theatre Comique,
December 23, 1884; Union-Square, February 28, 1888; Fifth Avenue, January 2,
1 891 ; and the Metropolitan Opera-House, August 27, 1892.

Theatrical Construction at present is governed by very stringent building
laws, which have been enacted from time to time, and which were revised in 1887.
Some of the important provisions are, that there shall be an open court or alley on

MADISON-SQUARE GARDEN, FOURTH-AVENUE PORTICO

l-H-STREET FRONT.

each side of a theatre, providing of course that the side wall is not also the street
wall ; that extra doors shall open upon the courts ; that there shall be outside stair-
ways of iron, leading to the galleries ; that the proscenium-wall shall extend from

542 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

the foundation to and through the roof, and, with a fire-curtain, shall constitute a
fire-proof boundary ; that the roof of the stage shall be fitted with skylights, arranged
to fly open automatically when released by the cutting of cords on the stage, in order
that the direction of the draught shall be away from the auditorium ; that there shall
be, at suitable points on each floor, fire-extinguishers and a supply of fire-hose, con-
nected to pipes leading from a large tank on the roof ; that all floors and partitions
shall be constructed of iron and masonry ; and that diagrams of each floor, showing
all the exits, shall be printed in the programmes. Plans of new theatres are subjected
to the closest scrutiny in the Department of the Inspection of Buildings ; and the
structures themselves are examined rigidly before permits to open the doors are
issued. A fireman in uniform, a regular member of the department, is detailed to
every theatre at every performance. His post is on the stage, and it is his duty, not
only to act as fireman in case of fire, but also to watch for and report to the depart-
ment any proceeding which may tend to increase the risk of a blaze. As a matter
of fact, it may be said, for the comfort of timid people, that the theatres built since
1887 are as nearly fire-proof as scientific construction and the exclusion of burnable
material can make them.

The Places of Amusement in 1892 in New York include three — the Madison-
Square Garden, the Metropolitan Opera House, and the Music Hall — which are of
special prominence because of their magnitude as buildings and of their breadth of
purpose. All are comparatively new. Each of them requires the expenditure of
enormous sums of money, and each stands alone in its field.

The Madison-Square Garden is, in magnitude, the most important of the
three. It is the largest building in America devoted entirely to amusements. It
occupies the entire block bounded by Madison and Fourth Avenues and 26th and
27th Streets. It is 465 feet long and 200 feet wide, and its walls rise to a height of
65 feet. Architecturally it is a magnificent structure, because of the simplicity of
the construction and the absence of trifling details in the ornamentation. The style
is in the Renaissance, and the materials buff brick and terra-cotta. The roof is flat,
or nearly so, but the sky-lines are broken by a colonnade which rises above the roof
at the Madison-Avenue end and extends along either side for 100 feet ; by six
open cupolas, with semi-spherical domes, which rise above the colonnade ; by two
towers at the Fourth- Avenue corners ; and by a magnificent square tower which rises
from the 26th-Street side, with its lines unbroken for 249 feet, and then in a series
of open cupolas, decreasing in diameter, on the smallest and topmost of which is
poised a figure of Diana, of heroic size, the crown of whose head is 332 feet from
the side-walk. Along the Madison- Avenue end, and extending along either side
for a distance of 150 feet, there is an open arcade, which covers the side-walk, and
the roof of which rests upon pillars of polished granite and piers of brick. The top
of the arcade is laid out as a promenade. The main entrance to the building is at
the Madison-Avenue end, through a triple doorway, and above it is the most promi-
nent feature of exterior decoration, an elaborate arch in terra-cotta, set in relief into
the wall. From the entrance a lobby 100 feet long and 23 feet wide leads to a
foyer, and this opens into the amphitheatre, which is the main feature of the build-
ing. This grand hall is 300 feet long, 200 feet wide, and 59 feet in height to the
bottom of the girders. In the centre is the arena floor, 268 feet long and 122 feet
wide, with parallel straight sides and semi-circular ends, and from this floor rise the
box-tiers and rows upon rows of seats, extending back to the walls. No attempt
has been made at decoration, other than to leave all the construction open to view
and to paint the columns, roof, girders, etc., a light buff tint ; and the beauty of the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

543

MADISON-SQUARE GARDEN.

MADISON SQUARE, MADISON AND FOURTH AVENUES, AND WEST 26TH AND WEST 27TH STREETS.

544 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

interior resides in the simplicity and the light and graceful appearance of the con-
struction. Above the arena seats there is a balcony, which extends around the
amphitheatre, and still above is a promenade, which is 20 feet wide in its narrowest
part. Properly speaking, there is no stage, but when one is required it is con-
structed at the eastern end, either in front of the boxes or in the space gained by
removing a number of them. There are no arena boxes around the edges of the
floor, 52 in the first tier, 26 in the second, and 26 in the third, these tiers being dis-
posed at either end of the amphitheatre. With the floor left open, for a perform-
ance like that of a circus, for example, there are seats for 5,000 people. With the
floor occupied by chairs, as for concerts, leaving space either in the centre or at the
eastern end for a band stand, the seating capacity is 9,000, and there is standing
room for many thousands more. On the opening night, June 16, 1890, with a con-
cert by Edward Strauss's orchestra and two grand ballets as attractions, there were
present 17,000 people, and that ample provision for exit had been made was shown
in the fact that the amphitheatre was vacated after the performance in 4^ minutes.
There are ten exits, and all of them, save that on Fourth Avenue, are on inclines,
without stairs. Besides the usual means of ventilation, there is a movable sky-
light, the area of which is one-half that of the roof. When this is moved aside the
people in the amphitheatre are virtually, in so far as fresh air is concerned, out of
doors. The whole building is thoroughly equipped with Worthington pumps. Since
the opening the amphitheatre has been in use for gigantic musical and social under-
takings, circus performances, horse and dog shows, bicycle tournaments and other
sporting events. During the week of May 2-7, 1892, the Actors'-Fund Fair was
held in it. The entire floor was laid out as a miniature village of one street in the
midst of a plain. The buildings were models of famous theatres of ancient London
and older New York, and the architecture and picturesque local color of several
centuries and of places far distant from each other were cleverly brought into har-
mony. On the evenings of May 10 and 12, and the afternoon of May 14, 1892,
Adelina Patti sang, in association with other distinguished soloists, a chorus of
1,000 volunteers and a grand orchestra, to three of the largest audiences ever assem-
bled at concerts. As the price of seats was set at popular figures the audiences
were composed for the most part of people who had never heard Patti sing, and on
each occasion the enthusiasm rose almost to the point of hysteria. At the after-
noon concert Patti's managers and agents were compelled to rescue her almost by
force from the chorus people, who paid homage to her so vigorously as seriously to
frighten her.

In the Madison-Avenue and 26th-Street corner of the building there is, on the
first floor, a cafe 1 15 feet long and 70 feet wide. Above it is a concert-hall, elabo-
rately decorated in white and gold, with two balconies, the lower of which is divided
into 36 open boxes. The seating capacity is 1,100. Opening from the lower bal-
cony there is an assembly, or dining-hall, 69 by 32 feet ; and connected therewith is
a kitchen equipment, sufficiently large to provide for 2,000 people. Above the
Madison-Avenue end of the building there is a roof-garden, 200 by 80 feet, with a
small stage or band-stand. This was opened for the first time on May 30, 1892, and
it is estimated that 3,500 people were present. The roof-garden is reached by two
principal stairways, 10 feet wide, and a third of lesser dimensions, as well as by two
elevators of large carrying capacity. One of the elevators runs to the top of the
main tower, 249 feet from the ground, and from this level there is a stairway, by
means of which visitors may ascend to the topmost cupola, just below the feet of
Diana. The view of New York and the surrounding country which is had from the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 545

top of the Madison-Square-Garden tower is one that cannot be seen from any other
point, and is paralleled only by that from the dome of the Pulitzer Building, 2\ miles
farther down-town. Manhattan Island, North River, East River, and broad sections
of Long Island and New Jersey, are at the feet of the visitors. The building is
lighted in every part by electricity. There is a complete plant of engines, dynamos,
etc., in the. basement, and about 6,800 incandescent lamps are in use. Some hun-
dreds are disposed about the roof, the roof-garden, cupolas and main tower, and
around the figure of Diana. When the edifice is fully illuminated at night, it presents
a spectacle the beauty of which is unsurpassed. It becomes an object of great interest,
and can be seen from thousands of points of view in New York and vicinity.

The cost of the Madison-Square-Garden building was about $3,000,000. It is
owned by the Madison-Square-Garden Company, among the stock-holders of which
are J. Pierpont Morgan, James T. Woodward, Charles Lanier, Alfred B. Darling,
Hiram Hitchcock, Darius O. Mills, Charles Crocker, and Adolph Ladenburg.
William F. Wharton is the manager.

The site of the building was occupied for nearly twenty years by the older Mad-
ison-Square Garden, which was the abandoned passenger-station of the New-York
Central & Hudson-River Railroad, remodelled. It was at one time called Gil-
more's Garden, because of a series of popular concerts, given under the direction of
the famous band-master, P. S. Gilmore.

The Garden Theatre is a portion of the Madison-Square Garden structure,
although the management is distinct. It is in the Madison- Avenue and 27th-Street
corner, and occupies a space 115 feet long and 70 wide. The entrance is at the
extreme corner, through a lobby and foyer, which together occupy the entire front
of the theatre. The auditorium, with eight boxes, a balcony, and a gallery, has a
seating capacity of about 1,200. The interior gives one the impression of costliness
in the construction and decoration, for the bases of the box tiers, and the heavy col-
umns which form the frames of the outer proscenium arch, are of onyx. The walls
are hung with silk, in tints of light yellow and cream. The stage is 39 feet deep
and 70 feet wide. The Garden Theatre was opened to the public on September 27,
1890, with the production of the farcical comedy entitled Dr. Bill. The most sig-
nificant production that has ever been made on its stage was that of the comic opera,
La Cigale, which ran nearly all the season of 1891-92. The house is under the
management of T. Henry French, and comic operas are the principal attractions.

The Metropolitan Opera-House, which occupies the whole block bounded
by Broadway, Seventh Avenue and 39th and 40th Streets, was perhaps the second
establishment of importance on the continent. In some sense it may be considered
the first, as it was the only permanent home of grand opera. It was built by a cor-
poration, composed largely of men who were unable, several years ago, to secure
boxes at the Academy of Music, which was then the only opera-house in the city.
The cost was about $1,500,000. The building is of buff brick, stone and iron, in
the Italian Renaissance style of architecture. The exterior dimensions are : on
Broadway, 205 feet ; 30th Street, 284 feet ; Seventh Avenue, 197 feet ; 40th Street,
229 feet. Each of the Broadway corners, occupying a space of about seventy feet
square, rises to a height of seven stories. The lower floors are occupied, one by
the Bank of New Amsterdam, and the other as a restaurant. The second story of
the 39th-Street corner is one of a suite of assembly-rooms. The upper stories of
both corners are laid out in apartments for dwellings. The intervening section
on Broadway is carried to a height of full four stories, and, is devoted to the pur-
poses of the Opera-House, and to such other apartments as will increase the con-
35

546 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

venience of the establishment for balls and extensive social functions. The main
auditorium occupies the geographical centre of the block. It is reached from the
front, through a vestibule 65 by 35 feet, and from either side, through vestibules
which are 33 feet wide, and 70 and 50 feet in length, respectively. All three vesti-
bules open into a semi-circular corridor, which extends around the auditorium to
the proscenium-wall on either side. The box tiers and upper circles are approached
by a magnificent double stairway, which rises from either side of the front vestibule
and joins in a single stairway above the first tier, and by four other stairways lead-
ing from the side vestibules. Within, the auditorium is surrounded by two tiers of
boxes, and three balconies, making in all five galleries. There are 73 boxes in the
two tiers, and twelve below the first tier, near the stage, six on either side, on a
level with the main floor. There are 584 seats in the parquet, 750 in the balcony
and dress-circle, and 930 in the gallery ; the total seating capacity, including the
boxes, is 3, 500. The tone of the decoration is in old gold. There are figures repre-
senting The Chorus and The Ballet, on the pilasters at the sides of the curtain
opening ; and above the middle of the arch, there is an allegory, with Apollo as
the central figure. Statues .of the Muses are placed in niches at either side.
Strictly speaking, there is no proscenium. The great curtain opening is 48 by
50 feet. The stage, which is the largest in the country, is 101 feet wide, 90 feet
deep, and 150 feet high, to the roof. As a consequence, the scenic outfits are made
on a gigantic scale. On either side of the stage, facing 39th and 40th Streets
respectively, are large apartments which are used as executive offices. Above the
vestibules and the three entrances, are assembly-rooms, parlors, retiring-rooms,
toilet-rooms, and other accessory apartments. A feature of the stage is a fine
organ, which has ten speaking stops and 661 pipes. It occupies a position next to
the proscenium wall on the south side, twenty feet above the stage floor. The key-
box is at the left end of the orchestra space and the action is electric. The house
was thought to be fire-proof. The partitions are all of masonry ; the floors of iron
beams and brick arches ; and the roof of iron and brick. The Opera-House was
opened October 22, 1883, with a performance of Faust in Italian. Henry E.
Abbey was the manager, and Italo Campanini and Christine Nilsson were the prin-
cipals of the cast. Mr. Abbey's management ended for the time being in the spring
following. In the fall of 1884 a season of German opera was begun, under the
management of Edmund C. Stanton, acting in the interests of the stockholders,
and with Leopold Damrosch as Musical Director. The giving of German opera
was an experiment in those days, but it was so successful, especially in an artistic
sense, that a similar policy was pursued for the six years following. During that
period, all Wagner's operas (excepting Parsifal} were produced in magnificent style,
some of them for the first time in America. For example, Tristan und Isolde was
unknown here until the performance of December I, 18S6 ; Siegfried was first pre-
sented here November 9, 1887 ; and Rheingold, January 4, 1889. In the spring of
1 89 1 the stockholders decided to set aside German opera for the time being, and
contracted with Henry E. Abbey for a season of Italian and French opera, to be
given during the winter of 1891 and 1892. This contract was carried out to the
satisfaction of the Metropolitan Opera-House company. A fire destroyed the in-
terior of this supposed fire-proof opera-house on August 27, 1892. It is generally
hoped that the house will be repaired and refitted practically the same as before, in
order that New York may continue to have one of the great opera-houses of the
world. The fact that it has not been very profitable is more than offset by the enor-
mous benefit derived by the people from the musical culture developed here.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

547

548 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Music Hall, at the southeast corner of Seventh Avenue and 57th Street, is
the next in magnitude of the principal establishments to which reference has been
made. It was built by a corporation known as the Music-Hall Company, of the
stock of which Andrew Carnegie owns about nine-tenths. The material of construc-
tion is brick and terra cotta. The architecture is simple, but rich. The 57th-Str.eet
front is a modification of the modern Renaissance. The centre of the facade, a space
80 feet broad, is divided into a series of five arches, which serve collectively as the main
entrance. Above these is a similar series which extends through two stories ; and
still above, a series of small double arches, which extends to the main cornice.
Still above is a plain roof, of the style known as the Mansard. The appearance
presented by the exterior is one of dignity, rather than of beauty. In so far as the
arrangement of wall-openings indicates, the building is of six stories, but the floor
lines are irregularly placed, and only a small portion of the edifice conforms to that
arrangement. The principal feature of the building is the grand concert-hall, which
occupies the main part of the ground-floor. It is a magnificent auditorium, with
seats for 3,000 people, and standing room for 1,000 more. The entrance leads to a
vestibule 70 feet long, the ceiling of which is a semi-circular vault, 25 feet high.
The vestibule opens into a spacious corridor, which extends around three sides of
the hall, and from both angles of which broad stairways lead to the box tiers, dress-
circle and balcony. The parquet floor, which of itself seats over 1,000 persons, has
nine exits to the corridor, and the latter and the main vestibule have doors opening
upon the three streets. The upper circles do not extend to the proscenium-wall,
but terminate at points on the side-walls farther and farther back as they rise. This
arrangement brings the ceiling into view, and (it is claimed) improves the acoustic
properties. The decorations are in ivory and gold, relieved with tints of old rose. The
stage is an integral part of the hall, and has no theatrical equipment, the hall having
been designed purely for concerts and lectures. The hall is lighted by electricity. The
incandescent lamps are so disposed in the cornices and decorative work that very few of
them are in sight of any one in the audience. The effect of lighting is something like
that of sunlight coming over one's shoulder. In the basement below the grand hall,
and having a separate entrance on 57th Street, is Recital Hall, the seating capacity
of which is 1,200. These two large halls are so connected by stairways and ante-
rooms that they may easily be transformed into a ball-room and banquet-hall for use
on a great social occasion. Connected with Recital Hall is an extensive kitchen.
Above the latter, on the street level, is a dining-room, sufficiently large to accommo-
date 150 persons. On the second story there is a grand drawing-room ; on the third,
a chamber music hall, with seating capacity of 450 ; on the fourth, a chapter-room,
so-called, which sometimes serves the purpose of an additional chamber music room ;
and on the fifth, still another hall of similar size. The roof-story is laid out in ten
apartments, each with ante-rooms to serve as lodge-rooms for the use of secret so-
cieties. There are in the building, numbers of parlors, retiring rooms, cloak-rooms,
and the like ; and the entire edifice is so arranged that the different portions may be
used for the special purposes for which they were planned, with complete isolation,
or all may be thrown into connection for a grand social event, as easily as the apart-
ments in a private residence. A grand musical festival, which was begun on May 5,
1 89 1, and lasted five days, was the dedicating event in Music Hall, although Re-
cital Hall had then been in service for some weeks. The festival was carried out
jointly by the Symphony and Oratorio Societies, with the assistance of a boys'
choir of 100 voices, and eighteen prominent solo singers, among whom were Frau
Antonia Mielke, Mile. Clementine de Vere, Frau Marie Ritter-Goetze, Sig. Italo

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

549

Campanini, Herr Theodor Reichmann and Herr Emil Fischer. Walter Damrosch
was the director, and he was assisted by P. Tschaikowsky, an eminent Russian com-
poser, who led the orchestra in the interpretation of a number of his own compo-
sitions.

The building of Music Hall was largely in the nature of an experiment, and a
year's experience has shown that extensive alterations will be necessary to make it a
thoroughly available property. Plans have been perfected, therefore, for rebuild-
ing, which will involve an expense nearly equal to the first cost. The corner-lot on

CARNEGIE MUSIC HALL, SEVENTH AVENUE AND 57TH STREET.

56th Street has been purchased, and it is intended to extend the building over it ; to
so remodel the stage of the grand hall as to make it an opera-house ; to continue
the edifice several stories higher ; to provide a number of new halls, suitable for re-
citals and chamber-concerts, and to abandon the lodge-rooms and provide a large
number of studios.

The Casino is one of the picturesque buildings in New-York City. It stands
on the southeast corner of Broadway and 39th Street, and is a fine illustration of the
Arabesque or Moorish style of architecture. The materials are terra cotta, brick and
sandstone. As viewed from the corner diagonally opposite, it presents a round
tower, surmounted by a Moorish dome, at the street angle ; a curved overhanging
gallery at the upper story on the 39th- Street side ; and an open colonnade, which
rises above the roof on the Broadway front. The dimensions of the building are
144 by 107 feet. The interior architecture corresponds with the exterior appearance.
The auditorium, which is in the second story, and is reached by means of a wide
marble stairway from a spacious lobby on the 39th-Street side, is decorated in plastic

55°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

materials, of which asbestos forms a considerable part. Everywhere is seen the low
horse-shoe arch, the semi-spherical dome, the low colonnade, and the lattice work,
which are characteristic of Moorish architecture. The seating capacity is about
2,000. There are 16 boxes, a balcony, and (in place of the usual gallery) a buffet
floor, virtually an open smoking-room, with the performance in view. The stage is
40 feet wide, and 32 feet deep. A feature of the Casino is its roof-garden, where
in hot weather one may partake of refreshments, and listen to the orchestral music.
The garden, tower and overhanging balcony are brilliantly lighted with electricity
at night. The Casino was built and is owned by the New-York Concert Company,
and was intended as a concert-hall, but from the outset until recently it has been a
permanent home for comic opera. It was opened October 22, 1882, with a perform-
ance of The Queen's Lace Handkerchief. Its most famous production was that of
Erminie, which in several runs has been performed upwards of 1,000 times. In the
fall of 1892 the proprietors of the Casino abandoned the field of comic opera,
rearranged the auditorium and stage of the house, and turned it into a concert-hall
of the English type. The manager is Rudolph Aronson.

Palmer's Theatre, at Broadway and 30th Street, is often spoken of as the
leading theatre in America ; partly because it is the play-house with which the name
of Lester Wallack was most recently associated, and partly because of the prestige
of the present manager, Albert M. Palmer, who had achieved distinct success at the

PALMER'S THEATRE (AS IT IS, 1892,), BROADWAY, NORTHEAST CORNER OF 30th STREET.

Union-Square and Madison- Square Theatres before he took charge of this house.
This prestige is also made evident by the fact that Mr. Palmer has been president of
the Actors' Fund ever since it was founded. The theatre was built by Lester Wal-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

lack and Theodore Moss, and opened Januarys 1882, with a performance of School
for Scandal, with John Gilbert, Harry Edwards, Osmond Tearle, Gerald Eyre, Rose
Coghlan, Mme. Ponisi and Stella Boniface in the cast. Mrs. Langtry made her
debut in America on its stage in An Unequal Match, November 6, 1882. Lester
Wallack retired from the management early in 1887, and during the season of
1887-88 the affairs of the house were conducted by Henry E. Abbey. Mr. Palmer
took possession as manager
in September, 1888. Theo-
dore Moss is now the owner.
The engagement of Mary
Anderson, her last in this
city ; the production of An-
tony and Cleopatra, by Mrs.
James Brown Potter ; and the
engagement of the Coquelin-
Hading Company were the
principal events of Mr.
Palmer's first season ; the
productions of Samson, by
Salvini, the famous Italian
tragedian, and of Richard
III., by Richard Mansfield,
were significant occurrences
of his second. E. S. Willard,
an English actor of great
ability, occupied the stage
during the third ; and Mr.
Palmer's own stock-company
furnished the attractions dur-
ing the fourth, which ended
April 30, 1892. In the sum-
mer, Palmer's Theatre is
given over to comic opera.
The house has a frontage of 92 feet on Broadway, and of 1 50 feet on West 30th
Street. The auditorium stands back from both streets, and is skirted by a portion
of the projected lofty and magnificent edifice, which is now completed for two stories
only. The entrance lobby and main foyer on the first story, and a grand foyer on
the second, which is reached by two wide stairways, occupy the Broadway front for
the full width of the theatre proper, which is 75 feet. There is a side entrance, used
principally by people who arrive in carriages, on 30th Street. The rest of the incom-
plete building fronting on both streets, is devoted to stores and business offices.
The auditorium is handsomely decorated in dark tints, relieved with gold. There
are seats in the parquet, balcony, gallery and boxes for 1,200 people. The stage
measures 70 by 35 feet, and is entered from 30th Street. The productions at
Palmer's Theatre may invariably be depended on as worthy of the best and most
fastidious patronage.

The Fifth- Avenue Theatre is the fourth playhouse that has borne that name.
It is on the north side of West 28th Street, a few feet from Broadway ; on the site
of its namesake, which was burned on January 2, 1 891. It is one of the handsom-
est theatres in the country. The 28th-Street front, which is the broadside of the

PALMER'S THEATRE (WHEN COMPLETED), BROADWAY AND
WEST 30TH STREET.

55 2 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

building, is in the style of the Italian Renaissance, very elaborate in the detail of its
ornamentation, in which free use has been made of the emblems of the drama. An
architectural feature of this front is a handsome portico, which covers a portion of
the sidewalk, and serves as a commodious fire-escape. All of the windows are filled
with stained glass. There are two principal entrances, one of which is sheltered by
the portico, and opens into the main foyer, an apartment 40 feet long and 1 5 feet
wide, and from which a wide marble stairway leads to the upper boxes and balcony.
The other entrance is through a lobby 50 feet long and 12 feet wide, which leads
from Broadway to the rear of the orchestra. The floors of the foyer and lobby are
laid in white marble, and the walls are divided into panels by pilasters and columns
of Mycenian marble. In the auditorium the decorations are in tint, grading from
a dark crimson to pink, with ornamentations in ivory and gold. The distinctive archi-
tectural feature is the great semi-spherical dome of steel and tiles, silver and blue
in tints, around the base of which extends a series of panels, containing figures of
the Muses. There are eight boxes, a balcony and a gallery, both of which extend
well forward, and the seating capacity is 1,400. The auditorium is 68 feet wide
and 64 feet deep, and the height of the dome is 65 feet. The stage is 80 by 35
feet. The Fifth-Avenue Theatre was built by the executors of the Peter-Gilsey
estate, and is leased to Manager Henry C. Miner. It was opened on May 28, 1892,
with a production of the comic opera, The Robber of the Rhine. Its predecessor
was built by the Gilsey Estate in 1 873, on the site of a building which was opened
October 16, 1 868, as Apollo Hall, and was variously known as Newcomb's Hall and
the St. -James Theatfe, and used for concert and minstrel performances. Augustin
Daly became manager December 3, 1 873, and named the new house the Fifth-
Avenue. During his tenancy of fo»r years, he gained fame but lost money. Suc-
ceeding managers were Stephen Fiske, Daniel H. Harkins, John H. Haverly, John
Stetson, Eugene Tompkins and Henry C. Miner. The house was the scene of Mary
Anderson's New- York debut, November 12, 1877 ; of Modjeska's New- York debut,
December 22, 1877 ; of the first authorized performance in America of Gilbert and
Sullivan's famous opera, The Mikado, September 24, 1885 ; and of Mrs. James
Brown Potter's debut, October 31, 1887. At the time of the fire the attraction was
Fanny Davenport's production of Sardou's Cleopatra.

Hoyt's Madison-Square Theatre is a handsome play-house on the south side
of West 24th Street, near Broadway. The front of the main building, fifty feet
wide, is of granite, and there is an extension of brick, which contains the entrance-
lobby, dressing-rooms and offices. A foyer extends across the front of the theatre
proper. The auditorium is finished in carved mahogany and other rare woods, and
is one of the handsomest in the city. There are four boxes, a balcony and a gal-
lery, and the seating capacity is about 800. A peculiarity of the stage is that it
consists of two platforms, like the roof and floor of an elevator, one thirty-five feet
above the other. Either platform is brought to the proper level at will, by means
of counter-weights. This peculiarity enables the management to furnish elaborate
and solid scenic settings, without necessitating any waits between the acts. The
platforms are thirty-one feet wide and twenty-nine feet from front to rear. The
theatre was built in 1879 an(^ !88o, by the Mallory brothers, for Steele Mackaye,
and was opened on February 4, 1880, with the production of Hazel Kirke, which
had a run of about 456 performances. Mackaye's tenancy was short. Daniel
Frohman succeeded him as manager. Albert M. Palmer took possession, as a
partner of the Mallorys, on September 1, 1884, and organized a stock-company for
the house. For about seven years he produced plays of foreign authorship, with

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

553

occasionally an American drama. Hoyt & Thomas (Charles H. Hoyt and Charles'
W. Thomas) succeeded as managers on September 15, 1 89 1, and on November 9th
following produced Hoyt's farcical comedy, A Trip to Chinatown. This piece,
which was at that time the newest of Hoyt's plays, proved to be a remarkably
strong attraction, and it had a run of about a year. Both the managers are young
men, and have been singu-
larly successful. They began
in the spring of 1884. They
have confined themselves
solely to the production of
comedies and farcical pieces,
written by the senior mem-
ber of the firm. Mr. Hoyt's
career as a dramatic author
antedates that of his firm as
managers by several years.
He was one of the first of
dramatic authors to test the
liking of the public for that
class of entertainments
known as farce-comedies.
In this line he has been a
most successful play-wright.
During the past eight years
he has written, and his firm
has produced, eight come-
dies and farcical pieces, and
every one has been profita-
ble. The element of chance,
usually very prominent in
theatrical operations, is elim-
inated more thoroughly from
the business of Hoyt &
Thomas than from that of
any other theatrical firm.
This is due in a large degree
to Mr. Hoyt's methods as a
dramatic writer. The first
performances of his pieces are virtually test-performances only. It is Mr. Hoyt's
habit to watch them carefully "from the front," and also to watch the audiences
as closely as he does the actors. He never rests content with his own work
until he is satisfied that it has won the approval of the public, and he never hesitates
to re-write his plays to attain that end. The site of this theatre was occupied
in 1865 by Chrystie's Minstrel Hall. This building was later leased and remodelled
by James Fisk, and opened January 5, 1869, as Brougham's Theatre. It was
rechristened the Fifth-Avenue Theatre, April 5th foliowing, and leased to Augustin
Daly. It was the first of the four different theatres which have borne that name.
It was the scene of the first performance in America of Fron Frou, on January 15,
1870, and of Clara Morris's New- York debut, on September 30th of the same
year. It was burned on January 1, 1873. It was rebuilt in 1877, and opened on

HOYT'S MADISON-SQUARE THEATRE, 24th STREET, NEAR BROADWAY.

554 • KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

•

December ioth as Fifth-Avenue Hall, and was so known until it was rebuilt by the
Mallorys.

Daly's Theatre occupies the centre of the block on the west side of Broadway,
between 29th and 30th Streets. Its front is an unpretentious brick building, of
three stories and a Mansard roof, the single feature of which is a portico which
covers the entrance to a lobby, twenty-five feet wide. The lobby leads, by succeed-
ing stairways of half a dozen steps each, into a foyer, which is nearly as large as the
auditorium into which it opens. The auditorium is richly decorated, dark red and
gold being the prevailing tints. There are eight boxes, a balcony and a gallery,
and the seating capacity is about 1,400. The stage is very large, and the accessory
building in the rear for dressing-rooms and scenery unusually spacious. An addi-
tion extending at right angles to 29th Street was built in 1892. Daly's Theatre is
the home of the most famous stock-company in America, a company which, with
Ada Rehan as the leading lady, has won repeated triumphs in London, Paris and
Berlin. The productions are mainly Shakespeare's comedies and plays adapted by
Augustin Daly from German or French sources. A peculiarity of the business
management is that a person who purchases a seat in advance does not receive the
conventional theatre-ticket, but simply a strip of paper, bearing upon its face two
numbers, which are meaningless, apparently, but which prove to the attaches of the
house the right of the holder to enter the theatre at a specific performance, and to
seats which are designated on a coupon, which is given to him at the gate. This
method was adopted to put an end to ticket speculation. As the strip of paper
bears no evidence on its face that it is a theatre-ticket, it is not salable. Daly's
Theatre was opened as Banvard's Museum, in 1867, and during the succeeding
twelve years it was variously known as Wood's Museum and Metropolitan Theatre,
Wood's Museum and Menagerie, and the Broadway Theatre. In its early days it
was both a museum and a play-house, and in the early 70's it was the home of bur-
lesque. Manager Daly took possession, remodelled it, and gave it its present name
in 1879. The house was again remodelled in 1891.

Proctor's Theatre, at 141 West 23d Street, is a picturesque structure, unique in
that it is an example of the peculiarly sombre but pleasing Flemish style of architec-
ture. It has a frontage of 75 feet, and a depth of 137^ feet, with an extension 25 feet
wide, which runs to 24th Street. The material is brick set in dark cement. The
building stands a few feet back from the sidewalk line, and the intervening space is
covered by a closed porch with a tiled roof. The entrance lobby is of the full width
of the building, and has a wide stairway at either end, leading to the upper circles.
The auditorium is flanked by open passage-ways eight feet wide, to which there are
six exits from each floor. There are twelve boxes, a balcony and a gallery, beside
the orchestra floor, and the seating capacity is 1,717. The decorations are in soft
tints of grey-blue, on the ceiling, running into red and old gold on the walls. The
effect is very pleasing to the eye. The stage is 75 by 45 feet, with the extension to
24th Street. The curtain opening is 32 by 42 feet, but the unusual height is reduced
by a masking of drapery. There are no fly galleries. The scenery is handled
from the main floor by means of a system of counter-weights. Proctor's Theatre
was built and is owned by Alfred B. Darling, senior partner of the firm of Hitch-
cock, Darling & Co., of the Fifth- Avenue Hotel ; and it is leased for twenty years
to Frederick P. Proctor. It is absolutely fire-proof, and conforms in every particu-
lar to the letter, as well as the spirit, of the building laws. The architect was H.
Edwards-Ficken. It was opened on March 5, 1 888, with a production of The
County Fair. Its site was once occupied by the 79th -Regiment Armory, which

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

555

fcn3H in

in 1882 was converted by Salmi Morse into his somewhat famous "Temple," in
which he proposed to present a Passion Play. A dress rehearsal was actually held
on February 16, 1 883, but Mr. Morse was enjoined from giving a performance, at
the instance of people
prominent in various
churches, on the ground
that it would be a sacri-
lege, and, as such, in-
jurious to the public
welfare. Then the place
was known as the
Twenty-Third- Street
Theatre for a number
of years, and had sev-
eral managers, among
whom was Max Stra-
kosch. Then it was re-
christened the Twenty-
Third-Street Taber-
nacle, and used for
religious meetings on
occasions. It was the
place in which Mun-
kacsy's painting of
Christ before Pilate was
exhibited, in 1886.

The Lyceum
Theatre, a parlor
play-house, is on the
west side of Fourth
Avenue, between 23d
and 24th Streets. The
building is 50 feet wide
and 125 feet deep. The
first floor is devoted to
an entrance lobby, business-offices, cloak and smoking rooms, and stage dressing-
rooms. The theatre proper is on the second floor. The auditorium is decorated
in dark colors. There are four boxes and a balcony, and the seating capacity is
700. The stage is 47^ feet wide and 50 feet deep. The house was built by the
American Theatre Company, a corporation of which Brent Good is the principal
stock-holder. The theatre was opened in April, 1885, with a production of Steele
Mackaye's play Dakolar. Daniel Frohman became manager a month later, and
still occupies the position. Helen Dauvray and her company gave the performances
for the seasons of 1885-6 and 1886-7, and the Lyceum-Theatre stock-company was
organized in November, 1886. The policy of the management is to present modern
society dramas of English and American authorship.

Harrigan's Theatre occupies a plot of ground 75 by 100 feet, on the north side
of West 35th Street, east of Sixth Avenue. The front is in the Italian Renaissance
style, of buff brick and terra cotta. There is a shallow lobby, the full width of the
building, with stairways leading to the upper circle from either end. The audito-

PROCTOR'S THEATRE, 141 WEST 23d STREET, NEAR SIXTH AVENUE.

55 6 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

rium is decorated in tints of ivory, with gold ornamentation. There are seats in the
orchestra, six boxes, a balcony and a gallery, for about 800 people. The stage is
75 by 31 feet. The theatre was built by Philip Smythe and Edward Harrigan, the
last-named well-known both as an actor and as a writer of Irish comedies, for the
use of Mr. Harrigan and his company. It was opened December 29, 1 890, with the
production of Mr. Harrigan's play, Reilly and the 400, which ran through the season.
The Last of the Hogans and a revival of its predecessor held the stage during the
season of 1891-92.

The Broadway Theatre, one of the largest in the city, is at Broadway, 41st
Street and Seventh Avenue. It is 92 feet wide on Broadway, and has an average
depth of 160 feet. The front, of Anderson pressed brick, five stories high, presents
an imposing appearance. The entrance is through a spacious arch, the crown of
which reaches through the second story. The lobby, 24 by 18 feet, opens into a
foyer, 72^ by 15 feet, from either end of which an iron stairway leads to the balcony.
The decorations are Romanesque, in dull colors, varying from maroon to antique
pink. Most of the incandescent lamps by which the house is lighted are so placed
in the ceiling, proscenium-arch and decorations as to appear like stars. There are
seats for 700 people on the orchestra-floor ; and the capacity of ten boxes, the bal-
cony and the gallery bring the total up to 1,776. The stage is 75 feet wide and 48
feet deep. The house was built by the Broadway-Theatre Company, consisting of
Elliot Zborowski, T. Henry French and Frank W. Sanger ; and was opened on
March 3, 1888, with a production of La Tosca by Fanny Davenport. Mr. Sanger
managed the house up to the present season of 1892-93, when he sold out and was
succeeded by Mr. French. The house is devoted to comic opera, the Francis Wilson
and De Wolf Hopper companies alternating in possession of the stage during the
regular seasons. The site of the Broadway was occupied from May, 1 880, until the
construction of the new theatre was begun, in 1887, by a building erected by Zborow-
ski, Rudolph Aronson and others as a concert-hall, and variously known as the
Metropolitan Concert-Hall, Metropolitan Casino, Alcazar, Cosmopolitan Theatre,
and Skating-Rink. It was the scene not only of musical and dramatic performances,
but also of sporting events.

The Bijou Theatre, distinctively the home of farce comedy, or variety farce,
is a little play-house on the west side of Broadway, between 30th and 31st Streets.
It is long and narrow, the width of the building being only 38 feet, while the depth
of the auditorium is sufficient for thirty rows of seats. The seating capacity of the
orchestra, balcony, gallery and eight boxes, is about 1,400. The stage is 38 by 37
feet. The house, which is owned by Edward F. James, was built on leasehold
title by Miles & Barton, and was opened in the fall of 1883, Edward E. Rice having
charge of the performances. Its fame rests upon the long run of the burlesque
Adonis, with Henry E. Dixey in the principal role, which held the stage from Octo-
ber, 1884, to the spring of 1886. Alexander Herrmann succeeded Miles & Barton
as lessee in 1887, and transferred his lease to J. Wesley Rosenquest, the present man-
ager, a year later. Travelling companies give the performances. There was on
the site previous to Miles & Barton's tenancy a theatre, which had been remodelled
from Jerry Thomas's saloon, a place of considerable publicity twenty years ago, and
which was variously known as the Theatre Brighton, the St. -James Theatre and the
Bijou Opera House. The last manager, in 1881-82, was John A. McCaull, who
produced a number of comic operas, among them The Snake -Charmer, in the per-
formance of which Lillian Russell came prominently before the public, and was re-
ceived with continuous and enthusiastic applause.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 557

The Standard Theatre, a combination house, so called, in that its stage is
occupied by traveling companies, is geographically speaking, on Sixth Avenue,
•between 32d and 33d Streets, but by law that portion of what apparently should
be the west side of Sixth Avenue is declared to be Broadway. Legally, therefore,
the location of the Standard is at 1287 Broadway. The front is 75 feet wide, and six
stories high, and is built of brick, painted white. The house has a seating capacity
of 1,200, and a large stage. The auditorium is decorated in conventional style, with
little attempt at artistic effect. There are eight boxes, a balcony and a gallery. The
performances given at the Standard are usually of a high grade. The original Stand-
ard was built in 1873, and opened by Josh Hart, as the Eagle Theatre. It was
leased and re-named the Standard by William Henderson, in 1875 J an<^ was burned
December 14, 1883. John Duff was the first manager of the present house. The
present manager, James M. Hill, took possession in January, 1890. The most sig-
nificant performances of recent years were those of Sarah Bernhardt and her com-
pany, in November, 1891.

The Park Theatre, the second to bear the name since the final destruction of the
historic house on Park Row, is at the northwest corner of Broadway and 35th Street.
It was built in 1883, partly of the material taken from Booth's Theatre when that
house was demolished. The owners are Hyde & Behman, of Brooklyn. It was
occupied by Edward Harrigan's company from 1 885 to 1890, and the plays presented
were the Irish comedies written by that author-actor. William M. Dunlevy was the
manager from September 1, 1890, until May, 1892, and ran it as a combination
house, with variety farces as the attractions. The house is now a variety theatre,
managed by the owners. The seating capacity is 1,800 ; and the stage is quite large,
covering about 90 feet by 40.

Hermann's Theatre occupies part of the Gilsey Building, on the west side of
Broadway, between 28th and 29th Street. The entrance lobby, on the first floor, is
30 feet wide, and from it a marble stairway leads around three sides of a square to
the auditorium. There are eight boxes and a balcony, and the seating capacity is
900. The stage is 43 by 28 feet. The present house was rebuilt by Alexander Herr-
mann, as lessee from the Peter-Gilsey estate, and was opened on October II, 1890.
During the season of 1891-92 the stage was occupied by various comedy companies,
controlled by Charles Frohman. The theatre was originally opened as the San-
Francisco Minstrel Hall, in 1873. It was afterward known as the Comedy Theatre,
and from 1886 to 1890 as Dockstader's Minstrel House. It has had many managers.

The Star Theatre, at Broadway and 13th Street, is the Wallack's Theatre
best remembered as such by theatre-goers of the present generation. It was there
that the name Wallack gained its brightest laurels. It was opened September
25, 1 86 1, with James W. Wallack, Sr. , as manager; but he never appeared on
its stage ; and to all intents John Lester Wallack was the manager as well as
the leading actor from the outset. During twenty years there were in the com-
pany such actors as Charles Fisher, John Sefton, Mark Smith, John Gilbert, James
Williamson, E. L. Davenport, J. H. Stoddard, Harry Montague, Dion Boucicault,
Charles Coghlan, Fanny Morant, Rose Eytinge, Katherine Rogers and Rose Coghlan.
Among the plays presented were standard old comedies and the best of the works of
contemporaneous English dramatists. The house and the company were famous for
the general excellence of the productions, rather than for the brilliancy of particular
events. The name Wallack's Theatre disappeared in 1881, and for a time the house
was known as the Germania Theatre. In 1883, it was rechristened the Star. Theo-
dore Moss, Wallack's old business-partner, has been the manager for many years.

55 8 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

He remodelled the interior of the house in 1883, and again in 1889. Of late, it has
been considered a first-class combination house, and its stage has been occupied by
the best travelling stars and companies. The building is 75 feet wide and 148 feet
deep. The stage is 48 by 45 feet, and the seating capacity of the auditorium is
1,600.

The Union-Square Theatre, on 14th Street, facing the Square from which
it derives its name, is the successor of the original Union-Square, which was built
by Sheridan Shook, and opened as a variety-house September n, 1871. Albert M.
Palmer became Mr. Shook's partner and the responsible manager September 17,
1872, and during the eleven years succeeding made the house famous by the pro-
duction of such plays as The Two Orphans, Sardou's Agnes, Led Astray, Miss Mill-
ion, The Danicheffs, A Celebrated Case, The Banker's Daughter and A Parisian
Romance, each of which had a long run. The Union- Square Theatre stock-com-
pany was considered second only to that of Wallack's Theatre. James W. Collier
succeeded as manager in 1883, and James M. Hill as lessee and manager in 1886.
The house was burned February 28, 1888, and was rebuilt by the Cortlandt-Palmer
estate, the owner of the land, and reopened by Hill March 27, 1889. Since then it
has been a first-class combination house. Greenwall & Pierson are now the man-
agers, having taken Hill's lease May 14, 1892. The new Union-Square Theatre is
entered from 14th Street through a main lobby, 49 by 33 feet. The auditorium,
with its orchestra, balcony and gallery and eight boxes, will accommodate 1,300
people. The decorations are in ivory and gold. The stage, 55 by 33 feet, is entered
by a passage-way which leads from Fourth Avenue.

The Fourteenth-Street Theatre, on 14th Street, west of Sixth Avenue, was
built in 1866, and opened on May 26th as the Theatre Francais, under the man-
agement of Guegnet & Drivet. Jacob Grau became the lessee on August 25th, and
under his management Ristori made her first appearance in America, September 20,
1866, in Medea. La Grande Dnchesse was first presented here in its entirety in
French September 24, 1867, and La Belle Helene was first performed, with Tostee
in the title role, September 24, 1867. Charles Fechter purchased and rebuilt the
house in 1 87 1, renaming it the Lyceum, but lost control of it through financial
embarrassment. W. L. Mauser, J. H. McVicker, James M. Hill, John H. Haverly
(who gave his own name to the house), Samuel Colville, Bartley Campbell and Col-
ville & Gilmore were managers in succession. Mr. Colville, who gave the house its
present name, died in 1886, and J. Wesley Rosenquest, the present manager, pur-
chased various conflicting interests in the lease November 1, 1886. The Fourteenth-
Street Theatre is a first-class combination house, in which plays slightly melo-
dramatic or sensational are the principal attraction. The front is unique, in that it
presents the appearance of two very high stories with a double portico, supported
by columns, and a permanent canopy which extends over the sidewalk. The
entrance lobby is shallow, and opens directly upon the auditorium. There are
eight boxes, a balcony and a gallery, and the seating capacity is 1,600. The stage
is 45 by 363- feet, with an extension 20 feet wide, which runs through the block to
15th Street. The building is owned by the estate of Marshall O. Roberts.

Amberg's Theatre, distinctively the German play-house of New York, is at
the southwest corner of 15th Street and Irving Place. It is a picturesque structure,
of the Spanish-Moresque style of architecture, constructed of mottled yellow and
dark red brick, with terra-cotta trimmings. The building is 75 by 125 feet. The
auditorium is reached through two shallow lobbies, from Irving Place. The dec-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 559

orations and hangings are of a deep red tint. There are ten boxes, a balcony and a
gallery; and the seating capacity is 1,250. The stage is 70 feet wide and 40 deep.
The theatre was opened December 1, 1888, and since then has been the home of
Amberg's stock-company, a double organization, suited to both dramatic and oper-
atic performances. An interesting event in the history of the house was the appear-
ance there of the Muenchener Company, on November 5, 1890. Amberg's Theatre
occupies the site of Irving Hall, which was opened on December 20, i860, for
balls, lectures and concerts, and which was famous for many years as the rendezvous
of one faction of the local Democratic party, to which it gave its name.

The Grand Opera-House, at the northwest corner of Eighth Avenue and
West 23d Street, is in some respects the most imposing in appearance of the older
theatres. The front building, through which there is a wide entrance from either
street to a common lobby, is six stories in height, and is built of marble. The
theatre proper stands parallel to and back from 23d Street. A striking feature seen
on entering is the grand foyer, the largest in any theatre in the city, open in part to
the roof. A stairway of unusual width leads to the balcony. The auditorium has
seats in the orchestra, balcony, gallery and boxes for 2,000 people, and standing
room for 1,500 more. It is magnificent in its outlines and proportions, but the
decorations are sombre. The stage, one of the largest in New York, is eighty feet
wide and seventy feet deep, and the green-room is much the most extensive in the
city. The house was built by Samuel N. Pike, the builder of Pike's Opera-House,
in Cincinnati ; and was opened January 9, 1868, as Pike's Opera-House, with a
performance of II Trovatore, given under the direction of Max Strakosch. James
Fisk and Jay Gould purchased the house in March, 1869, but Gould's name was
withdrawn from the enterprise on March 31st. Fisk gave the theatre its present
name, and made it famous by his grand spectacular and ballet productions, such as
that of The Tempest, with which he began his career as manager, and of T%velve
Temptations, on February 7, 1870. After Fisk's death Mr. Gould purchased the
property, and for several seasons, under various lessees and managers, grand opera
in Italian, spectacles and extensive dramatic productions were seen on its stage.
Pauline Lucca made her first appearance there, October 6, 1873, and lima di
Murska first sang in America the following night. For ten years the Grand Opera-
House has been a second-class combination house, so classed because the price of
the best seat is one dollar. Joseph II. Tooker, Poole & Donnelly and Henry E.
Abbey succeeded each other as managers. T. Henry French, the present lessee,
took possession November 23, 1885.

The Academy of Music occupies a plot of ground 117 by 204 feet, at the
northeast corner of 14th Street and Irving Place. It is an imposing building in its
outlines, rather than in architecture. The original Academy was built in 1854, by a
corporation, as a permanent home for Italian opera. It was opened on October 2d
of that year, with a performance of Norma, by the Grisi and Mario Company. It
was burned on May 22, 1866 ; and the present Academy, built on the same site, was
opened in February, 1867. Max Maretzek, Jacob Grau, Max and Maurice Strakosch,
Bernard Ullman, Leonard Grover, Carl Anschutz, and James H. Mapleson were
among the managers who conducted seasons of grand opera during the years from
1854 to 1887. As an opera-house, however, it could not endure the opposition of
the newer and more fashionable Metropolitan ; and the Academy Company sold it
to William P. Dinsmore on April 27, 1887. It was purchased by Gilmore & Tomp-
kins, November 28, 1887 ; and since then has been a dramatic house, famous only
by virtue of the run of The Old Homestead, which began August 30, 1888, and ended

560 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

in May, 1 89 1. In 1892 the main attraction was The Country Circus. All the boxes
of opera days, save the twelve under the proscenium arch, were removed five years
ago, and the auditorium is arranged in the ordinary fashion. It has a seating
capacity of 2, 700. The stage is 73 feet wide and 49 deep, with an extension a third
as large, which runs towards 15 th Street.

Niblo's Theatre, on the east side of Broadway, between Prince and Houston
Streets, with an entrance through the Metropolitan- Hotel building, occupies the
site of the Columbia Garden, which was opened as a summer-night place of amuse-
ment in 1823, Niblo's Theatre, disconnected from the garden, was built by William
Niblo, and opened on May 19, 1843. ^ was burned on September 18, 1846 ;
rebuilt, and opened January 30, 1849 5 burned again May 6, 1872 ; and rebuilt and
opened on November 30, 1872. At various times it has been the home of grand
opera, of the spectacle and ballet, and of the drama. Henrietta Sontag made her
first appearance in America there January 10, 1 853. William Niblo retired in May,
1 86 1, and for a short period, subsequent to January 7, 1862, the stage was occupied
by the Wallack-Jarrett-Davenport Company, consisting of James W. Wallack, E.
L. Davenport, Tom Placide, and other prominent actors of the time. An event
which brought the house to the attention of the whole country was the production
of the spectacle The Black Crook, on September 12, 1866. There were 475 per-
formers and auxiliaries, and the ballet was led by Marie Bonfanti, Rita Sangalli and
Betty Rigl. The Black Crook was the most violently abused play of the time.
Clergymen preached against it, and 'good people denounced it, because of the pre-
sumed immorality of the display of the female figure. But the production popular-
ized the ballet, and the piece has been revived many times since, and always success-
fully. For many years Niblo's has been a second-class house, with spectacles and
melodramas as attractions. The property is owned by the estate of A. T. Stewart,
Edward Gilmore was the lessee from 1885 to 1892. In July, 1892, he was succeeded
by Alexander Comstock, who made old Niblo's a low-priced house. The audito-
rium is 82 by 75 feet. Its seating capacity is 2,000. The stage is 75 by 62 feet,
and the entrance thereto is on Crosby Street.

The People's Theatre, at 199, 201 and 203 Bowery, is a dramatic house, of
which Henry C. Miner is both owner and manager. The house stands a little
back from the street, and is entered by a wide lobby. There are seats in the
orchestra, balcony, gallery and boxes for 1,400 people. The theatre, which was
opened September 3, 1883, was built on the site of Tony Pastor's Opera-House, a
variety theatre, at which Pastor first appeared in 1865. It was originally opened
as Hoym's Theatre, in 1858.

The Windsor Theatre, at 45 Bowery, is a combination house, of which
Frank B. Murtha is the manager. Its attractions are similar to those of the Peo-
ple's. The house will accommodate 2,000 people. It was built on the site of the
first Windsor Theatre, which was burned November 29, 1884 ; and was opened Feb-
ruary 8, 1886. The first Windsor was thus named March I, 1880, by John A. Ste-
vens and Frank Murtha, the managers. It was built by a company of Germans, and
was originally opened as the Stadt Theatre, September 6, 1864.

The Thalia Theatre, at 46 Bowery, was thus christened by Gustave Amberg,
who became manager, with Mathilde Cottrelly as stage directress, September 11,
1879. It is (or rather was) the Bowery Theatre, the history of which has been told.
German plays and operas were the attractions until 1888, when Amberg sub-leased
the house to H. R. Jacobs for a year. A company of Hebrew actors gave perform-
ances in their own tongue at the Thalia during the season of 1889-90. Then it

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 561

was closed for a year, and during the season of 1 89 1 -92 it was open for performance
in German, under the management of the Rosenfeld Brothers.

The Third-Avenue Theatre, at Third Avenue and East 31st Street, is a so-
called "Cheap-price" house, at which the attractions are melodramas and sensa-
tional plays. It is the headquarters theatre of H. R. Jacobs' chain of popular play-
houses, which extends through many cities. It was built in 1875, Dv J- S. Berger.

The Eighth-Street Theatre, at 145 8th Street, is devoted to performances
in Hebrew, given by native actors. The manager is Leonard Hangan. The build-
ing was once St. Ann's Roman Catholic Church ; and was turned into a variety
theatre by Jac. Aberle, in 1879.

The Roumania Opera-House, at 104 Bowery, is another play-house devoted
to the Hebrew drama. It is a small establishment, and is not open continuously.

Tony Pastor's Theatre, is a little play-house in the Tammany-Hall building,
on the north side of 14th Street, near Third Avenue. The attractions are invariably
of the variety order. It was partly burned on June 6, 1888, and was rebuilt there-
after. The house was originally opened in 1868, as Dan Bryant's Minstrel Hall,
and was afterward known as the Germania Theatre.

Koster and Bial's Concert Hall, at 115 West 23d Street, is a high-class
vaudeville theatre and a beer-garden. The entertainments are of the vaudeville or
variety order, like those given at the Alhambra in London, and the Eldorado in
Paris, with a burlesque to lead the programme, and are given without the use of a
curtain. The property is owned by Alfred B. Darling, who is also the owner of
Proctor's Theatre, and is one of the senior proprietors of the Fifth-Avenue Hotel.

The Eden Musee, at 55 West 23d Street is primarily a museum of wax groups,
some of which are meritorious as works of art. Secondarily it is a concert-hall and
variety house. The establishment is 75 feet wide on 23d Street, and runs through
the block to 24th Street, on which it has a frontage of 50 feet.

Miner's Bowery Theatre is a variety house, at 169 Bowery. The entertain-
ments given are of a reputable sort, but boisterous.

The London Theatre is a variety house at 235 Bowery.

Miner's Eighth-Avenue Theatre, at 312 Eighth Avenue, furnishes variety
entertainment for the West Side of the City.

The Harlem Opera-House is the principal theatre of the up-town section of
the city. It is a handsome structure, at 207 West 125th Street, occupying three
city lots, each of 25 feet frontage on that street and four on 126th Street. There
are really two buildings, one on each street. That on 125th Street contains the
entrance and lobby of the theatre, and also a music-hall 100 by 75 feet. The theatre
proper stands broadside to 126th Street, and is entered through an arcade, 130 feet
long and from 20 to 40 feet wide. The auditorium is handsomely decorated, blue
being the prevailing tint. There are seats in the orchestra, balcony, gallery and
boxes for 1,800 people. The stage is 70 by 40 feet. The house was built and is
owned by the manager, Oscar Hammerstein. It was opened September 30, 1 889.
It is a first-class combination house.

The Columbus Theatre, at 1 14 East 125th Street, is also owned and managed
by Oscar Hammerstein. The building is 200 by 100 feet, and runs through to 124th
Street. It has a seating capacity of 2,000 people. The stage is 76 by 40 feet. It
is a combination house. It was opened October 1 1, 1890.

The Olympic Theatre, built in 1882, at 130th Street and Third Avenue, is a
small variety house, which was devoted to dramatic performances previous to the
opening of the Harlem Opera-House.
36

562

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Theatre Comique is on the south side of 125th Street, near Third Avenue.
It is a small variety house. It was remodelled from a skating-rink in 1888.

The Falls of Niagara is a cycloramic painting, exhibited in a circular iron
building at the southeast corner of 19th Street and Fourth Avenue. The painting
itself is 50 feet high and 400 feet long, with the ends joined to complete the circle.
It is a very faithful reproduction on canvas, by Phillipotteaux, of a bird's-eye view
of Niagara Falls and the surrounding country. The building was devoted for several
years to the display of a similar painting of the battle of Gettysburg.

Terrace Garden and Lexington-Avenue Opera-House are two names by
which an establishment which extends from East 58th Street to East 59th Street,
near Lexington Avenue, is known. It consists of a small theatre, fronting on 59th

Street, a ball-room and a beer-
garden. Properly speaking,
the first title applies to the
entire establishment, and the
second to the theatre only.
Performances of comic opera
in German are given in the
theatre, and concerts in the
garden in the summer, and
both theatre and ball-room
are used for social affairs in
winter. The place is greatly
in favor among the Germans.
During the summer of 1892
the interior of the theatre
was repaired and re-decorated,
and an addition to the build-
ing, extending to 58th Street,
was erected. This provided
another ball-room, and space
for enlarging the restaurant
connected with the garden.
Michael Heumann is pro-
prietor and manager of the
establishment.

The Berkeley Lyceum
is a theatre originally built
for amateurs by the Berkeley-
Lyceum Company. It is at
19 and 21 West 44th Street, near Fifth Avenue. The auditorium will accommo-
date 500 people, and the stage measures 30 feet by 30. The house was opened
February 27, 1888. It is now the home of the American Academy of the Dramatic
Arts, at the head of which is Franklin H. Sargent.

The Thirty-fourth Street Lyceum and Opera-House is a little theatre at
Third Avenue and 34th Street. It is in occasional use only for theatrical performances.
It is sometimes the scene of boxing-matches and other sporting events. It is owned
by William W. Astor.

The Lenox Lyceum is a large hall, suitable for concerts, at Madison Avenue
and 59th Street. The floor is circular in form, 135 feet in diameter. It is sur-

BERKELEY LYCEUM. RACQUET AND TENNIS CU

BERKELEY LYCEUM, 23 WEST 44TH STREET, NEAR FIFTH AVENUE.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

563

rounded by a tier of 57 boxes and a balcony, and the total seating capacity is 2,300.
The decorations are in ivory white, blue and gold. There is a concert platform
simply, and above it there is an immense sounding board. Banquet and drawing-
rooms make the establishment suitable for social affairs. The Lenox Lyceum was
opened on January 2, 1890, with a concert by the Theodore Thomas Orchestra.

Steinway Hall, on the north side of East 14th Street, between Union Square
and Irving Place, was erected in 1866, and opened on October 31st of that year
with a concert at which Madame Parepa, Brignoli, and Ferranti sang ; and S. B.
Mills played the first concerto of Schumann in A minor. Theodore Thomas con-
ducted the orchestra. For about 25 years Steinway Hall, so to say, has been the
cradle of classical music in
this country ; every promi-
nent orchestral organization
has been heard within its
walls, and so have the most
eminent vocalists and in-
strumentalists, an enumera-
tion of whom may prove of
interest.

Pianists: Anton Rubin-
stein, Rafael Joseffy, Leo-
pold De Meyer, S. B. Mills,
William Mason, Theo.
Ritter, Franz Rummel,
Moriz Rosenthal, Carl Baer-
mann, Ferd. Von Inten,
Carl Wolfsohn, Annette
Essipoff, Anna Mehlig,
Adele Aus Der Ohe, Marie
Krebs, B. Boeckelmann, J.
H. Bonawitz, F. Boscovitz,
Teresa Carreno, Edward
Dannreuther, Cecilia Gaul,
Mme. Arabella Goddard,
Robert Goldbeck, Emil
Guion, Robert Heller, Max
Liebling, S. Liebling, Lina
Luckhardt, Arthur Na-
poleon, Willie B. Pape, Alfred
H. Pease, Max Pinner, D.
Pruckner, Madeline Schiller,
Alida Topp, Jean Vogt.

Violinists : Maurice
Dengremont, Henry Schradieck, Henri Wieniawski, Henri Vieuxtemps, Ole Bull,
August Wilhelmj, Pablo de Sarasate, Carl Rosa, Camilla Urso, Wenzel Kopta,
F. J. Prume, Ovide Musin, Edward Mollenhauer, Maud Powell, Bernhard
Listemann, Franz Kneisel, Richard Arnold, S. E. Jacobsohn, Joseph Mosenthal,
Hermann Brandt, Emile Sauret, Leopold Lichtenberg, Alfred Vivien, Fritz Kreisler,
Edward Remenyi, Nahan Franko, Jeanne Franko, Madge Wickham, Nettie Car-
penter, Dora Becker, M. Van Gelder, Franz Wilczeck, Max Bendix.

STEINWAY HALL, 109-111 EAST 14th STREET, NEAR FOURTH AVENUE.

564 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Violoncellists: Frederick Bergner, Carl Werner, Joseph Diehm, Louis Lubeck,
Gaetano Braga, A. Hekking, Fred. Mollenhauer, Wilhelm Mueller, Louis Blumen-
berg, Adolphe Fischer, Victor Herbert, Fritz Giese, Rudolph Hennig.

Sopranos: Adelina Patti, Parepa Rosa, Carlotta Patti, Anna de la Grange, Gaz-
zaniga, Marie Roze, Minnie Hauk, Eugenie Pappenheim, Louisa Cappiani, Teresa
Parodi, Lilian Norton (Nordica), lima di Murska, Caroline Richings, Emma
Juch, Etelka Gerster, Christine Nilsson, Bertha Johanssea, Anna Bishop, Lilli
Lehmann, Clara Louise Kellogg, Isabella McCullough, Mme. Ambre, Alwina
Valleria, Emma Albani, Marcella Sembrich, Amalie Materna, Emmy Fursch-Madi.

Contraltos : D'Angri, Scalchi, Zelie Trebelli, Antoinette Sterling, Lena Little,
Adelaide Phillips, Zelda Seguin, Jennie Kempton, Annie Louise Cary, Krebs-Mich-
alesi, Antonia Henne, Kate Morensi, Mrs. Patey, Anna Drasdil, Marie Gramm,
Anna de Belocca, Emily Winant, Anna Lankow, Mme. Lablache, Marianne Brandt.

Tenors: Massimiliani, Campanini, Ravelli, Theodore Wachtel, W. Candidus,
Achille Errani, P. Brignoli, Le Franc, Ernest Perring, Theo. Habelmann, Paul
Kalisch, Christian Fritsch, Wm. Courtney, Theo. J. Toedt, Jos. Maas, Ernesto
Nicolini, Anton Schott, Albert Niemann.

Baritones: Bellini, Fossati, Ferranti, Ardavani, J. R. Thomas, Galassi, Taglia-
pietra, Victor Maurel, Del Puente, Charles Santley, Georg Henschel, Harrison Mil-
lard, Max Treumann, Jacob Muller, N. Verger, Theodor Reichmann.

Bassos: Carl Formes, Susini, Ronconi, Coletti, Myron W. Whitney, Joseph
Weinlich, Joseph Herrmann, Conrad Behrens, L. G. Gottschalk, Max Heinrich,
Joseph Jamet, Franz Remmertz.

Organists: George F. Bristow, George W. Morgan, S. E. Warren, Dudley Buck.

Conductors: Carl Bergmann, Luigi Arditi, Theodore Thomas, Leopold Dam-
rosch, Wilhelm Gericke, Frederick Louis Ritter, Carl Anschutz, Anton Seidl, Max
Spicker, Frank Van der Stucken, Gotthold Carlberg, W. E. Dietrich, Max Mare-
tzek, Franz Abt, Agr. Paur, Reinhard Schmelz, Adolph Neuendorff, Arthur Claas-
sen, Arthur Nikisch, Walter Damrosch.

Other Halls. — ■ Checkering Hall, at Fifth Avenue and 18th Street ; Hardman
Hall, at Fifth Avenue and 19th Street; Behr Hall, at 81 Fifth Avenue ; Steck
Hall, at 11 East 14th Street ; and Mason & Hamlin Hall, at 158 Fifth Avenue, are
used mainly for concerts and recitals. Sherry's Hall, at 402 Fifth Avenue, and
Jaegar Hall, at Madison Avenue and 59th Street, are in favor for social events, ban-
quets, and balls of considerable importance. Lyric Hall, at 723 Sixth Avenue,
Adelphi Hall, at 201 West 52d Street, and Koster & Bial's upper halls, at 115
West 23d Street, are social rallying-places of lesser importance. Cooper-Union
Hall, upper and lower, at Third Avenue and 8th Street, and Grand Opera-House
Hall, at Eighth Avenue and 23d Street are much in use for political and public
meetings, as well as for other gatherings. The titles of Masonic Hall, at Sixth
Avenue and 23d Street, and Scottish Rite Hall at Madison Avenue and 29th Street,
indicate their main purposes. The Young Men's Christian Association Hall, at
Fourth Avenue and 23d Street, is in use for religious meetings, concerts, lectures and
semi-religious or instructive entertainments. Clarendon Hall, at 114 East 13th
Street, and Arlington Hall, at 21 St. Mark's Place, are meeting-places for trades-
organizations. The first-named is in occasional use for dramatic performances in
French. Neilson Hall, on 15th Street, near Irving Place, is available for miscel-
laneous use. Pythagoras Hall, 134 Canal Street, is used by the Knights of Labor.
Hotz Assembly-rooms, 263 Bowery, Military Hall, 193 Bowery, Germania Assembly
Room, 291 Bowery, are used for social and political gatherings.

t-NQ^F^'ft

Journalism and Publishing

Newspapers and Periodicals, Book, Music and Other

Publishing.

NEW YORK has not a complete file of its first newspaper, the Gazette, printed
from 1725 to 1 741, by William Bradford, but it guards jealously the Weekly
Journal, printed from 1 733 to 1 746, by John Peter Zenger, who was arrested and
tried for libel against the government of the New- York colony in 1 73 5, and acquitted
by jurors anxious to keep inviolate the liberty of the press. In 1743 Bradford's
Gazette had a successor in the New- York Gazette or Weekly Post-Boy, published by
James Parker. It lasted until 1773. In 1746 and 1747 Henry De Forest pub-
lished the Evening Post. In 1752 the Independent Reflector, a literary journal founded
by James Parker, and the Mercury, founded by Hugh Gaine, made their first ap-
pearance. The former lasted until 1754, and the latter until 1783. In 1753 Wil-
liam Wenman began the publication of the Pacquet, which lasted until 1767. In
1 76 1 and 1762 Samuel Farley published the American Chronicle. In 1766 John
Holt published The New- York Journal, or General Advertiser ; in 1787 the paper
was sold to Thomas Greenleaf, who changed its name to The Argus, or Grtenleafs
New Daily Advertiser, and published semi- weekly Greetileafs New- York Journal
and Patriotic Register. These papers were sold in 1800 to James Cheetham, who
continued their publication— under the name of The American Citizen for the daily,
and The American Watchman for the semi-weekly — until 1810. In 1766 A. and J.
Robertson published the Chronicle and removed to Albany. In 1773 appeared Riv-
ington's Neiv- York Gazetteer or The Connecticut, New Jersey, Hudson'' s River and
Quebec Weekly Advertiser ; in 1775 the publication was suspended; in 1777 it was
resumed as Rivingtoji's New- York Loyal Gazette, and the name was changed to Royal
Gazette a short time before its suspension, in 1783. In 1775 John Anderson's Con-
stitutional Gazette was born and died. In 1776 Samuel Loudon published the New-
York Packet and the American Advertiser, and during the war removed to Fishkill.
In 1776 appeared for three months John Englishman in Defence of the English Con-
stitution. The publishers were Parker & Wyman. After the Revolution there were
the New- York Daily Advertiser, founded in 1785 by Francis Childs & Co. ; the In-
dependent Journal, founded in 1787, wherein appeared the first of the essays in favor
of the Constitution, afterward united in book-form under the title of The Federalist ;
the Gazette, founded in 1788, and absorbed in 1840 by the Journal of Commerce ;
the United-States Gazette, founded in 1789 by John Fenno, and removed with the
National capital to Philadelphia in 1790 ; the Minerva, founded in 1793 by Noah
Webster, and merged with The Cotnmercial Advertiser, the most ancient of the. New-
York city papers extant.

In 1816 there were the Mercantile Advertiser, of Ramsey Crooks, with a circula-
tion of 2,250 copies; the Gazette, 1,750; the Evening Post, 1,600; the Commercial

566 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Advertiser, 1, 200; the Courier, 920; the Columbian, 825; the National Advocate,
875. In 1826 appeared Noah's New- York National Advocate, the name of which was
enjoined, and changed to the New- York Enquirer, merged with the Courier in 1839.
In 1823 Woodworth, author df the popular Old Oaken Bucket, edited the Weekly
Mirror, which became The Mirror, with George P. Morris and Nathaniel P. Willis.
In 1822 appeared The Albion, an organ of English opinion. Of course it failed at
once. In 1825 appeared the first Sunday newspaper, the Sunday Courier. In 1832
James Gordon Bennett founded the Globe, and it failed. In 1848 the Journal of
Commerce, the Courier and Enquirer, the Tribune, the Herald, the Sun and the Ex-
press united in the formation of the Associated Press, the object of which, immedi-
ately attained, was to put an end to extravagant rivalry for news, and to obtain ser-
vice very much better. There are at present the Associated Press, the United Press,
the American Press Association, the International Telegram Company, the Dalziel
Cable News Company, and several city press syndicates, serving 735 daily and periodi-
cal papers. There are printed in German, 51 papers ; in Spanish, 9 ; in Italian, 4 ; in
French, 4 ; in Swedish, 2 ; in Bohemian, 5 ; in Hungarian, I ; in Armenian, I. There
are 160 trade-papers ; 16 art-papers ; 39 scientific papers ; and 10 sporting papers.

There are many powerful religious papers published in New York, and circulated
all over the continent. Among these The Churchman, the great organ of the Epis-
copal Church ; The Freeman's Journal, The Tablet, and five other Roman Catholic
papers, besides the scholarly magazine,, The Catholic World; The American
Hebrew, and seven other Jewish papers ; The Examiner, founded by the Baptists
away back in 1823; The Observer and The Evangelist, powerful Presbyterian
weeklies; the widely circulated Christian Advocate, known to all Methodists; The
Christian Intelligencer, the organ of the Reformed Church ; The Independent and
The Christian Union, evangelical and literary, and edited with great ability ; and
many other denominational papers.

The Commercial Advertiser, founded in 1797, edited by John A. Cockerill,.
Republican in politics, is an evening paper, containing illustrations that startling
news or curious news evoke. In its later history, a Republican paper, under the
management of Hugh Hastings ; an ardent advocate of the Cleveland administra-
tion, and with a distinctive artistic aim, under the management of Henry Marquand ;
it was until recently impartial in politics. Although the oldest New-York paper, it
is also one of the brightest, and has gained greatly in circulation since 1890.

The Evening Post is almost coeval with the nineteenth century, its first num-
ber having appeared*on the 16th of November, 1801. The purpose of its establish-
ment was to afford an organ for the Federalist party, and Alexander Hamilton and
a number of his political friends, men then very prominent in National affairs, were
the founders of the paper. The editor-in-chief for the first twenty years was William
Coleman, at one time the law-partner of Aaron Burr. In 1826 William Cullen
Bryant became one of the editors, and assumed full control two years later. While
he was in Europe, between 1834 and 1836, the Evening Post was edited by William
Leggett, who vigorously denounced the subjection of Abolitionists to mob-law, and
demanded the right of free speech .for all Americans, on all topics. The paper fought
heroically for these principles, but lost ground, and Bryant was obliged to return,
and renew its popularity. In Jackson's administration the Evening Post won wide
recognition by its opposition to the United-States Bank, and its advocacy of free
trade. In 1881, three years after his death, the paper changed hands, and was
edited by Carl Schurz, ex-Senator and ex-Secretary of the Interior. Upon Mr.
Schurz's withdrawal, his colleagues, Horace White and Edwin L. Godkin, continued

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

567

THE EVENING POST AND THE NATION. EVENING POST BUILDING.

BROADWAY, SOUTHEAST CORNER OF FULTON STREET.

5^8 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

the editorial management. The Evening Post Building, at Broadway and Fulton
Street, was one of the first of the large office-buildings to be ereeted in New York.

In politics the Evening Post is absolutely independent. It is constant in its
opposition to high protection, and continually exposes what it considers the fallacies
of that doctrine. It stands in general for the political principles represented by
Grover Cleveland, economy in National administration, tariff-reform, civil-service
reform, the industrial development of the United States, and unity, reciprocity and
broadening trade with other nations. In its news, as well as in its editorial columns,
it is dignified, straightforward and accurate, publishing all the news of the day, but
eschewing sensationalism.

The lofty and impressive building of the Evening Post is crowded with import-
ant offices and the headquarters of many important enterprises, occupying, as it
does, a favorable position just between the district of the great business exchanges
and that of the newspapers, and close to the Post Office and the City Hall. At this
notable strategic point, Broadway, the noblest street of the world, is crossed by the
ever-busy Fulton Street, which runs from the Washington Market, on the North
River, to the Fulton Market and the ferry to Brooklyn, on the East River. At this
intersection is one of the best points for offices in the city, and the Evening-Post
Building occupies it with fine effect.

The Journal of Commerce, founded in 1827, is edited by David M. Stone.
It is absolutely faithful to its title. A large sheet, of the epoch when largeness of
sheet was a virtue in the newspapers of New York, containing the market reports in
detail, and intended as a guide for men of business, it is found in offices and stores,
and not in the hands of newsboys. Its editorials treat all questions of public inter-
est with fairness and candor, and are widely copied at home and abroad.

The Courrier des Etats-Unis, founded in 1828, is edited by H. P. Sampers
and Leon Meunier, printed in French, Republican in French politics, Democratic in
American politics. One of its founders was Charles Lasalle, a French compositor,
who worked at the case in New York with Horace Greeley. The paper contains
all the news cabled to other papers from Paris, an editorial article, a feuilleton or
serial story, local news in brief, and reprints from the French journals.

The Sun was founded in 1833 by Moses S. Beach, as a religious daily news-
paper. It was, for thirty-five years, well-written, interesting, sensational enough
to print in 1835 as news Locke's celebrated " Moon Hoax ;" and decidedly talented.
For the last quarter of a century, however, it has been a work of genius, proving that
in journalism, as in art, talent is nothing, but only genius counts. The Sun Print-
ing and Publishing Association became the owners, and Charles A. Dana the Editor,
in 1868. The word Excelsior was added to the State Arms of New York, between
the two words of the newspaper-heading ; the publication and editorial rooms were
transferred to their present location at the corner of Park Row and Frankfort Street,
the old Tammany- Hall structure ; then lofty and imposing, but now a seemingly
small and insignificant brick building, with mansard windows, quite dwarfed by the
tall edifices between which it stands. Instantly the Sim, which was sectarian, became
"the Sun that shines for all." It was a journal of broad and human symmetry,
enthusiastic, patriotic, vigorous, and full of convictions of which it had the courage.
It was too learned to be pedantic ; it was too sincere to be commonplace. It was
and is a model. The Sun gives the news without useless ornaments, but with words
that paint. " If you see it in the Sun it is so." The Sun's prose is good sound
Anglo-Saxon. Its editorial writers know how to say the things that they wish to
say, as they wish to say them. Its bright young men do not report occurrences that

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

569

"THE SUN," NASSAU AND FRANKFORT STREETS.

they have not seen, nor report everything they hear. Its correspondents know that
it would be folly to try to make it print banalities, and those who have hugged that
fond delusion have been speedily dissuaded. The Sun is the wit, humor, science
and art of New York expressed. If its owners build for it a new domicile, to be
emblematic it must be marvelous. It is not surprising that the most daring, novel
and seductive of plans for an architectural masterpiece of thirty-two stories has come
to the Sun, by the design of its business manager, W. M. Laffan, who, since the
decease of Isaac W. England, has conducted the general offices of the Sun.

The New-Yorker Staats-Zeitung, founded in 1834, edited by Oswald
Ottendorfer, is independent in politics. It occupies in Tryon Row its own granite
building. Printed in German, severely classic in tone, filled with notes of the
Fatherland, besides all the American news, it is an influential journal in Berlin by
reflection of its German-American authority.

The Herald, founded in 1835, edited by James Gordon Bennett, is independent
in politics. It is against everything that savors of the wrong. It aims to
give, not to explain or interpret, news. It paid the expenses of Stanley, who found

57o

ICING'S HANDBOOK' OF NEW YORK.

Livingston ; it has fitted out expeditions to the North Pole ; it has a reputation
wherever there are readers of news. It is unique. It defies criticism. Its build-
ing, on Broadway at the corner of Ann Street, was formerly the site of Barnum's
Museum. The paper is more famous than Barnum ; Barnum was more ambitious
for literary, scientific, political and social authority. It could, if it wished, be a
tyrant in art, letters and politics, but it does not wish. It is deliberately that its
editorial page is weak. It is a newspaper, simply, perfectly. To have the faintest

"tpibune."
PRINTING-HOUSE SQUARE IN 1868.

"times.

suspicion that the Heraui might suppress or amend any bit of news for any reason,
political, literary, social or artistic, is not to understand the Herald. That is the
secret of its success.

The Herald is now erecting, on the immense block bounded by Broadway and
Sixth Avenue, 35th and 36th Streets, a magnificent Italian Renaissance building,
richly adorned with marble, with arcades of polished granite columns, press-rooms
separated from Broadway only by plate-glass, and an enormous clock with a deep-
toned bell. This noble structure, abounding in reminiscences of the palaces of
Venice, Verona and Padua, is to be used exclusively by the Herald. Its architects
are McKim, Mead & White, who constructed the gorgeous Madison- Square Garden.

The Mail and Express is pre-eminently a leading evening newspaper of New
York. It is "newsy," in the professional sense of the word, in that its record of
the day's events is comprehensive, and is carried down to the latest possible moment.
Its editorial page is dignified and scholarly. Its political faith is Republican, and it
is a leader in expressing the opinion of the party. As its name suggests, the Mail
and Express is a consolidation of two newspapers. The New-York Evening Ex-
press was established in 1839, more than half a century ago, and for many years it
was edited by James and Erastus Brooks. The New-York Evening Mail, an evening
daily paper, was started about 1 869. The consolidation of the two into one great news-
paper was effected by the late Cyrus W. Field. He purchased the Mail in 1880, and
the Express two years later, and for six years the Mail and Express was issued under
his management. The establishment was purchased by Elliott F. Shepard, its present
owner, in March, 1888, and since then the paper has made long strides in the way

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

571

THE "MAIL AND EXPRESS" BUILDING.

BROADWAY AND FULTON STREET.

572 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

of progress. It is the only evening paper that has a franchise in the New-York
Associated Press. The new Mail and Express Building, on Broadway and Fulton
Street, is one of the most elaborate newspaper establishments in the country. It is
in form like the letter L- Its Broadway front measures 25 feet, and its depth 100
feet. The Fulton-Street front is 77 feet, and the depth of that section of the L is
90 feet. There are eleven stories, and the highest point is 211 feet above the curb.
The building is a handsome illustration of the Renaissance style of architecture.
Four large figures, allegorically representing the four continents, adorn the lower
story of the Broadway facade. The material is Indiana limestone throughout, with
steel construction. The newspaper establishment occupies the basement for mechan-
ical purposes, the first story as a business office, the tenth story as an editorial de-
partment, and the eleventh as a composing-room. The new Hoe presses, ordered
for the new building, will be capable of printing 98,000 papers an hour. A point of
interest about the establishment is that the motive power for all the machinery,
excepting the elevators, is electricity.

The New-York Tribune, founded by Horace Greeley in 1841, and conducted
by him until he was nominated for President of the United States, in 1872, has been
almost constantly, since the birth of the Republican party, its organ and counselor.
Aside from politics it represents the best elements in the National character and
life. It was foremost in the struggle for free men and free speech, and foremost in
the fight for National unity. It is brilliant at times, forceful and telling usually,
dignified and scholarly always. Its influence upon its readers has not been sur-
passed by any other American newspaper. It speaks in pure, clean-cut English.
Graduates from its editorial room take high rank in journalism. Since December,
1872, the Tribune has been conducted by Whitelaw Reid, United-States Minister
to France for three years, beginning in 1889, and the Republican nominee for Vice-
President in 1892. The Tribune Building, an eleven-story edifice at Nassau and
Spruce Streets, facing Printing-House Square, and the pioneer of the great news-
paper office-buildings in New York, was erected during the early years of Mr. Reid's
administration. The great bulk of the stock of the Tribune Association is owned by
Whitelaw Reid, Darius O. Mills and Ogden Mills. Ogden Mills is the President of
the corporation.

The New-Yorker Zeitung, founded in 1845, ^s Democratic in German and
American politics, and is printed in German.

L'Eco d'ltalia was founded in 1849 by political refugees, companions of Gari-
baldi. It is radical and anti-clerical in Italian politics, and Democratic in American
politics.

The Times, founded in 1851 by George Jones and Henry J. Raymond, is inde-
pendent in politics. It was Republican until the Cleveland and Blaine canvass. The
recent death of Mr. Jones has, in the unanimous expression of respect and admiration
for him and his work that it evoked, made familiar a valuable lesson. In this age,
called materialistic, wherein mere apparent success is said to be accepted as a test of
worth, this great newspaper has an inspiring, elevated ideal, is a journal of scholars,
artists, lovers of truth, country and humanity. It never applauds a work for the reason
that it may seem popular, nor condemns an adversary for the reason that it may be
expedient. It is absolutely sincere. It fears nothing, because it looks at truth in
the face. Monsters of corruption have come to life, and the Times has destroyed
them with its arrows of light. The Tweed rule undone ; the relinquishment of great
financial advantages in favor of popular welfare ; the abandonment of a great pat-
ronage for a question of principle ; acts of the Times most frequently quoted in

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

573

574 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

records of the services of the Press in America, are only better-known instances of
its value. In science, in literature, in art, in matters theological and social, the
Times is a guide as conscientious as in politics. The people know this, and it will
not be possible to prove that New York is materialistic, as long as the Times shall
be popular. The first offices of the paper were in a small building on Nassau Street,
numbered 113 ; soon they were transferred to the corner of Nassau and Beekman
Streets, opposite the old Brick Church. When this property was sold, the Times
acquired ground on which was laid, May 12, 1857, the corner-stone of a handsome
building. It was of buff sandstone, fire-proof, five stories in height, solid and
graceful. It was replaced in 1889 by the present Times building, of which David
H. King, Jr., was the builder. The substitution was accomplished as by enchant-
ment. The offices were not removed. The conventionally designed old building
disappeared as scenes are shifted in plays. The crowds that pass by Printing- House
Square saw an infinity of workmen by day and by night, and were perpetually sin
prised by their work. The corner-stone of the new building was laid, privately,
June 7, 1888. The building is an architectural treasure. There are fifteen stories,
two of which are below the pavement. The ground and first floors are built of
Hallowell granite, the rest of the building is of Indiana oolitic stone. The floors
are of brick, flat arched. The floors of the main halls are covered with tiles of
Knoxville, Tenn., marble in two shades, set in herring-bone fashion. The doors
and wainscoting are of oak ; the stairways, of iron and stone. The Otis elevator
shafts are tiled. The architect, George B. Post, accomplished a masterpiece of the
Romanesque style that is becoming national. Discreet, moderate, bold, vigorous,
perfect in every detail of ornamentation, in moldings, in capitals, in gargoyles ; so
beautiful that it charms the naive and the refined, the ignorant and the most learned
in art ; the Times Building is the Times expressed in stone.

The World was founded in June, i860, as a religious journal. In 1861 it
absorbed the Courier and Enquirer. Later, The Albany Regency, Thurlow Weed,
August Belmont, Samuel L. M. Barlow and others were said to be its owners. In
1869 it became the property of Manton Marble. After varied fortunes it fell under
an editor who was bound to Jay Gould and devoted to the aristocracy of England.
When its redemption seemed hopeless, it was purchased by Joseph Pulitzer. He
signed this inaugural announcement :

"The entire World newspaper property has been purchased by the undersigned,
and will from this day be under different management, — different in men, measures
and methods, — different in purpose, policy and principle, — different in objects and
interests, different in sympathies and convictions, — different in head and heart. Per-
formance is better than promise. Exuberant assurances are cheap. I make none.
I simply refer the public to the new World itself, which henceforth shall be the daily
evidence of its own growing improvement, with forty-eight daily witnesses in its
forty-eight columns.

"There is room in this great and growing city for a journal that is not only
cheap but bright, not only bright but large, not only large but truly Democratic, —
dedicated to the cause of the people rather than that of purse-potentates, — devoted
more to the news of the New than the Old World, — that will expose all fraud and
sham, fight all public evils and abuses, — that will serve and battle for the people
with all earnest sincerity. In that cause and for that end solely the new World is
hereby enlisted, and committed to the attention of the intelligent public."

This was not a decade ago. Then, in 1883, the daily average circulation of the
World was 33,521 ; weekly, 234,648; yearly total, 12,235,238. In 1891 the daily

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

575

THE "WORLD" BUILDING — PARK ROW AND FRANKFORT STREET.

AS SEEN FROM BROADWAY, ACROSS CITY-HALL PARK.

576 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

average circulation was 316,541 ; weekly, 2,215,787; total, 115,537,825. In 1883
the World printed 86,577 advertisements ; in 1 891, 783,606. In 189 1 the World
used 34,842 rolls of white paper, weighing 20,236,741 pounds and forming 354,499,-
680 four-page sheets ; set 79,413 columns of type, formed of 549,731,278 ems, that
involved the handling of 1,236,895,375 pieces of type. If the elder Dumas could
make an electoral canvass with no other platform than the gratitude of the men
whom the mere mechanical production of his works had benefited, what might not
the editor and proprietor of the World expect from a similar platform ?

When, in October, 1889, on the site formerly occupied by French's Hotel, the
corner-stone of the Pulitzer Building was laid, Joseph Pulitzer wrote :

"God grant that this structure be the enduring home of a newspaper, forever
unsatisfied with merely printing news — forever fighting every form of Wrong —
forever Independent — forever advancing in Enlightenment and Progress — forever
wedded to truly Democratic ideas — forever aspiring to be a Moral Force — forever
rising to a higher plane of perfection as a Public Institution.

" God grant that the World may forever strive toward the Highest Ideals — be
both a daily schoolhouse and a daily forum, both a daily teacher and a daily tribune,
an instrument of Justice, a terror to crime, an aid to education, an exponent of true
Americanism.

"Let it ever be remembered that this edifice owes its existence to the public ;
that its architect is popular favor ; that its moral corner-stone is love of Liberty and
fustice ; that its every stone comes from the people and represents public approval
for public services rendered.

"God forbid that the vast army following the standard of the World should in
this, or in future generations, ever find it faithless to those ideas and moral princi-
ples to which alone it owes its life, and without which I would rather have it perish."

The Pulitzer Building, the home of the World, erected in 1889-90, is the tallest
office-building in the world, reaching 309 feet from sidewalk to lantern, or 375^ feet
from the foundation to the top of the flagstaff. It has a huge skeleton of iron and
steel, sustaining its 26 stories ; an impressive dome ; and a perfect modern equip-
ment, electric lights, Worthington pumps, etc.

The Commercial Bulletin, founded in 1865 ; purely commercial ; containing
in detail all the market reports ; a paper for business men, is sold almost exclusively
by subscription.

The News, founded in 1867, is edited by Benjamin Wood; Democratic in
politics. A small evening paper, giving the news in a popular form, it contains,
in the supplement of its Sunday edition, information invaluable to persons who have
not the time or the opportunity to read books. Its offices are in a five-story brick
building in Park Row.

The Evening; Telegram, founded in 1867, is conducted by James Gordon
Bennett. It is independent in politics ; having no other purpose than to give the
news of the day, which it does, in a most piquant manner.

The City Record, founded in 1874, is the official municipal journal, printing
only city advertisements. It is supervised by William J. K. Kenny.

Las Novedades, founded in 1876, edited by J. G. Garcia, is independent in poli-
tics. It is printed in Spanish, with all the important news of Spain, its colonies and
South-American descendants, of whose interests in this country it is the champion.

II Progreso Italo-Americano, founded in 1879, edited by Carlo Barsotti, is
conservative in Italian, independent in American politics. It is printed in Italian,
and has a reflected influence at the Quirinal.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

577

578 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

New-Yorker Herold, founded in 1879, x% tne evening edition, printed in
German, of the Zeitung.

New-Yorker Tages-Nachrichten, founded in 1870, edited by Benjamin
Wood, is Democratic in politics. It is the German edition of the News, and an
evening paper.

New-Yorker Volks-Zeitung, founded in 1878, is independent in politics.
Printed in German, it expresses the theories, principles and aims of the German
Socialists.

The Morning Journal, founded in 1882, edited by Albert Pulitzer as a
one-cent paper, is independent in politics. It was organized with practically no
capital but energy. Its leading motive was to amuse, while instructing. It was
painstaking, brilliant, ingenious. At first it was printed on presses of the Tribune.
It became gradually a wealthy, popular, distinctive newspaper.

The Evening World, founded in 1887, edited by Joseph Pulitzer, Democratic
in politics, is a popular newspaper.

The Evening Sun, founded in 1887, edited by Charles A. Dana, Democratic
in politics, is also a popular newspaper.

The Press was founded in 1887, by Robert P. Porter. Republican in politics,
it is especially devoted to tariff problems. It quickly attained its aim, to rival the
Democrats in the field, which they occupied entirely, of penny popular newspapers.
It is an exceedingly influential Republican newspaper, with a daily circulation of
over 100,000 copies. Its editorial and business offices are in the Potter Building.

Hlas Lindu, founded in 1886, edited by John Korinck, is printed in Bohemian.

The Listy, founded in 1886, edited by B. Bittner, is printed in Bohemian. It
may seem odd, but it is a fact, that there is a Bohemian population in New York
large enough and prosperous enough to support two Bohemian newspapers.

Das Morgen Journal, founded in 1890 by Albert Pulitzer, is Democratic in
politics. It is the counterpart in German of the Morning Journal, and has a Sun-
day edition.

The Morning Advertiser was founded in 1891 by Col. John A. Cockerill,
with the distinctive aim of furnishing in brief, without attempting to be entertain-
ing in a literary sense, to busy people the news of the day. It is Republican.

The Recorder, founded in 1891, Republican in politics, is edited and managed
by George W. Turner, to whom is due much of the business success of the World.
It is furnished with an extremely complete and valuable newspaper plant. In DAvare
of Moliere, Valere says : — "A fine marvel to live well on plenty of money ! It is
the easiest thing in the world, and there is not a man so poor in wit that he cannot
do as well : but to tell of the skilful man, talk of one who lives well on little money."
It may be said without wounding anybody's susceptibility the Recorder was born
wealthy. It had, at its first appearance, the dress and assurance of a Croesus. It
was really a marvel, but there were many Vale-res who said simply, "The Recorder's
treasury is inexhaustible." It gave evidence of faculties that money cannot buy. It
was learned, alert, witty, serious, gay, sensible, well-informed about every passing
event, artistically brilliant as diamonds in curious floods of light. The Valeres said
"The Recorder can afford to be over-generous." It used its fortune, and now more
than ever it is inventive, ingenious, amusing, instructive, accurate. There are work-
ingmen, who on their way to the docks, want at a glance the history of yesterday,
and the Recorder gives it to them in pictures. There are business men who want
details, and the Recorder presents them classified. There are men and women who
do not care to be informed about events, who think that there are no events having

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

579

an absolute characteristic, for the drunken man who was run over by a cart in Broad-
way at three o'clock yesterday, might as well have lived two thousand years ago, and
been run over in the streets of Nineveh in the time of Nebuchadnezzar. They, like
the workingmen and the business men and their families, read the Recorder with
avidity, with careful attention, from the sincere qualification "Home Newspaper of
the Metropolis," to the dash at the foot of the last page. The Recorder is interest-
ing, not only by the life that it reflects, but by its
processes of reflection. It tells everything, and
the rest, and a great many other things ; it gives
special information about bicyclists, amateur
photography, amateur theatricals, schools and
colleges, hotel gossip, lawyers and judges, and
the studios. It is not only universal ; it tries
to be always brilliantly expressive. Every day,

RECORDER OFFICE, 21 PARK ROW. RECORDER PLANT, 24 NEW CHAMBERS STREET.

without ever resting or saying, " I am tired," it serves to the public the sublime,
the gay, the instructive, but it does this with an art marked by the temperament
of New York, and one cannot know and like New York without liking the Recorder.
To return to KAvare and Valere, the Recorder is comparable to a man who lives
perfectly, although ever earning his ever- well-spent fortune. The Recorder building
is in New Chambers Street ; its main business offices, at 2 1 Park Row. The Sun of
July 31, 1892, says, "We learn credibly that the Recorder of this city is now printing
and selling over 100,000 copies of its Sunday paper. This is a remarkable achieve-
ment for a comparatively young newspaper, and can be the result only of uncommon
energy and industry." The Recorder is building, and will entirely occupy, a fine
eight-story edifice, at 17 Spruce Street, probably the first time a newspaper has ever
put up its own building in the second year of its existence.

5^0 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

There are daily, legal, financial, hotel and other special weekly papers.

Harper's Weekly, illustrated, was founded in 1856. It is independent in poli-
tics ; and forms a pictorial history of the period in which we live, with admirable
literary and artistic features. It is rightly called "A Journal of Civilization."

Harper's Bazaar, illustrated, founded in 1868, is a paper particularly devoted
to fashions, home management, the progress of women, and art and literature.

Harper's Young People, illustrated, founded in 1879, *s a Paper for boys and
girls. It abounds in stories and pictures, and articles on games, needle-work, boat-
building, drawing, and other practical themes made attractive to boys and girls.

Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, founded in 1853, is Republican in
politics. It affords a picturesque chronicle of the events of the day.

Frank Leslie's Illustrirte Zeitung, founded in 1855 ; Republican in politics;
printed in the German language.

The Nation is published every week, at Broadway and Fulton Street.

The writers on the Evening Post and Nation (of which Mr. Godkin was the
founder, and has been the editor since 1865) include some of the foremost specialists
in the country, in science, art, public affairs, and literary criticism. The Nation is
an independent weekly review of literature, science, art and politics, with a serial
commentary on the most important American and foreign events, special and occa-
sional correspondence, editorial and miscellaneous articles on prominent political and
social topics, and thoroughly competent criticism of the latest developments of liter-
ature, science, art, music and the drama. The two hundred contributors who pre-
pare this feast for the scholar and the thinker include the foremost names in American
literature and thought, besides many famous men in England and France, Germany
and Italy, South America and Japan. The Nation has been pronounced by the
Saturday Review to be "on the intellectual level of the best European periodicals."
It has a large and widely distributed circulation in all the States of the Union, and
in foreign parts. The development of that class of independent voters who control
the balance of power in several Northern States is largely the work of the Amotion,
which has always fought for purity, wisdom, and independence in public life, and
for honesty and integrity in legislation. In 1881 it became the property of the owners
of the Evening Post, and maintains an allied yet original existence.

Life, founded in 1883, is a satirical journal, illustrated ; independent in politics.
Its pictures are of the most refined and dainty character, and aptly illustrate social
foibles and political phases. They are illuminated also by charmingly witty texts.

Judge, founded in 1881, a satirical paper, with illustrations in colors, is Repub-
lican in politics, and wages a merry war against the opposition.

The Critic, founded in 1880, literary, is edited by Jeanette L. and Joseph B.
Gilder. It is probably the leading literary and critical paper in America, and has
achieved a commanding success with its learned and scholarly book-reviews and its
always entertaining news of authors and new publications.

Bradstreet's, founded in 1879, is a paper for men of business. It is the fore-
most journal of its class in America. It is published under the auspices of the Brad-
street Mercantile Agency, and reaches all parts of America.

The Home Journal, founded in 1846, edited by Morris Phillips, is a society
paper, with abundant news of pleasure-resorts and social events.

The Ledger, founded by Robert Bonner in 1844, is a family story-paper.

Forest and Stream, founded in 1871, is a paper devoted to outdoor life.

The Spirit of the Times, founded in 1831, is a foremost sporting paper.

The Clipper, founded in 1853, is authority on sporting and theatrical events.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

5*2

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Puck was founded in 1876 by Joseph Keppler and Adolph Schwarzmann, as a
German comic paper ; but the English Puck, started by them six months later, under

the editorial charge of H. C.
Bunner, the poet and story-
writer, was not long in out-
stripping its foster-mother,
and in a comparatively short
time, attained a prominence
and popularity that have
increased from year to year,
and put it in the front rank
of the humorous satirical
illustrated papers of the
world. Puck owes its con-
tinued place in the lead of
all its imitators and would-
be rivals to its unfaltering
devotion to the highest type
of American citizenship ;
and the great cartoons of
Joseph Keppler and his
corps of able artists, printed
in their bright and attractive
colors by the J. Ottmann
Lithographing Co., and
backed by the simple, force-
ful comments of the editor-
in-chief, have always been
found upholding all that
"puck." reduced fac simile. is noblest and best, and

satirizing all that is foolish and weak in our political and social life.

The New- York Dramatic News is the organ of the theatrical profession of
the country. Its offices, business and editorial, are at the southeast corner of Broadway
and 30th Street, in the centre of the theatre-district of the city. It was founded by
Charles Alfred Byrne, about eighteen years ago. It was the first journal, and for
many years the only one, devoted exclusively to the interests of the stage. It attained
a position of influence at the outset by its terse, vigorous treatment of theatrical
topics, and it has held this position to the present day. Leander Richardson was for
a number of years associated with the founder in the management of this paper.
About three years ago he purchased a controlling interest in the establishment, and
since then he has been the editor-in-chief. Under his management the size of the
paper has been increased from twelve pages to twenty-four. Its advertising space
has grown from an average of fifteen columns a week to over forty, and its circu-
lation has become widespread. The Dramatic News contains, every week, ably
written critical reviews of all theatrical performances in New York ; accounts of pro-
ductions made in every city and large town in the United States ; special cable
reports of theatrical events in London, Paris, and other European centres ; and a
vast quantity of news of interest to actors and managers. Each issue is not only a
newspaper, but it is in a sense a complete directory, for the time being, of the the-
atrical fraternity, as the movements of travelling companies from place to place are

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

5*3

CIRCULATION GUARANTEED TO BE DOUBLE THAT Of THE DRAMATIC MIRROR.

fully recorded. Its information is obtained from an army of regular correspondents,
numbering about one thousand, nearly every one of whom makes a report to the
main office everv wepk. While Th<> DyrtinnHr News is distinctively a class paper in

its scope and policy, its
circulation is by no
means limited to stage
people. A large pro-
portion of its readers
are found in the general
public. Theatre-going
people, as well as actors
and managers, recog-
nize it as the great
medium for the dissem-
ination of information
about plays and players,
and thus its influence
is spread beyond its
own special field.

The Christmas num-
ber of the Dramatic
News, published about
November 1st every
year, is in all ways a
wonderful publication,
containing in the
neighborhood of one
hundred pages of mat-
ter, the most of it in
the shape of stories and
essays from the pens of
celebrated writers, and
all of it profusely illus-
trated by well-known
artists. The cover is
gorgeously illuminated,
and the advertising
columns contain the
cards of many actors.
The Churchman, at 47 Lafayette Place, was established in 1844. It is the lead-
ing, largest and most widely circulated weekly paper in the Protestant Episcopal
Church. The full significance of this is not entirely in the statistics, which show
that there are 532,230 communicants, 300,000 of whom are residents of the New-
P^ngland and Middle States, in the Protestant Episcopal Church. These communi-
cants are the wealthy and intelligent people in every community. To be agreeable to
them a journal must be excellent. It must be as The Churchman is. The only
denominational paper regularly illustrated, it is illustrated with exquisite taste.
Having to reflect not only the artistic life of its readers, but their religious life, the
beautiful ideals of their faith, it is written by scholars, by men of letters in the truest
sense. The editor is the Rev. Dr. George S. Mallory, formerly Professor of English

NEW-YORK DRAMATIC NEWS. REDUCED FAC SIMILE.

5«4

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Literature in Trinity College. The business manager is Marshall II. Mallory.
They knew well at the outset the difficulties and the possibilities of their task.
Before them several men of undoubted ability had lost fortunes. A paper,
founded in 183 1, and wearing the name which they chose, had made a brave effort,
and died, giving way to The Church Journal ; but the Messrs. Mallory had the
strength of the faithful and the confidence of genius. They made a success of The
Churchmaji. In 1 878 it absorbed The Church Journal. Since then The Church-
tnan has been more than a success. It is an accepted power. The paper is printed
with a jealous regard for typographical beauty and accuracy. It is published in

EPISCOPAL ClOCESAN

COLONNADE RO

THE CHURCHMAN.

THE CHURCHMAN, 47 LAFAYETTE PLACE, OPPOSITE ASTOR LIBRARY.

magazine form, and makes an annual record of 2,500 pages, every phase of which is
a phase of Christian thought, admirably expressed. The owners of this most dis-
tinctively religious of journals have purchased for its offices one of the Colonnade
Buildings, in Lafayette Place, formerly the residences of New York's most eminent
citizens, and the brilliant centre of New York's intellectual supremacy. It is imme-
diately opposite the Astor Librai-y, and near the Episcopal Diocesan House.

The New- York Observer, the oldest existing religious newspaper in the United
States, was established in 1823 by Sidney E. and Richard C. Morse. The Observer
was founded to give the news of the churches and of the world, and to defend the
great truths of Christianity which the evangelical churches held in common. It drew
its support from all denominations of Christians. The editors filled the Observer
with facts and figures, and made it a valuable repository of the events of the day.
There are now no records of the religious history of the world from 1823 to 1850 so

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

585

NEW- YORK OBSERVER.

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NEW-YORK OBSERVER.

REDUCED FAC SIMILE OF THE FIRST NUMBER OF THE FIRST RELIGIOUS PAPER.

586 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

full and accurate as this paper contains. The files are constantly consulted for
information not to be found elsewhere. In 1840 the Observer was published in the
building which stood on the corner of Nassau and Beekman Streets, where now
stands the Morse Building, which was erected by the sons of the founders of the
Observer. In that year Samuel Irenaeus Prime became its editor. He continued to
hold this place till his death in 1885. His brother, E. D. G. Prime, was associated
with him in 1853, and remained in connection with the paper till his death in 1890.
Charles Augustus Stoddard began to work upon the Observer in 1859, while pastor
of the Washington-Heights Presbyterian Church in New York. He was the son-in-
law of Irenaeus Prime. Wendell Prime, the son of Irenaeus, became an associate-
editor in 1878. The Morse brothers sold the Observer to the Prime brothers, and
it now belongs to the children of Irenaeus, and is managed by his son and son-in-
law. In 1859, the offices of the Observer were moved into the new building, at
37 Park Row, on the site of the original Brick Church, and there the Observer was
published till 188 1, when a disastrous fire, in which a number of lives were lost,
destroyed the building. Dr. Prime and his son escaped by flight down the stairs ;
Dr. Stoddard, who waited to secure the records and close the safe, was compelled
to make his way along the sign of the Observer to the adjoining building. Though
everything was destroyed, such were the enterprise and ability of the editors and
publishers, that with the help kindly offered by the New- York Tribune, the Observer
was issued as usual that week. When the new Potter Building was erected, on the
ruins of the old one, the Observer returned to its former place, which it still occupies,
on the first floor of 37 and 38 Park Row. The growth of the Observer has coincided
with the advancement of the nation. Once only did it receive a check. At the out-
break of the civil war the Southern mails were stopped, and as the Observer had a
large circulation in the South it lost more than ten thousand subscribers in a single
day. By a wise and patriotic course, this loss was repaired in a few years, and the
subsequent prosperity of the Observer has been uninterrupted. It has now a large
corps of editors, and a more extensive circulation than ever before. While other
journals have changed their character, their appearance and their shape, the Observer
has continued steadfast to the ideals and principles of its founders. It is a religious
and family newspaper, conservative in its principles and faithful in the defence of
Christian truth. It aims to give each week a fair record and review of the world
from a religious standpoint, to support and defend those things which are right and
pure, and to provide wholesome and entertaining literature for the family circle.

Other Weekly Publications include legal, financial and innumerable others.

The Monthly Publications cover every conceivable topic. There are maga-
zines devoted to homoeopathy, obstetrics, veterinary science, cutaneous diseases,
microscopy, phrenology, ophthalmology; to telegraphy, electricity, water works;
to home-decoration, music, cabinet-making, penmanship ; to insurance, banking, and
investments ; to dogs, bees, poultry, and horses.

The grocers have their magazines here, and so have the hair-dressers, the rail-
road men, the booksellers, the engineers, the photographers, the gas-men, the wine-
merchants, the carpet-dealers, the printers, the stationers, the plumbers, the apothe-
caries, the paper-makers, the brewers, the bottlers, the exporters, the silk-makers,
the tailors, the bankers, the blacksmiths, the wheelwrights, the woodworkers, the
stenographers, the builders, the cloak-makers, the confectioners, the clothiers,
expressmen, millers, hatters, furriers, jewellers, cooks, newsdealers, milliners, car-
builders, sailors, teachers, travellers, and many other classes of the great American
people.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 587

Harper's New Monthly Magazine was founded in 1850, and now enjoys an
enormous circulation all over the world. H. M. Alden is the editor ; and among
the writers for departments have been Curtis, Warner, Aldrich, Mitchell, and other
foremost leaders in American literature. The illustrations are the finest work of the
best artists and richly illuminate the magazine.

The Century Magazine, whose first editor was Dr. J. G. Holland, is now
edited by Richard Watson Gilder, and published by the Century Company, of which
the late Roswell Smith was longtime. President. It is international in its character
and circulation, and has an enormous circulation, running far beyond 100,000. The
literary and artistic character of The Century cannot be surpassed.

Scribner's Magazine was founded in 1887, and has been edited, ever since
that date, by E. L. Burlingame. It is a brilliantly illustrated modern periodical,
treating vigorously of themes of present interest, with articles from the best writers.

The Cosmopolitan, founded in 1885, and edited by James Brisben Walker, is a
handsome illustrated magazine, absolutely y?« du Steele in its range of subjects and
manner of treatment, and reaching a vast constituency of readers.

The North American Review, founded in 181 5, is edited by Lloyd Brice. The
most venerable publication of the kind in the Western World, it discusses the lead-
ing problems of the day, giving the views of the foremost authorities.

The Forum, founded in 1886, is edited by L. S. Metcalf. This is a very valu-
able and learned periodical devoted to the earnest consideration of public questions.

The Art Amateur, founded in 1879, *s edited by Montague Marks ; and has
been of great avail in the development of American art.

Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly is not only the leading periodical of its
class in the city or in the country, but it is edited and published by one of the most
remarkable and most brilliant women of the time — a woman who has achieved
wonderful success in various directions — literary, social and in business. Mrs.
Frank Leslie succeeded her husband in the charge of his publication, at his death
in 1880, but found an enormous establishment heavily loaded with debt. This great
load proved to be her opportunity to develop her remarkable ability. In an incon-
ceivably short time, something less than six years, she paid off an indebtedness of
$300,000, and made the publishing house a profitable enterprise. She had had no
business training. She had been a writer, and a brilliant one, before her marriage,
but she achieved a success in a business way that compelled the admiration of the
most conservative business men. Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly, to which Mrs.
Frank Leslie is now giving the greater part of her time, is in its 34th volume. It was
one of the later enterprises of the fertile publisher who brought out the Gazette of
Fashion, in 1854 ; Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, in 1855 ; The Chimney
Corner, in 1865 ; and the Boys' and Girls' Weekly, the Lady's Journal, the
Budget of Fun, and half a dozen other newspapers and periodicals in later times.
From the first, the Monthly was received warmly, and found its way into thousands
of homes throughout the country. At present its readers are all over the world.
A photograph showing the effect of lightning in China some time ago pictured a
copy of Frank Leslie's Magazine as pierced by the electric current. Its widespread
circulation is fairly won. Each number contains 128 pages, with over 100 fine illus-
trations. A leading topic, graphically treated by an able writer is always a feature.
The drama, music, biography, art, natural history, amusements, sports and customs
of the people, foreign travel, are all treated by clever people. The fiction has the
freshness of our own country. The literary and art features are strong and brilliant.
Frank Leslie's Publishing House occupies a considerable portion of the magnificent

588

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

new ten-story stone structure at the northwest corner of Fifth Avenue and 16th
Street. All the work of producing the Popular Monthly and the other publications
of this house is done under one roof. The engraving rooms, type-setting depart-
ments, electrotyping and press rooms and binderies constitute one of the largest
and most thoroughly equipped magazine printing establishments in the city. And

FRANK LESLIE'S POPI

FHLY, MRS. FRANK LESLIE, PUBLISHER, FIFTH AVENUE AND 16th STREET.

all is controlled directed and dominated by Mrs. Frank Leslie - legally named
Frank Leslie " by virtue of a decree of court, secured for business reasons in the
earlier part of her business career -a career by which American womanhood has
been honored in America's Metropolis.

T The Magazine of American History, founded in 1877, edited by Martha T
Lamb. Illustrated. J"

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK'.

5*9

The Popular Science Monthly, founded in 1872, edited by Prof. W. J. Youmans.

St. Nicholas, founded in 1873, edited by Mary Mapes Dodge ; for boys and
girls ; illustrated.

In the years between 1833 and 1872 more than a hundred papers, periodical and
daily, were founded and suspended. In the two decades since 1872, there was a
still greater number. The new processes of engraving illustrations tempted many
newspaper minds, but in the struggle for life the fittest survived.

New York absorbs as much music and pure literature as news and comments on
news. There is an impression abroad that its taste for local news has been cultivated,
and that this takes the place of the passion for reading novels which, in London, for
example, overcrowds that of music ; but it is a false impression. To the paper printed
in immeasurable tons with reports of events, one must add the immeasurable tons of
paper printed with songs, music, stories, poems, essays, science and art, that are as
easily sold in New York. The amount is fabulous, for New York wants as quickly
as news the book or the melody that stirs the great capitals of the world.

Charles H. Ditson & Co., at 867 Broadway, have constantly half a million of
pieces of music that the New-Yorkers are continually buying. Their own building,
five stories in
height, forms an
L on 1 8th Street.
Its show-windows
are bulletin-
boards of musical
extras, for they
exhibit the latest
music printed. Its
salesroom, decor-
ated in ash and
cherry, lined with
more than 5,000
boxes, every one
of which contains
a hundred pieces
of music, is im-
pressive. Charles
H. Ditson is the
son of Oliver Dit-
son of Boston,
who in 1840 made
the art of music-
printing Ameri-
can ; who founded
the National

Board of Music-Trade ; who was more than a patron, a friend, to all musicians, and
who left a record that evokes reverent admiration. Mr. Ditson is treasurer of the
Oliver Ditson Company, incorporated in 1889, and has been for twelve years secre-
tary and treasurer of the Music Publishers' Association of the United States. Asso-
ciated with him is John C. Haynes, who was employed as a boy and gradually pro-
moted to a partnership by Oliver Ditson. There are no names in the commercial
records better known and more estimable than these. There is no work more

CHARLES H. DITSON & CO.

867 BROADWAY, CORNER OF 18TH STREET.

59°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

praiseworthy than that which they recall. Oliver Ditson published the works of
Beethoven and Mendelssohn when it seemed a ruinous undertaking ; paid for the in-
struction in Europe of many young musicians ; aided with money and influence every
worthy musical enterprise ; formed an elevated ideal of art ; and, with all his power,
labored for its American realization. C. H. Ditson & Co. are governed by his prin-
ciples. There is no sacrifice to bad taste in their publications. They purchased the
catalogues and stocks of Firth, Son & Co., and of William Hall & Son, as Oliver
Ditson & Co. purchased the catalogues of Mason, of Peters, and of Lee & Walker,
disarming and not injuring competition. They publish, beside their sheet music,
2,000 music books that are standard works ; are agents for the Novello Catalogue of
sacred and secular music ; dealers in musical instruments, providers of harmony to
the people of New York, with whom their intimate acquaintance of a quarter of a
century is marked by esteem and confidence. C. H. Ditson & Co. as faithfully
reflect New York as does its most popular newspaper.

The United-States Book Company, until 1892 at 142-150 Worth Street,
and 3 to 6 Mission Place, but now having its main offices in the elegant building at 5
and 7 East 16th Street, was
formed in 1890 from the John
W. Lovell Co., which it suc-
ceeds, and which was founded
in 1878, and from twenty
other publishing concerns,
the plates and copyrights
of which were acquired by
purchase. Its officers are
Horace K. Thurber, Presi-
dent ; John W. Lovell, Vice-
President and General Man-
ager ; Edward Lange,
Treasurer ; James A. Taylor,
Secretary. Its Directors are
Horace K. Thurber, Ches-
ter W. Chapin, Erastus Wi-
man, James D. Safford, J.
Selwin Tait, G. P. Morosini,
Edward Lange, James A.
Taylor, M. A. Donohue and
John W. Lovell. Its capital
stock is $5,000,000. Its
object is to publish in a desir-
able form, standard and mis-
cellaneous books, the prices
for which shall be graded
according to every variety of
demand. It publishes over
10, 000 volumes, among them
the standard works of Car-
lyle, Cooper, Dickens, Em-
erson, Gibbon, Goethe,,

p ,, .^ r, . TI UNITED-STATES BOOK COMPANY, 16th STREET, BETWEEN

Goldsmith, Guizot, Haw- broadway and fifth avenue.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 591

thorne, Irving, Longfellow, Macaulay, Plutarch, Ruskin, Schiller, Shakespeare,
Thackeray and Turguenieff, and the dictionaries of Roget and Stormonth. These
works appear in cloth and fine bindings. It publishes juvenile works by such
authors as Abbott, Mayne Reid, Edgeworth, Sir Samuel Baker, Ballantyne and M.
Frere. By special arrangement it publishes the works of the most distinguished
English authors : —

Mrs. Alexander, F. Anstey, Grant Allen, Frank Barrett, Walter Besant, Miss M.
E. Braddon, Rhoda Broughton, Robert Buchanan, J. M. Barrie, M. Betham-Edwards,
Rosa Nouchette Carey, Mabel Collins, Hall Caine, B. L. Farjeon, Mrs. Forrester,
Jessie Fothergill, S. Baring Gould, H. Rider Haggard, Thomas Hardy, Joseph Hat-
ton, Jerome K. Jerome, Rudyard Kipling, Vernon Lee, Edna Lyall, Florence
Marryat, Helen Mathers, Marquis of Lome, George Meredith, David Christie Mur-
ray, W. E. Norris, Mrs. Oliphant, Ouida, James Payn, Mrs. Parr, Mrs. J. H.
Riddell, Adeline Sergeant, Capt. Hawley Smart, Marie Corelli, Conan Doyle,
George Manville Fenn, Marten Maartens, Lucas Malet, Katherine S. Macquoid,
Tasma, Mrs. Von Booth (Rita), Mrs. L. B. Walford, Florence Warden, John
Strange Winter and Mrs. Henry Wood.

The most popular American authors are also to be found on the company's
catalogue, Blanche Willis Howard, H. H. Boyesen, Amelie Rives, Henry Harland,
Gertrude Atherton, Patience Stapleton, and scores of others whose works have
endeared their names to the reading public.

The United- States Book Co. makes inexcusable a lack of familiarity with good
literature. It gives to the poor man the same accuracy of text as that secured by the
scholar and collector of luxurious editions. Its aim is to publish the very best books,
in a form that will meet the approval of all lovers of literature, and to publish them
in so many forms that the educational advantages of good books can be secured by
every man, however humble his station in life. Controlling large capital, it expects
gradually to harmonize conflicting interests in the publishing trade of the country, so
that the interests of both the manufacturer, the bookseller, and the reader of books
may be conserved.

S. S. McClure, 97 Tribune Building, founded, in the autumn of 1884, and
directs, the Associated Literary Press. It is a combination of the leading news-
papers of the principal cities of the United States and the British Empire, for the
publication of original poetry, essays, correspondence, narratives of explorations,
adventure and discovery, pure literature, and scientific and educational articles.
S. S. McClure obtains the work of the greatest writers, and prints it in the most
popular journals. It sounded like the wild dream of a poet, until his success proved,
that it requires to comprehend intimately, profoundly and at once the thoughts of a
poet — a poet, of the common people which alone is sincere enough, imaginative
enough, destitute enough of false ideas contracted by incomplete studies or com-
panionship with the Philistines, to rise to the conception of artistic literary work.
He reformed the method by which publishers made editions costly because they
were limited, and made them limited because they were sure that they could not
become popular. He bought the works of authors like Stevenson, Parkman, Mere-
dith, Freeman, Lowell, Howells and Tennyson, and in seven and a half years he
had published the equivalent of 400 volumes, at a total cost of $15 to any family of
the 1,500,000 families among which they circulated. The readers cf newspapers
that obtain from his service to the Associated Literary Press a Youth's Department,
a Woman's Page, Serial and Short Stories, Correspondence and Special Articles,
will never be appreciative enough of the work that he has done, unless they mark

592

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

their experience of former years
when literature which was cheap
was literature which was bad.
Then there were great authors
unknown, but there were many
celebrated mediocrities. Publish-
ers explained, as theatrical man-
agers explain, that literature or
art is one thing, and money or
business is another. In the autumn
of 1884 S. S. McClure was in his
27th year, and seemed younger.
Fie had no capital, and no experi-
ence or precedent by which he
might be guided. He paid prices
higher, and sold to various
journals at prices lower, than the
market. When his magnificent
ideal made him famous, he had
imitators who were men of capital ;
but to imitate Napoleon is not to
write by the light of a shaded chandelier, cross one's hands behind one's back and
take snuff from one's waistcoat pocket ; to imitate Napoleon is to win battles.
They generally failed.

S. S. MCCLURE, TRIBUNE BUILDING.

FRANKLIN SQUARE AND THE HARPER PUBLISHING HOUSE.

--S*

rA.

"f.

Fire andiWaririe
Insurance^

Offices and Companies for Assuming Losses by Fires and
Transit, and F^ire and Marine Underwriters' Associations.

IN 1759 the ''Old Insurance Office," open from noon to one o'clock and from six
to eight o'clock in the evening every day, and the " New- York Insurance Office,"
the former at the Coffee- House, under charge of Kefeltas & Sharpe, the latter in an
adjoining building, under charge of Anthony Van Dam, gave marine insurance to
merchants, secured by subscriptions of underwriters. In 1778, as the destruction
of vessels by American privateers had increased the risk of navigation, a "New
Insurance Office" was opened at the Coffee-House. Vessels or their cargoes were
then in a primitive manner protected ; but if buildings were burned, their value to
the owners of them was lost, unless they circulated subscription-papers, as did the
owner of a wooden building in Barclay Street, destroyed by fire in November, 1796.
He said to the public : "Citizens are all dependent, the one upon the other. Re-
lieve the distress of a sinking brother, and he, and not he only, will bless you."

In 1770 as the " Philadelphia Contributionship for the Insurance of Houses from
Loss by Fire " had eighteen years of life and prosperity, a member of the Chamber
of Commerce in New York proposed the formation of a similar Contributionship ;
but not until 1787 was incorporated, under the name of "Mutual Assurance Com-
pany," the first New- York fire-insurance company.

In 1798 a charter was granted to Nicholas Low and others, with corporate pow-
ers, in the name of "United Insurance Company in the city of New York," enabling
them " the better to carry on and extend the business of maritime insurance and of
insurance upon houses, goods and lives, which were the useful purpose of their
institution." The "Mutual Assurance Company " was renewed and incorporated
— it had been organized in 1787, under a deed of settlement, by its secretary, John
Pintard, according to the English custom. In 1809 the company was reorganized,
with a capital stock; in 1846, its name was changed to " Knickerbocker Fire-Insur-
ance Company"; and in 1890 it was dissolved. One of its policies of 1798 is
framed in the Fire Patrol Office. In 1798 a third company was incorporated, " The
New- York Insurance Company for Maritime Insurance, Houses, Goods and Lives."
It had a capital, in shares of $50 each, not to exceed $ 500,000 ; and its charter
expired in 1809.

In 1801 the first exclusively marine stock company in New York, the "Marine
Insurance Company," was organized, with a capital of $250,000. Then came a
revision of contracts, a classification of hazards, and a re-arrangement of rates, made
necessary by extension of business and provoked by experience. The " Eagle Insur-
ance Company," incorporated in 1806, issued this tariff : —

"Hazards of the first class, brick or stone buildings, with slate, tile or metal
roofs, and non-hazardous goods therein, 25 per cent. Hazards of the fourth class,

594 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

wooden buildings, non-hazardous goods therein, and hazardous goods in third class,
75 to ioo per cent."

In 1830 there were in New York eight marine companies, with an aggregate
capital of $3,050,000 ; and twenty -five fire companies, with an aggregate capital of
$7,800,000. In 1835 tnere were twenty-six fire companies ; and twenty-three of
them were thrown into bankruptcy by the fire which destroyed, on the night of
December 16, 529 stores and 41 other buildings situated south of Wall Street, the
business centre of the city. Then followed the wise law by which fire companies are
prohibited from engaging in the affairs of life-insurance, banking and trust com-
panies ; and other companies may not accumulate functions, but are chartered for
specific purposes, life or marine or other insurance, or banking. Then came the
repeal of an act passed in 1829, by which foreign companies were excluded from the
State of New York. Then forms of policies, conditions of insurance, classifications,
the entire system of fire and marine insurance acquired the precision, the exactness
of the present time. With Massachusetts, New York began to shape insurance legis-
lation and methods for the whole country. In 1845 a second conflagration in the
business center of New York destroyed property valued at $6,000,000. In 1846 an
association of city underwriters, formed for mutual protection, convened in New York
a national meeting of underwriters. Of this meeting, and of two others, in 1849 an(^
1850, came in 1866 the National Board of Fire-Underwriters, by which the advan-
tages obtained in New York were made applicable to the whole country.

In 1859 the Insurance Department of the State of New York was organized. In
1864, for the first time, all the insurance companies were required by law to make
and file annual statements. From this period, the complete historical and financial
chronicles of insurance may be easily compiled. They are in the reports made to
the State Assembly by the Superintendent of the Insurance Department. In i860
the premium receipts of the New-York stock fire companies were $7,000,000 ; in
1863, after two years of civil war, they were $10,000,000 ; in 1865 they were $20,000,-
000. In i860 the premium receipts of the marine companies were $14,000,000;
and in 1863 they were $18,000,000. In 187 1 the Chicago fire, in 1872 the Boston
fire, ruined the Astor, Beekman, Corn-Exchange, Excelsior, Humboldt, Market,
New-Amsterdam, North-American, Washington, Yonkers, New-York and other
insurance companies, some of which were afterward reorganized. In thirty years
the Insurance Department noted the withdrawal of eighty-three fire and ten marine
insurance companies.

The Board of Fire-Underwriters is an evolution of the "Salamander Soci-
ety," a combination of insurance officers organized in 1819 to 1826, transformed
frequently, and incorporated under its present title in 1867. It guides insurance
legislation ; guards or advises the Superintendent of Buildings, the Fire-Commis-
sioners and the Fire-Marshal ; maintains the Fire-Patrol, with the aid of a legisla-
tive enactment that it created ; and usually commands a tariff of rates of premium to
be charged by all underwriters on metropolitan risks. It has, at present, an execu-
tive committee of forty members. Its standing committees are on Finance, Fire-
Patrol, Laws and Legislation, Surveys, Police and Origin of Fires, Arbitration,
Patents, Membership, and Water Supply. It adopted in 1886 a standard fire-
insurance policy, the form of which is desirable.

The Fire-Patrol is an organization of the Board of Fire-Underwriters, and was
a condition of its charter, "to provide a patrol of men, and a competent person to
act as superintendent, to discover and prevent fires, with suitable apparatus to save
and preserve property or life at and after a fire ; and the better to enable them so

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK 595

to act with promptness and efficiency, full power is given to such superintendent
and to such patrol to enter any building on fire, or which may be exposed to or in
danger of taking fire from other burning buildings, at once proceed to protect and
endeavor to save the property therein, and to remove such property, or any part
thereof, from the ruins after a fire." For the maintenance of this patrol the Board
of Fire-Underwriters obtained the passage of an act obliging all insurance compa-
nies doing business in New York to pay two per cent, of their city premium receipts
semi-annually, as a tax.

The Fire-Patrol existed long before this act, but in a different form. In 1835
the city association of fire-insurance companies paid $1,000 a year to a Fire-Police
of four men ; in 1839 it employed forty members or past members of the Volunteer
Fire-Department as patrolmen at night in the Fifth Fire (the mercantile) District.
In 1845 water-proof covers for merchandise, in 1851 covers for roofs and sky-lights,
in 1864 a steam pumping-engine for drying cellars, were adopted ; but the service
was practically, like the contributions of the insurance companies for the expen-
ses, voluntary. The last statistical record, the record of 189 1, of the present well-
equipped and well-paid Fire-Patrol, shows that during the year 1 89 1 it attended to
2,091 fire-alarms, performed 2,228^ hours of service, spread 9,819 covers, and cared
for property the total insurance on which was $29,897,649, and the total loss
$5,252,659. The Fire-Patrol stations are: No. I, 41 Murray Street, 42 officers
and men ; No. 2, 31 Great Jones Street, 40 officers and men ; No. 3, 104 West 30th
Street, 29 officers and men ; No. 4, 113 East 90th Street, 14 officers and men ; and
No. 5, 307 West 121st Street, 14 officers and men. Abram C. Hull is the super-
intendent. Wm. M. Randall, an old volunteer fireman and underwriter, has long
occupied the office of Secretary to the Fire-Patrol committee.

The Insurance Companies of to-day represent an enormous accumulation
of assets for the payment of losses by fire and the elements. There were $62,997,365
in assets of New- York joint-stock companies ; $107,104,700 in assets of companies
of other States; $2,310,202 in assets of mutual companies; and $52,827,407 in
assets of foreign companies, invested in the fire-insurance business in New York, at
the date of the last report to the Insurance Department, December 31, 189 1.

The history of the following companies is the main history of the fire-insurance
business in New York in its best aspects :

The New-York Bowery Fire-insurance Company, at 124 Bowery and
168 Broadway, was incorporated April 24, 1833. It commenced business Septem-
ber 21, 1833, and at the end of a year had gross assets amounting to $322,818. Its
paid-up cash capital was then $290,318. Now its paid-up cash capital is $300,000,
and the amount of its gross assets is $548,719, invested as follows : New- York City
stock, $150,000; railroad bonds, $76,565; stocks, $204,733; l°ans on bond and
mortgage, $16,200; call loans on collateral security, $3,700; interest accrued,
$4,623; premiums in course of collection, not over ninety days due, $90,532; cash
in bank and office, $1,654; re-insurance due from other companies on losses, $711.
It has a net surplus of $70,521 over all its liabilities, including the capital stock
and the reserve-fund for re-insurance, making a surplus to policy-holders of
$370,521. It has paid in losses by fire, since its organization, $4,772,457. It
passed, without imperilling its constant financial solidity, through the conflagra-
tions of 1835, I&45> 1 87 1 and 1872, by which hundreds of companies were thrown
into bankruptcy. Its President is Henry Silberhorn, its Vice-President is Charles
A. Blauvelt, its Secretary is J. Frank Patterson, New-Yorkers, long and faithful
servants of the company, as were before them Geo. G. Taylor, William Hibbard,

596

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Peter Pinckney, James Lovett, and the first President, Benjamin M. Brown. Per-
sonally acquainted with every phase of the company's experience, the officers and
Board of Directors merit the confidence that the record of the New- York Bowery
Fire-Insurance Company and its financial statement command.

The company has its agencies scattered throughout the United States, but it
seeks to do only the most conservative class of business, moderate lines and well dis-
tributed. The New-York Bowery is virtually, with a single exception, the oldest of
the New-York fire-insurance companies, for, while some have taken the names and
succeeded to the business of older companies, they were either re-organized or
decapitalized after the great fires of 1835 or 1871 and 1872.

The Greenwich Insurance Company, of New York, the principal offices of
which are in the company's own five-story stone-front building at 161 Broadway, has
been uninterruptedly and successfully in business nearly sixty years. It was organ-
ized in 1834. Timothy Whittemore was its first president and held that office 25

NEW-YORK BOWERY FIRE-INSURANCE COMPANY, BOWERY AND GRAND STREET.

years. Samuel C. Harriot was president for 31 years. Joseph Torrey was secretary
13 years. James Harrison was secretary 23 years. Mason A. Stone was secretary
19 years. Such tenures of office indicate an unusual conservatism of policy and
security of operation, and must inevitably inspire confidence in the Greenwich Insur-
ance Company as a strong and secure financial corporation.

The value of property destroyed by fire in the United States was $143,764,967,
an amount larger than the yearly cost of the public schools of America, larger than
the payments to pensioners, larger than the value of the National bank notes in

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

597

circulation, larger than the aggregate yearly cost of the War and Navy Departments,
larger than the coining value of the gold and silver mined in the United States
yearly. It is to save the people from the appalling consequences of such losses,
unrelieved, that the Greenwich and its sister companies are perpetually active.

An institution that has paid nearly $10,000,000 for fire-losses and dividends,
as the Greenwich has, without a single failure or delay in over half a century of
extremely active business, is certainly a firm support to lean upon.

Its capital stock is $200,000 ; and its net surplus January 1, 1891, was nearly
$400,000 ; making, with its capital, a net
surplus, so far as concerns policy-holders,
of $595,000. It owns real estate to the value
of $170,000, and its available assets amount
to about $1,600,000. The Greenwich has
had an honorable career. It has paid losses
amounting to nearly $7,000,000, since it
began business ; and it has paid to its stock-
holders in cash dividends over $2,000,000,
and has never failed to pay a semi-annual
dividend in every year since its organization.
Its business at its home office in the city of
New York is very large, only two of the 140
companies doing business in the city receiv-
ing as large a volume of premiums on New-
York City business as the Greenwich. The
directors of the company own more than 25
per cent, of its stock. The present presi-
dent, Mason A. Stone, has been an officer
of the corporation for 21 years, having been
chosen assistant-secretary in 187 1 and secre-
tary in 1872. Associated with him as a board
of directors, are William II. S. Elting, Quen-
tin McAdam, Solomon W. Albro, James A.
Roosevelt, George Gordon, Allen S. Apgar,
Augustus C. Brown, William P. Douglas,
Samuel W. Harriot, William Brookfield,
Hugh Taylor, Alexander T. Van Nest, John
L. Riker, Robert B. Suckley, Isaac G. John-
son, Joseph P. Puels and Ebenezer Bailey.
Walter B. Ward and William Adams are
assistant-secretaries. The Greenwich has its
agencies in most of the chief cities of this
country. Its policies are sought for by the
best business men of the whole country,
and the fire-insurance agents and brokers
everywhere never hesitate to recommend to their patrons the insurance protection
afforded by the Greenwich Insurance Company.

The Citizens' Insurance Company, at 156 Broadway, was incorporated
April 28, 1836, as the " Williamsburgh Fire-insurance Company" of Williamsburgh,
N. Y., now the Eastern District of Brooklyn ; changed in name to "Citizens' Fire-
insurance Company," and in location to Brooklyn, in 1849 > and amended in title to

THE GREENWICH INSURANCE COMPANY,
161 BROADWAY.

598

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

" Citizens' Insurance Company " simply, in 1865. It had in 1849 a capital of $105,-
000, and gross assets amounting to $131,143. In a quarter of a century, after the
great fires of Chicago and Boston had thrown into bankruptcy a hundred insurance
companies, and crippled and almost ruined many others, the Citizens' Insurance

Company had a capital of $300,000, and
gross assets amounting to $843,802.
This in spite of the fact that the great
fires of Chicago and Boston had multi-
plied by eight its annual average of
losses by fire. At present the Citizens'
Insurance Company has a capital of
$300,000, and gross assets amounting
to $1,081,041. It has a net surplus
ov£r all its liabilities and the reserve
fund for re-insurance, of $228,150. It
has paid for losses, since its organiza-
tion, $6,355,398, about fifty per cent, of
its premium receipts, a smaller propor-
tion of loss than the statistics of the
fire-insurance business concede. The
Citizens' Insurance Company has had
in its entire history three Presidents :
Daniel Burtnett, until 1859 ; James M.
McLean, until 1886 ; and Edward A.
Walton, until the present time. Mr.
McLean was secretary during the entire
period that Mr. Burtnett was president,
and was in the service of the company
for thirty-nine years. Mr. Walton was
secretary until 1881, and from that year
vice-president until 1886, when he be-
came president, and has been in the
service, of the company for forty-three
years. The vice-president is George H.
McLean, a well-known and esteemed New-Yorker, son of the former president of the
company, and in its service for a decade. The secretary is Frank M. Parker, a
prominent citizen of Newark, N. J., and a servant of the company in every depart-
ment for a quarter of a century. Thus the Citizens' Insurance Company has the
advantage of a management intimately allied with every phase of its experience, an
experience which begins with the first years of fire-insurance in this country. It
is allied with the "Hanover" in the operations of the Newr-York Underwriters'
Agency in the South and West.

The Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company was incorporated in 1842 as a
mutual insurance company, without capital other than the sum of $100,000, which
was borrowed as a temporary convenience, and which was returned within two years.
Since its organization, the premiums received from dealers on risks terminated amount
to $182,626,162. The losses paid to dealers on risks insured have been $106,515,-
144. The certificates of profits issued to dealers have amounted to $64,788,180, of
which there have been redeemed in cash $57,841,110, and the cash paid for interest
on certificates amounts to $13,603,748.

CITIZENS' INSURANCE COMPANY, 156 BROADWAY.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

599

Its main, business is the insuring of vessels and their cargoes, as well as inland
transportation risks. Since its incorporation in 1842 it has done a great service to
the commercial interests of New York, by reason of its absolute protection to the
■property of the owners of vessels, the importers and exporters, by making insurance
in their interests. Its gross assets exceed $12,250,000, as may be seen in the
detailed statement. Perhaps some conception of the insurance it grants can be
obtained from the statement that its annual premium receipts alone exceed $5,000,000.
This company is a wholly mutual organization, and for this reason it is a semi-pub-

ATLANTIC MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, WALL AND WILLIAM STREETS.

lie institution. All the profits of the company revert to the insured, and are divided
yearly upon the premiums terminated during the year, thereby reducing the cost of
insurance. These dividends are paid in interest-bearing certificates known as ' ' scrip, "
which are in time redeemed by the company. Provision is made for issuing policies
by which the losses are payable in England.

January 1, 1892, the company's assets amounted to $12,278,582, and in the
preceding year its gross premiums aggregated $5,256,865, while the losses
paid amounted to $1,836,325, and return of premiums and expenses, $784,790.
The company owns its own office-building on Wall Street, at the corner of William
Street. Its plain and substantial appearance indicates the solid conservative corpo-
ration whose offices it contains. When it was built, in 1852, it was the finest office -
building on Wall Street, but now it is overshadowed by many superb structures, so
that it seems to be a conspicuous landmark of two generations ago. European
countries boast of long records of officers of their great corporations, and the civil-
service advocates make great claims for the advancement of men in various posi-
tions, but the Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company has a record in this particular

6oo

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

hardly equalled on either continent. Its President, John D. Jones, has been con-
tinuously an officer almost coeval with the history of the company for 50 years, first
as its Secretary, and for the past 37 years as its President. Its Vice-President,
W. H. H. Moore, has been connected with the company for 37 years ; the Second
Vice-President, A. A. Raven, for 40 years ; the Secretary, Joseph H. Chapman, for
38 years ; four of those holding very important positions have been continuously
connected with the company for 40 years and over ; and a number of its trustees, of
the leading influential men of New York, have served on the Board continuously for
more than a quarter of a century.

The peculiar constitution and methods of the Atlantic Mutual have made it an
interesting study for insurance experts, as well as an invincible tower of strength to
all shipowners who can avail themselves of its splendid defence.

The Broadway Insurance Company, of 158 Broadway, was founded by emi-
nent men of business in 1849, w'tn a paid-up cash capital of $200,000. In New

York in its 43 years of ex-
perience many disastrous fires
have occurred ; a hundred
or more fire-insurance com-
panies have been ruined ;
many have assessed their
stockholders ; and some have
gone out of business, simply
because they have found their
business unprofitable ; but
the Broadway has steadily
progressed. Prudently and
intelligently managed, just
and prompt in its treatment
of losses, it has accumulated
assets amounting to $458,-
490, and retained intact its
capital, while paying out the
equivalent several times over,
in losses and dividends. Its
total liabilities, actual and
contingent, including reserve-
fund for unearned premiums,
amount to $107,497. The
Broadway has a net surplus
over all its liabilities of
$35°>993> as regards policy-
holders; of $150,993, deduct-
ing the amount of its capital
stock. Its risks are selected
with great care, and wisely
investments are made with a preference for safety rather
profit. The Broadway's premium income for 189 1 was

BROADWAY INSURANCE COMPANY, 158 BROADWAY.

disseminated, and its
than for considerable
$157,705, and its gradual growth to that amount, year by year, makes a praise-
worthy record of conservative underwriting. It tells how ample for its needs are
the resources, how secure are the customers, of the Broadway Insurance Company.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

601

The officers of the company are Eugene B. Magnus, President ; and George W.
Jones, Secretary.

The Niagara Fire-insurance Company owns and occupies its own five-story
stone-front building at 135 and 137 Broadway. It was incorporated December 29,
1849, and commenced business August I, 1850, with a paid-up cash capital of $200,-
000. In 1864 it had paid the equivalent of its capital more than twice in dividends,
and more than twice in losses, and yet accumulated a large surplus. The capital
was increased
to $1,000,000 in
1864. In I 87 I
came the Chicago
fire, which d e -
stroyed property
to the value of
$200,000,000,
ruined 68 com-
panies and forced
24 to assess their
stockholders.
The next year
came the Boston
fire, which d e -
stroyed property
to the value of

$73» 500>000> and
ruined several

other companies.
The Niagara paid
at once every
claim, and re-
duced its capital
to $500,000.
There was not a
moment of hesita-
tion in its affairs.
The company

wished to prove, and it proved, that it was ready for any emergency. Its progress
in twenty years has been constant. The assets, which were $1,264,538 at the end
of 1872, were at the end of 1891, $2,723,185. The total liabilities, actual and con-
tingent, including the re-insurance fund, are $1,902,401. The company has a
surplus, as regards policy-holders, of $820,784. Its business is excellent ; its invest-
ments sacrifice speculative profits in favor of absolute security ; its management is
celebrated for its carefulness.

The officers of the company are personally allied with every phase of its history.
The first presidents were W. B. Bend, in 1850 ; Jonathan D. Steele, in 1852 ; and
Henry A. Howe, in 1 87 1. The President now is Peter Notman. He attained the
office in 187 1, having been secretary since 1 86 1. The Vice-President is Thos. F.
Goodrich, who became connected with the company in 1880 as Secretary. The
Secretary is George C. Howe, who has been with the company since he was fifteen
years of age. In 18S4 he was appointed assistant-secretary.

NIAGARA FIRE-INSURANCE COMPANY, 135 AND 137 BROADWAY.

602

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Niagara Fire-insurance Company, in 1892, consummated the arrangements by
which it takes charge of the entire American business of the Caledonian Fire-Insur-
ance Company of Scotland, and, by means of the two corporations utilizing the same
organization, they are enabled to do the double business at about the cost formerly
sustained alone by the Niagara.

The Hanover Fire-insurance Company, at 40 Nassau Street, was incor-
porated April 6, 1852, and commenced business April 16th, with John N. Wyckoff
as President, and a cash capital of $150,000. This was increased to $200,000 in
1857, and to $400,000 in 1863; and reduced to $250,000 after the losses by the
Boston fire, in 1872, which ruined so many companies, had been paid ; increased
within four months to $400,000, in 1873 5 an<^ to $500,000, in 1875, by a stock divi-
dend of $100,000. Now the cash capital is $1,000,000, and the gross assets are

$2,551,330. The amount is made up of real
estate, $250,000; United-States bonds, $1 14,085 ;
bonds and mortgages, first liens on improved
real-estate in New York and Brooklyn, $23,000;
State and city bonds, $483,750; loans on call,
$850; cash in banks and in office, $86,139;
railroad first-mortgage bonds, $746,781; bank
and trust companies' stocks, $177,345 ; railroad,
gas and telegraph companies' stocks, $508,856;
premiums in hands of agents, in course of trans-
mission, and uncollected office premiums, $149,-
427; accrued interest, $8,846; other property,
$2,154. The Hanover Fire-Insurance Company
^j /" J J has a net surplus over its capital, liabilities and

^ J v| JkC'^ reserve-fund for re-insurance, of $455,438. Its

|| v Jj T Wk ^ * President is I. Remsen Lane, who has been con-

di I fen' ■' Bill nected with the company for nearly thirty years.

The Vice-President and Secretary is Charles L.
Roe. The Assistant-Secretary is Charles A.
Shaw. Thomas James is General Agent. The
Hanover Fire-Insurance Company is distinctively
an institution of New York. It never passed a
dividend. It has paid 440 per cent, to stock-
holders in its forty years of life. It has paid for

HANOVER FIRE-INSURANCE COMPANY, , , r ^ r> t • i i • -i • i i

40 NA83AU street. losses by fire $13,208,000. It is allied with the

"Citizens" in the operations of the New- York Underwriters' Agency in the South
and West. The president of the Hanover for many years was the late Benjamin
S. Walcott.

The New-York Underwriters' Agency, at 32 Nassau Street, is under the
management of Alexander Stoddart. It is formed of the Hanover Fire-insurance
Company and of the Citizens' (Fire) Insurance Company, and issues by its agents
throughout the South and West a single policy representing assets amounting to
$3*632,371, and a net surplus over all liabilities of $683,588. It represents the
combined strength and integrity of two fire-insurance companies which promptly
paid every cent of their losses by the conflagrations which destroyed the business
districts of Chicago and Boston, and ruined hundreds of insurance companies. It
has its own independent record, the record of an organization as distinct as either
of the companies that form it. With the public and with al^ the prominent fire-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

603

insurance agents of the country the name of the New- York Underwriters' Agency is
a synonym for correct business methods. Its agents are its firm friends, and it
carefully guards their interests. It is equitable in its adjustments of losses, it is
prompt in meeting its obligations, it is an honor and an advantage to every agent
by whom it is represented, for its policy of insurance is a guarantee of absolute
safety. There is no institution with which the interests of the people of the West
and South are more closely allied.

Mr Stoddart was the originator of the plan, since quite often followed, of utiliz-
ing the combined assets of two or more companies by means of issuing a single policy

NEW-YORK UNDERWRITERS' AGENCY ; ALEXANDER STODDART, GENERAL AGENT ; 32 NASSAU STREET.

to the insured ; thus giving to the insured far greater security, and affording to the
companies a minimum of cost in securing and carrying on the. business. The general
offices of the New-York Underwriters' Agency have been in the Mutual Life-insur-
ance Building on Nassau Street ever since that magnificent building was completed.
Sketches of the Citizens' and the Hanover Fire-insurance companies appear elsewhere
in this chapter.

The Home Insurance Company of New York is, with a single exception,
the greatest of all the fire-insurance companies of America. The Home was organ-
ized April 13, 1853, and has had almost forty years of success and steady growth.
From the start it has been a national institution, seeking its patronage from every
nook and corner of the whole country, and the traditions and experiences of the
agency business might readily be written within the records of this company. It
was the pioneer New-York company to enter the agency business, and, jointly with
a few of the oldest Hartford companies, it was the founder of the whole business of
fire-underwriting through agencies. It started with a cash capital of $500,000,
at that time considered an enormous amount for a fire-insurance company. It has

604

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

since been increased — in 1858, to $ 600,000 ; in 1859, to $1,000,000; in 1864, to
$2,000,000 ; in 1870, to $2,500,000 ; and in 1875, to $3,000,000, at which it still
remains, equalled by only one other American company. Its gross assets, which
exceed $9,000,000, are also equalled by only one other company. It has passed
through all the great fires of the last forty years, and after the Chicago fire its
stock-holders almost spontaneously paid in $1,500,000, to more than make good
its impairment of capital, so as to leave the Home richer in assets and stronger in
reputation than ever before. At the beginning of the year 1892 its gross assets
were $9,370,640, which included its great reserve premium fund of $4,117,657,
besides a net surplus over its capital of $3,000,000, and ail liabilities, of $1,290,390.

HOME INSURANCE COMPANY, 117 AND 119 BROADWAY.

It had also set aside $735,342 for unpaid losses, and $227,250 for other items. A
glance at its detailed statement shows conclusively that its enormous assets are judici-
ously invested, with a keen provision for any extraordinary demand that may come
up in any emergency. Its officers are men of ripe experience, several having been
identified with the company since its beginning. Its President is Daniel A. Heald.
The Vice-Presidents are John H. Washburn and Elbridge G. Snow ; the Secretaries,
William L. Bigelow and Thomas B. Greene ; and the Assistant-Secretaries are
Henry J. Ferris and Areunah M. Burtis ; altogether forming a coterie of fire-under-
writers that commands the respect of the whole profession ; and the Board of Direc-
tors includes a most distinguished body of New- York business men. The company's
New- York offices for sixteen years were at 135 Broadway, but at the completion of
the Boreel Building, in 1879, at I:7 an(^ ll9 Broadway, it took possession of its
present offices, the main floor being one of the largest and grandest offices on this

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

605

continent. In Chicago the " Home " built, in 1885-86, and still owns, one of the best
of those gigantic and admirable office-buildings for which the Western metropolis is
famous. The Home Insurance Company has its ramifications everywhere, and its
corps of reporting agents would make an army of about 3,500 men. Founded, built
up, and conducted on the broadest, most progressive, and most generous lines, the
"Home" is an institution that, in its field, brings the utmost credit to the Ameri-
can metropolis.

The Rutgers Fire-insurance Company, on Chatham Square, at the junc-
tion of Park Row, Mott and Worth Streets, was incorporated October 3d, and com-
menced business October 10,
1853. "Are you insured?"
For thirty - nine years the
New-Yorkers have read and
heard this startling question
of the Rutgers. " Are you
insured? Rutgers Fire-
insurance Company," on
the signboard in front of its
plain, unpretentious build-
ing, on its policies, bills,
letter-paper, cards; in the
flames that made the sky
red ; in the alarm-bells of
the City Hall in the days
when firemen were volun-
teers. Are you insured?
It is like a cry of conscience.
In thirty-nine years there
were many who did not heed
it ; there were many who
heeded it partly, insuring in
other companies, some of
which failed, some of which
were ruined by the fire in
Chicago, some of which were
burned out of life in Boston,
and some perhaps by in-
judicious management, but
the Rutgers never desisted
a moment. Are you insured ?
The most intelligent New-
Yorkers have always understood. It is not everything to have a policy of insur-
ance ; is it a policy of the Rutgers? The company began with a capital of $200,000.
It has paid nearly six times the amount of its capital in dividends to its stockholders ;
it has paid $1,315,244 to its policy-holders for losses; it has contributed hand-
somely to the business supremacy of New York ; but it has its capital of $200,000
intact, and a net surplus of $134,576 over all its liabilities, including its reserve-
fund for re-insurance. Are you insured? The President of the Rutgers in 1853 until
1866 was Hon. Isaac O. Barker, an eminent New-Yorker, and President of the
Board of Aldermen. At his death, Edward B. Fellows, who had been secretary

RUTGERS FIRE-INSURANCE CO., PARH
MOTT STREETS.

606 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

since the first day of the company's existence, and one of its originators, became
President. He is the President now. It was principally by his influence that the
office of Fire-Marshal was created, in June, 1854. He has had a share in every labor
for the improvement of New York within the lines of the fire-insurance business.
The Rutgers has never changed. If the members of its Board of Directors who
have died should return they would find the table at which they sat, familiar furni-
ture, well-known office surroundings. The Rutgers has improved with age ; every
decade has made it stronger and stronger. Its funds are wisely invested, its affairs
are managed with economy and ability.

The Williamsburgh City Fire-insurance Company, at 150 Broadway, has
contributed to the commercial supremacy of New York one of its strongest, most
conservative and best-managed institutions ; and to its architectural interest the tall
and graceful brick-and-stone building at the northeast corner of Broadway and Lib-
erty Street, a model office-building, erected on a site formerly occupied by houses of
the Jumel estate. The structure is equipped with Worthington pumps, electric lights,
and other modern conveniences. The company was organized by men of business,
in 1853, with a capital of $150,000, and Edmund Driggs, well identified as a public-
spirited citizen with the interests of two cities, as president. The first policy issued
by the company was in the handwriting of his son, Marshall S. Driggs, who upon
the death of his father, in 1889, succeeded him as president. In 39 years of history,
the company never had a cause for a radical change of officers, or of official methods ;
and it was ever regarded with the respect and affection that it commands at present.
It passed by the experience of the Chicago and Boston fires without making an assess-
ment on its stockholders, despite its prompt payment of the losses that these fires
caused ; and it was so firmly established in public confidence that its marvelous
accomplishment seemed a matter of course. In 1867 the capital was increased to
$250,000; the assets were then $425,743. In 1883 the charter of the company
expired ; the Insurance Department made an examination of its affairs, and granted
a renewal of its charter for another term of thirty years. How profitable it has been
to the stockholders may be determined from the fact that the company has paid in
dividends the sum of $1,252,500, which is 608 per cent, or at the rate of 16 per cent,
a year. How beneficial it has been to the insured may be determined from the
fact that it has paid in losses, to January 1, 1892, the sum of $6,521,703. Its
assets are $1,527,173, invested as follows : real estate, $634,844 ; bonds and mort-
gages, $437,850; United- States bonds and other stocks, $346,857 ; loans on stock,
$6,000; cash, $18, 156 ; premiums due, $68,283; interest due, $5,128; rents accrued,
$7,540; other items, $2,516. The company has a net surplus of $612,476, overall
its liabilities, including the capital stock and reserve for re-insurance and all contin-
gent liabilities. The officers of the company are : Marshall S. Driggs, President ;
F. H. Way, Secretary ; Jesse Watson, General Agent ; and W. H. Brown and A.
W. Giroux, Assistant-Secretaries.

The American Fire-insurance Company, at 146 Broadway, was incorpo-
rated in 1857. In i860 its assets were $269,671 ; in 1870 they were $743,405 ; in
1880 they were $1,044,604. The first of January, 1892, they were $1,685,083.
In 1868 the American was one of 95 New- York-State insurance companies ; in 1870,
one of 96 ; in 1880, one of 78 ; in 1891, one of 41. It has staying qualities unsur-
passed by any other company. Its first President was James M. Halsted, who
remained in office until his death, in 1888. Its present President came into the
service of the company in 1862, was Assistant-Secretary in 1866, afterward Secre-
tary, Vice-President in 1887, and naturally succeeded James M. Halsted. Its first

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

607

WILLIAMSBURG CITY FIRE-INSURANCE COMPANY.

BROADWAY AND LIBERTY STREET.

6o8

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Secretary was Frederick W. Downer, until 1865 ; its second, Thomas L. Thornell,
until 1880; its third, David Adee, now President, then assisted by William H. Cro-
lius, now Secretary, for 27 years in the company's service. The Assistant-Secre-
tary, Charles P. Peirce, was cashier for 20 years, and has been an employee of the
company for 25 years. The Agency Manager, Silas P. Wood, has also been con-
nected with the company for a number of years. Few companies anywhere have
their experience more intimately allied with their officers. Few have made better
use of their opportunities. The American passed without injury through the con-
flagrations of Boston and Chicago, and despite the depression in business of later
years, from which so many strong institutions have suffered, has accumulated a sur-
plus, over unearned premiums and other liabilities, amounting to $642, 167. Prompt
in its adjustment of losses, and zealous in the interest of its policy-holders, the
American unites all the qualities that command implicit confidence. Its capital is
$400,000; its re-insurance reserve, $792,552 ; its gross liabilities, $1,042,915 and its

gross assets, $1,685,083.

The German Ameri-
can Insurance Company,
at 115 Broadway, was organ-
ized March 7, 1872, by mer-
chants, among whom were
some of the most eminent
dry-goods men of the city.
It has a capital of $1,000,-
000, and gross assets amount-
ing to $5,879,208, thus in-
vested : United States, New-
York City, and Brooklyn
City Bonds, $1,410,988; St.
Louis, Portland, Ore., Atlan-
ta and Nashville city bonds,
$213,500; railroad bonds,
$1,590,107; railroad stocks,
$1,497,931; New-York City
bank stocks, $121,365;
New-York City gas-com-
panies' stocks, $140,250;
Standard Oil Trust Stock,
$84, 500 ; Western Union
Telegraph Company stock,
$83,750; casn m banks,

GERMAN AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY, 115 BROADWAY. tl'USt-COmpanieS and Office

and with department managers, $420,775 ; premiums in course of collection and
accrued interest, $316,044. Above ail its liabilities and reserve-fund for re-insur-
ance it has a surplus of $2, 255,389. The President of the company is E. Oelberr
mann, the head of one of the wealthiest and greatest of American importing houses ;
the Vice-President is John W. Murray, an old and experienced fire-underwriter, who
was secretary at the organization ; the Second Vice-President and Secretary is James
A. Silvey ; the Third Vice-President is George T. Patterson ; the Assistant-Secre-
tary of the local department is A. M. Thorburn ; the Assistant-Secretaries of the
Agency Department are W. S. Newell and P. E. Rasor. In its Board of Directors,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

609

AMERICAN FIRE-INSURANCE COMPANY.

MUTUAL LIFE BUILDING, BROADWAY AND LIBERTY STREET.

6io

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

in its managing officers, in the character of its investments, the German-American
Insurance Company is excellent. In the just pride with which it is regarded as an
institution of New York, the share of praise to be divided between its sound financial
and skilful underwriting departments could not easily be figured. It started at the
time of the great Chicago and Boston fires, with a paid-up capital of immense mag-
nitude, and its career has been steadily and remarkably successful.

The Western Department of the German American has its headquarters at
Chicago, under Eugene Cary. Manager, and Rogers Porter, Assistant- Manager.
The Pacific Department is managed by George H. Tyson, General Agent, at San
Francisco.

The Liverpool, London and Globe Insurance Company is one of the
greatest insurance corporations in the world. It was founded in 1836, as the Liver-
pool Insurance Co. ; acknowledged its success at the British metropolis by taking
the title of the Liverpool and London Insurance Co., in 1848 ; and in 1864 acquired
the business and title of the Globe Insurance Co. In 185 1 it opened an American
business, which has already paid over $53,000,000 in fire-losses, and accumulated a
surplus of $3,000,000. In the Chicago and Boston fires the company lost $4,670,000,
and paid every cent of it. The New- York resident manager is Henry W. Eaton;

the deputy-manager, Geo. W.
Hoyt.

The Guardian Fire and
Life Assurance Company,
of London, England, whose
American headquarters are at
50 Pine Street, in New- York
City, was organized in 1821,
private bankers taking its 12,-
525 shares of $500 each. In
1822 the capital was increased
to $10,000,000; of this ten per
cent., or $1,000,000, was paid
up. For seven years there were
paid no dividends, but the en-
tire profits on the fire and life
branches, which were from the
first kept distinct, were added
to the paid capital, and made
it $2,000,000. In 1835 profits
had increased this capital to
$2,750,000, and in 184 1 to
$3,000,000, although annual
dividends of five per cent, were
regularly paid. Later, the
capital paid up was increased
to its present amount of $5,-
000,000. The original deed
of settlement provided for the
closest attention of the share-
holders to the affairs of the
company, but they were never

DOWN-TOWN CLUB.

GUARDIAN BUILDING.

GUARDIAN ASSURANCE CO. , OF LONDON, 50 PINE STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

611

called upon by any emergency to suggest radical changes in the management.
Special Acts of Parliament in 1850 and 1866 granted the additional powers that
increase of business and experience suggested. In 1872 the Guardian extended its
operations to the United States, made the required deposit, and established under
the direction of Frank H. Carter a fully
equipped branch-office in New York.
Since the death. of Mr. Carter, in 1876,
Henry E. Bowers has been the Ameri-
can manager. In 1873 the United-
States assets were $436,269, and
the premium income $104,838. In
1891 the assets were $1,785,587, and
the premium income $ 1, 103,099.03. In
ten years the total fire-premiums of the
company were doubled. The Guardian
has paid about $5,000,000 for losses
by fire in the United States, and while
its policy-holders are amply protected
by its large assets in this country, they
have the additional security of the
largest paid-up capital of any fire-insur-
ance company in the world. The total
funds which the Guardian Fire and
Life Assurance Company has available
for the protection of its policy-holders
amount to $22,000,000. The United-
States assets are invested in United-
States, New- York City and excellent
railroad bonds. Its gross American
assets in 1892 amount to $1,684,717,
of which $898,351 is held for re-insur-
ance reserve.

The Northern Assurance Com-
pany, of London, England, whose
principal United- States office is at 38
Pine Street, New York, was organized
in 1836, and commenced business the
same year. Its head-offices are in
London, England, and in Aberdeen,
Scotland. One of the largest and
strongest among the older British
companies, it does business in all the
civilized portions of the world, and is
noted for its careful and successful
management. The marvellous growth
of the company appears in the record
of its fire-premiums, which were $4, -
500, in 1836 ; $14,500, in 1840; $19,-
000, in 1845 5 $40,000, in 1850 ;

$276,500, 111 I855 > $607,000, 111 i860 ; NORTHERN ASSURANCE CO. OF LONDON, 38 PINE STREET.

612 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

$820,000, in 1865 ; $1,068,000, in 1870; $1,756,500, in 1875 ; $2,223,000, in i<
$2,886,500, in 1885 ; and $3,446,500, in 1891. In Great Britain the company does
a fire and life insurance business. In the United States its business is restricted to
fire-insurance only. Its United-States assets, December 31, 1891, were $1,634,463 ;
unpaid losses, unearned premiums, and all actual and contingent liabilities, $1,083,-
362. The company has, specially deposited with the Insurance Departments of the
several States, and with trustees in New York, securities to the value of $1,258,120,
none of which it may withdraw or remove while it has any existing liability in the
United States. Since its organization the company has received, in fire-premiums
alone, $60,942,855 ; and paid in fire-losses alone, $35,544,066. It is represented in
nearly all the States, cities, principal towns and villages of the United States and
Canada. Its territory in the United States is divided into five departments : The
New-York, Middle-States and Southern Department, the head-office of which is at
38 Pine Street, New York, and the manager, George W. Babb, Jr.; the New-
England Department, the head-office of which is at 27 Kilby Street, Boston, and the
manager, Howard S. Wheelock ; the Central Department, the head-office of which is
at 69 West Third Street, Cincinnati, and the manager, Warren F. Goodwin ; the
Northwestern Department, the head-office of which is at 226 La Salle Street, Chi-
cago, and the manager, William D. Crooke ; and the Pacific-Coast Department, the
head-office of which is in San Francisco, and the manager, George F. Grant. A
feature of the company's personnel is that nearly all its officials served in the ranks,
and attained their pi-esent positions by promotion. Its highest official began at the
lowest grade. The growth of the company has been steady and uninterrupted. It
has established a fire fund, co-extensive with its net surplus, to meet extraordinary
conflagrations. No conflagration which can be considered possible could retard for
a single hour the operations of the Northern Assurance Company. Its accommo-
dations to its policy-holders, and its equitable and prompt adjustment of losses,
have made it popular with its customers and agents. Its vast resources furnish cer-
tain indemnity. The cut on preceding page represents the Northern's graceful stone
building, completed in 1889, and entirely occupied for its own use.

The Lancashire Insurance Company was established in the year 1852, by
an influential body of merchants and manufacturers, resident chiefly in Manchester,
England, where the head-office of the company is ; also in London, Liverpool, Glas-
gow, and in fact in all the important cities of Great Britain. The success of the Lan-
cashire Insurance Company is marked, and is attributable to the wealth and influence
of its large body of stockholders, as well as to the liberality and promptitude with
which all its transactions are carried out. The company entered the United States
in 1872, and since that time has gained the esteem and confidence of the American
public, evidence of which -is to be found in the large and growing income of its
United-States branch. On turning to the New- York Insurance Report for the year
1892, we find that this substantial company had assets, in the United States, amount-
ing in the aggregate to $2,901,392. Its aggregate liabilities, including reserve for
unearned premiums, amounted to $2,573,624. The aggregate income received dur-
ing the year in cash was $2,883,752, and the aggregate expenditures amounted to
$2,458,968.

George Stewart, general manager of the company, has occupied that position since
the year 1858, from which time the company has risen steadily to the position of one
of the wealthiest organizations of Great Britain. The company's first heavy fire-loss
in American experience was at the time of the Boston conflagration in 1872, when
all its claims were settled promptly and satisfactorily. In 1880 the Scottish Com-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

613

mercial Insurance Company of Glasgow, Scotland, was amalgamated with the Lan-
cashire ; and in 1891 it absorbed the three American companies familiarly known as
the "Armstrong Trio." The chief offices of the company are at 25 Pine Street, New
York, in its own building, the cost price of which appears among the assets of the com-
pany as #382,993. The Lancashire is represented in every important city in the
United States, and has a Board of Trustees consisting of Donald Mackay, of the
banking firm of Vermilye & Company ; Cornelius N. Bliss, of the well-known mer-
cantile firm of Bliss, Fabyan & Co. ; and Horace J. Fairchild, of the H. B. Claflin
Co. The United-States Manager is Edward Litchfield ; and the Assistant United-
States Manager is Dan Winslow. The Manager for the Western Department is P.
A. Montgomery; the General Agent for the Central Department is H. K. Lindsey,
of Cincinnati ; the General Agent for the Southern Department is Major Hutson
Lee, of Charleston ; and for the Texas Department, S. O. Cotton & Brother, of
Houston. The General Agents
for the Pacific- Slope Department
are Mann & Wilson. When the
"Armstrong Trio" was absorbed
by the Lancashire, the company
created a new and separate de-
partment, known as the General
American Department, which is
under the management of George
Pritchard. J. C. Corbet, is the
Secretary.

The Lancashire's New-York
building is a most conspicuous
feature on Pine Street ; looming
up as a giant beside the United
States Sub-Treasury building.

Other New -York Fire-
insurance Companies are, the
Eagle Fire, Continental, Peter
Cooper, Farragut, United States,
Manufacturers' and Builders',
North River, Stuyvesant, West-
chester, Alliance, Commonwealth,
Empire City, Exchange, Ger-
mania, Globe, Guardian, Ham-
ilton,- Liberty, National, New
York, Pacific, Peoples, and
Standard.

There are a number of New-
York companies in process of
liquidation ; the rates or pre-
miums generally being too low,
and the commissions and com-
pulsory expenses too high, for
the smaller companies to earn
the dividends expected by their
stockholders. Lancashire insurance co. , of Manchester, 25 pine street.

614

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

BIRD'S-EYE VIEW FROM WASHINGTON BUILDING LOOKING SOUTHEAST.

Companies for Protection of Widows, Orphans and Others, and

for Providing Incomes in Advanced Age, Etc., and

Life-Insurance Associations.

IN 1769 the Proprietaries of the Province of Pennsylvania obtained charters in
Pennsylvania, New York and New Jersey for the " Corporation for the Relief of
the Widows and Children of Clergymen of the Communion of the Church of Eng-
land in America." In 1797 the Legislature of Pennsylvania authorized a division of
the funds among the three States. In 1798 the Legislature of New York recognized
the New-York branch as "The Corporation for the Relief of the Widows and Chil-
dren of Clergymen of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the State of New York."
In 1798 the " United Insurance Company " and the " New- York Insurance Company
for Maritime Insurance " were chartered, to insure lives as well as vessels, houses
and goods ; but their life-insurance privilege was unused. The " Union," chartered
in 1818 to do a marine and life insurance business, and the " New- York Mechanics'
Life-Insurance and Coal Company, " incorporated in 1812, "with power to make
insurance upon lives or in any way depending upon lives, to grant annuities and to
open, find out, discover and work coal-beds," issued only an insignificant number of
life-policies. In 1830 the "New- York Life-Insurance and Trust Company" was
chartered. It had a capital of $1,000,000, and thirty trustees, among whom were
Van Rensselaer, Verplanck, Bloodgood, Lenox, and Lorillard ; but in nine years it
had issued only 1,821 policies, 694 of which were in force, for $2,451,958, at the
end of 1839. In 1841 the Nautilus Insurance Company and an existing marine cor-
poration, the New-York Mutual Insurance Company, were chartered, with power to
combine fire, life and marine business. The Nautilus did no business until 1845.
In 1849 its name was changed to the New- York Life-Insurance Company. In 1842
the Mutual Life-insurance Company was chartered. It began business in February,
1843, an(l thus won the honor of being the first mutual life-insurance company of
New York. The New- York Life-insurance and Trust Company and all other life-
corporations previously formed in New York had been proprietary. The Mutual
and the Nautilus made a new era. In nineteen months the Mutual had issued 796
policies, as follows : merchants and clerks, 396 ; brokers, 37 ; officers of incorpor-
ated companies, 34 ; lawyers, 46 ; clergymen, 30 ; physicians, 26 ; mechanics, 36 ;
manufacturers, 25 ; college-professors and students, 26 ; army and navy officers, 116 ;
and farmers, 24. It had received nearly $90,000.

In 185 1 all the life-companies doing business in New York were required by
the New-York deposit law, passed in April, to deposit with the comptroller of the
State, within ten months, $100,000, in two installments. Other States adopted
retaliatory measures against the companies of New York, until the law was modified

616 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

in 1853, when outside companies were allowed to make the required deposits in
their own States. In 1856 the New- York State comptroller published the state-
ments of eleven American companies, with total assets of $18,804,303. In 1859
the first National meeting of life-underwriters was convened, at the Astor House, in
New York. Vital statistics, extra rates, renewal of lapsed policies, and State legis-
lation received then careful considei"ation. In 186 1 the Insurance Departments of
New York and Massachusetts were agreed in a doctrine that the standing of each
company, for State purposes, must be judged from its present status and its past
receipts and expenditures, although they differed in the method of testing net valua-
tion. * Without precedent or aid from England, they made perfect the system of
State supervision. In 1859 the life-insurance companies of New York had assets
amounting to $10,000,000, only $770,000 of which was invested in stocks or bonds
of any description. In 1863, when the war was at its height, they had assets
amounting to $17,000,000, and one-third and more of the amount, $7,000,000, was
invested with patriotic purpose in securities of the United States. They took the
life-risks of the war with similar public spirit. Their policies increased by over
7,000 during 1862, while in 186 1 the increase was only 1,300. After the war the
increase was constant until 1869, when it fell to 123,631, from 136,454 in 1868. In
1876 the number of life-insurance companies authorized to transact business in New-
York was decreased by 25, but the remaining 45 companies had a larger volume of
business than the 70 companies of 1870. At present there are 31 insurance com-
panies authorized to transact business in New York. Their assets amount to $819,-
404,851, and $489,018,671 of that sum, much more than half, is the property of
New-York companies. The New- York companies have an aggregate surplus as
regards policy-holders of $57,801,053, the companies of other States of $38,555.-
854. The income for 1891 of the New-York companies was $134,266,532 ; of the
companies of other States, $67,664,892. The expenditures for 1891 of all the
companies were, for claims, $62,731,496 ; for lapses and surrendered, $16,230,890 ;
for dividends to policy-holders, $13,991,225 ; for dividends to stock-holders, $488,-
062; for commissions, $21,379,690; for salaries and fees of medical examiners,
$8,246,316; miscellaneous, $12,724,365; a total of $135,792,048. The sum of
$92,953,613 was paid to policy-holders. The cost of management, including divi-
dends to stock-holders was $42,838,434.

The history of life-insurance is best told in the records of the following
companies :

The Mutual Life-insurance Company is on Nassau Street, between Liberty
Street and Cedar Street, in its beautiful white stone building, on the site formerly
occupied by the Post Office, originally the Middle Dutch Church, and at 140 to 146
Broadway, in the white stone building of its agency offices. This corporation leads
the life-insurance business of the United States, by which the life-insurance business
of the world is led. The Mutual Life-insurance Company, incorporated April 12,
1842, by 36 merchants, waited until $1, 000,000 of insurance had been subscribed ;
until one-half of the amount that it had taken a proprietary company nine years to
accumulate had been pledged ; and the first day of February, 1843, opened the first
mutual life-insurance office in New York. Its cash receipts that day were $109.50 ;
its cash receipts in nineteen months were $90,000. Its chronicles have the splen-
dor of Oriental tales, but every phase of them has a realistic element of arduous
labor and incessant watchfulness. Professor Charles Gill was appointed actuary of
the company in 1849. He was famous as a teacher of mathematics, and had been
from the age of 17 a constant contributor to mathematical works. He compiled the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

617

618 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

first distinctively American system of rates and tables. His formulae embraced every
question that could then be foreseen in the company's experience. Frederick S.
Winston became President in 1852. In 1856 a board of examiners reported : "This
institution, in the method of its administration, was never so judicious ; in the prin-
ciples of its transactions, never so sound ; or in the general conduct of its affairs,
never so safe and prosperous, as at the present moment." To mention the fact that
subsequent boards of examiners repeated variations of the same report is unnecessary.
The vital statistics of the United States were made for the Mutual Life-insurance
Company by Dr. Wynne ; and they were universally accepted as the most valuable
work on the subject in America. The Mutual Life-insurance Company compiled a
mortuary table of its experience, and in 1868 it was published, under the name of
the American Experience, and adopted by New York as the legal standard of the
State. In 1872 commutation and other extensive tables were published, based on
the Mutual Life Experience. In 1876 the company issued its Mortality Report, the
standard authority on all questions relating to the laws of American insured lives.
Financial ability was never less characteristic of the company than mathematical
precision. Always, as at present, it adhered to a rigid cash basis ; confined its con-
tracts to insurance and annuities upon life ; made its investments at home with
regard to safety and not speculative rates of interest ; and won advantages by merit,
not by purchase. It is ideally a policy-holders' company. The original terms of
the charter required the application of all dividends to the purchase of a paid-up
policy, and they were modified that the assured might convert his dividend into an
annuity, or to the payment of an annual premium. Dividends were declared quin-
quennially from 1848 to 1863. In 1866 a triennial dividend of nearly $3,000,000 was
credited. Since 1 867, every year has produced an annual dividend, ranging in amounts
from $2,500,000 to $5,000,000. In 1850 the company had in assets $1,000,000 ;
in 1863, $10,000,000 ; in 1876, $78,000,000. Its assets at present are $158,124,-
245, the exclusive property of the holders of 225,507 policies. The Mutual Life-
insurance Company has received for premiums in 49 years, $422,503,232; in
interest, $120,784,636. It has paid to members, for claims by death, $119,372,-
673; for dividends, $82,949,133; and for surrendered policies, $93,741,088. It
has 225,507 policies now in force, insuring $695,484, 158. There is no other institu-
tion rivalling it in financial magnitude. There is no institution with which the
interests of Americans are more closely allied than with the Mutual Life-Insurance
Company. Its president is R. A. McCurdy.

The New-York Life-Insurance Company, which divides with the Mutual
Life the honor of being the only purely mutual life-insurance companies in
New- York State, owns and occupies a handsome white marble edifice at 346 and 348
Broadway, corner of Leonard Street. The site is a favorite one with old New-
Yorkers, having been formerly occupied by the Society Library. The present build-
ing, erected in 1868-70, is 60 by 172 feet, and five stories in height above the base-
ment. When first built, it was only three stories high, but the now universally-used
Otis passenger-elevator was first introduced into this building, and resulted in
the adding of two new stories. These five stories are all required for the company's
offices, so vast has its business become, while the basement and sub-cellar are occu-
pied by the Manhattan Safe-Deposit & Storage Company. The location is an ideal
one for both purposes, being open on three sides to light and air. The New- York
Life was organized in 1845 5 anc* after 47 years' business, during which time it has
paid to its members over $155,000,000, it holds as security for contracts now (Jan-
uary 1, 1892) in force $125,947,291. Of this vast amount over $15,000,000 is

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

THE NEW-YORK LIFE-INSURANCE COMPANY.

346 AND 348 BROADWAY, CORNER LEONARD STREET.

620 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

surplus, according to the legal standard of the State of New York. During 189 1 the
company was thoroughly examined by the New- York Insurance Department, the
examination covering a period of nearly six months, and requiring the services of
over fifty men. The present statement of the company's condition is therefore offic-
ially certified, after careful valuation of each item that enters into its assets and
liabilities. The Superintendent of Insurance, ^in his report for 1892 (page 39),
refers to President John A. McCall's expressed determination to conduct the company
as "a company of the policy-holder, by the policy-holder, and for the policy-holder,"
and adds: "Under an administration which thus broadly announces the funda-
mental principle that is to control its policy for the future, this company now enters
the forty-eighth year of an honorable business career."

The New- York Life has borne an honorable and a leading part in the reforms
which have simplified and made more valuable the policy contract. It was the first
company, and for many years the only company, to omit from its policies the clause
making them void in case of suicide. It was the first company to recognize the policy-
holder's right to paid-up insurance, in case of a discontinuance in the payment of
premiums, by originating and introducing, in i860, the first non-forfeitable policies.
It was the first company to attach to its policies a copy of the application upon
which the contract is based. The company has recently (June, 1892) begun the
issue of a contract containing no restrictions whatever as to occupation, residence,
travel, habits of life, or manner of death. Its "Accumulation Policy" contains but
one condition ; viz., that the premiums be paid as agreed. If the insured pays the
premiums the company agrees to pay the policy. The New-York Life-Insurance
Company is one of the dozen great financial corporations of the world. It carries
policies of insurance amounting to move than half a billion dollars. The interest
and rents received have more than covered the entire losses by death, during almost
half a century — a result which shows an adequate accumulation of assets, handled
with a masterly skill, and a careful selection of risks. The endowment business of
this company exceeds that of any other, and its annuity business is greater than that
of all other American companies combined. The New-York Life owns large fire-
proof office-buildings at New York, Kansas City, Omaha, Minneapolis and St. Paul,
and several outside of the United States.

The United-States Life-insurance Company, at 261, 262 and 263 Broad-
way, was organized in 1850. Its assets amount to $6,737,988, invested in United-
States bonds, in bonds and mortgages, and real estate. It has a surplus as
regards policy-holders, over all its liabilities, including the reserve-fund for out-
standing policies, of $649,041. This surplus is computed by the Actuaries' Table
and 4 per cent, interest ; by the former basis of valuation, the American Table and
4t per cent, interest, it would be $1,036,478. The policies issued by the company
are indisputable after two years ; its death-claims are paid immediately after the
ieceipt of satisfactory proofs, without discount ; its investments are of such an ele-
vated character that it is enabled to make this statement : " Interest due and unpaid
on investments, none ; " its management is conservative and economical. Its growth
was gradual and uniform, since 1850, when its assets were $1 17,981, every year adding
to its resources and to its business, without extraneous effort on the part of its mana-
gers to obtain either. It has always won on its own merits. In 1881 its assets were
$4,994,670 ; now they are $6,737,988 ; its annual income was $809,918, now it is
$1,452,435 ; the number of its policies in force was 9,508 ; now it is 17,064; its
total amount insured was $16,671,328; now it is $41,164,116. In ten years the
company attained an increase of $1,743,318 in assets, and $24,492,798 in insurance

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

62 1

in force. Its new insur-
ance in 1888 amounted
to $6,335,666; in 1889,
to $8,463,625; in 1890,

to $11,955^57; in
1891, to $14,101,654.
It paid in 1 89 1 for
death-claims, endow-
ments and surrendered
policies, $742,118.
The United-States Life-
insurance Company is
a truly national Ameri-
can institution. The
President is George II.
Burford ; the Secretary
is C. P. Fraleigh, since
1875 ; the Assistant-
Secretary, A. Wheel-
wright ; the Actuary,
William T. Standen ;
the Cashier, Arthur C.
Perry ; the Medical Di-
rector, John P. Munn.
J. S. Gaffney is Super-
intendent of Agencies.
The Board of Directors
comprises some of the united-states life-insurance co. , broadway and warren street.

most eminent merchants and bankers of New York. The following gentlemen serve
on its Finance Committee : George G. Williams, the President of the Chemical
National Bank ; Julius Catlin, the dry-goods merchant ; John J. Tucker, the builder ;
and E. H. Perkins, Jr., the President of the Importers' and Traders' National Bank.
The Manhattan Life-insurance Company, at 156 and 158 Broadway, was
incorporated in 1850. It issued its first policy August I, 1850, from its office
at 108 Broadway, corner of Pine Street. It removed fifteen years after into its
present building, simply graceful, in white marble, with a lower story of iron, and
Doric columns. It will soon erect, at 64, 66 and 68 Broadway, a new building,
sixteen stories high, in style a valuable contribution to the architecture of New York.
It will make an imposing appearance even among its great stately neighbors — the
Standard Oil Company, the Columbia Building, Aldrich Court, the Consolidated
Stock and Petroleum Exchange, the Union Trust Company — and even the tall grace-
ful spire of Trinity Church will be well shaded. An idea of its facade can be had
from the illustration opposite the following page.

The Manhattan Life has an admirable record of growth, size, rank, and stability,
of which its buildings shall be emblematic. In its first year its assets were $108,-
511 ; in 1865, they were $2,619,691 ; at present, they are $12,949,910. In its
first year it paid to policy-holders $1,000; in 1865 it had paid to them $285,175 ;
in December, 1891, it had paid to them in the aggregate $44,805,347. If the
total amount paid to policy-holders be compared with the amount paid by policy-
holders, the result shall show that the policy-holders gained $5,058,056, or 12^ per

622 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

cent. The gain of the policy-holders in all the New- York-State Companies other
than the Manhattan, is only 3^ per cent. The Manhattan. is I T3ff per cent, stronger
financially than the average of all the other New- York- State companies, for its per-
centage of assets to insurance in force is 217, whereas theirs is 198. Its percentage
of assets invested in real estate is 3T8ff, whereas theirs is 13^. It has $59,077,628
insurance in force, none of which was acquired by re-insurance of unsuccessful com-
panies; and every year of business is for the Manhattan a year of increase in assets,
increase in insurance in force, increase in surplus, increase in new insurance written,
increase in interest, increase in premiums, increase in all the faculties of the
company. All the faculties of the company are used in the interest of its policy-
holders. It was the first company to introduce the non-forfeiture system. It was
the first company to adopt the indisputable policy to guarantee payment in spite of
errors, omissions, and misstatements in the assured's application. It was the first
company to issue the most progressive policy of the age, a simple, clear, direct form
of contract, which everybody may understand, wherein there is not an equivocal
word. It pays all claims promptly. Litigation is something exceptionally rare in
its records. The Manhattan desires nothing but the interest of its policy-holders.
It is sound, economical, j ust, liberal. Its policy, stability, and security are synonymous.
Its survivorship dividend policy is incontestible, non-forfeitable and payable at sight ;
contains no suicide nor intemperance clause ; grants absolute freedom of travel and
residence ; and is free from all technicalities.

The agents of the Manhattan Life-insurance Company are a representative body
of men, and are to be found in every city of any importance in the country. In
Philadelphia the company owns one of the finest office-buildings in that city. In
Boston it has a handsomely equipped office.

The presidents of the company have been Alonzo A. Alvard, from 1850 to 1854;
Nathan D. Morgan, from 1854 to 186 1 ; Henry Stokes, from 1 86 1 to 1888. The
present President is Henry B. Stokes, who has been in the service of the company
for about thirty years. The Vice-President is Jacob L. Halsey, who has been in the
service of the company from its inception 42 years ago. The Second Vice-President,
H. Y. Wemple ; the Secretary, W. C. Frazee ; the Assistant-Secretary, J. H. Gif-
fin, Jr. ; are also old and faithful servants of the company, familiar with every phase
of its experience.

The Equitable Life-Assurance Society of the United States is one of the
foremost life-insurance corporations of the world. Its policies include a variety
of forms, tontines, indemnity bonds, annuities, and others. The society was organ-
ized in 1859. The Equitable Society has done much to liberalize the policy-con-
tract, and to make insurance popular. The Equitable Building in New York,
erected by the society in 1872, and enlarged in 1 887, contains the main offices. It
is one of the largest and most substantial commercial buildings in the world. It
fills the block bounded by Broadway and Cedar, Pine and Nassau Streets, save two
small corners on Nassau Street, and covers about an acre of ground. The archi-
tectural treatment of the exterior gives the impression that it is of five very high
stories, with an immense Mansard roof, the cornice of each story being supported
by a colonnade. Really the number of stories is twice as many, as each space is
divided by a floor line. The material is granite, and the building gives an impres-
sion of solidity in a greater degree than does any other in the city. The Broadway
entrance, which is through a high semi-circular arch, leads into the finest rotunda
in America, the sides of which are outlined by rows of marble columns, with onyx
capitals, upholding an entablature of red granite and an arched roof of stained

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

623

FRANCIS H. KIMBALL AND G. KRAMER THOMPSON, ARCHITECTS.

THE MANHATTAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW YORK.

NOS. 62 AND 64 BROADWAY I NEW BUILDINO ).

624

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

glass. The offices of the society on the second floor are perhaps the handsomest
business headquarters in the country. The view from the roof of the building
includes the city, harbor and suburbs, and is considered one of the great attractions
to strangers. Along the roof, in the several towers, are the apartments of the sup-
erintendent of the building and the offices of the local forecast officials of the De-
partment of Agriculture's Bureau for Meteorological Observations, popularly known
as the "Weather Bureau." The building is equipped with Worthington pumps.

The Germania Life-insurance Company, at 10 Nassau Street, commenced
business in i860. In 31 years it paid for claims by death, $14, 551,502 ; for matured
endowments, -13,027,239; for annuities, $192, 130 ; for dividends and surrendered
policies, $8,513,701 ; a total of payments to policy-holders of $26,284,573. At the
same time, it accumulated assets to the amount of $16,673,743 ; invested in bonds
and mortgages on real-estate and domestic and foreign State, city and railroad bonds.
It has a surplus as regards policy-holders of $1, 139,299 over all its liabilities, includ-
ing the reserve-fund, computed at four per cent, for outstanding policies. If this
reserve-fund be computed on a 4^ per cent, basis this ample extraordinary surplus
even reaches the figure of $1,902,929. The total amount of insurance outstanding on
.the company's books is $61,799, 1 10. The economical and successful administration
of the company's affairs is evident from a number of comparative exhibits compiled
from official records.

One, prepared by C.

C. Hine, is a recapit-
ulation of American

life-insurance for ten

years. It shows that

the growth of the

Germania was the

most healthful, the

increase during those

ten years being in

assets $7,217,501, in

annual income of $1,-

664,268, in number

of policies in force

13,989, in amount in-
sured $25,424,060.

The increase in the

assets and income

bearing a larger pro-
portion to the increase

in amount insured

than in any other

company. Another

exhibit shows that

the company paid to

policy - holders and

holds for future pay-

ments $2,575,996

more than it received

in premiums. There

GERMANIA LIFE-INSURANCE COMPANY, NASSAU AND CEDAR STREETS.

KING'S HAND ROOK OF NEW YORK.

THE EQUITABLE LIFE-ASSURANCE SOCIETY OF THE UNITED STATES.

40 BROADWAY, BETWEEN PINE AND CEDAR STREETS,

626

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

is a third exhibit, issued in three parts, showing that its income from investments in
1 89 1 was $809,919 ; and that the total amount of its expenses was $659,650, an ex-
cess of investment-income over expenses of nineteen per cent. ; that in many com-
panies the expenses exceeded the investment-income ; that the ratio of its expenses to
its assets was 3.96 per cent., much smaller than in other companies; and that the
proportion of assets to each $1,000 of insurance in force is much larger than in the
other companies. The company offers in its Dividend Tontine Policies a contract
of insurance as simple in form, as liberal in character, and as productive of good
results as any that can be devised. After three years they are incontestable, non-for-
feitable, free from restrictions, a simple promise to pay the amount assured when
due. The President of the Germania is Hugo Wesendonck ; the Vice-President is
Cornelius Doremus ; the Secretary and Actuary is Hubert Cillis ; the Assistant Sec-
retary is Gustav Meidt ; and their Board of Directors is formed of eminent merchants,
public-spirited citizens of New York.

The Home Life-insurance Company of New York was organized in i860
by a party of Brooklyn capitalists, whose names are connected with the financial
and commercial growth of that city during the last 35 years. It has always been ''
managed on the most conservative lines,
and while in point of size it does not attain
the prominence reached by many other
companies, yet it stands without a peer in
solidity and strength. With assets of over
$7,500,000, it has an absolute surplus of
over $1,500,000. It issues all forms of life
and endowment insurance and annuity
bonds. Possibly the most remarkable curi-
osity in the building line in New- York City
is the new building of the Home Life-in-
surance Company, now in process of con-
struction on Broadway, near the corner of
Murray Street, on the site immediately ad-
joining on the north the building owned and
occupied by the company for many years.
In order to secure the best results, from an
architectural as well as a business stand-
point, the company instituted a competition
in which the highest architectural talent was
represented ; the decision being left to Prof.
William R. Ware, of Columbia College, the
eminent expert in this line. The result was
a most noteworthy set of designs from which
was selected that of Napoleon LeBrun &
Sons. The elevation, with a width of only
305- feet on Broadway, shows a building of
twelve stories, surmounted by a high gable
roof, the terminating finial of which will be
about 208 feet above the sidewalk. The cor-
nices of the building will be 167^ feet inheight
from the street, and will reach to the walls
of the Postal-Telegraph-Cable Company's

HOME LIFE-INSURANCE COMPANY, 254 BROADWAY.
(OLD OFFICES TAKEN DOWN IN 1892.)

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

627

IMOWIIH I.. II ^iKfev

^^y^'^f-^^ ^ ipt-M

HOME LIFE-INSURANCE COMPANY.

BROADWAY, WEST SIDE, BETWEEN MURRAY AND WARREN STREETS, OPPOSITE CITY-HALL PARK.

628

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

building adjoining. The first story of the new building will have a ceiling height of
i8j feet, and will be arranged for a counting-room or banking purposes, The second
story, to be used as the general offices of the company, will be 23^ feet in height on
the Broadway front, and will have main and mezzanine floors in the rear. The depth
of the building will be 1077 feet, and it will abut against the L of the Postal-Tele-
graph-Cable Company's building. As will be seen from the accompanying illustra-
tion, the style of building is the severest kind of early Italian Renaissance, most
effective in its purity and simplicity. The structure will be absolutely fire-proof, and
thoroughly equipped with all the modern appliances of office-buildings. The material
for the front is of light-colored stone, bringing out in exquisite detail the carvings,
which are merely suggested in the accompanying elevation. In view of the most
fortunate location of this building, fronting as it does, on the City-Hall Park, it has
the advantage of being so situated that its artistic merit is conspicuous, which is
rarely the case in our city streets.

The officers of the Home Life-insurance Company are George H. Ripley, Presi-
dent ; George E. Ide, Vice-President ;
Ellis W. Gladwin, Secretary ; and Wil-
liam A. Marshall, Actuary. Its agents
are at all important points throughout
the country.

The Washington Life-insur-
ance Company of New York, at 21
Cortlandt Street, was organized in
i860. Many years have elapsed since
life-insurance passed beyond its in-
choate and experimental stage, to be-
come incorporated in the texture of
social, commercial and business life, as
one of the most important interests of
the commonweal. In a single year
(1891) $100,000,000 was paid to wid-
ows and orphans, and the holders of
endowment-policies, by the regular life-
insurance companies of this country.
More than $820,000,000 are invested
for the owners of policies, to protect
estates, and to safe-guard the loved in-
mates of thousands of American homes.
This is not all. Who can measure or
imagine the extent of the good done
through the disbursement since their
organization by the regular life-insur-
ance companies to the owners of their
policies of the enormous sum of $1,-
500,000,000? To-day wise and far-
seeing investors not only recommend
life-insurance in strong terms, but they
do more ; by becoming purchasers of
policies of various kinds, and for vari-

THE WASHINGTON LIFE-INSURANCE COMPANY, COAL l . , ,.

and iron exchange, 21 cortlandt street. ous amounts, running along the line

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 629

from $1,000 to many hundreds of thousands on individual lives, they have expressed
their exact estimate of the value and advantages of life-insurance. To one who has
become convinced that he needs the protection, and who would avail himself of the
substantial benefits of life-insurance, the selection of a company in which to insure
is a question of far greater moment than the kind of policy, the special inducements,
and all the alluring methods employed to attract patronage. The President of a
company recently said to a number of assembled agents : " Size is not of the first
importance, compared with strength in the vital parts." This sentiment is correct
beyond question. The wonder is that the public has been so long in finding it out.
Sound investments and correct methods have made the history of the Washington
Life-Insurance Company unique. Its operations through every stage of its corporate
life have been consistent with the policy adopted by its founders. Its management
has been content to build slowly and solidly, holding strength and security to be
"of the first importance." With $12,000,000 sound assets, invested almost wholly
in bonds and mortgages, and an honorable record, covering more than 32 years, the
Washington, under its able and energetic administration, stands second to none as
a sound, conservative company. Said Emerson: "I am ashamed to think how
easily we capitulate to badges and names and large societies." The Washington's
claims are based on something more substantial than size, volume of business, or
even an honored corporate name. With the largest proportion of bond and mort-
gage investments ; a comprehensive yet simple and concise policy contract ; non-
forfeitable policies and immediate settlement of claims ; residence, travel and occu-
pation unrestricted after two years ; with loans on policies to assist the owners to
keep them in force ; there is no organization that better fills the conditions of a first-
class life-insurance company than the Washington Life of New York. Its President,
William A. Brewer, Jr., was its first Actuary; its Vice-President, William Haxtun,
was its Secretary in 1869; and its second Vice-President, Elisha S. French, who is
also the Superintendent of Agencies, has been connected with the company more
than a score of years. Cyrus Munn has been its Assistant-Secretary almost from
the date of the company's incorporation. Its directors form a Board the brilliancy
of which it would be difficult to surpass.

The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, the leading industrial life-
insurance company in America, issues life-insurance policies on the ordinary plans,
with special advantages that have always been praised ; but its originality is in its
Industrial system. This is utility itself ; family insurance, accessible to everybody ;
indemnity for loss of life of all persons, of both sexes, of all ages, from two years
to seventy years ; endowment policies that the least disposed to thrift may buy ; the
practical application of a poetic dream of insurance, that is, for those who being the
least able to pay for it are most in need of it. There are other industrial companies,
but the Metropolitan eclipses them all. It has assets exceeding if 15,000,000, a
net capital and surplus over all liabilities, actual and contingent, including the re-
insurance fund and special reserve, amounting to $3,090,869. It has insured
2,503,000 persons, a larger number than the total number insured by all the other
life-insurance companies (excepting industrial) of the United States combined. Its
agents make a weekly call for premiums, the average amount of which is ten cents
on every policy-holder. Its death-claims, which are paid immediately after notice of
death is received, are 150 a day in number, and $10 a minute every minute of the
year in amount. The list of persons in its service contains 7,000 names. And these
figures are increasing. They gained over 1890 in 1 891, in premium receipts, $1,439,-
446; in interest, $128,503 ; in total income, $1,559,878; in assets, $2,845,775. The

630 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

management is intelligent, careful, economical, devoted to the interests of the policy-
holders. The officers are : John R. Hegeman, President ; Haley Fiske, Vice-Presi-
dent ; George H. Gaston, Second Vice-President and Secretary ; J. J. Thompson,
Cashier and Assistant Secretary ; James M. Craig, Actuary ; Hon. Stewart L. Wood-
ford, Counsel; and Thomas H. Willard, M. D., Chief Medical Examiner. The
company was organized in 1866, and has occupied since 1876 its own large white-
marble building in Park Place, at the southwest corner of Church Street. It will
soon remove to a marble business palace. Its cost is nearly $3,000,000; and its
height is ten stories. Situated on Madison Square, at the northeast corner of 23d
Street and Madison Avenue, it has 125 feet of width on the avenue and 145 on the
street. Its style is Early Italian Renaissance, in purely white marble, beautifully
carved. The main entrance is on Madison Avenue, by a corridor 18 feet in width,
and lined with marbles beautifully decorated, to an interior court 40 feet square,
covered by a stained glass dome, paved in mosaic, 75 feet in height, lined with
delicately decorated marble and onyx ; having in its centre a grand bronze stairway
leading to the second story. The Board room, 28 feet in height, and the rooms of
the officers are trimmed in wood-work of San-Domingo mahogany. The main
office is 30 feet in height, and surrounded at the mezzanine floor with a tall and
graceful gallery. All the offices are lit by windows facing on the street, the square
or the court. There are four elevators. All the machinery, heating apparatus and
dynamos are in duplicate. The architects are Napoleon LeBrun & Sons, and the
builder is Jeremiah T. Smith. The building is a contribution to the architecture of
the century for which the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company has the gratitude
of all art-lovers. It covers one of the most conspicuous sites in the city, and its
height makes it clearly visible across the whole of Madison Square, while its grand-
eur makes it a superb ornament to the lovely park which it faces. In course of time,
many notable buildings are likely to border Madison Square, but it is not likely that
any of them will surpass the Metropolitan. The peculiar province of the Metropol-
itan Life Insurance Company, providing insurance as it does mainly for the working
or poorer classes of people, makes it an exceptionally praiseworthy institution ; while
its solidity and magnitude places it as unexceptionally trustworthy. Its system of
small weekly payments gives the opportunity to every man, however moderate his
income, to provide for his family in the event of his death.

The Provident Savings Life-Assurance Society, at 29 Broadway, was
organized in 1875 with an idea of genius, by Sheppard Homans, who had been for
twenty years one of the most prominent and successful of actuaries. Maintaining
that investments and endowments which constitute the enormous reserve-deposits of
the old companies have no necessary connection with insurance, but rather lessen its
security by adding unnecessarily the hazards of banking to the hazards of insurance
proper, he so organized the Provident Savings that it gives certain indemnity in
return for premiums that provide for every item of mortality, expense and margin, but
do not require in addition large and unnecessary overpayments or deposits, the care
and investment of which are hazardous to companies and expensive to policy-holders.
The Provident Savings charges a marginal sum, to fulfill the required functions of a
reserve, with the first premium ; after this the cost to the policy-holder is graded
according to the risk of dying during each current year of age. The Provident
Savings issues investment-policies, twenty-year insurance-bonds, and limited-pay-
ment life-policies, wherein the investment is guaranteed as well as the insurance,
whether the assured lives or dies. If he lives, he receives the full benefit of his
investment, with surplus. If he dies, his investment is paid to his family or estate,

KING'S If. AND BOOK OF NEW YORK.

631

METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY.

METROPOLITAN BUILDING : MADISON SQUARE, 23D STREET AND MADISON AVENUE.

63;

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

in addition to his insurance. The Provident Savings gives insurance and invest-
ment under one policy, but treats them separately. There is no loss to the assured
in case of either life or death ; there is no penalty for his dying imposed on his
heirs ; there is no risk of his losing his insurance because he may not always be able
to pay for investment. The Provident Savings does not estimate ; it guarantees. It
is careful in the selection of risks, liberal to policy-holders, economical in manage-
ment. It has paid to January I,
1S92, for death claims to beneficiaries
under its renewable term policies, the
sum of $3,008,171, at a total cost
for premiums of $200,815. The
ordinary whole-life premiums would
have been $549,135. Thus the
Provident Savings has given to its
policy-holders nearly three times as
much in death benefits as they would
have obtained for the same amount
of premiums in ordinary life-insur-
ance. Its financial success would be
prodigious if the elements of it were
not easy to define. The Provident
Savings has $261.77 of net assets to
each $100 of net liability. Its Presi-
dent from the beginning has been
Sheppard Homans, its founder. The
Vice-President is Joseph H. Parsons.
The Secretary is William E. Stevens.
The Manager of the Agency Depart-
ment is Charles E. Willard.

The Mutual Reserve Fund
Life Association, in the Potter
Building, at Park Row, Nassau and
Peek man Streets, is the largest purely
mutual natural-premium life-associa-
tion in the world. Its membership
is over 70,000. Its yearly interest
income exceeds $125,000. Its bi-
monthly income exceeds $600,000.
Its Reserve Fund now exceeds $3,-
275,000. It has paid in death-
claims over $13,800,000. The
amount of insurance that it has in force exceeds $225,000,000. Founded in
1881, with the deliberate object to furnish life-insurance at cost, in spite of for-
midable opposition it accumulated in a decade assets amounting to $4,349,202,
and an Emergency Fund, a Cash Reserve deposited with the Central Trust Company
as Trustee, periodically returnable to persistent members, amounting to $3, 155,221.
It had a net surplus of $2,925,492 over all its liabilities, including the net present
value of its policies in force. These figures, as they appear in the certificate signed
by the President of the Central Trust Company in vouchers of easy access to every-
body, are magnificent as pearls of a necklace, the string of which is undone.

THE PROVIDENT SAVINGS LIFE-ASSURANCE SOCIETY,
COLUMBIA BUILDING, BROADWAY AND MORRIS STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

633

MUTUAL RESERVE FUND LIFE ASSOCIATION,

BROADWAY, NORTHWEST CORNER OF GUANE STREET.

634 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Re-united, they have an amazing splendor. Tested, they are perfect. The Mutual
Reserve-Fund Life-Association's figures were examined and found correct, the com-
pany was investigated in all its details and endorsed — by the Insurance Department
of New York in 1885 5 by tne Insurance Department of Ohio in 1886 ; by
the Insurance Department of Michigan in 1886 ; by the Insurance Department
of Wisconsin in 1887; by the Insurance Department of Minnesota in 1887 ;
by the Insurance Department of Rhode Island in 1887 ; by the Insurance
Department of Missouri in 1888 ; by the Insurance Department of Colorado in 1889 ;
by the Insurance Department of West Virginia in 1889 ; by the Insurance Depart-
ment of North Dakota in 1891 ; by the late Hon. Elizur Wright, ex-Insurance Com-
missioner of Massachusetts, and the Mentor of life-insurance, in 1883 ; by Price,
Waterhouse & Co., Chartered Accountants of England, in 1889. The Association
has no secrets. Everything it does it tells. Its rates at age of entry average about
50 per cent, less than those of the old-system companies, and yet they provide for an
average death-loss considerably in excess of the American Experience Table of mor-
tality. It provides for an excessive death-rate, by its interest income and reserve
accumulation, and it has never lost a dollar of principal or interest on its highly
profitable investments. Yet it gives in detailed lists, of which there is no other exam-
ple, the complete record of all its investments. It knows every avenue to success,
and lights it without fear of imitators. Its policies are unrestricted as to travel, occu-
pation or residence, incontestable and indisputable after three years, participating
in the profits and yet not involving any personal liability for membership in the
Association. Its management is so wise and economical that its expenses have
averaged but $3.22 per $1,000, whereas the expenses of the old-system companies
averaged $8.26 per $1,000. It is self-regulating, as its liabilities in income in pre-
miums and interest cannot but meet its death-losses and expenses. It is a crea-
tion of genius. Its President is its founder, E. B. Harper. The Association is
erecting a building at the northwest corner of Broadway and Duane Street, which
will be its new home in 1893. From the view shownon the precedingpage it can be
seen that the new building, designed by William H. Hume, will be one of the finest
office-buildings in the city. In addition to providing suitable offices for the great
organization, the building is expected to return to the Association a satisfactory
income for the investment. Thus the Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association, after
contributing its magnificent record to the business glory of New York, is contributing
a masterpiece of architecture to its artistic aspect. The marvellous success of the
Association is due almost entirely to the rare ability and indomitable energy of its
President, E. B. Harper, who, having unbounded faith in the wisdom of its plan,
has pushed the business of the company with such vigor as is seldom known in any
line of work.

y^M

V5*s\

SS^^^S

Providing Against A.11 Kinds of Accidents, Explosions, Broken

Elate Glass, Dishonest Employees, and for Eur"

nishing Legal and Fidelity Bonds.

TWENTY years ago the insurance companies were devoted almost exclusively
to the indemnifying of losses caused by fires, by the loss of life, or by per-
sonal injuries. To-day they seem to cover the entire range of casualties, fatalities
and possibilities. A new scheme for some kind of insurance is devised almost yearly,
and variations of the older forms of insurance are constantly being introduced.

The Fidelity and Casualty Company of New York, at 140 to 146 Broad-
way, was organized, in 1 879, to transact a general fidelity business, and introduced
the system in the United States. There was at the time, in business in New York,
the Knickerbocker Casualty Company, organized in 1876, with a charter so liberal
that it could adopt the fidelity idea, and make of it an additional branch. The
founders of the Fidelity and Casualty, realizing that the growth of fidelity insurance
in this country would be slow, purchased the charter of the Knickerbocker Casualty
and its business, and re-organized their company. The capital, which was originally
$100,000, was increased to $250,000. In 1881 the gross assets were $382,342.
The first of July, 1892, they were $1,740,362. The company has deposited with
the Insurance Department of New York, for the security of all its policy-holders,
$200,000. It has paid for losses $3,350,000, while always retaining intact its
capital, and accumulating a net surplus over all its liabilities, including its re-insurance
reserve and capital stock, amounting to $169,447. As the investments of the com-
pany are made with primary regard for absolute security, and not large profits, there
are no other elements in its magnificent success than wisdom, skill and the exemplary
economy of its management. The company furnishes absolute certainty of indem-
nity in several branches of insurance : Fidelity, Accident, Plate Glass, Steam Boiler,
Elevator, Employers', Landlords' and Common Carriers' Liability. Each branch
carries its own expenses and losses. Each branch is perfect. The Fidelity and
Casualty Company is profoundly a policy-holders' company, equitable in its rates of
premiums, zealous and prompt in its adjustments of losses. The President is William
M. Richards ; the Vice-President is George F. Seward. Robert J. Hillas is Secretary ;
Edward L. Shaw, Assistant Secretary. The Directors, some of the most eminent
men of business in New York, are as follows : George S. Coe, J. S. T. Stranahan,
Alexander E. Orr, G. G. Williams, J. Rogers Maxwell, A. B. Hull, Thomas S.
Moore, II. A. Hurlbut, Wilson G. Hunt, John L. Riker, J. G. McCullough, Wil-
liam G. Low, William M. Richards, and George F. Seward.

The American Surety Company of New York, at 160 Broadway, organ-
ized in 1884, transacts only surety business. It has a capital of $1,000,000, and
has made special deposits for the security of the holders of its surety bonds,

636

KING'S HAND BOO A' OF NEW YORK

amounting to $375,000, $200,000 of which is with the Insurance Department of
the State of New York. It is the largest surety company in the world, and the only
company organized in the United States devoted exclusively to acting as surety
on bonds and undertakings required in judicial proceedings ; for administrators,
executors and guardians ; for contractors, and for persons holding positions of
pecuniary responsibility. Its corporate suretyship supersedes bondsmen, because :

1. It relieves those who are asked to be
sureties from doing so to their own discom-
fort and possible loss. 2. It relieves those
required to give bonds from coming
under obligations to anyone. 3. It pre-
vents customers of banks and railroad
and other companies, from acquiring im-
proper influence through guaranteeing the
bonds of the corporation, or those of its
officers and employees. 4. It is a con-
stant incentive to right-doing on the part
of the person bonded. 5. It obviates fre-
quent inquiry as to the responsibility of
bondsmen. 6. Losses are paid promptly.
7. Litigation is avoided. 8. It is never
abandoned for the old method when once
it has been tried.

The Fidelity Department of the com-
pany furnishes bonds required of officers
and employees of banks, railroads and ex-
press, telegraph, telephone, manufacturing,
mining and commercial corporations, build-
ing and loan associations, officers of be-
nevolent societies, and employees in
Federal, State and city offices ; also em-
ployees of first-class mercantile houses,
whose duties are clearly defined, and who
are subject to a satisfactory system of ac-
counting.

In the Law Department of the com-
pany may be obtained three classes of
bonds ; Judicial, which embraces security
required in appeal, arrest, attachment,
capias, indemnity to sheriff, injunction, land damage, replevin, maritime libel ;
Fiduciary, which includes bonds for the fidelity of administrators, committee of
lunatic, conservators, curators, executors, guardians, guardians ad litem, trustees ;
Commercial, under which bonds are required by assignees, common carriers, for
demurrage, receivers, warehousemen, elevators, and surety on bids and contracts.

The company has assets amounting to $1,504,448, wisely invested; and its
liabilities, exclusive of premium reserve ($236,781), are $98,111. Its officers
are William L. Trenholm, President ; Henry D. Lyman, Vice-President ;
David B. Sickels, Second Vice-President; William E. Keyes, Secretary; Samuel
S. Colville, Treasurer; and George M. Sweney, Supt. Fidelity Department. Its
attorneys are Henry C. Willcox, Wyllys Benedict, and Cortlandt S. Van Rensselaer.

AMERICAN SURETY COMPANY,
GUERNSEY BUILDING, 160 BROADWAY.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

637

The Lloyds Plate Glass Insurance Company, at 63 William Street, organ-
ized in 1875, insures plate glass against loss by breakage through accidents, and as
there is not an accident of any sort not perilous to plate glass, the Lloyds is admir-
ably patronized. It is as beneficial to New York as its art-schools, because it makes
practicable their lessons. It puts lights in buildings where economy inartistically
placed shadows; it has made possible, by assurance of compensation for loss, the
execution of marvels of architecture, which, without that assurance, would certainly
have remained in plans and sketches. Only the unthinking have not marked the
debt which New York owes to the Lloyds for its ever-increasing artistic value. The
Lloyds is the modern Meaenas ; it encourages plate glass, by which buildings are
made beautiful, and it pays for about 5,300 accidents to plate glass every year. Its
last annual statement to the Insurance Department shows that its income from pre-
miums in 1891 was $406,409 ; its loss by accidents was #221,679. ^ nas deposited
as security for its policy-holders, with the Insurance Department at Albany, in four-
per-cent. bonds of the United States, $ 100,000. It has assets amounting to
$595,138, invested as follows : United-States bonds, $248,610; railroad and other
bonds, $118,985; real estate, $125,000; cash in bank and office, $13,783; pre-
miums in course of collection, $74,626 ; plate glass at actual cash value, $12,602 ;
sundry accounts, $1,532. Its liabilities are its capital stock of $250,000; its
reserve-fund, amounting to $194,585; losses in course of adjustment, $3,508;
commissions to agents
on outstanding pre-
miums, $18,797; a'l
other liabilities, none yet
due, $30,462. Its net
surplus is $97,786; its
surplus is, as regards the
policy-holders, $347,786.

The Lloyds has won
its standing by signal
merit. Its rates are as
low as they can be made
in proportion to the great
risks assumed. Its ad-
justments of losses are
ever prompt and equita-
ble. Its investments
made in the interest of its
patrons are guided, as
the financial statement
proves, by a regard for
perfect safety, and not for
speculative profit. Its in-
tegrity commands public
confidence. The officers
of the Lloyds are : James
G. Beemer, President ;
Daniel B. Halstead, Vice-
President ; and William
T. Woods, Secretary. lloyds plate glass insurance company, william and cedar streets.

638

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Committee of Counsel.

John H. Riker, chairman.
E. Ellery Anderson,

OF ANDERSON 4 MAN.

Charles Coudert,

OF COUDERT BROS.

Frederic de P. Foster.
Joseph H. Gray,

OF OWEN, GRAY 4 STURGES.

Myer S. Isaacs,

OF M. S. 4 I. S. ISAACS, LECTURER ON

REAL ESTATE LAW, N. Y. UNIVERSITY

LAW SCHOOL.

Theo. F. JacVson,

OF JACKSON 4 BURR.

Benjamin F. Lee,

OF LtE 4 LEE, LATE PROFESSOR OF REAL

ESTATE AND EQUITY JURISPRUDENCE,

CJLUMBIA COLLEGE LAW SCHOOL.

J. Lawrence Marcellus.
David B. Ogden,

OF PARSONS, SHEPARD 4 OGDEN.

Thomas L. Ogden,

OF OGDEN 4 BEEKMAN.

John W. Pirsson.
J. Evarts Tracy,

OF EVARTS, CHOATE 4 BEAMAN.

George Waddington.
Sidney Ward.

The Lawyers' Title Insurance Company of New York, at 120 Broad-
way, and Franklin Trust Company Building, Brooklyn, particularly recommends it-
self to real estate investors and dealers by the following features : — 1. The safety of
its method of examining titles. The examination is by well-known lawyers of ability
and experience. 2. The publication of the amount of all losses paid, and of all

claims pending against it. This enables the public to
judge intelligently of its management. The more careful
the examination of the titles to be insured, the fewer
should be the losses. 3. Its continuation of the custom
of furnishing abstracts of titles and searches giving to
purchaser and mortgagee full information as to the facts
of his title in addition to his policy of title insurance.
4. The strength of its method of insurance, the elements
of which are : method of examination ; review of exami-
nation by the law department of the company ; examina-
tion of doubtful questions by committee of counsel ;
rejection of titles admitted to be defective ; large capi-
tal ; and professional character of its managers. 5. The
universal acceptance of its policies by individuals, trus-
tees, and corporations. The United-States Government
is among its assured. There is very grave doubt whether
an individual trustee or corporation has the right to take
title on purchase or mortgage on a policy of title insur-
ance only, without risk of personal liability. But there
is no doubt that an individual trustee or corporation has
a right to take title on purchase or mortgage on the
opinion of his own counsel, approved by this company,
and with its policy of title insurance, and that by so
doing he secures the greatest possible security, and incurs
no risk of personal liability. 6. The ready means of
access, through its bureau of investment, to the principal
individuals, estates and corporations having money to
lend on bond and mortgage. 7. The particular advan-
tages offered to parties selling tracts of land in parcels,
because of the above features, and because of the terms of its contracts made in such
cases. 8. The peculiar advantages offered by its methods to builders and brokers.

The company commenced business July 18, 1887. Its capital and surplus on
January 1, 1892, amounted to $1,443,716. It holds further security in aid of liabil-
ity, of the value of $425,000. It has a permanent guarantee-fund, invested, as
required by law, in bond and mortgage, United-States, State, city or county bonds,
amounting to $750,000. It had no losses in 1891. Its total losses since the
organization of the company amount to $2,210. An item of its assets is real estate,
at 37 Liberty Street, 44^ and 46 Maiden Lane, purchased for the erection of a
building for the company, unencumbered, at a cost of $170,000. The officers of
the company are : Edwin W. Coggeshall, President and General Manager; Charles
E. Strong, First Vice-President ; David B. Ogden, Second Vice-President ; William
P. Dixon, Secretary ; John Duer, Treasurer. The directors are : Edwin W.
Coggeshall, Henry Day, William P. Dixon, John Duer, Henry E. Howland, John
T. Lockman, J. Lawrence Marcellus, David B. Ogden, John H. Riker, Charles E.
Strong, Herbert B. Turner, James M. Varnum and John Webber.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

639

640

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Preferred Mutual Accident Association, at 257 Broadway, was incor-
porated in 1885 for the purpose of insuring, at a fixed rate of premium, only the
persons classed as preferred risks by all experts in accident insurance. The idea
was original, and, like all original ideas, found adverse critics ; but it is triumphant,
and everybody recognizes now that only bad managers could have made it other-
wise. Preferred risks naturally believe that their interests are safer with an associ-
ation excluding extra and special hazards than with one which makes the admission
of them simply dependent on higher premium payments. The Preferred Mutual
had, at the end of 1885, !>427 policies in force, insuring $7,135,000; and assets
amounting to $4,624. It progressed steadily, until, at the end of 1891, in the
lapse of six years it had 29,104 policies in force, insuring $192,612,100 ; and assets
amounting to $170,210. The Association has a net surplus of $113,843 over all its
liabilities, actual and contingent. And every one of its risks is preferred. It has
paid in losses $366,984. It has gained in 189 1 42 per cent, of the entire increase
of amount of insurance in 35 mutual accident companies doing business in the
United States. It has paid in claims, for each $1 received in premiums, 52 cents,
which is six cents more than the proportion of the Travelers ; but its proportionate
amount used for expenses for each $1,000 of insurance was $3.10 less. It
issues for an annual premium of $16 a $10,000 combination policy, cover-
ing all injuries by accident, to the extent of $5,000 for death by accident ; $5,000
for loss of hands or feet ; $5,000 for loss of hand and foot ; $5,000 for loss
of both eyes ; $2, 500 for
permanent total disability ;
$650 for loss of one eye ;
$25 per week for a tempo-
rary total disability. If
the injuries be received "in
consequence of the wreck-
ing or disablement of any
regular passenger convey-
ance propelled by steam,
electricity or cable," while
the injured shall be riding
therein, the Association, un-
der the same combination
policy, will pay $10,000
for death by accident, and
amounts proportionately
larger for the other con-
tingencies. The policy is
a model of equity and brev-
ity. It agrees to pay all
just claims within twenty-
four hours of the receipt of
proofs. The president is
Phineas C. Lounsbury, Ex-
Governor of Connecti-
cut ; the Treasurer is Allen
S. Apgar ; the Secretary
is Kimball C. Atwood. preferred mutual accident association, 257 broadway.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

641

The United-States Mutual Accident Association, founded in 1877 by
James R. Pitcher, who has always been its actual manager, created and successfully
developed an en-
tirely new princi-
ple in insurance
against accidents.
Prior to that time,
the premium rates
had been arbitra-
rily fixed by stock
companies. Mr.
Pitcher's plan was
to make a com-
pany of policy-
holders purely and
simply for policy-
holders. The
rates were to be
determined solely
by a pro-rata cost
of the actual losses
and expenses. As
a result the com-
pany has demon-
strated the cer-
tainty of obtaining
the safest of in-
surance at about
one -half of the
cost charged by
the old-time stock
companies. As a
consequence the
company has se-
cured a membership of about 60,000 professional and business men, scattered
throughout the entire country. Its gross assets are nearly $300,000, upwards of
$100,000 being in the form of an emergency fund for the benefit of the policy holders.

The record shows that since its organization to January 1, 1892, it has paid 22,658
losses, amounting to $2,553,799, of which $410,107 was in 1891. Its insurance in
force is $285,362, 150. The United-States Mutual has been so eminently success-
ful, its plan was so rationally feasible that scores of imitators have arisen ; but this
company is not only the oldest mutual accident company in the country, but by far
the strongest in the world. Its management has shown the most remarkable energy
mi the securing of its enormous business, and it has also given the most unquestioned
evidence of its ability and fidelity to meet every honest loss in the most generous
manner. Its policies cover the whole range now current in this field. The offices
were formerly in the Ninth National Bank Building, in a modest little room. Now
they occupy parts of several large floors in the Central National Bank Building, at
322 and 324 Broadway, at the corner of Thomas Street. The President is Charles
B. Peet, and the Secretary and General Manager is James R. Pitcher,
41

UNITED-STATES MUTUAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION, 320, 322 AND 324 BROADWAY,
CORNER OF THOMAS STREET.

642

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The German-American Real Estate Title Guarantee Company was

organized in 1885, with a paid-in cash capital of $500,000; thus giving assurance of
an abundance of financial strength, and a board of directors and officers comprising
many of New York's best-known citizens, which at once gave confidence that the
company's affairs would be ably and successfully conducted. Its object is to afford
absolute protection to purchasers of real estate. It supersedes the old system, which
requires a re-examination of title, with its consequent delays and costs, at every
transfer of real property. The company employs a corps of real-estate lawyers to
examine all titles, and no guarantee policy is issued by this company until after the
approval of the title, certified to by its counsel. Therefore, the patrons of this com-
pany secure a title examined by experts, vouched for by counsel, and guaranteed by a
corporation whose gross assets are about $800, 000 — certainly more desirable and safer
than any individual examinations. Already it has become usual for money-lending
institutions to demand such title policies, and to accept them unhesitatingly in

making loans. It
becomes possible
to transfer on 24
hours' notice real
estate, or mort-
gages, the title to
which has once
been guaranteed.
A policy in the
German - Ameri-
can Real Estate
Title Guarantee
Company is a con-
tract to pay not
only all losses
caused by defects
of title to the
amount insured,
but at the com-
pany's own ex-
pense to defend
all actions which
may be brought

against the title. The company also does an extensive business in making loans on
bonds and mortgages at current rates of interest. The New- York offices occupy
the main floor to the left of the main entrance to the magnificent Mutual Life
Building, at 34 Nassau Street, where the old post office was located ; and the
Brooklyn offices are in the Brooklyn Real Estate Exchange Building, 189 Montague
Street.

The officers are : Andrew L. Soulard, President ; S. B. Livingston, Secretary ;
William Wagner, Treasurer ; W. R. Thompson, General Manager ; Charles
Unangst, Counsel ; Hon. Noah Davis, Advisory Counsel. The Directors are
Gjeorge W. Quintard, Wm. Steinway, John Straiton, Jere. Johnson, Jr., Felix
Campbell, Silas B. Dutcher, George C. Clausen, John A. Beyer, R. Carman Combes,
James Fellows, Charles Unangst, William Wagner, S. B. Livingston, W. R.
Thompson, Joseph F. Blaut, Andrew L. Soulard.

(iEKMAN-AIVtERICAN RtAL ES I ATE TITLE UUnHANitt
MUTUAL LIFE BUILDING, 34 NASSAU STREET.

United^States Treasury and Assay Offices, Clearing^House,
National and State Banks, Bankers, Brokers, Etc.

THE financial centre of the United States is at the lower end of Manhattan
Island. The influence of New York in this respect, indeed, extends over the
entire Western hemisphere. It yields the supremacy among the great money-markets
of the world to London alone. The prediction is often made that before many
decades the preeminence in the monetary affairs of civilized countries will be trans-
ferred from the banks of the Thames to the banks of the Hudson. This involves
no stretch of the imagination. The steady and magnificent growth of New York's
financial power and importance points to such a result. Whatever fresh triumphs in
this field the future has in store for the metropolis of the Western World, it already
presents one of the greatest combinations of accumulated wealth, banking capital,
organized credit, corporate power, and speculative activity which civilization can
offer.

Historical facts afford the best explanation both of the rise of financial New York
to its present proud position, and of the organization which furnishes facilities for
the exercise of its supremacy. Another chapter of this work furnishes an exposition
of the workings of the system by which New York fills the economic function of a
general clearing-house for the whole United States, and is the central mart in which
the wholesale business of the entire country is ultimately settled. The attainment
of this pre-eminence, however, was a matter of slow progress. Physical and geo-
graphical factors gave New York an advantage over her sister cities in the race.
Nevertheless the acquisition of a preponderating share of the country's foreign com-
merce, and the ensuing process by which she became and continues the great money-
market, were largely the results of that mingled enterprise and conservatism which
has distinguished New-York's merchants, bankers and capitalists.

At the close of the Revolutionary War, New York, like the other seaboard cities,
was mainly a local centre. The close of the struggle for independence and the revival
of commerce and industry rendered financial organization a necessity to the country.
Philadelphia, then the most prosperous of American towns, possessed the first bank
(1781) organized in the country, and there the original Bank of the United States,
chartered by Congress in 1790, had its principal office. The institution of an incor-
porated bank in New York dates from 1784, and the first beginnings of the
present New- York Stock Exchange were in 1792. In 1800, when the country had
for ten years enjoyed a settled government under the Federal Constitution, New York
possessed two State banks, besides a branch of the Bank of the United States, with
an aggregate capital of about $3,000,000. Even at that early day, the path of for-
eign commerce which she was to travel with such success was clearly marked out.

644

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The revenue of the Government from customs collected at New York in 1800 was
$2,373,000, against $1,300,000 at Philadelphia, and an equal amount at Boston. A
traveller of that day declared that Philadelphia was the London of America, but that
New York was its Liverpool. The Embargo and the War of 181 2, with the interrup-
tion of commerce, and the disorganization of the currency which followed, interfered
somewhat with the financial development of New York. Its banks and wealthy
citizens gave effective support to the Government during the struggle. John Jacob
Astor, whose fortune gained in the fur-trade made him the leading capitalist of the
city, became a large subscriber to the Government loan of that period. The peace
of 181 5 found New York with augmented banking facilities, and with increased ener-
gies on the part of her merchants and business men. In 18 16 the banking capital
employed was about $10,000,000, and the collections of Government revenue at
New York in that year were nearly $15,000,000. Speculation, too, was stimulated
by the war, and the regular organization of the New- York Stock Exchange dates
from 181 7.

The completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 marks the close of the preliminary
period in New York's financial history. From that moment her leadership was no

WALL STREET, NORTH SIDE, NEAR WILLIAM STREET, IN 1360.

longer a matter of doubt. The introduction of steamboat navigation had some years
before given her a decisive advantage over every rival, through the possession of
waterways affording easy communication with a considerable portion of the
country. As soon as an avenue was opened between the Hudson and the Lakes, the

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

645

products of the rapidly growing West began to pour into the lap of New York, for
distribution to other seaboard points or for shipment to Europe, while an increased
percentage of the country's imports passed through and paid toll at the same gateway,
This predominance in foreign commerce naturally brought with it a virtual monopoly

WALL STREET, FROM THE ASSAY OFFICE TO TRINITY CHURCH.

of the foreign exchanges of the country, that is to say, the collection of the amounts
which foreign countries pay for our products and the settlements for foreign products
imported into the United States.

New York's financial expansion on the line of foreign commerce was not without
set-backs. The most noteworthy of these was the panic of 1837, when the culmina-
tion of a period of general speculation, reckless financiering and inflation in bank-
note circulation resulted in a crash which shook the whole country. The banks of
New- York City generally suspended specie payments in May, 1837, and did not
resume them for about a year. Trying as this experience was, it resulted in one
great advantage to New York. In 1838 the State of New York enacted the cele-
brated law known as the "Free Banking Act." This statute established the princi-
ple that banking was a business in which all citizens might under proper regulations
freely engage, and did away with the restrictions and abuses connected with the
grant of special legislative charters. It also declared that bank-notes must be based
upon Government or State bonds or other tangible security; placed the banks under
more direct supervision by the authorities ; and generally surrounded the banking
business with needed safeguards. Its principles were adopted by several other
States, and furnished the model on which the National Banking Act was subse-
quently drawn. Under this salutary law, and during the period of recuperation
which followed the panic, some of the strongest of the present financial institutions
of New York were organized. It may also be noted that the refusal of the Govern-
ment to renew the charter of the second Bank of the United States, and the subse-
quent failure of that institution had a noteworthy influence in favor of New York.
The chief offices of both the earlier Bank of the United States (1791-181 1) and the

646

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

second institution ( 1 8 1 6- 1 836) were in Philadelphia, and the downfall of the latter insti-
tution ended all claim on the part of the Quaker City to financial rivalry with New York.
Between the panic of 1837 and the outbreak of the civil war the moneyed power
of New York kept pace with the material expansion of the country. The intro-
duction of the ocean steamship and the steam railroad gave a powerful impetus to
the commerce of the city ; and the California excitement and gold discoveries opened
up a trade which brought the product of the new mines to the vaults of the New-
York banks. Three important financial institutions originated in this period ; the
United-States Sub-Treasury, in 1S46 ; and the New- York Clearing-House Association

and the United-States Assay Office, in 1853; all of them
being important factors in the existing financial machinery.
Railroad building in the United
States began about
1830. The develop-
ment of such corpo-
rate enterprises on
a large scale came
a little later, and
I assumed imposing

proportions after
1850. Not only did
the extension of
the railroad system
bring New York
into closer com-
mercial connection
with all portions of
the United States,
but requiring, as
such enterprises
did, enormous
amounts of capital,
it became apparent
that Wall Street

WALL STREET, SOUTH SIDE, FROM THE CUSTOM HOUSE TO BROAD STREET. WaS the Sole mOney-

market of the land which possessed the means or the facilities with which the great
mass of securities created in such operations could be floated, i. e., placed before the
American and foreign investing public. A necessary consequence of this was the
augmentation of speculation in the bonds and stocks of the railroad and other great
corporations thus created, and the Stock Exchange of New York then assumed that
importance as an economic factor which has never departed from it. In the closing
years of the decade, 1850-60, the banks of New York were over 50 in number, and
represented a capital of upwards of $65,000,000, their deposits being about $80,000,-
000, and their circulation between $7,000,000 and $8,000,000. Over-expansion
and over-trading, the usual accompaniments of a period of intense national develop-
ment, led, however, by natural steps to another panic, that of 1857. "Runs" on
banks, a suspension of specie payments lasting from October 15th to December 14th
of that year, a depreciation of speculative values, and a crop of failures followed by
a stagnation of business were the results. The recovery of confidence was, how-
ever, in this case more rapid than usual.

KING'S HANDBOOK Of NEW YORK. 647

The outbreak of the civil war seemed to fall with destructive effect upon financial
Nevv York. It shook to its foundations under the blow, then rallied, devoting its
whole strength and energy to supporting the credit of the Nation in that life-and-
death struggle. Specie payments were suspended in December, i860, and the Asso-
ciated Banks at once formed a loan committee to facilitate action on behalf of the
Government. Large amounts were advanced by the banks to the Treasury, on the
security of Treasury notes and bonds, and more than once the banks responded to
the appeal of the Secretary of the Treasury for aid at critical times during the con-
test. New York furnished the great market for the Government loans, and such
operations coupled with the inflation of the currency and the business activity which
the war engendered made Wall Street the scene of the most excited speculation that
the modern world has probably ever witnessed. As the seat of the country's prin-
cipal custom-house, where duties on imports were payable to the Government in
specie, and the chief mart for foreign exchange, New York became at once the
market in which the gold value of the National currency was measured and adjusted.
The eyes of the whole country during these anxious years were fixed upon the "Gold
Room," near Wall Street, in which the transactions in specie were conducted, the
price of gold rising and falling on every turn of the war or change in the financial
prospects of the country.

The National Banking Act of July, 1865, had an important influence in strength-
ening the position of New York as the financial centre of the country. It might be
said that it really recognized and gave the force of law to existing facts. By the
provisions of this famous Act, New York was made the depository for the banking
reserves of the whole country. The National banks of New- York City must main-
tain a reserve in cash of 25 per cent, against their deposits ; but the banks of the
other chief cities may deposit one-half of their similar cash reserves with National
banks in New York. This provision results in the accumulation in New York of a
large proportion of the surplus funds of the whole country, for the purpose of earning
interest, while it also creates at New York a large financial reservoir from which when
trade is active money can flow to all parts of the land. Some years ago Boston,
Chicago and other cities were also made depositories, but without changing the ten-
dency of banks to deposit in New York. As illustrating this, it is estimated that of
the $535,000,000 deposits held by the Associated Banks in June, 1892, no less than
$240,000,000 was money of country banks deposited in New-York institutions. A
majority of the banks of this city accepted charters under the National Banking
Act, though there are some noteworthy exceptions; and the system has always found
decided approval and support from New York's financial interests.

The close of the civil war found the United States with a superabundance of
energy, which it was equally ready to turn in the direction of National development
or exaggerated speculation. New York stood as the great financial mart, prepared
both to furnish the organized capital which would build the railroads and establish
the industries, and to afford the facilities for the speculative activity into which the
country was anxious to throw itself. The latter was indeed an incident to the first
tendency. Yet it obscured the substantial progress of the republic, and created a false
impression of the economic functions which New York exercised as the point at which
the whole financial system focused. Great railroads like the lines to the Pacific were
constructed ; other systems, like the Pennsylvania and the New- York Central, were
created by consolidation of smaller lines ; industries of all kinds were established ;
and commerce reached unheard-of proportions. Cornelius Vanderbilt effected the
great operations which made his name famous, and Jay Gould appeared as the

648 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

boldest manipulator of stocks and corporations Wall Street had ever seen. The
maintenance of the National credit during the war, and the energy and success with
which the Government and people entered upon the unprecedented task of paying off
a National debt rising into the billions, had an exceedingly stimulating effect upon the
investment of foreign capital in American securities and enterprises. The historic
banking dynasties of Europe, like the Rothschilds and Barings, had long been rep-
resented in New York. In fact, transactions in foreign exchange were, as they still
are, mainly conducted through private banking-houses of large means, more or less
directly connected or in correspondence with private or incorporated banks in the
great cities of Europe. The augmented flow of the Old World's capital to this
country increased the number and importance of such concerns, which, by their deal-
ings in exchange (estimated at from fifteen to twenty billion dollars yearly), the
great holdings of our securities they represent, and the enormous amounts of foreign
money which through them are employed in buying investments, or loaned directly
in the New- York money-market, are most important factors in the financial organ-
ization of the metropolis and of the country. These houses also issue letters of
credit for travellers and commercial representatives, available through their corre-
spondents in every city of Europe or indeed of the civilized world. The completion
of the Atlantic Cable brought a closer union of interests between the New-York and
foreign markets. To-day business messages are often transmitted from Wall Street
to London and an answer returned in less than ten minutes, and enormous transac-
tions are closed by this medium.

The mingled attractions of social and business life have of recent years tended
to an increasing extent to draw to New York from all parts of the country success-
ful men with accumulated means. Their wealth is added to the aggregate which
gives New York its financial power, and their ability finds scope in the vast enter-
prises, financial, railroad and industrial, which are centred here. The great cor-
porations of the land, too, find it necessary to manage their affairs from financial
headquarters here, and with few exceptions the executive offices or fiscal agencies of
the leading railroads are in New York, where their dividends and the interest on
their bonds are paid, where their financial arrangements for raising capital must be
concluded, and where the investments and speculation in their securities are con-
ducted. The latest additions to the great corporations of the United States — the
industrial combinations — have followed the example. The Standard Oil Trust
Organization, probably the strongest and most extended association of capital in the
world, is entrenched in a lofty granite block on lower Broadway, and most of the
great industrial trusts or corporations, such as the American Sugar-Refining Com-
pany, the American Cotton Seed-Oil Company and the National Lead Company,
have their executive headquarters in New York's financial district.

If any decided change has taken place since the close of the war in the tenden-
cies of financial New York, it has been the steady growth of conservatism which
has accompanied the increase of its wealth and influence. Some severe lessons
were needed to bring this about. The rampant speculation of 1866 and the suc-
ceeding years ran its course, culminating in a mad attempt to corner the supply of
gold. September 24, 1869, " Black Friday," as it was called, was one of the most
trying days in the history of Wall Street. Indeed, it necessitated the closing of the
Stock Exchange for a short time, so that losses could be ascertained, and the solvent
be separated from the ruined. A commercial and financial panic in 1873 was *ne
result of general over-expansion. On this occasion, however, the Associated Banks
of New York faced the stringency of money and the threatened disorganization of

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 649

business throughout the country, and, uniting their credit and resources, issued
Clearing-House certificates by which those of their own number temporarily endan-
gered were carried through. The same method was successfully adopted in 1884,
and again in the panic of 1890, when the failure of the great house of Baring
Brothers & Co., in London, regarded then as second only to the Bank of England,
brought dismay to the entire financial world.

The Financial Organization of New York is a complex one. It is composed
of many separate elements, working to some extent in particular channels, yet all
cooperating and mutually dependent upon each other for the smooth operation of
the great machine. The Sub-Treasury of the United States is intimately connected
with the great banks by which the flow of wealth through every commercial
vein and artery of a great nation is regulated. The foreign banking-houses serve as
the connecting links between the financial systems of the Old World and the New
World. While the great trust-companies of New York are both banking institu-
tions of enormous power, and are also the fiduciary connections between corporate
organizations and the investing and money-saving public, the stock exchanges are
the marts, in which the investing power of the country is brought into juxtaposition
with its great enterprises, besides furnishing the facilities by which speculation in
securities (which, if it is an evil, is also a necessity) is conducted. Private bankers
and brokers innumerable deal in water, gas and electric lighting, telephone, telegraph,
street-railway and other classes of securities, and in commercial paper. All these
and other agencies which it is impossible to enumerate constitute that complicated
machine — the New- York money-market — which fixes the value and supply cf
capital of the entire country.

The Sub-Treasury of the United States at New York is one of the
most conspicuous buildings in Wall Street. It stands at the corner of Nassau Street,
facing Broad Street, and extends through to Pine Street. Its Greek facade, graced
by eight lofty Doric columns, surmounts a massive flight of steps extending the width
of the building, the effect being dignified if not graceful. Midway the steps are
broken by the pedestal on which stands Ward's heroic-sized bronze statue of Wash-
ington. This work of art was unveiled November 26, 1883, the day following
Evacuation Day. Imbedded in the pedestal, immediately in front of the statue, is
a slab of red sandstone bearing an inscription, stating that standing upon that
identical stone, then forming part of the balcony of Federal Hall, and in the same
place it now occupies, George Washington took the oath of office as the first Presi-
dent of the United States, April 30, 1789. An inscription on the side of the pedes-
tal commemorates the fact that the statue was erected by voluntary subscriptions,
under the auspices of the Chamber of Commerce. In 1889 the chief centennial
celebration exercises took place on these steps.

The site of the Sub-Treasury was originally occupied by the City Hall of New
York. The building was altered and repaired in 1789 for the use of the first Con-
gress under the Constitution, and became the scene of the first inauguration. Hence
it was known as the Federal Hall, though the seat of Congress was soon removed
to Philadelphia, and finally to Washington. The building was acquired by the Gov-
ernment, to be used as the Custom House, and was demolished in 1834, when the
construction of the present edifice was begun. It was completed in 1 841, and
remained the Custom House until 1862, when that establishment was removed to its
present quarters in the old Merchants' Exchange building, and the Sub-Treasury
took possession. The Act of Congress establishing the Sub-Treasury system was
passed August 6, 1846, and Ex-Gov. William C. Bouck was in that year appointed

650

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

the first Assistant Treasurer of the United States at New York. The establishment
was at first located in the adjacent building, now occupied by the Assay Office.

The interior of the edifice is mainly occupied by a large rotunda, with desks and
railings like those of a bank, for the transaction of business with the public. At
the sides and at either end are smaller apartments occupying two stories, furnishing
offices for the Assistant Treasurer and staff. Below are massive vaults, in which the
coin and notes entrusted to the Sub-Treasury are stored under constant guard.

The Assistant Treasurer of the United States at New York occupies one of the
most responsible positions in the financial service of the country. Besides being the

UNITED-STATES SUB-TREASURY, WALL AND NASSAU STREETS.

custodian of immense sums of Government money, and having the care of the largest
receipts and disbursements it makes through any one agency, he is the representa-
tive of the Treasury Department at the financial centre, and is the direct channel
through which the Secretary at Washington is kept in touch with the money-mar-
ket. The office is a Presidential appointment, and the incumbent is required to
furnish a bond of $400,000 for the faithful performance of his duties. The post
has been filled by several men famous in political and financial history, among them
John A. Dix, John J. Cisco, John A. Stewart (now President of the United-States
Trust Company), Gen. Thomas Hillhouse (now President of the Metropolitan Trust
Company), Charles J. Folger, and Thomas C. Acton (now President of the Bank
of New Amsterdam). Ellis H. Roberts, appointed by President Harrison in 1889,
now holds the office. In his absence the Cashier of the office, Maurice L. Muhle-
man, is acting Assistant Treasurer. Edward W. Hale is Deputy Assistant Treasurer.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 651

It is estimated that the New- York Sub-Treasury conducts fully two-thirds of the
direct money dealings of the Government with the public. In the year ending June 30,
1 89 1, the total fiscal movement of the office was $2,800,000,000, and the actual cash
handled in the same period was $1,900,000,000. It receives the money paid into
the New- York Custom House, as well as from postmasters and other Government offi-
cers. The interest on the Government debt is paid in checks drawn upon it, together
with about three-fifths of all the money disbursed to pensioners and for miscellaneous
Government payments of all kinds. The employees of all the local Government offices
are paid through it, and accounts with a majority of all the disbursing officers of the
Government are kept here. It receives and redeems mutilated paper money from the
banks of the city, and exchanges gold and silver coin for notes. It is the agency
through which transfers of money are made between the various sub-treasurers and
National-bank depositories in other cities and local banks. The amount of coin and
currency stored in its vaults varies, having at one time (1888) reached the total of
$225,000,000. At present, the amount is upwards of $135,000,000, of which about
$60,000,000 is gold and $30,000,000 is in silver dollars. In former times as much
as $100,000,000 in gold bars had accumulated at one time in the vaults, awaiting
either delivery to depositories or shipment on orders from Washington to the mints.

In addition to its ordinary transactions, the Sub-Treasury has at different times
proved a useful and efficient ally of the Department, in carrying out its financial
plans, notably in the refunding operations so successfully accomplished, and in the
resumption of specie payments. In these, as well as in other important measures, the
office has demonstrated its capability to meet unforeseen exigencies, and with but
slight changes in its machinery, to handle great amounts, in securities, as well as
money, with the utmost accuracy and promptness. It is believed that never in the
history of any government have such vast sums been received and disbursed,
through a single agency, with so little friction, and so small a percentage of loss.

The United-States Assay Office at New York is a branch of the Mint. It
occupies the building on Wall Street adjoining the Sub-Treasury. This edifice was
built in 1823, for the New- York branch of the Bank of the United States, and is
the oldest building on Wall Street. After the failure of that institution it was occu-
pied by two banks, finally passing into the possession of the Government, and on
the establishment of the Assay Office at New York in 1853 was converted to its pres-
ent use. Dr. John Torrey, the famous botanist and chemist, was appointed the
first assayer, and Hon. John Butterworth was appointed the first superintendent. A
large building was erected in the rear for refining operations. Complaint that the
acid fumes from the parting of bullion annoyed the occupants of neighboring pri-
vate property resulted in 1891 in increasing the height of the lofty brick chimney
at the rear of the building. The addition, though successful in its object, cannot be
styled an architectural adornment. Nearly the whole of the building is occupied for
the assaying, parting and refining of gold and silver. The precious metals, in the
form of crude bullion, bars, old jewelry, coin, etc., are received at the office,
and turned out in the form of bars, bearing the Government stamp certifying to
their weight and fineness. The greater part of the work is executed for private
parties, who deposit bullion with the office for that purpose, a small charge fixed by
law being imposed for the service. Gold bars or gold coin are returned for gold
deposits, and silver bars only for silver. The gold bars manufactured here vary in
value from $100 to $8,000, and the silver bars from five ounces to 1,500 ounces.
The office accepts no amounts of either gold or silver of less than $100 in value.
During the year ending June 30, 1891, the bullion deposited for treatment at the

652

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

ASSAY OFFICE

Assay Office amounted
to $32,615,334 in gold,
and $5, 523, 392 in silver;
the total deposits since
its establishment aggre-
gating $806,013,626 in
gold, and $132,038,089
in s i lv e r . Andrew
Mason, who has been
connected with the Assay
Office since its establish-
ment, has been its Super-
intendent since 1883.
The other chief officers
are Herbert G. Torrey
(son of the late Dr. John
Torrey), Assayer ; and
admitted between 10.30
of dealing with the

Benjamin T. Martin, Melter and Refiner. Visitors are
A. M. and 2.30 P. M., to witness the interesting processes
precious metals, which are carried on here.

The Banks, National and State, are the most important portion of the mechan-
ism by which New York controls the finances of the country. They represent an
accumulation of capital, assets and deposits almost without parallel in the civilized
world. Their influence is, however, multiplied by their wide-reaching connections.
Nearly every bank and banker in the United States maintains a correspondence with
and keeps an account at some New- York bank. In this way New York serves as the
centre at which every thread in the complicated web of organized credit meets, and
through their own organization — the Clearing-House Association — they complete
the connection and supply the apparatus by which the larger proportion of the
wholesale business of the country effects its settlements. The rise of the great
financial institutions of the city has already been outlined. It remains, however,
to indicate the present status of the metropolitan banks, and in particular instances
to supply the interesting details in regard to the history and progress of some of the
more prominent among them. There are in New York at present 48 National
banks, with a combined capital (as per the last statement to the Comptroller of the
Currency) of $49,600,000. Their aggregated surplus and undivided profits are
$57,220,098; their total resources, $646,293,187; their deposits, $534,093,273;
and their circulation, $5,824,658. The State banks in the city number 45. Their
aggregate capital (as per the latest report of the Superintendent of the Banking
Department) is $17,372,700, their surplus and undivided profits $15,309,837,
their total resources $181,421,744, and their deposits $148,218,863.

The New- York Clearing House Association, or, as it is called, "The
Associated Banks," is the most important piece of financial mechanism in the country,
if not in the world. It is a voluntary organization of 64 banks of New York and the
Assistant Treasurer of the United States, for effecting in one place the daily exchanges
between the Associated Banks, and the payment of the balances resulting therefrom.
It occupies the brownstone building at the northwest corner of Nassau and Pine
Streets, in the heart of the banking quarter. The upper floors contain the large
apartment in which the daily clearings are carried out, with accommodations for the
clerks employed by the Association itself. The Clearing House is not an incorpor-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

653

ated body, and its property is held by trustees representing the collective ownership
by the members of the Association. Prior to the formation of this Association, each
bank would accumulate notes, drafts and checks drawn upon some or all of the
other city banks. The bank "runner" (an important and busy functionary in early
days) would take these drafts, visit each of the other banks on which they were
drawn, and collect the respective amounts in cash. This system was evidently
suited only for a primitive stage of business. It involved endless friction and
unnecessary waste of time, and obliged banks to keep on hand more money than
was actually available. Under it, each bank, after paying the drafts and checks
drawn on it held and presented by other banks, and collecting the drafts on other
banks which it had received, had either received a net balance of cash due to it or paid
out a net balance. It was not strange that as the banking business of New York
began to assume colossal proportions, and the amount of the exchanges between the
banks grew to millions daily, some means should be sought to simplify these trans-
actions by a process of off-setting debits and credits, and merely paying balances.
At first, a custom arose for the bank "runners" to effect partial settlements by
exchanging their mutual collections, and a system of weekly settlements between
banks on Fridays was also
essayed. This, however, was
productive only of confusion
and danger. A clearing
house had been formed by
London bankers as early as
1775, on something like ex-
isting lines ; and in 1 84 1
Albert Gallatin, then the
Nestor of American finan-
ciers, recommended the regu-
lar settlement of exchanges
between banks. A decade,
however, elapsed before the
many suggestions on the sub-
ject took effect, and on
October 1 1, 1853, after much
consultation between bank
officials, the New- York
Clearing House Association
came into existence as an
experimental organization.
Its success was almost in-
stantaneous, and on June 6,
1854, the written constitu-
tion, which in substance still
governs the organization, was
adopted. The first place
occupied by the Clearing
House was the basement of 14 Wall Street. Subsequently 82 Broadway was used ;
and in 1858 it moved to the upper floors of the building of the Bank of New
York, at William and Wall Streets. The present building was purchased by the
Association and first occupied in 1875. Thomas Tileston, then President of the

CLEARING HOUSE. NASSAU AND PINE STREETS.

654 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Phenix Bank, was the first Chairman of the Clearing House, and George D. Lyman
its first manager.

The workings of the Clearing House are eminently simple. Each bank repre-
sented in the Association despatches to the Clearing House, every morning, two
clerks, who convey with them all the checks and drafts drawn on other members
that have been deposited in the bank. Each member has a number, those of
original members according to seniority of organization, the others according to
their admission to the Clearing House. At 10 o'clock in the morning the clearing
clerks of the various banks take their allotted places behind a great circular desk
in the large hall of the Clearing House. Their assistants stand outside the desk
carrying trays containing the drafts on the other banks, bundled and arranged in
order. At a signal from the rostrum, the assistant clerks commence to make the
circuit of the room, stopping at each settling clerk in rotation, and handing in the
exchanges on each bank, until they have completed the circle and returned to the
clearing clerk of their own bank. The settling clerks on entering the Clearing
House knew the amount of their credit items, and the operation just described has
informed them of the debits, that is, the exchanges of other banks on their own. In
spite of the large number of clerks engaged in the clearing, perfect order is main-
tained, and the clerks themselves are generally experts. A very few minutes suf-
fices for balances to be struck, which determine which banks are on the whole of
their exchanges debtors and which are creditors. This is announced by the Clear-
ing House official who presides, and nothing remains to be done but for the debtor
banks to send to the Clearing House by 1.30 P. M. the amount in cash of the
balances against them, and for the creditor banks at the same hour to draw the
amounts due them. A vast amount of business is thus transacted without friction,
delay or unnecessary waste of any kind. As a typical example, on the morning of
June 13, 1892, the total exchanges at the Clearing-House were $77,692,061, and
the balances $5,876,954. That is, the latter amount settled the whole mass of
transactions represented by the former figures. In the year 1 89 1 the total clearings
were $35,363,653,238.81 ; and the aggregate of its transactions from its formation to
December 31, 1 89 1, reach the formidable figures $1,002,658,493,744..

The affairs of the Association are controlled by meetings of the Presidents of all
the constituent banks, though immediate powers are exercised by the chairman and
Clearing House Committee, who are elected annually. A new member is admitted
only on application, and examination of its affairs by the Committee, which must
pronounce that the intended member is " sound." It is also not uncommon for the
Committee to make an examination of the affairs of any member which has fallen
under suspicion. Some members also act as clearing agents for other banks not mem-
bers of the Association. In 1891 the Association adopted more stringent regulations
in regard thereto, and the institutions which clear through members must now also
submit to an examination as to " soundness " by the Committee.

The Clearing House is not merely a mechanical device for the settlement of bank-
exchanges. That is its main function, but it also supplies the formal organization
which enables the New-York banks to act unitedly in time of emergency. The
Clearing House as a body was often and successfully appealed to on behalf of the
Government during the trying times of the war. It also during the panics of 1873
and 1884, and again in 1890, stayed the progress of financial distrust by the issue
of "Clearing House Certificates" against the deposit of approved securities by the
banks with the Committee, and the acceptance by the members of the Association of
these certificates in settlement of Clearing House balances. Another important func-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 655

tion is the issue every Saturday of the weekly statement showing the averages for the
week of the several items of loans, specie, legal tenders, deposits and circulation of all
the members. The "Bank statement," as it is known, determines the extent to which
the Associated Banks are above or under the 25 per cent, reserve to secure deposits
which is required of National banks by law. It is safe to say that no other financial
document, not even the statement of the Bank of England, has an equal influence
in determining the course of the money-market.

The chairman of the Association is Frederick D. Tappen, President of the Gal-
latin National Bank ; and the Clearing House Committee is composed of Edward
H. Perkins, Jr., President Importers' and Traders' National Bank, Chairman; J.
Edward Simmons, President Fourth National Bank ; Henry W. Cannon, President
Chase National Bank ; and George G. Williams, President Chemical National
Bank. William A. Camp, whose service in the Clearing House dated from 1857 as
Assistant Manager and from 1864 as Manager, resigned the latter office in 1892,
retiring upon half- pay, and was succeeded as Manager by William Sherer, William
J. Gilpin succeeding the latter as Assistant Manager.

The American Bankers' Association is a national organization of National
and State banks, trust-companies, and private bankers throughout the United States.
Its object is to promote the welfare of banking interests, and to secure unity of
action in regard to legislation and other matters affecting banks and bankers. The
institution was formed in 1876, the late Charles B. Hall (then President of the Bos-
ton National Bank of Boston) being its president, and the late James Buell (at the time
President of the Importers' and Traders' National Bank of New York) being its secre-
tary. Its permanent office is at 1 28 Broadway. It has a membership comprising nearly
every important banking institution in the country. The annual meetings of the Asso-
ciation, which it holds at different cities by rotation, furnish occasion for the discussion
of subjects of importance to banking and commercial interests. The officers of the
Association are, President, William H. Rhawn, President National Bank of the
Republic, of Philadelphia ; First Vice-President, M. M. White, President Fourth
National Bank, of Cincinnati ; Chairman of the Executive Council, E. H. Pullen,
Vice-President National Bank of the Republic, of New York ; Treasurer, George
F. Baker, President First National Bank, of New York ; Secretary, William B.
Greene, 128 Broadway, New York. The Association has a Vice-President for each
State and Territory, and an Executive Council of 21 members.

The Bank of New York, National Banking Association, is not only the oldest
financial institution of the city, but one of the three oldest in the United States. It
was founded in 1 784 by leading New- York business men, who on the close of the
Revolutionary War found pressing need for the facilities of a well-conducted bank.
The Bank of North America, at Philadelphia, incorporated by Congress in 178 1,
was the only bank then existing in this country, and the formation of the Massachu-
setts Bank, of Boston, dates from 1784, the same year as the Bank of New York.
These three institutions have acted as each others' correspondents for more than a
century. Alexander Hamilton took a leading part in the foundation of the Bank of
New York. His hand traced the constitution, and he was one of the first Board of
Directors, his associates including Robert Brown, Comfort Sands, Thomas Ran-
dall, Nicholas Low and Isaac Roosevelt. Gen. Alexander McDougall was the first
President, and William Seaton the first Cashier. The bank began business in the
Walton mansion (demolished in 1881), which stood on Pearl Street, opposite Har-
per & Brothers' establishment. In 1788 it was removed to 11 Hanover Square, a
house occupying part of the site of the former Cotton Exchange. In 1796 it pur-

656

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

chased the premises at the corner of Wall and William Streets, where the bank still
remains. A new building with the necessary vaults was at once erected on this lot.
This edifice was demolished in 1857, and the present brownstone and brick edifice
was built. This handsome structure (one of the first fire-proof buildings in the
city) was originally four stories high, but has been increased by successive imposi-
tions to seven stories. The basement is utilized for safe-deposit vaults. The his-
tory of the Bank of New York is an epitome of the financial and commercial pro-
gress of the city, State and Nation for more than a century. This record has been
preserved and set forth in a volume entitled "The History of the Bank of New
York," compiled on its centennial anniversary, in 1884. The bank has always pre-
served its place among the foremost institutions of the country, in point of success
and stability as well as age, and its management has invariably been recruited from
the ranks of the leading business men of New York. Among its earlier presidents
were Jeremiah Wadsworth, Isaac Roosevelt, Gulian Verplanck, Herman Le Roy
and Matthias Clarkson, and of more recent date John Oouthout and Charles P. Lev-

erich, the latter being promi-
nent in the financial negotia-
tions by which the Govern-
ment, during the Civil War,
received effective support from
the banks and financial inter-
ests of New York. Many dis-
tinguished men have had busi-
ness relations with the bank,
Talleyrand and Aaron Burr
(checks signed by them are still
preserved at the bank) being
of the number. The stock cf
some of the original sub-
scribers has been inherited by,
and is still owned by, their
descendants, and it is a re-
markable circumstance in its
history that the bank has never
passed a dividend, except in
1837, when it was obliged to
do so by law. In 1864 it be-
came a National bank, but as
a special distinction retained
its original title, adding thereto
the words "National Banking
bank of new york, n. b. a., wall and william srREETs. Association. " The net de-

posits exceed $15,000,000. Charles M. Fry has been its President since 1876, the
Vice-President being Richard B. Ferris, and the Cashier Ebenezer S. Mason. The
Board of Directors is composed of James M. Constable, Charles M. Fry, Franklin
Edson, Charles B. Leverich, George H. Byrd, James Moir, Gustav Amsinck, Anson
W. Hard, H. B. Laidlaw, Darius O. Mills, Eugene Kelly, John L. Riker and J.
Kennedy Tod.

The Manhattan Company, virtually the second oldest bank in the city, is an
institution with a history. In this case there is a dash of romance. The charter of

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

MERCHANTS' NATIONAL BANK.

40 AND 42 WALL STREET, BETWEEN NASSAU AND WILLIAM STREETS.

658 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

the corporation was granted by the State Legislature in 1799, for the purpose of
introducing pure water into the city. This, however, veiled another object. The
Bank of New York controlled .by Hamilton and the Federalists was then the only
chartered institution in the city. Its managers opposed the establishment of any rival,
and were able to prevent it. Leading members of the Republican (we should now
say Democratic) party wished to found a bank, and called Aaron Burr to their assist-
ance. Burr engrafted, in an apparently innocent measure incorporating a company
to supply the city with water, a clause providing that its surplus capital might be
employed in any transactions not inconsistent with the laws of the State. The bill,
of course, passed, and it was found too late that the power establishing a bank had
been conferred. A capital of $2,000,000 was at once provided, and the Manhattan
Company's Bank began its long and successful career. The ostensible object of the
company was, however, fulfilled ; and excavations in the older streets of New York
still bring to light decaying pieces of wooden pipes, which were laid by it, and used
to supply the city prior to the introduction of Croton water. The latter event ended
its usefulness in this respect, though the company still maintains a dilapidated tank,
near Centre Street, by which it purports to be prepared to fulfill the purpose of its
charter. Banking, however, has been its chief business, and it has always been one
of the most prominent banking concerns of New York. Its place of business since
the first decade of the century has been at 40 Wall Street, the old building having
been replaced in 1883 by the Merchants' and Manhattan Building, as the joint home
for the Manhattan and Merchants' Banks.

The Merchants' National Bank, one of the greatest and strongest of
America's banking institutions, is the third of the New- York banks in point of
antiquity. It was founded in 1803, by leading merchants, who maintained that
political influences were permitted to affect the conduct of the two local banks which
then existed, as well as that of the branch Bank of the United States. The original
subscription-list, still preserved at the bank, embraces many names of families promi-
nent in the commercial and social life of early New York. Among the original
stockholders were Gilbert Aspinwall, Josiah Ogden Hoffman, Jordan Mott, Abraham
R. Lawrence, Judge Daniel D. Tompkins, Charles L. Camman, C. C. Roosevelt, Col.
Nicholas Fish, and John Peter DeLancy. Oliver Wolcott, who had succeeded
Hamilton as Secretary of the United- States Treasury, was the first President of the
bank. He resigned a few years later to become Governor of Connecticut. The
first Board of Directors included Isaac Bronson, Henry J. Wyckoff, John Hone,
and John Swartwout. The bank from its inception ninety years ago has occupied
premises on the same site, at 42 Wall Street, where its business is now conducted.
The private house originally converted to this purpose gave way to a granite structure
of Grecian architecture, with two massive stone pillars. It was long one of the land-
marks of Wall Street, but was in its turn demolished in 1883 to make room for the
splendid "Merchants' and Manhattan Building," which the Merchants' Bank and its
old-time neighbor and rival the Manhattan Company built and now jointly occupy.
The original capital of the Merchants' was $1,200,000, which was increased later to
$3,000,000, and finally reduced to $2,000,000. The bank has always been true to
its original record, its successive boards of directors including the leading merchants
of the city. The late Alexander T. Stewart had been for years, and was at the time
of his death, a member of the board. The history of the bank has not been event-
ful. It is a record of conservative management, weathering with success all the finan-
cial storms of nearly a century. The late Jacob D. Vermilye, who in length of ser-
vice was the dean of New-York bank presidents, was succeeded in the presidency in

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

659

MECHANICS' NATIONAL BANK.

31 AND 33 WALL STREET, BETWEEN BROAD AND WILLIAM STREETS.

660 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

1 89 1 by Robert M. Gallaway. The Cashier of the Merchants' Bank, Cornelius V.
Banta, has been connected with the institution 45 years, and enjoys the distinction
of the longest service of any bank cashier on Wall Street. The directors include
John A. Stewart, of the United-States Trust Company ; Henry Sheldon ; E. A.
Brinckerhoff ; Charles S. Smith, President of the Chamber of Commerce ; Jacob
Wendell ; W. G. Vermilye ; Gustav H. Schwab, of Oelrichs & Co. ; Donald Mackay,
of Vermilye & Co. ; and Charles D. Dickey, Jr., of Brown Brothers & Co.

The Mechanics' National Bank, the fourth oldest of the banks of New-
York City, was organized in 1810, chiefly through the influence of the General
Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen ; to accommodate the members of which, its
capital of $2,000,000 was divided into shares of $25 each. For a number of years
the society was prominent in the bank's affairs, and has never severed its connection;
being still the holder of the stock originally subscribed, and has one of the many
accounts that have stood upon its books for 82 years. The banking-house, until two
years ago, was one of the landmarks of Wall Street. The original quarters were in
a remodelled three-story dwelling-house, which was at one time occupied by Alex-
ander Hamilton. The present magnificent nine-story granite edifice, one of the
finest on Wall Street, is the third building erected by the bank upon its property.

Among its noted presidents were John Slidell, Jacob Lorillard, Shepherd Knapp
and Benjamin B. Sherman. In 1854, the original charter expiring, the bank was
re-organized as a State bank, becoming a National bank in 1865. The original cap-
ital of $2,000,000 remains the same, but a stately surplus of $2,000,000 has been
added. Its gross assets exceed. $15,000,000, and the deposits of $11,000,000 are
almost wholly from individuals, manufacturers and mercantile houses. The officers
are Horace Everett Garth, President, who became associated with the bank in 1883;
Alexander E. Orr, Vice-President; William Sharp, Jr., Cashier; and Granville W.
Garth, Assistant-Cashier.

The Board of Directors, from the time of organization, has been composed of
men foremost in financial circles, and at present consists of Horace Everett Garth,
Alexander E. Orr, Henry F. Spaulding, Henry E. Nesmith, William B. Kendall,
Charles H. Isham, Lowell Lincoln, Henry Hentz, Eckstein Norton, Charles M.
Pratt, Henry Talmadge, John Sinclair, William L. Trenholm, and William Sharp, Jr.

The Bank of America has occupied, for more than eighty years, the site at
the northwest corner of Wall and William Streets, on which now stands its lofty and
admirable granite building. The old Winthrop mansion stood on this corner, and
was leased when the bank was chartered by the State in 18 12, and used as its
banking-house. In 183 1 the bank purchased this property, and in 1835 erected a
building which for fifty years was a conspicuous object in Wall Street. It was of
Greek architecture, Corinthian period, and furnished quarters only for the bank.
In 1888-89 the present Bank of America building took its place, covering the
old site and twenty-five feet additional frontage, purchased from the Bank of
North America. This imposing building supplies office-room for a number of cor-
porations and private bankers, besides the bank's own exceedingly spacious and
elegant banking apartments on the main floor. The Bank of America ranks as fifth
in age among the city banks. It was founded at a time when the expiration of
the charter of the first Bank of the United States opened the way for the develop-
ment of State banks. Its first directors and stockholders were recruited from among
those interested in the Bank of the United States, and it attracted much of the capi-
tal and business of that institution. The charter provided for a capital of $6,000,-
000, and required the bank to pay the State $600,000, and to loan it $2,000,000.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

661

BANK OF AMERICA.

WALL STREET, CORNER OF WILLIAM STREET.

662 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Oliver Wolcott, ex-Secretary of the Treasury, was the first president ; and the origi-
nal Board of Directors were Oliver Wolcott, William Bayard, Arthur Smith, George
Griswold, Thomas Buckley, Abraham Barker, Theodorus Bailey, John T. Lawrence,
John T. Champlin, John De Peyster, Philip Hone, Preserved Fish, Stephen Whit-
ney, Archibald Gracie, Patrick G. Hildreth, Elisha Leavenworth, Josiah Ogden
Hoffman, and Henry Post, Jr.

The War of 1812, and the financial troubles of that era, prevented the develop-
ment of the business of the bank upon the lines originally intended, and the pro-
visions of the charter of 1812 were modified, the modifications including a reduction
in the amount of the authorized capital and in the amounts to be paid and loaned
to the State. The bank, however, prospered, and ranked, as it still does, among
the most respected and successful institutions of the country. For a long time it
was the local depository of the National funds, and from October 3, 1854 (upon
which date, at the first annual meeting of the New-York Clearing House Associa-
tion, the Bank of America was chosen as depository), until the old building was
removed in 1888, its vaults were used for the deposit of gold coin by the Associated
Banks, the Bank of America issuing its certificates for the coin deposited ; hence it
is sometimes spoken of as the "Bank of the Clearing-House. " At one time nearly
$50,000,000 in gold was in its custody.

A notable fact in the bank's history is the unbroken record it enjoys of having
under all circumstances paid its circulating notes in gold, even in the face of more
than one general suspension of specie payments. No holder of a Bank of America
note has ever had his demand for payment of the note in gold refused. The Bank
of America is the most prominent and influential bank now doing business under
a State charter. Its capital of $3,000,000 is reinforced by a surplus of $2,000,000 ;
and its deposits approach $20,000,000. The Directors are Samuel Thorne, Charles
G. Landon, George A. Crocker, David S. Egleston, J. Harsen Rhoades, Augustus
D. Juilliard, Oliver Harriman, Frederick P. Olcott, George G. Haven, William H.
Perkins, James N. Jarvie, and Dallas B. Pratt. The officers of the bank are
William H. Perkins, President ; Frederick P. Olcott. Vice-President ; Walter M.
Bennet, Assistant Cashier ; and John Sage, Assistant Cashier.

The National City Bank was incorporated and began business in 181 2, at 52
Wall Street, the site of its present building, which is the second that the bank has
erected on the same spot. At first, it took possession of the edifice which had been
used by the New- York branch of the first Bank of the United States, the stock of
the latter (the charter of which had expired) being received for subscriptions for the
stock of the City Bank. Its first president was Samuel Osgood, who had been Naval
Officer of the Pojt. The first Board of Directors comprised Abraham Bloodgood,
Ichabod Prall, William Irving, Samuel Tooker and William Cutting. G. B. Vroom
was the first cashier. Its original capital was $800,000, which in 1853 was increased
to $1,000,000. Its record during its early years was not eventful, the most note-
worthy incident being that its vaults were once the object of a daring and skilful
robbery, long famous in the annals of New York, although the plunder was recov-
ered. The great prosperity of the City Bank dates from 1856, when Moses Taylor
became its president, he having been a director since 1837. He was one of the most
successful merchants and financiers that New York has ever had. The foundation
of his great fortune was laid in the West-Indian trade. But he was one of the first
to realize the importance of the anthracite-coal business, and to make large and
successful investments in coal land and in the securities of the railroads engaged in
transporting coal. His administration of the City Bank was characterized by the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

663

NATIONAL CITY BANK.

NO. 52 WALL STREET, BETWEEN WILLIAM AND PEARL STREETS.

664

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

same success which marked his private business, and the bank assumed the high
position it now maintains among the institutions of New York, possessing the
clientage of an unusual number of wealthy corporations and firms. He died in 1882,
and was succeeded in the presidency by his son-in-law, Percy R. Pyne, who resigned
in 1 89 1, when James Stillman, of the time-honored cotton-house of Woodward &
Stillman, was elected. Its cashier is David Palmer, appointed in 1877, and the
assistant-cashier is G. S. Whitson. The directors are representative of the powerful
connection it enjoys. They are Percy R. Pyne (the former president) ; Samuel
Sloan, President of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad ; George W.
Campbell ; Lawrence Turnure ; Roswell G. Rolston, President of the Farmers' Loan
& Trust Company ; Hon. William Walter Phelps ; Cleveland H. Dodge, of Phelps,
Dodge & Co. ; Henry A. C. Taylor ; and James Stillman. Among the tenants of the
National City Bank building are the Hon. Wm. M. Evarts and Joseph H. Choate.

The Tradesmens National Bank, on Broadway, corner of Reade Street, is
one of the most conspicuous institutions of the Dry-Goods District. Its lofty white-
marble building, which it owns, and of which it occupies the first two floors, was

built in i860 as its permanent home.
The bank has a long history, having been
organized in 1823 under a State charter,
and is the eighth oldest existing bank of
New-York City. The most famous of its
early presidents was Preserved Fish, one
of the most active merchants and bank-
ers of his time in this city. In 1865 the
Tradesmens organized as a National
Bank, and it is a noteworthy fact that
since that date it has paid in dividends
upon its stock no less than $2,250,000,
and it is regarded among capitalists as a
safe dividend-paying stock. The surplus
is nearly $210,000 ; the total resources
approach $5,000,000 ; and the deposits
exceed $4,000,000, an increase in the year
1892 of nearly $2,000,000. Tradition and
inclination have kept the management of
the Tradesmens closely with the con-
servative policy of legitimate banking
business, in connection with the mercan-
tile community. Its Board of Directors
constitutes a guarantee of strict adherence to these lines, composed as it is of repre-
sentatives of business houses. It consists- of George Starr, capitalist ; Elliot L.
Butler, of Belt, Butler & Co., wool ; Julius Kaufmann, of Smith & Kaufmann, manu-
facturers of ribbons ; Henry Campbell, of Martin & Campbell, wholesale grocers ;
F. S. M. Blun, of F. S. M. Blun & Co., corset supplies; James R. Pitcher, General
Manager of the United-States Mutual Accident Association ; Joseph T. Low, of
Joseph T. Low & Co., commission dry-goods; Thomas B. Kent, Vice-President of
Holmes, Booth & Haydens, brass manufacturers ; John A. Tweedy, of Lee, Tweedy
& Co., dry-goods importers; and Henry C. Berlin, President of Berlin & Jones
Envelope Company. The officers of the bank are James E. Granniss, President ;
Logan C. Murray, Vice-President ; and Oliver F. Berry, Cashier.

TRADESMENS NATIONAL BANK, BROADW,
CORNER READE STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

665

The Chemical National Bank is the most famous of all American banking
corporations. This is owing to several facts. Its stock commands a greater price
in proportion to its par value than any other bank stock in the world. It has the
greatest surplus and undivided profits, with a single exception, of any bank in the
country. It has by far the largest amount of individual deposits. It pays the
largest percentage of dividends on its par value of any corporation of any kind. The
Chemical Bank originated in 1824, being organized under a State charter as "The
Chemical Manufacturing Company," with banking privileges. The name was
determined by the fact that some of the leading men in the enterprise were con-
nected with the drug trade. The charter expired in 1844, when its line of deposits
was $600,000. Peter Goelet and his brother Robert were active in organizing the
new bank to take its place. Through their efforts a capital of $300,000 was sub-
scribed, and on February 26, 1844, the business of the Chemical Manufacturing Com-
pany was taken over by the Chemical Bank. John Q. Jones was the first President,
and remained in that office till 1878. He was surrounded, as directors, shareholders
and depositors, by some of the most influential and
wealthiest merchants of New-York City, among
them Alexander T. Stewart, John David Wolfe,
Joseph Sampson, C. V. S. Roosevelt, Robert
McCroskrey and Japhet Bishop. These men, repre-
senting the strength of the dry-goods and hardware
trades, brought their own business to the bank and
attracted many others to it. Its stability in the
midst of panics and financial disturbances was also
influential in securing for the Chemical large indi-
vidual and corporate deposits. The New-York
Central Railroad was one of its earliest customers.
The conservatism of the management and the
strict adherence to legitimate banking methods are
generally recognized ; and its enormous individual
deposits, exceeding $23,000,000, are secured with-
out the payment of a particle of interest. Its first
dividend was paid in 1849, nve years after its re-
organization, being at the rate of 12 per cent.,
which was increased to 18 and then to 24 per
cent., advancing in 1863 to 36 per cent., in 1867
to 60 per cent., in 1872 to 100 per cent., and in
1888 to 150 per cent, per annum. The shares of
the bank based on $100 par value have sold as
high as $4,980 each, the quotations varying from
that sum to $4,600 a share.

The Chemical's first banking-house was on
Broadway, opposite St. Paul's Chapel, occupying
part of the site of the present Park Bank. In 1850
it moved to and occupied its present site at 270
Broadway. In 1872 a lot on the rear extending
through to Chambers Street was purchased, the ex-
tension furnishing additional room at the rear of the original building ; and in 1888
another building on Chambers Street was acquired, and a spacious addition made
to the bank quarters. George G. Williams entered the service of the old Chemical

CHEMICAL NATIONAL BANK, 270 BROADWAY,
NEAR CHAMBERS STREET.

666

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Manufacturing Company in 1841, became cashier in 1855, and President in 1878. For
nearly forty years the affairs of the bank have been guided by his hand, with results
which require no praise. William J. Quinlan, Jr., the Cashier, has filled that office
since 1878. The Board of Directors consists of George G. Williams, James A.
Roosevelt, Frederic W. Stevens, Robert Goelet, and William J. Quinlan, Jr.

The Merchants' Exchange National Bank owns and occupies a building
especially erected by the bank in 1868. It is at 257 Broadway, an exceptionally
choice location, directly opposite the City Hall and the City-Hall Park, and covering
the site of Alexander T. Stewart's first store. The Merchants' Exchange Bank

stands among the oldest of the financial institutions
of this city. It was organized under a State charter
in 1829, and commenced business, September 7,
1 83 1, at the corner of Greenwich and Dey Streets.
When it began business, there were only sixteen
other local banks in existence : the Bank of
New York, the Manhattan, the Merchants', the
Mechanics', the Union, the Bank of America, the
Phenix, the City, the North-River, the Chemical,
the Fulton, the Tradesmens, the Mechanics' and
Traders', the Butchers' and Drovers', the Green-
wich, and the Branch Bank of the United States.
Besides these, the New-York Dry-Dock Company
and the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company were
chartered with bank privileges. There were only
two savings-banks, the Bank for Savings and the
Seamen's. There were no trust-companies, and
the total banking capital was quite small compared
with the amount now invested. The Merchants'
Exchange Bank was founded by leading merchants,
and its name indicates its intended and actual
character as a bank for merchants. Its first presi-
dent was Peter Stagg, the shipping merchant. The
President now is the Hon. Phineas C. Lounsbury,
ex-Governor of Connecticut, who became President
in 1888, and brought to the bank the support of an
extensive and influential connection. The first
cashier was William M. Vermiiye, who afterwards
became a member of the banking house of Ver-
miiye & Co. The Vice-President and Cashier is
Allen S. Apgar, who has been connected with the
bank for 26 years. He was elected Cashier in 1869,
and Vice-President in 1890, both of which offices
he still retains. He became connected with the
bank after he had been honorably discharged
from the United- States Navy, in which he had
served as Paymaster for three years of the late
war. He is generally regarded as one of the most
industrious and efficient bank officials in the city. The Board of Directors includes :
Robert Seaman, of the Iron Clad Manufacturing Company ; Jesse W. Powers, capi-
talist; Allen S. Apgar, Vice-President ; Joseph Thomson, real estate; Alfred M.

MERCHANTS' EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK,
257 BROADWAY.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK 667

Hoyt, capitalist, and Vice-President of the Produce Exchange ; Phineas C. Louns-
bury, President ; James G. Powers, of James G. Powers & Company, grocers ; Alfred
J. Taylor, lawyer ; E. Christian Korner, wholesale grocer ; Lucius H. Bigelow,
publisher ; John H. Hanan, of Hanan & Son, shoes ; Isaac G. Johnson, of the
Spuyten-Duyvil Foundry ; Timothy L. Woodruff, President of the Maltine Manu-
facturing Company ; Lyman Brown, wholesale drugs ; and Ferdinand Blumenthal,
of F. Blumenthal & Company, leather.

In 1S65 it became a National bank, and in 1888 its capital was reduced to $600,-
000, by returning $400,000 to the shareholders. Under the present management,
the bank has steadily prospered, and has built up its extensive business so that it
now shows total resources of about $6,250,000; an aggregate of deposits exceeding
$5,000,000; surplus and undivided profits of about $200,000; and its shares on a
par value of $100 are quoted at $135 or more. The business of the Merchants'
Exchange National Bank is not merely local, but extends throughout the Union.

The Gallatin National Bank commemorates by its name the connection
with the institution of the illustrious financier and statesman, Albert Gallatin. It
was organized in 1829, under the name of the " National Bank of New York." John
Jacob Astor was interested in the matter, and as the original capital of $1,000,000
was not fully subscribed, he proposed its reduction to $750,000, and offered to com-
plete that sum provided that he could name the bank's president. The offer was
accepted, and Astor nominated Gallatin, who, having served as Senator from Penn-
sylvania, as Secretary of the Treasury in the Jefferson and Madison administrations,
as a negotiator of the Treaty of Ghent, and as Minister to France, had retired to pri-
vate life. Albert Gallatin remained at the head of the bank until 1838, when, being
eighty years of age, he resigned. He was succeeded by his son, James Gallatin, whose
presidency lasted for thirty years, during which time he ranked as a leader in the
banking business of New York, and the institution under his management enjoyed
great prosperity. The change of name from the " National Bank of New York"
to the present title occurred in 1865, when the bank accepted a charter under the
National Banking Law, which rendered an undesirable confusion of names possible.
The selection of the present title was quite natural, the bank from its foundation
having been identified with the name of Gallatin. James Gallatin resigned in 1868,
and some years afterwards died abroad. His successor, Frederick D. Tappen, had
then been 17 years in the service of the institution, and during the 24 years that have
since elapsed he has ably maintained its record for success and conservatism. He has
taken a prominent part in the counsels of the Clearing- House Association, being
now its Chairman, and is actively identified with many public interests in New York.
The bank began business at 36 Wall Street, this lot being purchased for $12,000,
while the building then erected cost $14,000. In 1856 a new banking-house was
built on the same site. In 18S7 the adjoining lot was bought by the Gallatin from
the dissolved Union Bank, for $400,000 ; and on the site thus provided the present
stately nine-story redstone edifice, called by its name, was erected, and here are its
commodious banking rooms. It is unsurpassed in elegance as well as in practicabil-
ity. It was built and is owned jointly by the Gallatin Bank and by Adrian Iselin,
the undivided half interest of the former being set down at a value of $500,000.
The first dividend was paid nine months after the bank's organization, and it has
never since passed a dividend. A surplus of over $1,500,000 has been accumulated,
and its shares sell for $320. Large amounts of its stock have been permanently held
by the families of original stockholders. This is shown in the composition of its
Board of Directors, which includes Frederic W. Stevens and Alexander H. Sevens

668

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

(grandsons of Albert Gallatin), William Waldorf Astor, W. Emlen Roosevelt, Adrian
Iselin, Jr. , Thomas Denny and Henry I. Barbey. The Cashier is Arthur W. Sherman.

The Gallatin ranks among the strongest, most enterprising and most secure of
banks.

The National Butchers' and Drovers' Bank is a time-honored institution,
founded in 1830, taking its name from the fact that its originators were in the cattle
and butchering trades, which in New York's early days centred at the famous Bull's
Head, in the Bowery. For many years its chief business was drawn from this class
of patrons. Its banking-house was first established in the Bowery, near Broome
Street, and after moving to 128 Bowery (the site of the present Bowery Savings-
Bank) the bank in 1832 purchased an adjacent lot, 124 Bowery, at the corner of
Grand Street, and erected the dignified old-fashioned granite bank and office-
building which has since been its home. Col. Nicholas Fish was the first President.
His successor, Benjamin M. Brown, became the first President of the Bowery Sav-

NATIONAL BUTCHERS' AND DROVERS' BANK, BOWERY AND GRAND STREET.

ings-Bank. That great institution in fact was founded by the Directors of the
Butchers' and Drovers' Bank, and its organization was effected in the latter's Board
Room. It is still the neighbor and a depositor of the bank. The early history of the
bank was prosperous, but not eventful. It became a National Bank in 1865. Its capi-
tal is $300,000. It has a net surplus and undivided profits of over $309,000 ; total
resources of $2,700,000; and a deposit line of over $2,000,000. The latter figures
represent almost entirely individual and mercantile deposits, the policy of the bank be-
ing the conservative one of confining its business to the strictly commercial branches
of banking. Since organizing as a National bank its average dividends have been 9
per cent, per annum, and $190 is quoted for its shares. Gurdon G. Brinckerhoff,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

GALLATIN NATIONAL BANK.

36 WALL STREET, BETWEEN NASSAU AND WILLIAM STREETS, ADJOINING ASSAY OFFICE

670

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

the President, entered the bank's service in 1 853, was elected cashier in 1866, and be-
came its head in 1879. The Cashier, William H. Chase, dates his connection with it
from 1856, and was elected to his present post in 1879. The Directors of the bank
are : George W. Quintard, Henry Silberhorn, Langstaff N. Crow, Gurdon G. Brinck-
erhoff, William H. Chase, John Wilkin, John A. Delanoy, Jr., Edward Schell, and
Max Danziger. E. G. Tucker is Assistant Cashier. The bank has a diversified
clientage among the business interests of an important district.

The Seventh National Bank is the lineal representative of the old Seventh-
Ward Bank, established in 1833, the name having been changed when the institu-
tion took a National bank charter in 1865. As the name indicates, the bank origi-
nated in the Seventh Ward, then a fashionable portion of the city. Its original
offices were in East Broadway, and for many years the bank occupied the premises
at the corner of Pearl Street and Burling Slip. The removal to its present more
conspicuous quarters at 182 and 184 Broadway, corner of John Street, came much
later. The old bank enjoyed the distinction of having among its directors at one time
three mayors of New York, Walter Browne, also President of the bank, Daniel P.
Tiemann, and Abram S. Hewitt. George Montague, now President of the Second
National Bank, for a number of years held the same position with the Seventh
National. The present head of the institution, J >hn McAnerney, assumed the Presi-
dency in July, 1 89 1,
bringing to the bank
a successful and
honorable personal
record in the iron
business, and as an
officer and director
of Southern rail-
road corporations,
with a connection
and influence that
have m a t e r i a 1 1 y
stimulated the
Seventh National's
progress. Offering
as it does the as-
surance of conserva-
tive and sound but
vigorous manage-
ment, the growth

of its deposit line and the expansion of its business has been of a marked charac-
ter. The composition of its Board of Directors, representing some of the largest
business interests of New York, is eminently calculated to insure the stability and
substantiality on which a high position among metropolitan banks depends. The
Directors are : James Hall, of Cooper Hewitt Co. ; Henry A. Rogers, rail-road
supplies ; H. Duncan Wood, banker ; Henry R. Beekman, of Ogden & Beekman ;
Alfred Wagstaff, of John Anderson & Co., tobacco ; Charles H. Pine, President
of the Ansonia National Bank ; Hugh Kelly, commission merchant ; John
McAnerney, President ; Patrick Farrelly, President of the American News Co. ;
Charles Siedler, late of Lorillard & Co. ; Daniel F. Cooney, iron merchant ; and J.
Preston McAnerney. The Cashier of the bank is George W. Adams.

SEVENTH NATIONAL BANK, BROADWAY AND JOHN STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

671

The National Bank of Commerce in New York has an importance of more
than local character. Its capital of $5,000,000, coupled with its surplus, undivided
profits and contingent fund aggregating $8,600,000, give it a strong position among
American banks, for it is one of the ten banks having the largest combined capital
and surplus in this country. It was founded in 1839, with a capital of $10,000,000,
afterwards reduced to the present amount. The first President was Samuel Ward,
and its original directors included such famous names in New York's mercantile
history as Robert B. Minturn, James Brown, Robert Ray, Jonathan Sturges and
Stephen Whitney. John A. Stevens, its second President during a long incumbency,
was one of the most eminent members of the banking profession in New York. The
bank first occupied (jointly with the Bank of the State of New York) the old building
of the Bank of the United States (now the Assay Office) in Wall Street. This was
sold to the Government in 1853, and temporary quarters were sought at Broad Street
and Exchange Place, un-
til the present white mar-
ble building at the north-
west corner of Nassau
and Cedar Streets was in
course of erection. The
Bank of Commerce set-
tled permanently in this
dignified structure in
1857, the only changes
since that time being the
addition of a sixth story,
affording additional offi-
ces for rental to bank-
ing and law firms.

The eminent position
of the Bank of Com-
merce has been main-
tained ever since its
foundation. It, how-
ever, attained additional
prominence by the patri-
otic attitude of its man-
agement toward the
Government during the
civil war, and the lead
which the institution
took in supporting the
contest for the Union.
It became a National
bank in 1865, though
this action was attended by exceptional circumstances. Secretary of the Treasurv
Chase was anxious that the institution should accept a National charter. The
management and stockholders, however, hesitated, on account of the provisions of
the National Bank Act making shareholders liable for the value of their stock, and
an equal amount in addition. To fit this case a clause was introduced in the Act,
providing that shareholders of National banks with at least $5,000,000 capital and

NATIONAL BANK OF COMMERCE, NASSAU AND CEDAR STREETS.

67 2 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

a surplus of 40 per cent, thereof should be exempt from double liability. The Bank
of Commerce, with one exception, is the only bank in the country which meets
both these conditions. The fact that its shareholders are accordingly liable for its
debts only to the extent of their stock gives its shares a decided preference
as an investment for executors, trustees and others in a fiduciary position. A
vigorous management of its affairs has contributed to maintain its leading position.
This was illustrated in the panic of 1890, when the officers of the Bank of Com-
merce championed the issue of the Clearing House certificates, which arrested the
panic and saved weak institutions from failure. In fact, although in no need what-
ever of such assistance, it took out $500,000 of the certificates simply as an example
and encouragement to other banks which actually required help. The late
Richard King, the President of the bank since 1882, was on his decease in 1891
succeeded by W. W. Sherman, whose connection with it dates from 1858, and who
had been its cashier for ten years. The other officers are A. A. Low, Vice-Presi-
dent ; William C. Duvall, Cashier ; and Neilson Olcott, Assistant Cashier. The
Directors are J. Pierpont Morgan, of Drexel, Morgan & Co., William Libbey,
Frederick Sturges, Charles Lanier (of Winslow, Lanier & Co.), Charles H. Russell,
Alexander E. Orr, John S. Kennedy, and Woodbury Langdon.

The National Bank of the Republic of New York is one of the most
widely-known institutions in the country. It was established in 185 1 as a State
bank, and was noted at first for the large extent of its connections throughout the
South. Its first President, G. B. Lamar, was a Southern man, with great influence
in that section. The first cashier of the bank was Henry F. Vail. The bank pur-
chased in 1851, for $110,000, the lot at the corner of Wall Street and Broadway,
which now as then is considered the most valuable piece of ground in the country,
and long occupied it with its banking-house. This site, however, with two addi-
tional lots, is now occupied by the magnificent nine-storied United Bank Building,
erected in 1880, in which the Bank of the Republic is the owner of an undivided
half, and where its commodious quarters are now located. The cost of the land
and building was $1,300,000, and it is understood that an offer of $2,250,000 has
been refused for it. It accepted a charter under the National Bank Act in 1864,
though the most remarkable growth of the institution dates from less than a decade
ago. The late Hon. John Jay Knox, after 22 years of service in the financial depart-
ment of the Government, and twelve years as Comptroller of the Currency, became
the President of the bank in 1884. Under his administration the deposits rose from
$4,800,000 to over $15,500,000, and the total assets of the bank from $7,000,000
to $18,000,000. The connection of the bank as correspondent of out-of-town insti-
tutions is very large, and it .takes a position as one of the most influential in
New- York. On Mr. Knox's death, in 1892, Oliver S. Carter, for four years the
Vice-President, succeeded to the presidency. He is the senior partner of the great
tea-importing house of Carter, Macy & Co., and one of the most highly esteemed
of business men. Eugene H. Pullen, whose connection with the bank dates for 32
years, and who was long its cashier, became Vice-President. The Board of Directors
of the National Bank of the Republic is composed of a careful body of experienced
men, of large means and influence. They include the following : Oliver S. Carter,
George B. Carhart, Sumner R. Stone, D. H. McAlpin, George E. Simpson,
Charles R. Flint, A. H. Wilder, James S. Warren, William H. Tillinghast, William
Barbour and Eugene H. Pullen. Charles H. Stout, who has been connected for
some years with the bank, is the Assistant Cashier, and W. B. T. Keyser is the
Second Assistant Cashier.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

673

NATIONAL BANK OF THE REPUBLIC.

UNITED BANK BUILDING, WALL STREET AND BROADWAY.

674

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Hanover National Bank, one of the soundest and most energetic of the
banks of the United States, was organized in 1851, and was originally located in
Hanover Square, at the corner of Pearl Street, then a centre of the shipping and
importing trades. Isaac Otis and Chas. M. Livingston were its first President and
Cashier respectively. The original capital of $1,000,000 has remained unchanged.
The bank received a National charter in 1865. In 1877 it moved to its present
central location, at the southwest corner of Nassau and Pine Streets. Through all
varying business and financial conditions since the Hanover was established, it has
maintained an unvarying reputation for stability. A feature of its policy has been
the maintenance of a large cash reserve. At the present time its total resources are
$27,137,080; and it holds no less than $5,114,000 in specie, and $510,665 in legal
tenders, a total of more than 25 per cent, of its deposits. In periods of financial
pressure this policy has been of inestimable value, not only to its own dealers but to
the entire business community. During the panic of 1 890, as in former emergencies
of a similar nature, no customer of the Hanover was refused prompt accommodation,
a record of which there are few examples. From its inception the bank has been
identified with the importing interests, and dealings in foreign exchange constitute

a prominent portion of its
business. It is a Government
and State depository, and em-
braces among its depositors
and customers many large and
influential railroad and other
corporations. The growth of
its connection as correspond-
ent and depository for out-of-
town banking institutions has
also been remarkable. Suc-
cess as well as conservatism
has signalized its manage-
ment. The $100 shares of
the bank sell for over $350
each, and it pays seven per
cent, per annum on its stock,
having paid during its exist-
ence dividends to the amount
of $2,750,000, besides ac-
cumulating a surplus and un-
divided profits of about $2, -
000,000. James T.Woodward
is the President of the Han-
over, his associates in the
management and the Board
of Directors, which is a de-
hanover national bank, Nassau and pine streets. cidedly representative body,

being Vernon H. Brown, agent of the Cunard Steamship Line ; Sigourney W. Fay,
of Wendell, Fay & Co. ; Martin S. Fechheimer, of Fechheimer, Fishel & Com-
pany ; Mitchell N. Packard, of Packard & James, Vice-President ; William Rocke-
feller, President of the Standard Oil Company ; James Stillman, of Woodward &
Stillman, and President of the National City Bank ; Elijah P. Smith, of Woodward,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

675

Baldwin & Co. ; Isidor Straus, of L. Straus & Sons ; James M. Donald, Cashier ;
and William Halls, Jr. , Assistant Cashier.

The Mercantile National Bank, at 191 Broadway, corner of Dey Street, is
an illustration of the development under vigorous and efficient management of a
small institution into one of large proportions. The bank is a comparatively old one.
It was organized as a State institution in 185 1, the Bank of Ithaca, New York, itself
a concern of some antiquity, being practically transferred to New-York City, and
Ithaca capitalists were largely identified with the original Mercantile Bank. William
B. Douglas was the first President, and among the prominent directors were Isaac
N. Phelps, Josiah B. Williams, Charles F. Burdett and William W. and Edward S.
Esty of Ithaca. The present building was erected by the bank in 1862. In 1865 it
became a National bank under the existing designation. The real importance of the
institution, however, dates from 1881. At that time, its business and deposits had
from several causes fallen off, and its surplus was practically exhausted. The late
George W. Perkins, a banker of unusual ability and experience, then holding the posi-
tion of Cashier of the Hanover National Bank, saw in the condition of the Mercan-
tile the opportunity to create it anew on a strong basis. He accepted the presidency ;
invited Mr. St. John from the extensive sugar-refiners, Havemeyers & Elder, into the
cashiership ; reorganized its directory; they together extended its business connections
with great rapidity ; and laid the foundation of the confidence and sound prosperity
which it still maintains under its present able administration. Successful as Mr.
Perkins's labors were, they nevertheless undermined his health, causing his practical
retirement in less than a year, and his death in 1883. His talent for organization
was well shown in the choice of his chief assistant, William P. St. John, as Cashier,
who in 1883 became President, a position he still holds. Frederick B. Schenck,
who at first filled the post of
Assistant-Cashier, has been
Cashier since 1883. The Mer-
cantile National has a surplus
of $1,050,000, in addition to
its capital of $1,000,000. Its
deposits amount to over $12,-
000,000, a large part of which
is from National and State
banks, which attests the extent
of its connections and corre-
spondence throughout the
Union. Dividends of six per
cent, a year are paid on the
stock, for which the market
price is $235. William P. St.
John is known throughout the
country as an original and forci-
ble writer on financial topics.
The Board of Directors con-
sists of William P. St. John,
President ; William C. Brown-
ing, clothing ; Charles T.
Barney, capitalist ; Charles L.
Colby, railroads ; George W.

676

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Grossman, coffee ; Emanuel Lehman, cotton ; Seth M. Milliken, dry goods ; James
A. Nichols, wholesale grocer ; George H. Sargent, hardware ; Gharles M. Vail,
butter ; Isaac Wallach, men's furnishing goods ; James M. Wentz, dry goods ;
Richard H. Williams, coal ; and Frederick B. Schenck, Cashier.

The Irving' National Bank is the representative bank of the busy district on
the lower West Side in which extensive interests engaged in the produce, provision
and dairy trades are centered. It was organized as a State bank in 1851, taking for

its title the name
so famous in the
literary annals of
New York. Its
original banking-
house was es-
tablished at 229
Greenwich Street;
and soon after its
formation it erect-
ed on the lot at
the northeast
corner of Green-
wich and Warren
Streets the bank
and office-build-
ing in which it has
ever since been es-
tablished. The
Irving Savings In-
stitution, founded
at the same time,
joined in the con-
struction of the building, and still occupies the room at 96 Warren Street, just east of
those of the bank, an old and close connection between the two institutions in their
several capacities being still maintained. Edgar II. Laing was the first President of
the Irving Bank, which has throughout its history been identified with the butter and
provision trades, many leading merchants in those lines serving in its successive
boards of directors. John Castree for a considerable period was its President. In
1865 it accepted a National bank charter, under the present name. The present
head of the institution, Charles H. Fancher, entered its service in 1866, and was
elected President in 1890. Its Cashier, George E. Souper, has been connected with
the bank since 1868, and was elected to his present post in 1877. The Directors of
the Irving National include a representation of some of the foremost houses of the
provision and allied trades, and business men engaged in other lines. They are
Charles S. Brown (first Vice-President), John Nix, Harry McBride, Charles F.
Mattlage, William H. Montanye (second Vice-President), John R. Waters, Charles
Burkhalter, George E. Souper, John W. Castree, Charles H. Fancher, and W. H. B.
Totten. The total resources of the bank aggregate over $5,000,000, and its deposit
line exceeds $4,250,000. The business represented is almost entirely commercial,
although it lias a large connection with and deposits from other banks through the
country. The capital is $500,000 ; in addition to which there is a surplus fund of
$315,000. The success of the conservative management of the Irving National is

IRVING NATIONAL BANK, WARRtN AND GREENWICH STREETS.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

677

shown by its record of fifty-four dividends on the stock since it became a National
bank, the present rate being eight per cent, per annum, the shares selling for .f 200
each, on a par value of $100.

The double stations of the elevated railroad at the corners where the bank's
building is located interfere with the getting of a photographic view of the structure,
which was specially built and adapted to the uses of the Irving National Bank.

The National Shoe and Leather Bank was founded by merchants iden-
tified with the leather trade of New York. It organized under the State law in
1853; and its original place of business was at the corner of William and John
Streets. Loring Andrews, a merchant prominent and successful in the leather busi-
ness, was its first President, being succeeded by William H. Carey. In 1855 the
bank moved to 271 Broadway, at the southwest corner of Chambers Street, on which
site a white marble bank and office building, valued at a quarter of a million, was
erected for its use. It adjoins the Chemical National Bank, and is across the street
from the County Court-House, which stands in City-Hall Park. In 1865 it became a
National bank, the capital remaining at if 500,000. Its prosperity has been steady
and uniform, and it has attracted and retained a custom recruited from the hardware
and numerous other conservative lines of trade which are located in its vicinity, its
management including representatives of such interests, in addition to prominent
and wealthy capitalists. Its surplus and undivided. profits amount to nearly $300,-
000, and its total resources are $5,400,000, the aggregate line of deposits reaching
$4,500,000. The $100 par value of shares of the bank are quoted at $160. John

M. Crane, the President of the f — _._ — 3

National Shoe and Leather
Bank, is in length of service one
of the oldest bank officials in the
city, having entered the service
of the bank soon after its forma-
tion, becoming soon afterwards
its cashier, and later assuming
the place of its chief executive.
George L. Pease is the Vice-
President, and William D. Van
Vleck the Cashier. The present
Board of Directors of the Na-
tional Shoe and Leather Bank
is composed of the following
representative gentlemen : Wil-
liam Sulzbacher, of Sulzbacher,
Gitterman & Wedeles, woollen
importers ; Thomas Russell,
thread ; Theodore M. Ives,
thread ; John M. Crane, Presi-
dent National Shoe and Leather
Bank ; George L. Pease, of the
Boerum & Pease Co. ; Joseph
S. Stout, banker ; Alonzo Slote,
of Treadwell & Slote, clothing ;
Moritz Josephthal ; Felix Campbell, iron pipe; John R. Hegeman, President
Metropolitan Life-Insurance Co. ; and John H. Graham, hardware.

NATIONAL SHOE AND LEATHER BANK, 271 BROADWAY,
SOUTHWEST CORNER OF CHAMBERS STREET.

678 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

For forty years the time tried and thoroughly tested Shoe and Leather Bank has
pursued its quiet, conservative and successful career ; always securing its full share
of business, earning and paying its expected dividends, and accumulating a credita-
ble surplus. Its most successful period has been of late years, under the administra-
tion of President Crane. While making no special effort to obtain accounts from
banks and bankers, it has on its books a very fine line of accounts from financial
institutions throughout the country ; looked out for with as much care and satisfac-
tion as at any bank in the city ; no officers having had longer experience than those
of the National Shoe and Leather Bank.

The Market and Fulton National Bank denotes, in its title, the union
of two old New-York institutions, the Market Bank, founded in 1852, and the
Fulton Bank, organized in 1824. The consolidation took place on December
20, 1887, when the Market National Bank (its National charter dating from 1864)
increased its capital of $ 500,000 to $750,000, giving the stockholders of the Fulton
the privilege of subscribing for the amount of the increase, and changed its name to
the present title. The banking-house of the Fulton was at Fulton and Pearl Streets,
and the Market had in 1854 established itself at Beekman and Pearl Streets. By
their union, the two institutions, which drew their custom from the same busy and
opulent section of the town, formed one large bank. In 1888, at the northwest cor-
ner of Fulton and Gold Streets, the massive bank and office building occupied by the
Market and Fulton since May, 1889, was erected at a cost of about $500,000. This
edifice is an architectural ornament to that section of the city. It furnishes a banking-
room of unusual size and convenience, the basement being devoted to safe-deposit
vaults, which are largely patronized for their convenience and strength. On its
upper floor is the Fulton Club. The institution's success is attested by its total
resources of $7,250,000, its deposits aggregating over $6,000,000, and its surplus
and undivided profits of about $800,000. The average annual dividends paid on the
stock since the organization of the Market Bank have been over 8^ per cent., and
the shares are quoted at $220. A marked fact in the history of the bank is the
extended service of its chief officers. Robert Bayles has been President of the
Market Bank ever since 1863. Alexander Gilbert, who became Cashier in the
same year, is the senior cashier of New York, and has in fact refused the presidency
of two prominent institutions rather than sever his life-long connection with the
Market Bank. He is the mayor of Plainfield, N. J., where he resides. The direc-
tors consist of Benjamin H. Howell, of B. H. Howell, Son & Co. ; Henry Lyles, Jr.,
Vice-President ; Robert Bayles, President ; George M. Olcott, of Dodge & Olcott ;
Richard P. Merritt, of Barnes & Merritt ; John T Willets, of Willets & Co. ;
Alexander Gilbert, Cashier ; Henry W. Banks, of H. W. Banks & Co. ; W. Irving
Clark, importer ; James L. Morgan, Jr. , of J. L. Morgan & Co. ; Frederick W.
Devoe, of F. W. Devoe & Co. ; John Abendroth, of Abendroth & Root Mfg. Co. ;
Joseph C. Baldwin, of New-York Dye-Wood and Extract Co. ; and Edward J. Hall,
Jr., Vice-President American Telephone & Telegraph Co.

The East-River National Bank is established at 682 Broadway, corner of
Great Jones Street, in a section of the city in which some of the largest distributing
and manufacturing lines are mingled with extensive retail commercial interests.
The bank is an old institution, having received its State charter in 1852. David
Banks was the first President. The first home of the bank was at 56 Third Avenue.
For many years it has been in its present neighborhood, having for a time occupied
the adjoining building, 680 Broadway, which it still owns. In 1865 it became a
National bank, with a capital of $250,000. The surplus and undivided profits are

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

679

MARKET AND FULTON NATIONAL BANK.

FULTON AND GOLD STREETS.

68o

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

EAST-RIVER NATIONAL BANK, BROADWAY AND GREAT JONES STREET.

sure it has displayed a noteworthy ability to assist its
is a diversified one, but its
business is held strictly to
the mercantile and legitimate
type of banking, with excel-
lent results, the average divi-
dends paid since its organi-
zation having been seven
per cent.

The St. Nicholas
Bank was formed as a State
bank in 1852, and occupied
the premises at 6 Wall Street,
until the completion of the
brownstone building, at 7
Wall Street, on the opposite
side of the street, at the
corner of New Street, which
was built for its use. It be-
came a National bank in
1863, but on the expiration
of its charter under the Na-
tional law, its management
decided not to renew it. The
institution has accordingly
operated under a State char-

* , ST. NICHOLAS BANK, MILLS

ter since 1883. In 1881 it exchan

over $140,000, and the
total resources exceed
$1,750,000. The Board
of Directors is a strong
one, consisting of Charles
Jenkins, David Banks,
Charles Banks, Joseph
Rogers, William Phelps,
William H . Hume,
Augustus D. Porter
and Raymond Jenkins.
Charles Jenkins, the
President, is one of the
oldest bank officers of
the city. Raymond Jen-
kins is Vice-President ;
and Zenas E. Newell,
Cashier. The bank
maintains a reputation
for steady conservatism,
its policy being exempli-
fied by the fact that in
times of financial pres-
customers. Its deposit line

BUILDING, BROAD STREET AND
GE PLACE.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

681

disposed of the building on Wall Street, which has been called by its name, and remained
as a tenant until 1887, when it took quarters on the first floor of the Equitable Build-
ing. On the expiration of its lease in 1892, another move was made to the magnifi-
cent Mills Building, where the bank is now established, in accessible and convenient
quarters on the ground-floor, at the corner of Exchange Place and Broad Street.
Among the first presidents were Caleb Barstow, Gen. E. J, Mallett and Wm. R. Fos-
dick, the latter serving in 1864, and some years subsequent thereto. Its Board consists
of Arthur B. Graves, Henry F. Hitch, John Straiton, Joseph H. Parsons, William H.
Akin, William J. Gardner, George P. Sheldon, L. C. Lathrop and John D. Barrett.
The President, Arthur B. Graves, held that position from 1878 to 1882, resigned to
go abroad, and resumed the presidency in 1887. The cashier, William J. Gard-
ner, has been in the service of the institution since 1864, rising from a subordinate
post to his present position, which he has held since 1884. The St. -Nicholas makes
no display, and no effort in order to swell its figures to affect its depositors or the
public. Its management is conservative and experienced, and confines itself mainly
to those branches which are
productive of favorable re-
sults through adherence to
its time-honored and old-
fashioned methods. It also
enjoys a Wall-Street con-
nection of the more con-
servative kind. Its capital
is $500,000. It possesses a
surplus of $150,000; its
net deposits are upwards of
$2,300,000.

The Central National
Bank is the largest and
strongest banking institution
of the dry-goods district of
New York. It has enjoyed
this distinction almost from
its organization in 1 863,
when it temporarily occupied
the building at the southeast
corner of Broadway and
Pearl Street, and subsequent-
ly the white marble building
on the opposite corner, in
which it has since been com-
fortably housed, and which
it afterwards bought. It is situated in the heart of the dry-goods district, where
it has a large business. William A. Wheelock was its president for fifteen
years, resigning in 1882, when William M. Bliss became President. The present
chief executive of the Central National, Col. William L. Strong, who was elected
Vice-President in 1882 and President in 1888, maintains the traditions of this
strong line of predecessors. A merchant of long experience and successful record,
and identified with many of the city's financial, social, and political institutions,
with personal prominence and wide influence in the dry-goods and allied trades, he

CENTRAL NATIONAL BANK, BROAD^

682 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

presides over a Board of Directors representing the strongest elements among
the textile interests. The directors are : William A. Wheelock, William M.
Bliss, Simon Bernheimer, James W. Smith, William L. Strong, Edward C. Samp-
son, James H. Dunham, Edwin Langdon, Woodbury Langdon, John Claflin, and
John A. McCall. Edwin Langdon, the Vice-President of the bank, has been in its
service since 1 865, rising through all the grades to his present post, having been
elected thereto in 1889. Charles S. Young, for many years Paying Teller, is now the
Cashier of the bank. The Central is among the "two figure" institutions, its total
resources and deposits exceeding $16, 000,000. The character of its business, how-
ever, merits attention, for it is one of the largest and strongest banks in the country,
based mainly upon a mercantile connection and custom. The collection and corre-
spondence of the Central National with "outside" banks are, of course, considerable,
and its deposits from this source, as well as from business and corporate interests
other than the dry-goods trade, are elements in its prosperity. The capital of the
Central is $2,000,000, its surplus and undivided profits $553,515, and its aggregate
resources are over $16,000,000. Its aggregate deposits, now $14, 000, 000, represent
1,200 depositors; and during the current year the bank paid checks aggregating
more than $560,000,000. The conservative character of its business, and the con-
fidence which the mercantile community feels in the Central's position, are such
that at times of financial disturbance and uncertainty, when bank deposits tend
to shrink, those of this institution usually show a positive increase. There are very
few financial institutions of which this can be said.

The National Park Bank of New York is the largest bank in the United
States, and stands not only pre-eminent among the banks of New York, but indeed
among those of the entire country. It has now, and for a long time has maintained,
the largest aggregate deposits — $33,847,000 — the largest resources — $46,697,493
— and the largest business of any financial institution in the western world, its influ-
ence extending to every portion of the United States. In fact, the banking connec-
tions of the National Park Bank are not confined to this country, but among the
hundreds of banks and bankers who act as its correspondents, and of which it is the
New-York agent and depository, are a number in Canada, Mexico, and other coun-
tries. In addition, the relations of the bank with commercial, manufacturing and
corporate interests, as well as with bankers and capitalists, furnish a volume of busi-
ness unequalled in the history of American banking. A perfect organization, excep-
tional facilities for the transaction of every class of business, an uninterrupted
record of success, and a management in which experience, energy and conservatism
predominate, are the foundations upon which this prosperity has been established.
The name of the bank recalls to former generations of New-Yorkers the Park which
surrounds the City Hall. The charter dates from 1856, the bank being established
in that year at the corner of Beekman Street and Theatre Alley, where Temple
Court now stands. Reuben W. Howes and Charles A. Macy were the first Presi-
dent and Cashier, respectively. The original capital of $2,000,000 has remained
unchanged, and a surplus of nearly $3,000,000 has been added to it. In 1865 it
became a National bank, and in 1866 it purchased the premises at 214 and 216
Broadway, opposite St. Paul's, and built thereon the dignified marble building, of
fire-proof construction, which has since been its home. This site had been at one
time occupied by the Chemical Bank. The upper portions are divided into offices,
the tenants of which include prominent firms and corporations, notably the Illinois
Central Railroad Company. The entire first floor is occupied by the bank, the
rotunda in the rear being a stately apartment decorated in white and gold. Its pro-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

THE NATIONAL PARK BANK OF NEW YORK.

214 BROADWAY, BETWEEN FULTON AND ANN STREETS, OPPOSITE ST. -PAUL'S CHAPEL.

684 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

portions are ample for its 125 employees, the largest number engaged in any New-
York banking institution. The treasure-vault in the bank is one of the strongest in
the world, and contains from $10,000,000 to $15,000,000 in specie and notes.
Beneath the banking-room is a great safe-deposit vault, the entrance to which is
through the bank, and which is conducted as one of its departments. In safety and
convenience it compares with any in New York, and scarcely a safe among its hun-
dreds is unrented.

The character of the management is shown by the prominence and high standing
of the Board of Directors, which consists of Arthur Leary, Eugene Kelly, Ebenezer
K. Wright, Joseph T. Moore, Stuyvesant Fish, George S. Hart, Charles Sternbach,
Charles Scribner, Edward C. Hoyt, Edward E. Poor, W. Rockhill Potts, August
Belmont, Richard Delafield, Francis R. Appleton, and John Jacob Astor. Ebene-
zer K. Wright became its President in 1890, having entered the bank in 1859 as
teller's assistant, rising through the various grades to the post of Cashier in 1876,
Director in 1878, and Vice-President in 1889. The Vice-President, Arthur Leary,
is the senior Director, and the only remaining charter-member of the original board.
The cashier, George S. Hickok, and the Assistant-Cashier, Edward J. Baldwin, have
each a record of many years' service in the bank.

The Importers' and Traders' National Bank, at the corner of Broadway
and Murray Street, is prominent in the banking world for the number and magni-
tude of its mercantile accounts. Its deposits of over $26,000,000 are mainly drawn
from that source, and its surplus of $5,600,000 is due to the steadiness with which
its management has, since its formation in the '50s, adhered to that class of business.

The First National Bank was among the earliest to organize under the
National law, having been established in 1863. It has acquired renown throughout
the country from the active part taken by its management of United-States Govern-
ment loans. In the refunding operations of 1879 ^ was the principal agent of the
Treasury, placing no less than $500,000,000 of bonds. Its business is largely as
reserve agent for National banks throughout the country, and its deposits from that
line are the greatest in the United States, as is also its surplus, which is over $7,000,-
000. The First National occupies the Broadway side of the United Bank Building,
at Broadway and Wall Street ; and is the owner of an undivided half of that edifice.
George F. Baker is its President.

The Second National Bank occupies one of the busiest, most frequented, and
most conspicuous corners in New York. It is at the intersection of Broadway, Fifth
Avenue and 23d Street. At this point, the southwestern corner of Madison Square,
the business life and the social life of the metropolis meet. Forty years ago, the
site was occupied by a roadside hostelry, which, when the steady northward march
of improvement reached 23d Street, gave place to the Fifth-Avenue Hotel building.
In 1863 the Second National Bank was organized and took possession of its present
suite of offices, and there it has since remained. The original capital of $300,000
remains unchanged, a surplus of $450,000 having accumulated in addition. On
December 31, 1875, an extra dividend of 100 per cent, was declared, and paid to
the stockholders. The first President of the institution, Henry A. Hurlbut, is still
a member of its Board of Directors. George Montague, its President since 1884, 1S
one of the well-known and experienced bankers of New York. The Board of
Directors is a strong and conservative one, representing both up-town business and
investing wealth, and down-town banking interests as well. It consists of Amos
R. Eno, who built and still owns the Fifth- Avenue Hotel ; Henry A. Hurlbut,
Alfred B. Darling, John L. Riker, William C. Brewster, Wm. P. St. John, George

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

685

686 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Montague, Charles B. Fosdick, George Sherman, Welcome G. Hitchcock, and John
W. Aitken. The Second National Bank was a pioneer in its field. Its organizers
were the earliest to perceive that not only did the large mercantile interests of all
kinds concentrating in the central up-town portion of New York demand banking
facilities, but that the same section of the city was the abode of wealthy citizens not
actively engaged in business, who would furnish an unusually desirable clientele for
such an institution. In 1869, Joseph S. Case, then its paying teller, now its
Cashier, observed that the latter class included many women ; and he was the first
to suggest that the bank should provide special accommodations for women custom-
ers. A parlor, with windows at teller's and bookkeeper's desks for their use was
accordingly provided, and has become very popular, so popular that several banks
have introduced the same feature. The bank's deposits amount to $6,000,000, and
its gross assets upwards of $7,000,000. The Fifth- Avenue Safe-Deposit Company
occupies with its well-arranged fire and burglar proof vaults the basement immedi-
ately beneath the bank, the entrance thereto being through the banking-rooms of
the Second National Bank. The safeguards it affords are largely patronized by the
latter's dealers, as well as by the community around Madison Square.

The Fourth National Bank was organized in 1864 under the provisions of the
National Banking Act. Leading citizens took an active interest in its fortunes, and
its first President was George Opdyke, ex-Mayor of the city. The bank has always
occupied a high position and enjoys an extensive and diversified business, its deposits
aggregating over $31,000,000, and its total resources, $39,000,000. It is one of the
largest banks in the country. J. Edward Simmons, its President since 1888, is
prominent as an Ex-President of the Stock Exchange, Ex-President of the School
Board, and in other public capacities.

The Ninth National Bank was founded in the days of commercial expansion
which marked the close of the civil war. It organized under the National law in
1864, its first President being Joseph U. Orvis ; and its first offices were established
at the corner of Broadway and Franklin Street. The location of the bank was fav-
orable to the development of a large connection in the dry-goods and allied trades.
In 1 87 1 the imposing granite building at 407 and 409 Broadway, between Walker
Street and Lispenard Street, was built and occupied by the institution. It is one of
the most spacious, best lighted, and best arranged banking houses in the city.
The cost of the building and lot was not far from $650,000, though it is carried on
the books at only $450,000, a decidedly inadequate estimate of its present value.
For many years the bank paid dividends averaging seven per cent, per annum,
but more recently the institution, under the Presidency of John K. Cilley, an old-
time wool-and-hide merchant, who was elected to that office in 1891, has adopted
the policy of augmenting its surplus, which already reaches over $200,000, the capi-
tal of the bank being $750,000. Under President Cilley's administration, the
bank's deposits have increased almost $2,000,000, and are now over $6,000,000, and
the quoted price of the stock has gone up from par to 130. While its mercantile
accounts, embracing as they do, a great variety of trades, form the most important
part of the bank's business, it possesses also an extensive and desirable correspond-
ence among banks and business houses all over the country, enabling it to extend
superior collection facilities to its customers. The Directors are : John K. Cilley,
President ; C. Henry Garden, of C. H. Garden & Co., hats and caps, Philadelphia,
Pa. ; Albert C. Hall, of Alvah Hall & Co., umbrellas ; Haskell A. Searle, of Searle,
Dailey & Co., straw goods ; William E. Tefft, of Tefft, Weller & Co., dry goods ;
Augustus F. Libby, of H. J. Libby & Co., commission dry goods ; Ernest Werner,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

687

688

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

of Werner, Joseph & Hollister, commission woolens; William E. Iselin, of William
Iselin & Co., importers of dry goods ; and H. H. Nazro, Cashier. Mr. Nazro has
been connected with the Ninth National ever since it was organized, occupying his
present position since 1873.

The Eleventh Ward Bank, corner of Avenue D and 10th Street, New- York
City, was organized in 1867, succeeding the New- York Dry-Dock Company, which

institution was incorporated
in 1825 with banking privi-
leges, and better known as
the Dry-Dock Bank. The
two institutions have been
located since 1825 at the cor-
ner of Avenue D and 10th
Street. At the organization
of the Eleventh Ward Bank,
John Englis, the well-known
shipbuilder, was made presi-
dent, which position he held
until 1878, when he resigned,
and was succeeded by Henry
Steers, who is also well-
known as a ship-builder.
George W. Quintard, of
the Quintard Iron Works,
was elected vice-president,
and has held that position
from the date of organiza-

ELEVENTH WARD BANK, AVENUE D AND EAST 10th STREET. tidl tO the Dl'esent time.

Chauncy A. Waterbury was chosen cashier, which position he held until March,
1869, when he was succeeded by the present cashier, Charles E. Brown. * The cap-
ital of the bank is $100,000; the surplus and profits, $225,500. The Board of
Directors is composed of the following gentlemen : Henry Steers, President (Pres-
ident of the Williamsburgh Gas Co.); George W. Quintard, Vice-President (of
the Quintard Iron Works) ; Edward V. Loew, President of the Manufacturers'
& Builders' Insurance Co. ; David H. McAlpin and Edwin A. McAlpin, of D. H.
McAlpin & Co., tobacconists ; John E. Hoffmire, President of the Brighton Pier &
Navigation Co. ; George E. Weed, President of the Morgan Iron Works ; John
Englis, capitalist ; Edward S. Knapp, President of Queens County Bank, L. I. ;
George Law, President of the Eighth Avenue Railroad Co. ; and Charles E. Brown,
cashier ; a board of directors of exceptional strength.

The Eleventh Ward Bank is several squares east of Grace Church and Broad-
way, close to the East River and the upper piers nearly opposite Greenpoint. In its
immediate vicinity are the McAlpin Tobacco Works and the Quintard Iron Works.

The New- York Dry-Dock Company, organized in 1825, built the first ship-rail-
way, to draw vessels out of water, upon the land set up in New-York harbor. It
was located at what is now the foot of East 10th Street, and the dock itself was
of so much consequence, and the company was of such high standing, that the
name "Dry Dock" became attached to the section of territory lying between
10th Street and what is now East Houston Street, and between Avenue D and the
river. Moreover, besides giving its name to the bank which it established by

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

689

virtue of the banking privilege included in its charter, the company won such a
reputation for financial strength and solidity that the founders of the Dry-Dock
Savings Bank thought it well to perpetuate the title in association with a financial
institution.

The Bank of the Metropolis is a flourishing outgrowth of the movement of
business to the up-town section of New York. Union Square, where its banking
house is established, was thirty years ago a fashionable residence-district. To-day
it is surrounded by some of the largest retail business houses in New York, and
important manufacturing and wholesale industries are plentiful in the neighborhood.
The magnitude of these interests is attested by the success of this prosperous insti-
tution, the business of which is derived from their requirements, and which is con-
ducted in a manner to attract the custom and support of the dry-goods, furniture,
jewelry, and other classes of merchants whose places of business are in the vicinity.
The bank was organized in 1 87 1, and commenced operations in June of that year.
The first President was W. A. Kissam (who died in the same year), and the original
place of business was 31 Union Square. A removal to 17 Union Square followed
six years later, and in 1888 the bank took the more commodious quarters at 29
Union Square, which it now occupies. Robert Schell, the President, who has held
the position steadily for twenty years, was formerly a well-known jewelry merchant
in Maiden Lane. William B. Isham, the Vice-President (since 1885), was promi-
nent in the leather trade ;
and the Cashier, Theodore
Rogers, has occupied the
same position since the for-
mation of the bank. The
Board of Directors is a re-
markably strong body, com-
prising representatives of
houses which are known not
only in New York but
throughout the United
States. They are Charles
L. Tiffany, of Tiffany &
Company; Hon. Samuel
Sloan, President of the Dela-
ware, Lackawanna & West-
ern Railroad ; Robert Schell,
the President ; Joseph Park,
of Park & Tilford ; William
Steinway, of Steinway &
Sons ; William B. Isham,
capitalist ; W. D. Sloane, of
W. & J. Sloane ; and Hicks
Arnold, of Arnold, Consta-
ble & Company. The bank
has a deposit line of nearly $7,000,000; and a surplus of $ 700,000 has been
accumulated on the capital of $300,000. The shares of the Bank of the Metropolis
have a market value of over $400 each.

An institution of such solidity and enterprise, and with such widely and favorably
known officers and directors, is of great benefit to business in the up-town district.
44 ^

BANK OF THE METROPOLIS, 29 UNION SQUARE, WEST, SOUTHWEST
CORNER OF 16th STREET.

690

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Madison-Square Bank, organized under a State charter in 1882, is a
progressive and growing up-town institution. Its first place of business was on 23d
Street, west of the Fifth-Avenue Hotel. In June, 1888, the institution removed to
its present room in the Madison- Square-Bank Building, at the junction of Fifth
Avenue and Broadway and 25th Street. It immediately faces the Worth Monument,
and was formerly the Haight mansion, for many years the home of the New-York
Club. It is one of the most prominent landmarks in the neighborhood of Madison
Square, and has been found a most advantageous position for an institution of this
kind. Since taking possession the bank has enlarged its accommodations, and now

WORTH MONUMENT. HOFFMAN HOUSE. 26TH STREET. MADISON SHARE BANK.

MADISON-SQUARE BANK, 26TH STREET, BROADWAY AND FIFTH AVENUE.

occupies the entire lower floor, having separate entrances on Fifth Avenue and Broad-
way. It is thoroughly organized in all its departments, and has a large clientage
among the important business establishments in the vicinity, as well as among private
people of means throughout the residence-quarter. Situated in the heart of the
shopping district, it is especially convenient for ladies, and gives special attention to
their department. The bank draws Letters of Credit and bills of exchange, collects
coupons and dividends, and allows interest on Trust Funds deposited by Trustees
and Guardians, Executors, and others. The capital of the Madison-Square Bank is
$500,000, with a surplus of $170,000. Its deposits aggregate about $1,800,000,
and its resources are over $2,500,000. It is a legal depository for the State of New
York. Its President is Joseph F. Blaut ; Cashier, Lewis Thompson ; and Assistant
Cashier, C. E. Selover. The Directors are : Frederick Uhlmann, F. A. Kursheedt,
A. S. Kalischer, R. T. McDonald, Simon Ottenberg, A. L. Soulard, E. S. Stokes,
Joseph F. Blaut, Lewis Thompson, and C. E. Selover.

In the Madison-Square-Bank Building are the editorial and publication offices of
the Cosmopolitan Magazine.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

691

The Mount Morris Bank is the representative financial institution of the
growing quarter of New York which now occupies the former suburb of Harlem.
The increase of population in that district following the introduction of rapid tran-
sit was accompanied by the development of business interests both commercial and
manufacturing. To supply the needed banking facilities the Mount Morris Bank
was organized, in December, 1880, under a State charter. For three years it

occupied the premises 133 East 125th Street; but in ^m 1883, the present
handsome building, at the corner of 125th Street and Park Avenue, was

built by the bank, at a cost of $300,000 for land and
improvements, and has thenceforth been its home.
The fact that the $100 shares of the bank sell
for $300 each, is an evidence of the wisdom of
its organizers, as well as of the soundness of
its management. Although the accumulation
of surplus and profits of over $330,000 has
more than doubled the capital of $250,000,
and a line of deposits aggregating over
$2,800,000 are even more significant, it (
should be remembered too
that this is the result of
legitimate banking in its !
strictest sense. These re-
sults are attributable to the
effective management which
the bank has enjoyed since
its organization. The only
change that has occurred in
its officers was the election
of Joseph M. De Veau, who
is now its President, as
successor to Alexander
Ketchum, its first head. Thomas W. Robinson has been Cashier since its forma-
tion. The Directors are Joseph M. DeVeau, C. C. Baldwin, George B. Robinson,
L. H. Rogers, David L. Evans, Thomas W. Robinson, C. O. Hubbell, Jesse G.
Keys, W. Morton Grinnell, William H. Payne, and Waldo P. Clement.

The United-States National Bank, organized in 1881, has acquired a
prominent position among the leading metropolitan banks. It numbered among
its original stockholders many noted capitalists in this and other cities. The object
sought was to found a bank of national importance, and from its inception it obtained
a large correspondence with National banks and bankers throughout the country. H.
Victor Newcomb was originally its President, for a short time only, Logan C. Mur-
ray, a Louisville banker, succeeding him, he in turn being succeeded by the pre-
sent President, Dr. James H. Parker. The banking-house was at first at 33 Nassau
Street. The young institution passed successfully through the financial crisis of 1884,
and in the succeeding year moved to quarters in the Washington (or Field) Buildmg,
at 1 Broadway. Its business expanded to such an extent that in 1890 the present
building at 41 Wall Street was purchased, three additional stories being added to the
original structure. This tall, handsome edifice, which furnishes the bank's own
spacious quarters, besides a large number of offices for rental on its upper floors, is
carried in its assets at less than $600,000, although its value is manifestly greater.

MOUNT MORRIS BANK, 125TH STREET AND PARK AVENUE.

692

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

In 1 89 1 James H. Parker, who had previously held the position of Vice-President
of the National Park Bank, became the President of the United-States National,
William P. Thompson (now president of the National Lead Co.) and Henry C. Hop-
kins having been, a short time previous, elected Vice-President and Cashier, respec-
tively. The Board of Directors is a notably strong one. It includes the President
and Vice-President, in addition to Thomas H. Hubbard and Thomas E. Stillman of
the distinguished law-firm of Butler, Stillman & Hubbard ; Collis P. Huntington,
President of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company ; Thomas W. Pearsall, of T.
W. Pearsall & Company ; and Henry Allen of Henry Allen & Company. The
capital of the bank is $500,000; its surplus, $565,000 ;• and the aggregate net
deposits over if 10,000,000.

The Seaboard National Bank is located at 18 Broadway. It is less than a
decade old, but from its organization it has rapidly risen to a high position among
the banks of the city, for the extent of its business and connections, and the sound

yet enterprising character of
its management. As its name
would indicate, the institu-
tion is in a measure represen-
tative of the great exporting
interests which are centered
in New York and make it
the seaboard entrepot of the
whole country. Such inter-
ests are duly represented in
its Board of Directors, and
contribute to its business,
which, however, is not con-
fined to any department of
trade. The bank has an ex-
tensive connection with, and
a line of deposits from,
leading banks and bankers
at other points, a large
corporation custom, and
many accounts among large
mercantile firms and indi-
vidual capitalists. It is a
depository of the United
States, the State of New
York, and the city of New
York ; and is officially desig-
nated for the same purpose
by the Produce, Cotton and
Coffee Exchanges of New
York. Promptness, security,
and a spirit of accommo-

SEABOARD NATIONAL BANK, 18 BROADWAY. dation tO ltS CUStOmerS, of

whatever class, have been the rules of its management, as well as the explanation of
its remarkable progress in building up, in less than ten years, a business represented
by $8,347,000 of resources, $7,601,761 of deposits, and the addition of a surplus of

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

693

THE UNITED-STATES NATIONAL BANK OF NEW YORK.

41 WALL STREET, SOUTH SIDE, BETWEEN BROAD STREET AND WILLIAM STREET.

694

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

$ 250,000 to its capital of $ 500,000. Its Board of Directors is a notably strong
one, and is decidedly calculated to attract confidence in behalf of the institution. It
consists of Samuel G. Bayne, President ; Stuart G. Nelson, Vice-President ;
Alexander E. Orr, of David Dows & Co., produce merchants; Edward V. Loew,
President of the Manufacturers' & Builders' Fire-insurance Co. ; Samuel T. Hub-
bard, Jr., of Hubbard, Price & Co., cotton merchants; George Milmine, of Mil-
mine, Bodman & Co., produce merchants; Henry Thompson, President of the
Broadway & Seventh-Avenue Railroad ; William A. Ross, of William A. Ross &
Brother, merchants ; Daniel O'Day, President of the People's Bank, Buffalo ; Joseph

Seep, of the Standard Oil
Co. ; and T. Wistar Brown,
Vice-President of the Pro-
vident Life & Trust Co.,
Philadelphia. John F.
Thompson is the Cashier.

The Seaboard National
Bank has commodious and
well-appointed quarters in a
most substantial granite
building, situated at the
lower end of Broadway,
facing the historic Bowling
Green; within a stone's
throw of the Produce Ex-
change, and adjoining the
Standard Oil Company's
building.

The National Bank
of Deposit is one of the
younger National banks of
the city. It was incorpo-
rated in July, 1887; and
has occupied for its
banking-rooms the Nassau-
Street side of the Bryant
Building, at 55 Liberty

NATIONAL BANK OF DEPOSIT, LIBERTY AND NASSAU STREETS. Street The Uei'iod since

its organization has been marked by depressions in general business, and has not
been without mishaps in banking circles. Under these circumstances, the steady
growth of this institution is not only a tribute to the conservatism and ability of its
management, but illustrates the growth which attends a banking concern in New
York when conducted with strict adherence to the legitimate features of the business.
Sound principles and sagacity to back them have in the case of the National Bank
of Deposit resulted in the accumulation of a surplus and undivided profits amountin
to $82,800 ; and these, in addition to a capital of $300,000, and deposits approac
ing $1,250,000, make its gross assets about $1,700,000. It possesses an experienced
banking and business management, which extends personal attention to the interests
of its dealers, while an extensive connection has been secured to it with interior bank-
ing centres. The business of the bank is mainly of a mercantile character, distrib-
uted, however, in many different lines of trade. Its shares, of a par value of $100, are

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

695

quoted in the market at $115. Lewis E. Ransom, the President, a merchant, with
a successful record as a bank officer, takes personal direction of the affairs of the
institution. The Board of Directors representing active business interests here and
in other cities are John H. Gilbert, Gilbertsville, N. Y. ; George W. Hoagland ;
Alfred C. Mintram, of James H. Taft & Co. ; Col. E. S. Ormsby, President First
National Bank, Emmetsburg, Iowa; Stephen H. Mills, of S. H. Mills & Co. ;
Augustus K. Sloan, of Carter, Sloan & Co. ; Thomas E. Sloan, of the National
Express Co. ; Leopold Stern, of Stern Bros. & Co. ; Noah C. Rogers, of Merrill &
Rogers ; F. R. Simmons, of Henry Ginnel & Co ; Richard A. Anthony, of E. & H.
T. Anthony & Co. ; Lewis E. Ransom, President ; and H. B. Moore, Vice-President.
The Cashier is Henry L. Gilbert.

The record of the progress of the National Bank of Deposit gives promise of
a successful banking institution. Its location, its ramifications and its management
are all in harmony with the elements that go toward making the notably large finan-
cial institutions for which New York is famous.

The Hide and Leather National Bank, of New York, is an appropriate
name for an institution located in the heart of the historic " Swamp " district, and
having in its management a strong representation of the wealth and ability of the
leather trade. It is one of the
recent additions to the roll of
New- York banks, having been
organized March 31, 1891. The
comparative lack of banking facili-
ties in the midst of one of the
busiest and richest business quar-
ters having been noticed by some
of the prominent men of the
"Swamp," they at once with
characteristic energy set about the
creation of an institution of a kind
in keeping with the opportunity
thus presented. A capital of
$500,000 was subscribed, to-
gether with a paid-in surplus of
$50,000. A handsome banking-
room was secured in the Healy
Building, at the corner of Gold
and Ferry Streets, and the new
institution entered upon its career
with such success that at the close
of its first year its total resources
are nearly $2,700,000, and its de-
posits $2,000,000, and it has, in
spite of the general dullness of
business credited a neat sum to
profit and loss, after charging oft
all expenses, including that of
organization, while its stock is selling at $135 per share on a par value of $100.
This gratifying record is attributable in a measure to the composition of the
directory, which includes representatives of some of the most prominent business

HIDE AND LEATHER NATIONAL BANK, GOLD AND FERRY STREETS.

696

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

houses in the district. It is composed of Charles E. Fosdick, of C. B. Fosdick &
Son ; Charles A. Schieren, of Charles A. Schieren & Co. ; Henry C. Howell, of
T. P. Howell & Co. ; Edward R. Ladew, of Fayerweather & Ladew ; Eugene
G. Blackford ; Dick S. Ramsay, of The Ely & Ramsay Co. ; John J. Lapham, of
H. G. Lapham & Co. ; Thomas Keck, of Keck, Mosser & Co. ; Richard Young ;
A. Augustus Healy, of A. Healy & Sons ; and Adolph Scheftel of Scheftel Brothers.
The young bank has also been fortunate in the selection of its officers. Its
President, Charles B. Fosdick, one of the oldest leather merchants, has been
prominently identified with banking affairs in New York, having long been a direc-
tor of the Second National
Bank, serving as Chairman
of its loan committee and
acting as President. He
is also a director of the
Hamilton Bank, of this city.
Charles A. Schieren is Vice-
President ; and the Cashier
is Frederick K. Burckett,
who was connected with
the New- York Produce Ex-
change Bank, for a period
of eight years, resigning the
position of Assistant Cashier
of that bank to enter upon
the duties pertaining to his
present office, and for four-
teen years previous thereto
was in the service of the
Fourth National Bank of
this city.

The Sherman Bank,
although the newest of
New-York's financial insti-
tutions, starts out under such
auspices as to give it a good
position among the solid
and progressive banks of
the city. Its name com-
memorates one of America's
greatest generals and noblest and most beloved patriots, General William T. Sher-
man ; and is also suggestive of another name equally honored by Americans, Senator
John Sherman, who, besides being one of the greatest statesmen, has been almost
without a peer in his knowledge of financial matters. Moreover, it calls to mind t^e
revolutionary patriot and statesman, Roger Sherman, a signer of the Declaration of
Independence, all together indicating that the name "Sherman" is peculiarly ap-
propriate for a great American banking institution. The bank's quarters, elegant,
spacious, and admirably arranged, are in the handsome Mclntyre Building, on Broad-
way, at the corner of 18th Street, to-day one of the most frequented and thickly settled
neighborhoods of the city. Its capital of $200,000 is re-inforced by a surplus of
$100,000. Although it began business on June 16, 1892, it immediately obtained

SHERMAN BANK, BROADWAY, NORTHEAST CORNER OF 18th STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 697

a large line of deposits, which were attracted to it from the business people and
residents of the vicinity, and from a number of firms and corporations interested in
the bank or drawn to it by its list of officers and stockholders, which comprises a
thoroughly representative body of New- York business men. The officers are
Douglass R. Satterlee, President ; Henry D. Northrop, Cashier ; both veterans in
banking circles. The directors are William J. Arkeil, of Judge and Frank Les-
lie's ; Charles E. Bulkley, President of the Whiting Mfg. Co.; Jacob D. Butler,
builder and real estate ; William Crawford, of Simpson, Crawford & Simpson ;
George C. Flint, President of the G. C. Flint Company; Louis C. Fuller, President
of the Electric Cutlery Co. ; George B. Jacques, of Jacques & Marcus ; George P.
Johnson, Treasurer of the New- York Biscuit Co., and New- York manager of the
Diamond Match Co. ; Ewen Mclntyre ; John McLoughlin, of McLoughlin Bros. ;
Ludwig Nissen, diamond importer; Henry D. Northrop, Cashier; James H. Parker,
President of the United-States National Bank ; Douglass R. Satterlee, President ;
George P. Sheldon, President of the Phenix Insurance Company ; William R. Smith,
of Worthington, Smith & Co. ; Benjamin B. Van Derveer, of the Tenney Company.
The banking rooms of the Sherman Bank are among the most elegant in the city ; and
were specially designed for the best working facilities for the bank's officers and clerks,
and the most satisfactory accommodations of the customers. There are entirely
separate quarters for the lady patrons, and special rooms for customers who wish to
look over private papers or have a secluded meeting place for business conferences.
The Foreign Banking Houses of New York form an important and useful
part in the financial machinery of the country, and no account of the organization of
wealth and commerce in the great city would be complete without a description of
their functions, and a reference to some of the leading firms in this line which,
in wealth, influence, and volume of business, rival the largest of incorporated finan-
cial institutions. The banking business of Europe, it is well known, is more largely
conducted as a matter of private enterprise than is the case here ; and great
firms like the Rothschilds, with their branches and connections in every city of
Europe, are powers of the first magnitude in the world of money, ranking, it is fair
to say, even with the Banks of England and of France. The private financial
houses of Wall Street are the extension of this system to the United States, and
through the connection which they maintain with the bankers of London, Paris,
Berlin, and other cities, constitute the link which binds together the financial sys-
tems of the two hemispheres. The most important of their duties is furnishing the
facilities for payment of debts incurred in Europe, or vice versa. These bankers
are the purchasers of the drafts which American shippers draw upon foreign
buyers of their products, and on the other hand the drafts which they draw upon
their correspondents abroad, when sold to our importers, are the medium through
which our payments for foreign commodities are settled. This constitutes the
country's foreign-exchange market, which business, being entirely concentrated at
New York, forms one of the city's strongest titles to its financial supremacy. The
magnitude of these transactions is seldom duly appreciated. Yet it is estimated by
competent authorities that the volume of transactions which the foreign banking-
houses of New York perform in the course of a year, including purchases of com-
mercial drafts, sales of their own bills on European cities, or the issuance of letters of
credit to merchants and travelers, foot up not less than $20,000,000,000. Another
important function performed by these banking-houses is the representation in this
country of the investment of foreign capital in American securities. Through their
agency great amounts of stocks and bonds of our railroads and other corporations are

698 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.,

placed abroad, and the representation of these holdings being generally confided to
such interests, they are very important factors in the general conduct of railroad
affairs. The direct representation of corporations in the money market is a hardly
less important branch of their usefulness. Large companies desirous to effect loans
on these bonds almost invariably offer the transaction through private bankers, and
usually through those with foreign connections. Their services are also applied for
when it becomes necessary to adjust the affairs of corporations by means of the now
familiar process of re-organization. Great wealth, conservatism, and ability are
their distinguishing features, and they are, therefore, the representatives of the invest-
ing public on both sides of the ocean. Most of their houses are connected through
membership of one or more of their partners with the Stock and the various other
Exchanges, and furnish by the operations which they carry on therein for their
foreign clients a large portion of the activity of those institutions.

Drexel, Morgan & Co. enjoy the distinction of being the most noted financial
house in Wall Street, that is to say, in America. Their establishment occupies the
whole floor of the white marble Drexel Building, at the southeast corner of Broad
and Wall Streets, directly facing the Sub-Treasury and Assay Office. This building
was erected in 1872 for the firm, the lot having cost the then unheard-of sum of
$1,000,000. The firm is of distinctively American origin, having been formed in
July, 1871, by a union of forces of Drexel & Co., of Philadelphia, one of the oldest
and richest of American banking houses, and the great interests and power repre-
sented by Junius S. Morgan of London (the partner of the late George Peabody),
and his son, J. Pierpont Morgan. The latter, with Anthony J. Drexel of Philadel-
phia, are now the heads of the establishment, the Philadelphia house of Drexel &
Co., Drexel, Harjes & Co., in Paris, and J. S. Morgan & Co., of London, being
closely connected. The firm is rated, from point of capital, in the tens of millions,
and in individual wealth at a fabulous amount. It does a large banking business,
and is one of the leading drawers of foreign exchange. Its preeminence, however,
is due to successful participation in some of the greatest financial operations in con-
nection with the placing of railroad loans, or the re-organization of bankrupt or
involved corporations, the West Shore and the Reading properties being the most
conspicuous instances of the latter. The firm exercises a supremacy unique in the
history of American financial affairs.

Brown Bros. & Co., at 59 Wall Street, is an American firm which has long
occupied a distinguished and honorable position in the financial world. The term,
"Brown's rate," applied to the quotations current for foreign exchange, is the
standard authority for the operations of that market. The house originated in
Baltimore, where Alexander Brown, a linen merchant, who came to this country
in 1798, afterward embarked in the banking business. Sons of the founder of the
house established branches in Liverpool and other cities, James Brown coming to
New York in 1826, originating the house which now exists here. James Brown,
who died in 1877, was one of the most prominent bankers and financiers of New
York. The prominence of the firm dates from 1837, when panic convulsed the
United States, and American credit abroad threatened to collapse. The London
houses of the Brown family had, or were responsible for, immense amounts of bills
of American drawers, which were affected by these events. ' They deposited securi-
ties with the Bank of England, made a loan which enabled them to protect every
bill bearing their name, paid off the loan within six months, and rendered a service
to American credit which should never be forgotten. The London house is Brown,
Shipley & Co., the Baltimore establishment still being Alexander Brown & Sons.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

699

Blair & Company, at 33 Wall Street, is a
banking house holding to-day a position of
marked prominence. The firm is regarded as
one of the richest and most conservative bank-
ing firms in the country, receiving deposits and
transacting a general banking business. It de-
votes itself, nevertheless, to the purchase and
sale of high-grade investment securities.

The Hon. John I. Blair, one of the most
prominent capitalists in America, is the founder
of the firm. He was closely and successfully
identified in the opening up of the western
country, and with many railroad enterprises of
a larger scope. He operated and controlled
many of the roads which have since been
absorbed by the larger systems, notably the
Chicago & Northwest.

His son and grandson are associated with
him in the firm, of which there are five general
partners, John I. Blair, De Witt C. Blair,
James A. Blair, C. Ledyard Blair and Oliver
C. Ewart.

The rating of the house is the highest that
can be given, and, while conducting a general
banking business and possessing an extensive
connection with banks and bankers, especially
through the Central West, the specialty in
which it engages with the greatest success is in
the purchase and sale of State, county and city
bonds, and bonds issued by the old and estab-
lished lines of railroads. It acts as Fiscal
Agents for States and municipalities, and in that
capacity has recently refunded the entire State
debt of Minnesota. It has handled the securi-
ties of almost all the leading cities of the
country, among which it recently purchased the
Chicago bonds, to the amount of $5,000,000,
issued in behalf of the World's Fair.

The firm occupies commodious quarters in
the new building of the Mechanics' National
Bank, its offices including the entire floor. The
location is the choicest in the financial district,
immediately opposite the Sub-Treasury and Assay Office, and within a block of the
Custom House and Stock Exchange.

Blair & Company have most extensive dealings with capitalists and investors
throughout the Union. As a natural sequence of the conservative line of securities
in which alone the firm deals, it has among its patrons almost the whole list of
savings banks, trust companies, insurance companies, fraternal organizations, trus-
tees, and others who have occasion to make investments, and who must look most
of all to the unquestioned trustworthiness of the securities.

BLAIR & COMPAN

WALL STREET.

700

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

Baring, Magoun & Co. is an international banking-house, combining emi-
nent financial position with an historical connection. It was established in New
York in 1869, as Kidder, Peabody & Co., a branch of the old established Boston
banking firm of that name. Kidder, Peabody & Co. were for many years the Boston
representatives of the famous Baring Brothers & Co. of London, and in 1886 the
New-York agency of the latter was also transferred to them. George C. Magoun was
the original representative of the Boston firm in New York, and became the head of
its establishment here. Under his management the New-York branch assumed the
position of an influential factor in the banking world. The present title was
adopted in 1 891, when Kidder, Peabody & Co. of Boston and New York dissolved,
the New- York partners forming Baring, Magoun & Co., which still acts as agents
for the parent concern in Boston, as well as for Baring Brothers & Co., Limited, of
London. The members are Thomas Baring, George C. Magoun, George F. Crane,
Herbert L. Griggs and Cecil Baring. The firm transacts a general banking busi-
ness, and issues letters of credit, makes telegraphic transfers of funds, and draws
bills of exchange on its correspondents in every part of the world. It also buys and

sells mercantile drafts, deals
in stocks, bonds and securi-
ties, and acts as fiscal agent
for corporations. George C.
Magoun, one of the senior
partners, is Chairman of the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe Railroad, the house hav-
ing taken the leading part in
re-organizing that great cor-
poration, one of the most
difficult but successful trans-
actions in American railroad
and financial history. It
also had charge of the change
of the " Sugar-Trust " into
the American Sugar-Refin-
ing Co. ; and has been instru-
mental in bringing before the
investing public the securi-
ties of conservative Ameri-
can industrial enterprises,
like the Lorillard Company
and the Procter & Gamble
Co. Baring, Magoun & Co.
occupy the entire second
floor of the Wilks Building,
adjoining the Stock Ex-
change, and opposite the
Sub-Treasury, at the south-
west corner of Wall and

BARING, MAGOUN & CO., WALL AND BROAD STREETS. -r, , 0i

Broad Streets, an apartment
which for size, light and the conveniences of its arrangement, is noteworthy even
among the many handsome banking-rooms of Wall Street.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

701

Ladenburg, Thalmann & Co. is a representative international banking-house,
both in respect to its high credit and standing in the financial community of New
York, and the extent and magnitude of its connections in Europe. The house was
established in 1876, and has since 1889 occupied an entire floor in the Bank-of-
America Building, 46 Wall Street, where, besides commodious banking rooms,
accommodation is provided for one of the largest office forces in the employment of
any private financial firm in the United States. The general partners of the firm
are Adolph Ladenburg, a representative of one of the oldest and most extensive

LADENBURG, THALMANN & CO., WALL AND WILLIAM STREETS.

banking connections of Southern Germany ; Ernst Thalmann ; and Richard Lim-
burger, who is the representative of the firm on the New-York Stock Exchange, and
is one of the Governing Committee of that institution. The special partners, who
jointly contribute $1,000,000 to its capital, are Baron Gerson von Bleichroder, of
Berlin, and Julius Schwabach, the senior partners of the eminent banking house of S.
Bleichroder, Berlin. Ladenburg, Thalmann & Co. draw bills of exchange and
make cable-transfers through their correspondents, who are included among the
most prominent and conservative financial establishments in all the cities of Europe.
They purchase bankers' and commercial bills of exchange on foreign countries, and
issue letters of credit for merchants and travellers available throughout the world.
The purchase and sale of bonds and stocks dealt in at the New- York Stock Ex-
change is an important feature of the business, and the house is a leading factor in
arbitrage transactions between the stock markets of London and this city. It is
also one of the most prominent exporters of American products to Europe. This

702

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

firm are the agents for the United States of the banking-house of S. Bleichroder,
Berlin, and have been prominent and successful in directing the attention of foreign
capital to the advantages presented by American enterprises. This establishment
and its partners are closely identified with many large corporations, Mr. Ladenburg,
the head of the firm, being president of the Brooklyn Elevated Railroad Co. ; and
Mr. Thalmann, one of the partners, also being a director of the same corporation.

August Belmont & Co. are the American representatives of the Rothschild
family of bankers. The house was founded in 1837 by August Belmont, Sr., a
German by birth, who was for fifty years one of the most prominent financiers of
New York, and who, in addition, identified himself socially and politically with the
interests of his adopted country and city, serving as United- States Minister to the
Hague, and taking an active part in municipal and national politics. The firm has
always occupied a leading and dignified position, not only as drawers of exchange,
but as the representatives of vast foreign-investment interests in American railroad
and other corporations, their European connections extending to every city of
importance abroad. The present head of the house is August Belmont, the son of
the founder (who is also chairman of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad), the
banking establishment being in the Nassau-Street wing of the Equitable Building.

Morton, Bliss & Co. is a banking house, especially noted, as its senior mem-
ber the Hon. Levi P. Morton is the Vice-President of the United States. Their
banking rooms are in the Mutual Life Insurance Co.'s Building on Nassau Street, at
the corner of Cedar Street.

Other Prominent Bankers include Eugene Kelly & Co.. ; Winslow, Lanier &
Co. ; James G. Kings's Sons ; Blake Brothers & Co. ; J. & W. Seligman & Co. ;
Heidelbach, Ickelheimer & Co. ; John Munroe & Co. ; H. B. Hollins & Co., and
many others.

EAST RIVER ---THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE --- SOUTH STREET.

/i-4jV->.

Trust and Investment Companies, Savings»Banks, Safe-
Deposit Companies, Etc.

IN NO particular is New York's position as the centre of the National wealth and
financial power more distinctly emphasized than by the multiplicity and strength
of its institutions of a fiduciary character. It is unsurpassed in the facilities which
are thus afforded in the care and administration of individual rights and posses-
sions, or the exercise of those powers, which, in a less highly developed stage of
commercial and financial prosperity, are committed to individual trustees. The
great savings-banks are among the proudest indications of the city's preeminence
and wealth, representing, as they do, the accumulations of her toilers for more than
three generations. The financial trust companies are, in their numbers, and the mag-
nitude, extent, and variety of the functions that they exercise, unsurpassed by simi-
lar bodies at any of the world's capitals. Nor does any other city possess or offer
such unequalled facilities for the safe-keeping of evidences of values as those which
are presented by the numerous public safe-deposit vaults of New York. All of
these different classes of institutions, with others of a somewhat similar character,
find full employment, and are in fact being steadily multiplied. This is explained
by the fact that, to a large extent, they deal with the wealth, not of New York
alone, but of the whole country. It should, however, be noted as a primary fact
that, in each instance, such organizations demand the exercise, not only of the high-
est order of financial talent, but must in their entire administration present a degree
of experience, personal responsibility and fidelity, which it is safe to say that
New York alone could supply. The corporations of the class to which attention is
now directed are not alone enormous and' successful, but they are in the highest
degree evidences of the reputation and character of New York's business men,
merchants and capitalists, who furnish their officers and trustees. It is safe to say
that nowhere in the civilized world is such a mass of wealth belonging to others
entrusted to the care and management of organized bodies of such a nature, and
that nowhere else can greater fidelity and success be found, in the exercise of such
functions.

The Trust Companies constitute one of the most important parts of New
York's financial mechanism. They originated from an appreciation of the fact that
individual responsibility in positions of a fiduciary character is often attended by
more or less danger. The administration of personal or other property is a task
demanding both responsibility and integrity. The possessor of these qualities is not
always desirous of assuming such duties, and the disastrous effects of errors of judg-
ment, no less than of absolute wrong-doing, in such cases is proverbial. The sub-
stitution in such matters, for the individual, of a permanent corporation, having a
financial responsibility which could not be affected by the contingencies of individual

704 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

fortunes, possessing an administration calculated to execute precisely that class of
business, and moreover representing in its management the collective talent of the
highest business and social elements, could not fail to commend itself as a valuable
expedient to a community in which the accumulation of wealth proceeded at so rapid
a rate. The governing idea in the earlier corporations of the class formed in New
York was that they should primarily act as executors, administrators, guardians of
estates of minors, or committees of the property under testamentary provisions or by
order of the courts, and as trustees for the administration of property under appoint-
ment by individuals or legal authority. At the same time it was intended that by
this means secure depositories should be provided for funds involved in litigation,
and for the great variety of real and personal property which the courts are accus-
tomed to order in safe custody awaiting the decision of suits. These still continue
to be leading functions of the financial trust companies. In fact, the preference for
the services of such institutions in matters of that class has of late years increased.
Great estates are administered by them under such commissions, and vast sums of
money and large amounts of real or personal property are constantly put in their
charge by the courts, the moderate commissions and charges which trust companies
make for such services amounting, nevertheless, to a large aggregate return. Many
other functions, however, soon annexed themselves to those of a semi-legal character,
for the performance of which trust companies were originally created. The receipt
of money on deposit and the payment of interest thereon is a feature in which these
institutions supplement the work of the banks. At the same time many trust com-
panies receive current deposits subject to check, and conduct a business in its essen-
tial features similar to that of a bank. The care of property, the investment of
funds, and the collection of rents and interest are other important branches of their
business, in which there is a growing demand for such service. One of the most
important, useful and profitable features of these concerns is the relation which they
occupy between railroad and industrial companies and the public, in the capacity of
holders of stocks and bonds. The great progress of the United States has been
largely the work of corporations, and the money with which its railroads have been
built and its industries established has largely come from corporate borrowings on
mortgages of property and franchises securing issues of bonds, thus facilitating the
division of immense transactions into amounts which could be distributed among a
multitude of investors. From an early date the trust companies of New-York City
assumed the important position of trustees under such corporate mortgages. In
nearly every instance obligations of this character are payable, principal and interest,
in this city, and it is usually a leading trust company which is selected to act in the
capacity of a fiscal agent for corporations. As a consequence of this, in cases of
default upon railroad or other obligations, the trust companies of New York appear
as the plaintiffs in foreclosure suits in various parts of the country ; and when re-
organizations of corporations are necessary they are invariably designated by the
parties in interest as the depositories of securities and the intermediaries through
which the transactions are completed. Municipal indebtedness, as is natural, follows
the course of corporation borrowings in the great money-market of the land, and
various States, counties and cities which obtain money on these bond issues are
usually represented in New York by a trust company. Another very important duty
of the trustee remains to be mentioned. This is the registration of transfers of cor-
porate stocks. The New- York Stock Exchange, as a check upon the fidelity of the
officials of companies whose securities are dealt in in the stock market, requires that
such certificate issues shall be countersigned by a trust company as guarantee of

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

7°5

genuineness and validity. Trust companies are also frequently employed as the
transfer agents of public companies.

Until within a recent date the formation of trust companies was in this State a
matter of special legislative enactment. The charters of the older organizations
therefore differ to some extent in the character of the powers and obligations involved,
though they all substantially embody the functions above described. The charter
of the oldest of them dates back to 1822, and the next in order was incorporated in
1830. It is noteworthy that in both instances the original organization was coupled
with a plan for the conduct of an insurance business. Indeed, to this day the grant-
ing of annuities is retained as a feature of some organizations. A large majority of
the present companies of New York are formed under special charters, though in
1887 the State Legislature passed a general law providing for their organization and
supervision, and for the administration of their affairs. This statute permits the
formation, under proper restrictions, of corporations of this class, and a number of
successful organizations have already been formed under its provisions.

The trust companies of New York, as a class, represent in their management the
most conservative and responsible elements in the community. Considered as busi-
ness enterprises, they have been remarkably successful. The large dividends paid
upon their stocks, the high prices at which they are quoted in the market, and the
large surplus which the older companies have accumulated make them desirable
investments, and ensure their ownership by the opulent and responsible class. It is
from this element that their trustees are selected, while the executive management
of concerns whose assets are measured by the tens of millions of dollars demands
financial talent and reputation of the highest order.

THE TRUST COMPANIES OF NEW-YORK CITY.
Figures Given Under Date of June 30, 1892.

Name. Location.

Capital.

Gr. Assets.

Pres't.

Sec'y.

Atlantic

39 William,
54 Wall,
18 Wall,

$ 500,000

$ 7,724,504

27,304,864

2,601,220

Wm H. Male

J. S. Suydam.
C. H. P. Babcock

Central

F. P. Olcott

Continental

500,000

H. A. Oakley,

Wm. Potts.

Farmers' Loan...

22 William,

1 ,000,000

33,689,828

R. G. Rolston,

E. S. Marston.

Holland

33 Nassau,

500,000

2,506,094

R. B. Roosevelt,

J. B. Van Woert.

Knickerbocker. . .

234 Fifth Ave.

750,000

5,901,754

J. P. Townsend,

F. L. Eldridge.

Manhattan

t Nassau,

1,000,000

4,985,978

F. O. French,

A. T. French.

120 B'way,

2,000,000

30,990,978

Louis Fitzgerald,

H. C. Deming.

37 Wall,

1,000,000

10,323,037

T. Hillhouse,

Beverly Chew.

N. Y. Guaranty 1
& Indemnity. \

59 Cedar,

2,000,000

n,373,582

Edwin Packard,

H. A. Murray.

N.Y. LifeInsur-/_
ance & Trust, f

52 Wall,

1,000,000

27,064,566

Henry Parish,

J. R. Kearney.

N.Y. Security & |
Trus,t j

46 Wall,

1,000,000

8,075,394

C. S. Fairchild,

J. L. Lamson.

Real Estate Loan

30 Nassau,

500,000

2,709,793

H. C. Swords,

H. W. Reighley.

State

50 Wall,

1,000,000

9,683,509

Andrew Mills,

J. Q. Adams.

Title Guarantee. .

55 Liberty,

2,000,000

3,713,563

C. H. Kelsey,

L. V. Bright.

Union

80 B'way,

1,000,000

37,667,530

Edward King,

A. W. Kelley.

U. S. Transfer |
& Exchange., j

1 Nassau,

200,000

379,967

F. O. French,

C. H. Smith.

United States . . .

45 Wall,

2,000,000

52,997,001

J. A. Stewart,

H. L. Thornell.

Washington .....

280 B'way,

500,000

4,448,043

D. M. Morrison,

F. H. Page.

Totals, 19 Co's.

$19,450,000

$284^41,205

yo6 king's Handbook of new york.

The United-States Trust Company is one of the oldest trust companies in
the State of New York. It is also the largest and greatest trust company on the
American continent, having by far the greatest amount of assets. It is in the front
rank of all fiduciary institutions. Its capital of $2,000,000, surplus of $8,000,000,
deposits of $42,000,000, and gross assets of $52,000,000 render it one of the most
important institutions of any kind. It was organized in 1853, under a charter with
liberal powers, to act as trustee, executor, and guardian, and as a legal depository of
money. Joseph Lawrence was the first president, the company occupying quarters
in the Manhattan Company's old building, and moving afterwards to the Bank of
New- York Building, and then to the building, at 49 and 51 Wall Street, which it
owned jointly with the Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company. In 1888 the company
purchased the lots at 45 and 47 Wall Street, and erected thereon a noble granite
bank and office-building, in the Romanesque style, which is one of the grandest and
most elegant buildings in this country. The apartment which the company occupies
with its offices on the first floor is unsurpassed in size, appointments and conve-
nience. The head of the company, John A. Stewart, was its Secretary at the start.
He resigned to become Assistant-Treasurer of the United States, and in 1866
returned to the company as its President. The Vice-President is George Bliss ; the
Second Vice-President, James S. Clark ; and the Secretary, Henry L. Thornell. The
Board of Trustees is a body which represents to the fullest extent the wealth and
stability of New York. It comprises : Wilson G. Hunt, Daniel D. Lord, Samuel
Sloan, James Low, Wm. Walter Phelps, D. Willis James, John A. Stewart, Eras-
tus Corning, John Harsen Rhoades, Anson Phelps Stokes, George Bliss, William
Libbey, John Crosby Brown, Edward Cooper, W. Bayard Cutting, Charles S.
Smith, Frank Lyman, Wm. Rockefeller, Alexander E. Orr, William H. Macy, Jr.,
Wm. D. Sloane, Gustav H. Schwab, George F. Vietor, Wm. Waldorf Astor. The
business of the United-States Trust Company is of the most extensive and varied
character. It is often selected by the courts to act as depository for funds in litiga-
tion. It has the care of many large estates, and is the guardian of minors. It is
trustee for the bondholders of numerous railroad and other corporations, and acts
as transfer agent and registrar of company stocks. It allows interest on deposits,
which may be withdrawn at any time, subject to five days' notice of payment. The
property in its hands as executor, trustee, etc., is kept wholly apart from its general
business ; and it holds in the trustee department property to a very large amount.
The Assistant-Secretary is Louis G. Hampton.

Financial operations of such magnitude certify to the wonderful discipline and
efficiency of the New- York methods of monetary business, and the probity and
sagacity of the men and institutions administering these enormous trusts.

The Union Trust Company of New York, one of the greatest fiduciary
institutions in the world, and one of the older trust companies of New- York
City, was organized in 1864. For nearly twenty years the company occupied
offices at 73 Broadway, on the corner of Rector Street, in the building now
owned by O. B. Potter, in which the crank attempted to blow up Russell Sage
with dynamite, just after the Union Trust Company had moved away. In 1890
the company purchased the property at 80 Broadway, having a front of 73 feet
on Broadway, just opposite the head of Rector Street, and running no feet
to New Street. On this there has been erected one of the stateliest of modern
office-buildings, at a cost of $1,000,000, the company itself occupying the spacious
first floor, which in the simple elegance of its appointments is without a rival among
bankers' apartments in New York. The company is authorized to act as executor,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

707

UNITED-STATES TRUST COMPANY OF NEW-YORK.

45 AND 47 WALL STREtT, SOUTH SIDE, BETWEEN BROAO AND WILLIAM STREETS.

708

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

administrator, guardian or trustee, and is a legal depository for trust monies, and a
trustee for corporation mortgages and transfer agent and registrar of stocks. The
management of estates and care of real estate and the collection and remittance of
rents therefrom is a specialty ; while in its new burglar and fire-proof vaults it makes
ample provision for the safe-keeping of deposits of securities, on which it collects and
remits income. It allows interest on deposits which can be withdrawn on five days'
notice, and also opens current accounts with depositors subject to check, and allows
interest on daily balances. In the exercise of these different functions the company
has developed a business of immense magnitude. Its total resources are now $35,-
044,000, and the surplus has grown to over $4,000,000, the capital being $1,000,000.
It pays 20 per cent, annual dividends on its stock, which is quoted at $800 per
share. Edward King, formerly President of the New-York Stock Exchange, is the
President of the Union Trust Company. He is one of the most highly esteemed of
New- York financiers, a graduate of Harvard University, the honored President of
the Harvard Club, and identified with scores of New- York financial, commercial,
social and educational bodies. Cornelius D. Wood and James H. Ogilvie are its
Vice-Presidents ; Augustus W. Kelley, Secretary ; and J. V. B. Thayer, Assistant
Secretary. The Trustees of the institution are a representative body of bankers and
capitalists of the highest standing. The Executive Committee of the Board consists
of William Whitewright, George G. Williams, Edward Schell, E. B. Wesley, George
C. Magoun, James T. Woodward, D. C. Hays, and C. D. Wood.

The Knickerbocker Trust Company, occupying the building at 234 Fifth
Avenue, at the corner of 27th Street, and having branch-offices at 3 Nassau Street
and 18 Wall Street, is an exemplification of the fact that enormous and increasing
business and investment interests are concentrated in the up-town portion of New-
York. This institution was formed in 1884, by prominent capitalists, who perceived
that the facilities afforded by a strong organization of this kind would obtain the sup-
port of an influential monied class, the real-estate owners and investors of the resi-
dence-quarter of New York. The
results have more than answered i
this expectation. The com-
pany's progress has been

KNICKERBOCKER TRUST CO., 234- FIFTH AVENUE, CORNER OF 27TH STREET.

A'ING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

709

T / \ * t

.^%^-^~- -'■-•'

UNION TRUST COMPANY OF NEW YORK.

80 BROADWAY, OPPOSITE RECTOR STREET, BETWEEN WALL STREET AND EXCHANGE PLACE.

7io KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

brilliant and substantial. It has a capital of $750,000, and an accumulated
surplus of $325,000. Its total deposits are* $4,650,000 and its resources
$5,744,000. It has attracted by conservative management a clientage of the
most desirable character, and is in every way equipped to carry on all the branches
of business which its charter authorizes, including the functions of executor,
administrator, guardian, receiver, registrar, and transfer and financial agent for
corporations and municipalities, and to accept any trusts in conformity with law.
It allows interest on time deposits, and receives current deposits subject to check ;
and issues letters of credit for travellers available throughout the world. It has
occupied the commodious offices at the corner of 27th Street and Fifth Avenue
since its organization ; and rents safe-deposit boxes in the fire and burglar proof
vaults which have been built for that purpose. The company is an exception in
maintaining a down-town branch-office, which is rendered necessary by the extent of
its corporation, investment and loan business. The officers of the Knickerbocker
are : John P. Townsend, President ; Charles T. Barney, Vice-President ; Joseph T.
Brown, second Vice-President ; Frederick L. Eldridge, Secretary ; and J. Henry
Townsend, Assistant Secretary. The Board of Directors is a body 'of unusually
prominent and strong capitalists, financiers and business men, being composed of :
Joseph S. Auerbach, of Lowrey, Stone & Auerbach ; Harry B. Hollins, of H. B.
Hollins & Co. ; Jacob Hays ; Charles T. Barney ; A. Foster Higgins, of Higgins &
Cox ; Robert G. Remsen ; Henry W. T. Mali, of Henry W. T. Mali & Co. ; Andrew
H. Sands ; James H. Breslin, proprietor of the Gilsey House ; Gen. George J.
Magee, President of the Fall-Brook Coal Co. ; I. Townsend Burden, President of the
Port-Henry Iron Ore Co.; John S. Tilney ; Hon. E. V. Loew, ex-Comptroller of
the city of New York ; Henry F. Dimock, President of the Metropolitan Steamship
Co. ; John P. Townsend, President of the Knickerbocker Trust Co. ; Charles F.
Watson ; David H. King, Jr. ; Frederick G. Bourne, President of the Singer Manu-
facturing Co. ; Robert Maclay, President of the Knickerbocker Ice Co. ; C. Law-
rence Perkins ; Edward Wood, President of the Bowery Savings Bank ; Wm. H.
Beadleston, of Beadleston & Woerz ; and Alfred L. White, of William A. White &
Sons.

The Central Trust Company of New York, at 54 Wall Street, is appropri-
ately housed in an imposing brick and granite building, erected in 1887 at a cost of
about $1,000,000. The organization of this important institution dates from 1875,
its charter having been granted in 1873. The company was formed at a period when
the expansion of corporation and investing interests at New York demanded addi-
tional facilities such as it affords. Henry F. Spaulding was its first president, and,
up to the time it removed to its own edifice, it occupied the basement of 14 Nassau
Street, and subsequently the first floor of the Clearing-House Building, at 15 Nassau
Street, corner of Pine. The company exercises all the functions allotted to such
institutions. It allows interest on deposits, is a legal depository for Court monies, is
authorized to act as Executor, Guardian or in other positions of trust, and as Regis-
trar or Transfer Agent of Stocks and Bonds, and as Trustee for railroad and other
mortgages. The organization is the custodian of large trust-funds, and represents
many important estates. Its business in connection with railroad companies is one
of the most extensive in the country, and it has been the fiscal agent and depository
of securities in some of the most important railroad re-organizations of recent years.
In this department Frederic P. Olcott (who has held the office of president for over
eleven years) is a recognized authority, being consulted in the most difficult trans-
actions involving the rights of investors. The other officers are George Sherman,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEV/ YORK

711

CENTRAL TRUST COMPANY.

54 WALL STREET, OPPOSITE THE CUSTOM HOUSE.

7T2

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

First Vice-President ; E.

METROPOLITAN TRUST

Francis Hyde, Second Vice-President ; C. H. P. Babcock,
Secretary ; and B. G. Mitchell, Assistant-
Secretary. The Executive Committee,
which is representative of the trustees of
the institution, is composed, in addition
to the President, of Samuel D. Babcock,
Charles Lanier, John S. Kennedy, Cornelius
N. Bliss, Adrian Iselin, Jr., Samuel Thorne,
A. D. Juilliard, and Charles G. Landon.
The capital and surplus of the company
amount to over $6,000,000; the deposits
to $20,800,000; and the gross assets to
.$27,300,000. The stock of the Central
Trust Company sells for the highest price
ever paid for the stock of any Trust Company
in this country, and probably in the world.

The Metropolitan Trust Company
was chartered by a special act of the
State Legislature, in 188 1. Its powers are
of an ample character, including, among
other provisions, authority to act as deposi-
tory for the funds of individuals, estates,
or corporations, as, agent for the payment
of bonds and coupons, as trustee of corpo-
ration mortgages, and as transfer agent
and registrar. The act incorporating this
company has been made the model of sub-
sequent State legislation in regard to the
formation of trust companies. The institu-
tion at its inception occupied quarters in
Pine Street, and then migrated to a bank-
ing-room in the Wall-Street wing of the
Mills Building. In 1889 it purchased the
seven-story brick and brownstone building
at 37 and 39 Wall Street, and occupies the
first floor with its large and increasing busi-
ness. Gen. Thomas Hillhouse, ex- Assistant-
Treasurer of the United States at New York,
has been its president since its foundation.
Frederick D. Tappen is Vice-President ;
Charles M. Jesup, Second Vice-President ;
Beverly Chew, Secretary ; and Geo. D.
Coaney, Assistant- Secretary. The Board of
Trustees includes : A. Gracie King, of James
G. King's Sons ; D. O. Mills ; Frederick
D. Tappen, President Gallatin National
Bank, New York ; Morris K. Jesup ;
John T. Terry, of E. D. Morgan & Com-
pany ; Walter T. Hatch, of W. T. Hatch

wall street. & Sons ; C. P. Huntington, Vice-Presi-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

dent Central Pacific Railroad ; Bradley Martin ; Dudley Olcott, President Mechanics'
& Farmers' Bank of Albany, N. Y. ; Heber R. Bishop ; George A. Hardin, Justice
New- York Supreme Court, Little Falls, N. Y. ; J. Howard King, President Albany
Savings Bank, Albany, N. Y. ; Joseph Ogden ; Henry B. Plant, President Southern
Express Company ; Edward B. Judson, President First National Bank, Syracuse,
N. Y. ; Thomas Hillhouse, late Assistant-Treasurer of the United States ; William A.
Slater, of Norwich, Conn. ; John W. Ellis ; W. H. Tillinghast ; Robert Hoe, of Robert
Hoe & Company ; and W. L. Bull, of Edward Sweet & Company. The institu-
tion is now in its eleventh year of successful existence, with a paid-up capital of
$ 1, 000, 000 ; an earned surplus of over $850,000 ; deposits aggregating $9,000,000 ;
and total resources aggregating over $10,000,000.

The Manhattan Trust Company occupies the white-marble building at the
corner of Wall and Nassau Streets, immediately opposite the Sub-Treasury and
directly at the head of Broad Street. This successful and growing institution was
organized in 1888, under a legislative charter granted in 1 87 1. The powers vested
in the corporation comprise, among other things, authority to receive deposits and

MANHATTAN TRUST CO. SUB- llnuwunV

MANHATTAN TRUST CO., WALL STREET, CORNER OF NASSAU STREET.

make loans, to act as agent for the investment of money and management of property,
to act as trustee, registrar, and transfer-agent of corporations or under orders of the
courts in legal proceedings. The company's first place of business was in the Astor
Building, at 10 Wall Street, but in 1890 it moved to its present specially prominent
location, which also furnishes better accommodations for its increased business.
The capital is $1,000,000, fully paid up, and the earned surplus and profits are

714

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

$278,262, as shown by the last official statement, while its deposits — $3,694,716 in
amount — and total resources of $4,985,978 indicate the extent of the connection
with corporate and investment interests of the conservative class, which have been
attracted by the facilities it affords. The Manhattan Trust Company is essentially a
progressive institution. Its management is indicative of that quality, combined with
the stability which the fiduciary nature of its business demands. The trustees are
August Belmont, of August Belmont & Company ; C. C. Baldwin ; H. W. Cannon,
President of the Chase National Bank ; T. J. Coolidge, Jr., President of the Old-
Colony Trust Company, Boston; R. J. Cross, of Morton, Bliss & Company ; John R.
Ford ; Francis Ormond French, President ; John N. A. Griswold ; H. L. Higginson, of
Lee, Higginson & Company, Boston ; John Kean, Jr., President of the National
State Bank, Elizabeth, N. J. ; H. O. Northcote, of J. Kennedy Tod & Company ;
E. D. Randolph, President of the Continental National Bank ; A. S. Rosenbaum ;
James O. Sheldon ; Samuel R. Shipley, President of the Provident Life & Trust
Company, Philadelphia ; Charles F. Tag, of Charles F. Tag & Son ; R. T. Wilson,
of R. T. Wilson & Company ; and John I. Waterbury, Vice-President. The Presi-
dent, Francis O. .French, is a banker of experience and marked ability, having been
associated with the executive management of the First National Bank. John I.
Waterbury, its vice-president, is also prominently connected with financial and cor-
porate interests, being a director in many large companies and institutions here and
in other cities. The secretary and treasurer is Amos T. French.

The New-York Security and Trust Company occupies a commodious
banking-room at 46 Wall Street, corner of William Street, in the Bank of America's
graceful granite building. This company was organized as recently as May, 1889,
under the State law, and is authorized to act as executor, trustee, administrator, guar-
dian, agent, and receiver, and is a legal depository for Court and trust funds. It is

designated by the New- York State Banking
Department as a depository for the reserve of
State banks, and allows special rates of interest
on deposits of banks and financial institutions.
It takes full charge of estates, both real and
personal, collecting and remitting incomes and
profits ; and acts as trustee for bonds, and
as registrar and transfer agent of stocks. De-
posits are received subject to check; with
interest on daily balances, and interest-bearing
certificates of deposit are also issued by it.
The capital is $1,000,000, and a surplus and
undivided profits of $866,000 has already been
added thereto. Its deposits aggregate $6, 000, -
000, and the total resources are over $7,000,-
000. The management of the company is an
unusually strong one, composed of gentlemen
whose position in the financial and business
world is sufficient to explain the confidence
with which the institution is regarded, as
well as the success attending its operations.
Its President is Charles S. Fairchild, ex-
Secretary of the United-States Treasury :

NEW-YORK SECURITY AND TRUST COMPANY, ' ....... {j

wall and william streets. his associates in office being William H.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

715

Appleton, first Vice-President ; William L. Strong, second Vice-President and chair-
man of Executive Committee ; and John L. Lamson, Secretary. The trustees of the
company are : Charles S. Fairchild, William H. Appleton, William L. Strong, Wil-
liam F. Buckley, William A. Booth, William H. Beers, C. C. Baldwin, Stuart G.
Nelson, M. C. D. Borden, Edward Uhl, James J. Hill (of St. Paul, Minn.), Daniel
S. Lamont, James Stillman, John King, Hudson Hoagland, Edward N. Gibbs
(of Norwich, Conn.), John G. McCullough, Frederic R. Coudert, H. Walter Webb,
B. Aymar Sands, John A. McCall, and John W. Sterling.

The Washington Trust Company was organized in 1889, by a number of
prominent capitalists and business men identified with the opulent and varied inter-
ests which occupy the busy district adjacent to the City-Hall Park. The offices of
the company are established in a convenient and roomy suite in the great marble

THE WASHINGTON TRUST COMPANY. STEWART BUILDING, 280 BROADWAY.

building, once A. T. Stewart's gigantic wholesale dry-goods establishment, and now
remodelled into a most notable office structure, and known as the Stewart Building,
at 280 Broadway. The organization was effected under the general law, and is
authorized to act as trustee for individuals and corporations, and as a legal depos-
itory for Court and trust funds, as well as to receive deposits, to issue interest-
bearing certificates, and to serve as agent for estates and individuals. The manage-
ment and connections of the institution, no less than its admirable location, have
been favorable to the rapid development of a profitable and conservative business in
all of its diversified functions. Many important trusts have been committed to its

716

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

care, its proximity to the Courts rendering it particularly useful in instances where
a fiduciary agent is required in connection with litigation or proceedings before the
Surrogate. Its capital is $500,000, and the surplus and undivided profits now
amount to about $400,000. Its deposits are over $3,600,000; and the total
resources of the institution (included in which are $500,000 in New- York City
bonds and other securities of an immediately available character) foot up no less
than $4,500,000. The Board of Trustees of the company embraces the following
names, representing conservative strength, all of whom are well known in New York,
a number of them having a National reputation : Charles F. Clark, David M. Morri-
son, Charles H. Russell, Geo. H. Prentiss, Joel F. Freeman, L. T. Powell, George
L. Pease, Wm. Henry Hall, Geo. E. Hamlin, P. C. Lounsbury, Seth E. Thomas,
Lucius K. Wilmerding, Joseph C. Baldwin, George Austin Morrison, John F. An-
derson, Jr., E. C. Romans, William Lummis, Charles A. Johnson, John R. Hege-
man, and William Whiting. David M. Morrison, its President, comes from a bank-
ing family, his father for two generations having been president of the Manhattan
Company Bank. Charles F. Clark, the Vice-President, is known throughout the
mercantile world as the president of the Bradstreet Mercantile Agency, whose ramifi-
cations extend over three continents. William Lummis, well-known in financial
circles, and ex-Vice-President of the New- York Stock Exchange, is second Vice-
President ; Francis H. Page, Secretary; and M. S. Lott, Assistant-Secretary.

The State Trust Company, at 50 Wall Street, was organized as recently as
1879, under the general laws of the State, with full powers to transact all business

usual to fiduciary institutions of this
character. Its success from the very
start gives promise of a gigantic in-
stitution in the near future.

For the State Trust Company,
although one of the younger fiduciary
institutions, being but three years
old, has developed into one of the
larger and stauncher of the trust com-
panies, having a capital of $1,000,-
000, a surplus of $764,870, and gross
assets of $9,664,202, which includes
deposits of almost $8,000,000. Its
stock, on a par of $100 a share, sells
at over $200 a share. It is paying
its semi-annual dividend, at the rate
of six per cent, a year. The reason
for The State Trust Company's suc-
cess is readily found in its able man-
agement. Its first President was
Willis S. Paine, for many years the
Bank Superintendent of the State of
New York ; and its Secretary, John
Quincy Adams, was the former Chief
Bank-Examiner. Its Board of Direc-
tors includes: Willis S. Paine; Henry
H. Cook, capitalist ; Charles R. Flint,

THE STATE TRUST COMPANY, 50 WALL STREET, . _,. ' r _, , .

near william street. of Flint & Company, shipowners ;

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 717

William L. Trenholm, ex-Comptroller of the Currency, and President of the American
Surety Company ; William B. Kendall, of the Bigelow Carpet Company ; Walter
S. Johnston, President Spanish- American Light and Power Company ; Joseph
N. Hallock, proprietor of the Christian at Work ; Percival Knauth, of Knauth,
Nachod & Kuhne, bankers ; Edwin A. McAlpin, of D. H. McAlpin & Com-
pany, tobacco ; Andrew Mills, President of the Dry-Dock Savings Institution ; Wil-
liam A. Nash, President of the Corn-Exchange Bank ; George Foster Peabody, of
Spencer Trask & Company, bankers ; J. D. Probst, of J. D. Probst & Company,
bankers ; Henry Steers, President of the Eleventh-Ward Bank ; George W. Quin-
tard, proprietor of the Quintard Iron Works ; Forrest H. Parker, President New-
York Produce Exchange Bank ; Charles Scribner, of Charles Scribner's Sons ; Wil-
liam Steinway, of Steinway & Sons, pianos : Charles L. Tiffany, of Tiffany & Com-
pany, jewellers ; Ebenezer K. Wright, President of the National Park Bank ; Wil-
liam H. Van Kleeck, of Burkhalter & Company, importers ; George W. White,
President of the Mechanics' Bank of Brooklyn ; and John Q. Adams. Andrew Mills
is the President, pro te?n. , and W. L. Trenholm and William Steinway are the Vice-
Presidents. The trust company's quarters have always been on the lower floor of
50 Wall Street, just below William Street. The State Trust Company is authorized
to act as executor, administrator, trustee, guardian, receiver, and in all other fiduciary
capacities, and to serve as transfer agent and registrar of incorporated companies.
It allows interest on deposits, and does a general trust company's business.

The Mercantile Trust Company, Equitable Building, with a capital and
surplus of $3, 500,000, is a legal depository for court and trust funds and for general
deposits, upon which it pays liberal rates of interest, from date of deposit until date
of withdrawal. The company also by law acts as executor, administrator, guardian,
receiver and trustee, as fiscal and transfer agent, and as a registrar of stocks. It
offers exceptional rates and facilities to religious and benevolent institutions, and to
executors or trustees of estates. Louis Fitzgerald is President ; John T. Terry,
Henry B. Hyde and Edward L. Montgomery are Vice-Presidents; Henry C. Deny-
ing, Secretary and Treasurer; and Clinton Hunter, Assistant- Secretary.

The New-York Guaranty & Indemnity Company, at 59 Cedar Street, in
the Mutual Life Building, has a capital of $2,000,000, and a surplus of $500,000.

In addition to its special charter privileges, this company possesses all the power
of trust companies under the New- York banking laws ; acts as trustee for corpora-
tions, firms and individuals, as executor or administrator of estates, and is a legal
depository of trust funds. It allows interest on deposits. Its officers are : Edwin
Packard, President; Adrian Iselin, Jr., Vice-President; Geo. R. Turnbull, Second
Vice-President; Henry A. Murray, Treasurer and Secretary; J. Nelson Borland,
Assistant-Secretary. The directors comprise : Samuel D. Babcock, Frederic Crom-
well, Josiah M. Fiske, Walter R. Gillette, Robert Goelet, George Griswold Haven,
Oliver Harriman, B. Somers Hayes, Charles R. Henderson, Adrian Iselin, Jr.,
James N. Jarvie, Augustus D. Juilliard, Richard A. McCurdy, Alexander E. Orr,
Edwin Packard, Henry H. Rogers, Henry W. Smith, H. McK. Twombly, Freder-
ick W. Vanderbilt, William C. Whitney, and J. Hood Wright.

The New York Life Insurance and Trust Company, occupies banking
rooms in the building of the National City Bank, at No. 52 Wall Street. It is vir-
tually the oldest of the trust companies, its life insurance business being compara-
tively small, while its annuity business has been an important feature. Its president
is Henry Parish. Its gross assets exceed $27,000,000, of which $1,000,000 is its
capital.

7i8

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Farmers' Loan and Trust Company, 16, 18, 20 and 22 William Street,
New York, R. G. Rolston, President ; W. D. Searls, Vice-President ; William H.
Leupp, Second Vice-President ; E. S. Marston, Secretary; Samuel Sloan, Jr., Assist-
ant Secretary. Directors : Samuel Sloan, William Waldorf Astor, William Rem-
sen, Henry Hentz, Thomas Rutter, D. O. Mills, James Stillman, Wm. H. Wis-
ner, James Roosevelt, E. R. Bacon, M. Taylor Pyne, Percy R. Pyne, Isaac Bell,
Wm. Walter Phelps, R. L. Cutting, Edward R. Bell, Alex. T. Van Nest, C. H.
Thompson, James Neilson, H. Van Rensselaer Kennedy, Robt. C. Boyd, Charles
L. Colby, A. C. Cheney, R. G. Rolston, Henry A. C. Taylor, Franklin D. Locke,
R. F. Ballantine.

FARMERS' LOAN & TRUST CuMPA.MY, BEAVER AND WILLIAM STREETS.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

719

The Continental Trust Company, at 18 Wall Street, was formed in 1890,
under the General Act of the State of New York providing for the organization of
such institutions. Its founders are among the most conservative and substantial
business men and financiers of New York, and the powers granted it under the law
are of a very comprehensive character, embracing authority to act as trustee for
individuals or corporations, or as executor or guardian, to receive deposits of money,
and to become the depository of Court funds, with additional provisions which com-
plete its ability to act in a fiduciary capacity. The management and care of estates
is a prominent feature of its functions, and it receives accounts of individuals, firms,
corporations and estates, al-

lowing interest on deposits,
checks on the company being
paid through the Clearing
House. The capital is
$500,000, and the surplus
and undivided profits exceed
$300,000. Its management
is of a character to command
confidence and respect ; and
is composed of Henry A.
Oakley, President ; William
Alexander Smith, first Vice-
President ; Gordon Mac-
donald, second Vice-Presi-
dent ; and William Potts
(formerly secretary of the
securities committee of the
New- York Stock Ex-
change), Secretary. The
trustees of the institution
embrace an array of names
widely known in the finan-
cial and business world,
being composed of : Wil-
liam Alexander Smith,
Robert Olyphant, Alfred
M. Hoyt, Thomas T. Barr,
Henry A. Oakley, John C.
Havemeyer, Charles M. Fry,
Gordon Norrie, Hugh N.
Camp, William Jay, James
C. Parrish, Robert S. Holt, Henry M. Taber, William Potts, William H.
Wisner, A. Lanfear Norrie, Oliver Harriman, Jr., William F. Cochran, and Gordon
Macdonald. The location of the banking quarters of the Continental Trust Com-
pany is in the very midst of the financial activity of the metropolis. Its building
is immediately opposite the Wall-Street entrance to the Stock Exchange, a min-
ute's walk from the Sub-Treasury and the Assay Office. Its strong list of directors
and stockholders, its efficient officers, and its choice location, have all been effective
in immediately securing that confidence and clientele which usually come only to
institutions of much greater age.

TRINITY CHURCH.

THE CONTINENTAL TRUST COMPANY, 18 WALL STREET,
BETWEEN BROADWAY AND NASSAU STREET.

720 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Savings-Banks in the United States date from 1816, when a voluntary organi-
zation for that purpose was formed at Philadelphia. In 181 7 Massachusetts granted
a charter for such an institution, and Maryland in 1818. In the succeeding year
several States authorized their institution, New York among the number, the
Bank for Savings in New York, now one of the greatest savings-banks of the world,
dating from that year. With the growth of the city, and the increase of its industrial
population, the spirit of philanthropy which has always distinguished the business
men and financiers of New York prompted the creation of additional facilities of
this character. Legislative charters of a special character were required until 1874,
when the State Constitution of New York was amended by requiring the charters of
all savings-banks to conform to a general law, and prohibiting the organization of
these institutions with a share capital. In accordance with this, the Legislature in
1875 repealed all special privileges contained in savings-bank charters, and enacted
a general law for their regulation. Under this law (which has contributed greatly
to the prosperity of the savings-banks of New-York City) trustees are prohibited
from deriving any benefit, direct or indirect, from their offices, except as officers
whose duties are constantly at the bank, nor can they borrow any of the bank's
funds. The banks are confined, with respect to investments, to United- States Gov-
ernment obligations, bonds of the State of New York, or any county or municipality
thereof, bonds of any State which has not defaulted in payment of interest for ten
years, or in mortgages on real estate in New York, worth twice the amount loaned,
but not to exceed sixty per cent, of the amount of deposits. Where such loans
are on unimproved real estate the amount is restricted to forty per cent, of actual
value. The aggregate amount of an individual deposit is limited to $3,000, in any
one bank; and the rate of interest paid on deposits may not exceed five per cent.,
though after the bank's surplus exceeded fifteen per cent, of the deposits extra divi-
dends may be declared. This law merely codifies the principles upon which, from
an early date, the success of the great savings-institutions of New York was based.
It is a noteworthy fact that the members of the Society of Friends took a leading part
in the establishment of the savings-banks, and that the philanthropic tenets which dis-
tinguished that sect had a powerful impulse in moulding their policy. Service as a
trustee of any of the large savings-banks has been considered an honor by the leading
merchants and bankers of the metropolis, and the magnificent results and unshaken
confidence which are presented in this field represent an enormous aggregate of ardu-
ous duty, unselfishly performed for the benefit of the whole community by its most
prominent members. And, furthermore, the savings-banks of New- York City, with
their deposits of $325,000,000, and their resources of nearly $50,000,000 in excess of
that amount, point to another moral. While every class in the community is repre-
sented among the depositors, the industrious working class predominates. No city in
the country supplies such numbers of toilers, and the 1,500,000 of depositors in the
New- York savings-banks are a convincing proof that the thrift and economy which
go far to make good citizens have a hold upon the bone and sinew of the great city.

The Bank for Savings in the City of New York is the oldest savings-bank
in the State of New York, and one of the oldest in the country. It is the second
savings-bank in America, in the amount of deposits, and also the second in
number of depositors. It was founded in 1819, the philanthropic objects
of its originators, as quaintly stated, being "to cherish meritorious industry, to
encourage frugality and retrenchment, and to promote the welfare of families, the
cause of morality and the good order of society." The institution was given by the
city the use of a room in one of the buildings which then occupied the Broadway and

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

721

BANK FOR SAVINGS, BLEECKER STREET, OPPOSITE CROSBY STREET.

Chambers- Street corner of the City-Hall Park. William Bayard was the first Presi-
dent, and James Eastburn, Secretary. Among the original trustees were Henry
Eckford, Ue Witt Clinton,
Cadwalader Colden, Peter A.
Jay, Brockholst Livingston,
Richard Varick, Thomas
Eddy, Najah Taylor, John
Pintard, and Gilbert Aspin-
wall. The gentlemen who
gratuitously gave their services
at first received deposits per-
sonally on certain evenings of
the week only, it being re-
corded of the initial session
on July 3, 1 819, that "the
trustees had the satisfaction
of receiving the sum of
$2,809." At the end of 1819
the deposits had risen to
$150,000. A regular place
of business for the bank was
established at 43 Chambers
Street. From there it re-
moved to 107 Chambers
Street ; and finally, as popu-
lation moved northward, the
bank in 1 856 erected the old-fashioned but characteristically imposing structure, in
Grecian architecture, which it still occupies, at 67 Bleecker Street, just east of Broad-
way, and at the northern terminus of Crosby Street. The familiar name by which the
present generation of New-Yorkers know it is the "Bleecker- Street Savings-Bank."
During its 72 years of existence it has had 645,000 depositors, and received altogether
$239,000,000 in deposits, paying thereon $43,000,000 in interest. The present
depositors number 116,000, with $47,130,000 to their credit, the total assets, includ-
ing $1,200,000 cash, and a surplus of nearly $3,500,000, being over $50,000,000.
The full history of this venerable institution would recall the names of a multitude
of the foremost business men of the city whose services have been cheerfully given
for the benefit of its depositors. Among its presidents were John Pintard, Philip
Hone, Najah Taylor, Marshall S. Bidwell, JohnC. Green, and Robert Lenox Kennedy.
The present officers are Merritt Trimble, President ; Benjamin H. Field, a trustee since
1851, first Vice-President ; James A. Roosevelt, second Vice-President ; Robert S.
Holt, Secretary ; and William G. White, Comptroller. The Board of Trustees is com-
posed of : Benjamin H. Field, John Taylor Johnston, Frederick D. Tappen, John J.
Tucker, Adrian Iselin, John E. Parsons, John Crosby Brown, Robert S. Holt,
Alfred W. Spear, George M. Miller, Alfred M. Hoyt, Orlando B. Potter, James A.
Roosevelt, Thomas Hillhouse, Merritt Trimble, William A. Hoe, William L.
Andrews, Frederic W. Stevens, John M. Dodd, Jr., Charles A. Sherman, Robert
Winthrop, Henry W. de Forest, W. Irving Clark, William J. Riker, Charles S.
Brown, and William W. Appleton. The Bank for Savings has bought a new site
at the corner of Fourth Avenue and 22d Street ; and it will soon begin the erection of a
banking-house especially designed to accommodate its large and increasing business.
46

KING'S II AN I) HOOK OF NEW YORK

The Seamen's Bank for Savings, founded in 1829, and occupying its own
substantial and specially constructed building at 74 and 76 Wall Street, at the north-
west corner of Pearl Street, is the second oldest institution of the kind in New
York. The philanthropic object of its organizers was to provide
a safe and advantageous deposit for the sea-faring community. This
object has never been lost sight of, and though its facilities
have from the first been open to the public it still continues to
receive considerable deposits from officers and seamen in the
naval and merchant service. Since its organization,
it has received total deposits of $210,000,000, and
has paid in interest thereon over $27,000,000. The
amount due its depositors at present is $31,535,293,
and its assets are $35,220,680. The first Presi-
dent was Najah Taylor, who was succeeded in
1834 by Benjamin Strong. Peletiah Perit in turn
assumed the office in 1 85 1 ; William H.
Macy in 1863 ; and George F. Thomae in
1867. William II. Macy was again elected
in 1872, and was succeeded in
1887 by its present President,
William C. Sturges. Daniel
Barnes is Cashier, and Sil-
vanus F. Jenkins is
Treasurer. The
Board of Trustees
has always repre-
\ sented the com-
i merce of New York,
and many leading
merchants have
cheerfully given
their time and labor
to the care of the
seamen's affairs.
The present Board
consists of William
C. Sturges, Presi-
dent ; William A.
Booth, E. H. R.
Lyman, and Horace

Gray, Vice-Presidents ; John H. Boynton, Secretary ; Ambrose Snow, Emerson
Coleman, James R. Taylor, W. H. H. Moore, William de Groot, George H. Macy,
John D. Wing, Vernon H. Brown, Frederick Sturges, J. W. Frothingham, George
C. Magoun, David S. Egleston, William H. Phillips, and William II. Macy, Jr.

All classes of the community avail themselves of the facilities afforded them by
this famous old savings-bank, to deposit their earnings in a safe place, at fair in-
terest, and ready for use at any emergency. In this way, and on account of the
existence and conservation of such institutions, habits of thrift and foresight are
developed among the people, to the vast advantage of the general community, and
the stability of the institutions of modern civilization.

SEAMEN'S BANK FOR SAVINGS, WALL AND PEARL STREETS

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

723

The Bowery Savings-Bank enjoys the distinction of having the greatest
amount of assets, a total of about $53,000,000, of any financial institution in this
country. Of this sum, about $48,000,000 are the deposits of 107,000 depositors,
and a profit and loss account of over $5,000,000. The bank was chartered in 1834,
and among its incorporators were many well-known New- York names. It has been
a fiduciary institution of the highest order; it has taken care of the savings of the
poorer classes, and has earned for them all that their small accumulations could
safely return. Its presidents have been: Benjamin M. Brown, David Cotheal,
James Mills, Thomas Jere-
miah, Samuel T. Brown,
Henry Lyles, Jr., and Ed-
ward Wood, who has been
President since 1880. Its
Board of Trustees, always
a representative body of New
York's best citizens, includes
the following: Edward
Wood, President ; John P.
Townsend, First Vice-Presi-
dent ; Robert M. Field,
Second Vice-President;
John D. Hicks, Robert
Haydock, Henry Barrow,
Henry Lyles, Jr., Richard
A. Storrs, Aaron Field,
Edward Hincken, Wm. H.
S. Wood, Timothy H. Por-
ter, Enoch Ketcham, Wil-
liam H. Parsons, William
H. Hurlbut, William V.
Brokaw, Benjamin F. Jud-
son, Samuel H. Seaman,
Edward C. Sampson, Wm.
H. Beadleston, James W.
Cromwell, John J. Sinclair,
Joseph B. Lockwood, Wil-
liam Dowd, George Montague, George M. Olcott, Charles Kellogg, Charles Griffen,
Alexander T. Van Nest, David S. Taber, Washington Wilson, Isaac S. Piatt, Eugene
Underbill, George E. Hicks, John W. Cochrane, Octavius 1). Baldwin, George H.
Robinson, George Jeremiah, Robert Maclay, William L. Vennard, Henry C. Berlin,
John F. Scott, and Charles E. Bigelow.

Its Secretaries have been : Giles H. Coggeshall, who was elected in 1836, and
served until 1885; and Robert Leonard, his successor, who had been Assistant
Secretary from 1859 until 1885, when he was chosen to the position he now occu-
pies. The bank has always occupied the premises on the site of its present build-
ing on the Bowery, just north of Grand Street, to which it extends by an L- It
contemplates the erection next year of a bank building that will more adequately
represent this gigantic institution, and furnish more suitable accommodations for its
army of depositors — an army that each year grows greater and more prosperous
and contented.

BOWERY SAVINGS-BANK, BOWERY. NEAR GRAND STREET.

724

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Institution for the Savings of Merchants' Clerks, at 20 Union
Square, is the fifth in age of the local savings-banks, and is one of the most highly
esteemed fiduciary institutions of New York. Incorporated in 1848, it has had a
dignifiedly quiet and uniformly steady growth ever since. As its name implies, it was
founded to encourage the clerks of business men to take care of their earnings. Its
inception was due to members of the Chamber of Commerce, who enlisted with them
members of the Mercantile Library Association, and for a long period these two or-
ganizations in a degree designated the trustees of the savings institution. All through
its history the prime object of the bank has been adhered to, although its depositors
include thousands of men, women and children who can hardly be classed as clerks.
The bank has had but five presidents, James G. King, Moses H. Grinnell, A. Gracie
King, Joseph W. Patterson, and Col. Andrew Warner. Col. Warner has been con-
nected with the bank for 38 consecutive years, first in 1854 as Cashier, afterwards in
1855 as Cashier and Secretary, and later in 188 1 as President. He has a notable
record in connection with institutions, from his years of service as Corresponding Sec-
retary of the American Art Union ; 47 years as Secretary of the New- York Historical
Society ; 40 years as manager of the House of Refuge ; 30 years as Governor and

Treasurer of the Ly-
ing-in Hospital ; and
now in his 86th year
taking an active inter-
est in many public in-
stitutions. Among the
treasurers of the insti-
tution have been
M e r r i 1 1 Trimble,
President of the Bank
for Savings, on
Bleecker Street, who
was a trustee here for
fifteen years ; and
George G. Williams,
the President of the
Chemical National
Bank, who while a
clerk in the Chemical
Bank became almost
the first depositor in
this savings-bank, on
the day of its opening
in 1848, and has continued as a depositor ever since, still retaining his original pass-
book, which was No. 10, in marked contrast with over 75,000 issued since. The
bank's earliest quarters were in the old Clinton Hall, at the corner of Beekman and
Nassau Streets. Later they were at 516 Broadway, opposite the old St. Nicholas
Hotel ; and in 1868 the present Union-Square property was bought and remodelled
to its uses. The bank statement of January 1, 1892, shows gross assets of $6,402,-
861; deposits of $5,822,960; and a surplus of $579,901. It has over 13,000
open accounts. Its officers are : Andrew Warner, President ; James M. Constable
and George A. Robbins, Vice-Presidents ; George G. Williams, Treasurer ; and
William T. Lawrence, Secretary and Cashier.

INSTITUTION FOR SAVINGS OF MERCHANTS' CLERKS, 20 UNION SQUARE,
CORNER 15TH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

725

The Dry-Dock Savings Institution dates its organization from 1848, at
which period the ship-building trade was a leading industry of New York. The
old dry-dock at the foot of East 10th Street, East River, was a centre in the district
devoted to shipbuilding, and its name was adopted when a number of gentlemen
principally interested in that business established this institution to encourage thrift
and prudence among their workmen. The bank was first located at 530 East 4th
Street. In 1859 ^ purchased a building at 339 and 341 East 4th Street. In 1872 the
site at 34 1 and 343 Bowery was
purchased, and the present
building (valued at $250,000)
was erected, and occupied
in 1875. It was then one
of the finest buildings in the
country for its purpose, and
is to-day an admirable struc-
ture. At the present time
the institution has total assets
of over $19,500,000, with
deposits of $17,929,209, and
a surplus of $1,668,763.
Since its establishment 236,-
982 accounts have been
opened, the deposits have
aggregated $119,000,000,
and $12,200,000 has been
paid for interest on deposits.
The success which has at-
tended the "Dry Dock" is
largely the result of the ex-
ceptional management which
it has always enjoyed. The
first President of the bank
was Schureman Halsted ;
and in 1854 Andrew Mills, a
leading ship-joiner, who had
been identified with the in-
stitution from the start, became its head, and remained in the position until 1879.
Charles Curtiss served in the same capacity until 1888, when Andrew Mills (second
of that name, and son of the former President), who had served as Treasurer and
Secretary from 1877, was elected to the Presidency, which he still holds, being also
a Director in the National Broadway Bank and the State Trust Company. Samuel
P. Patterson, a trustee since 1848, and David J. Taff, elected a trustee in 1857, are
Vice-Presidents ; and the Secretary is Charles Miehling, who entered the service
in 1865, and was appointed Paying Teller in 1873, and to his present post in 1888.
The Board of Trustees still represents the shipbuilding interests. The Board con-
sists, in addition to the officers, of Jesse J. Davis, John Tiebout, Richard L.
Larremore, Stephen M. Wright, Guy Culgin, Sidney W. Hopkins, Robert J.
Wright, Henry E. Crampton, M. D., Abner B. Mills, Charles E. Pell, George B.
Rhoads, Frederick Zittel, Henry C. Perley, John A. Tackaberry, Charles T Gal-
loway, Arthur T. J. Rice and William H. Hollister.

DRY-DOCK SAVINGS INSTITUTION, 341 AND 343 BOWERY,
CORNER OF 3D STREET.

726

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Emigrant Industrial Savings-Bank was incorporated by an Act of
the Legislature of the State of New York, passed April 10, 1850, and it opened for
business in the month of October following. The idea of establishing the bank
originated in the Board of Trustees of the Irish Emigrant Society, which was estab-
lished many years previous, for the purpose of assisting and protecting the Irish emi-
grants landing at the port of New York. Many of these strangers brought some
money with them, and it was desirable to teach others thrift and industry ; it was,
therefore, deemed an absolute necessity to provide some place for the safe-keeping of
the means of these poor people, which would be under the guidance and influence of
the officers of the Irish Emigrant Society, and of the Commissioners of Emigration.
At that time Gregory Dillon and Andrew Carrigan were members of the society,
and the latter, and Gulian C. Verplanck, were Commissioners of Emigration ; they

procured the charter from the
Legislature and established
the bank, Mr. Dillon becom-
ing its first President, and
Mr. Carrigan its Comptroller,
and they associated with them
in the direction, Robert B.
Minturn, William Watson,
Terence Donnelly, John P.
Nesmith, Felix Ingoldsby,
and about a dozen others, all-
old merchants of New York.

The bank was successful.
For the first two or three
years these gentlemen not
only gave their services gratis,
but they each contributed
their pro-rata of expenses,
until the business of the
bank had become self-sup-
porting. It fulfilled its mis-
sion, took good care of the
money of the emigrants, and
by degrees its business
widened until it became a
cosmopolitan institution, hav-
ing dealings with people of all
countries. It has been scarce-
ly forty-two years in exist-
ence, yet its assets to-day
amount to the enormous sum
of more than $45,000,000,
including its surplus fund of
over $4, 000, 000. The amount
of its deposits is upward of
$4 1 , 000, 000. The bank owns
and occupies, at 49 and 51
emigrant industrial savings-bank, 49 and 51 CHAMBERS street. Chambers Street, the hand-

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

727

somest savings-bank room in this city, and one of the most valuable savings-bank
buildings in the country. The building is of granite, eight stories high, with an
entrance through an arch of polished granite. The main banking-room, 50 feet
wide, extends the full depth of the building, from Chambers Street to Reade Street.
The present officers and trustees are : James McMahon, President ; James Olwell,
first Vice-President ; Bryan Lawrence, second Vice-President ; James Rorke,

Secretary ; Eugene
Arthur Leary, John
Eugene Kelly, Jr.,
James G. Johnson,
The Manhat-
011 the
front build
Street,

Kelly, Robert J. Hoguet, James R. Floyd, Henry Amy,
C. McCarthy, P. II. Leonard, John D. Keiley, Jr.,
John Good, Louis V. O'Donohue, Charles V. Fornes,
John Crane, and John A. McCall.
tan Savings Institution has its banking-rooms
ground floor of its own stately eight-story sandstone
ing, at 644 and 646 Broadway, corner of Bleecker
completed for its use in 1890, at a cost of over half
a million dollars. This structure replaced another
which had been erected in 1863, the bank
having in 1867 purchased this site and
moved thither from its original quart-
ers at 648 Broadway. The incorpor-
ation of the institution dates from
1 85 1, when it was formed by such
leading citizens as Augustus Schell, ;
James Harper, E. D. Morgan
(afterwards Governor of New
Vork), Henry Stokes and A. A.
Alvord. Ambrose C. Kingsland,
ex-Mayor of New Vork, was the
irst President. The institution
has a history of steady
growth and of the confi-
dence to which the high
standing of its manage-
ment entitles it. The de-
posits since its inception
have amounted to $92,-
764,119, and the amount
due depositors at present
is $8, 141,000, the assets
representing a cost or par
value of $8, 877,000, and
a market value of over
$9,000,000. Edward
Schell, its President, has

MANHATTAN SAVINGS INSTITUTION, BROADWAY AND BLEECKER STREET.

been a trustee nearly forty years, ever since 1854, and was elected to his present
office in 1876. The Vice-Presidents, Robert G. Remsen and Joseph Bird, have
been identified with the bank for many years ; the Secretary, Frank G. Stiles, has
a record of 32 years spent in its service ; and George H. Pearsall, the Assistant-
Secretary, has been connected with the institution since 1865. The Board of
Trustees, in which the officers are also included, consists of : Henry M. Taber,
John H. Watson, P. Van Zandt Lane, E. A. Walton, William J. Valentine, DeWitt

728

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

C. Hays, Edward King, H. B. Stokes, George Blagden, John D. Jones, George
H. McLean, William H. Oakley, and S. R. Lesher.

The Irving Savings Institution was formed in 185 1, at the same time
that the Irving Bank was instituted. The two organizations, while in all respects
independent, have nevertheless been closely affiliated and to this day dwell together
in neighborly fashion, the Irving Savings Institution since 1852 occupying and own-
ing its own building at 96 Warren Street, adjoining the building in which the Irving
National Bank is located. The district which surrounds the institution is the centre
of the provision-trade of New York, and from its inception the savings-bank has been

identified through its management and
trustees with that important industry.
The location has another important
influence, inasmuch as residents of the
country districts surrounding New
York having business relations in the
vicinity, furnish an important propor-
tion of its depositors. The total
amount of deposits is $6,500,000 ; the
assets securely invested $7,400,000,
and the institution's surplus, $775,000.
The bank has a deserved reputation
for conservative safety, and has always
enjoyed the management which con-
duces thereto. The first President
was Caleb S. Woodhul, and John
Castree (also President of the Irving
Bank) held the same post at a later
date. Its present head is Clarence
D. Heaton, elected President in 1890,
after a service dating back to 1859,
sixteen years of which was as its Sec-
retary. David M. Demarest and
Joseph Rogers are its Vice-Presi-
dents; William II. Buxton, since 1868
in its service, is Secretary ; and
Charles 11. Fancher, President of the
Irving National Bank, is Treasurer.
The Board of Trustees is a representative body of responsible business men includ-
ing : John A. Hardenbergh, Erjiest C. Korner, William E. Corey, Cornelius I.
Blauvelt, Frederick Meyer, Robert Seaman, W. H. B. Totten, Henry Demarest,
Martin Gerdes, D. B. Halstead, Thomas Stillman, J. K. Lasher, Lloyd I. Seaman,
C. W. Miller, David B. Moses, W. H. Duckworth, Albert G. Bogert, Gilbert
Oakley, Charles Burkhalter, Frank Green, John W. Castree, James E. Carpenter,
George W. Millar, and John W. Nix. The Warren Street Station of the Sixth
Avenue Elevated Railroad is at the Irving Bank Building.

The Union Dime Savings Institution was organized in the year 1859, and
commenced business in a small building at the corner of Canal and Varick Streets.
It was designed to receive smaller deposits than were ordinarily accepted, and was
the first to assume the name "Dime." Its founders, who were all loyal supporters
of our National Government, then assailed by internal foes, emphasized their patri-

IRVING SAVINGS INSTITUTION, 96 WARREN STREET,
NEAR GREENWICH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

729

otism by adding to its
policy of welcoming th
courtesy and accom-
brought a larger sum,

name the word "Union." From the first the
small depositor, and extending to him the same
modating spirit that was shown to the one who
proved successful, and the bank grew steadily.
The trustees further evinced their faith in
American institutions by investing largely in
United-States bonds, which proved a very
profitable course. In 1866 the
bank, having reached a prominent
position among the savings-banks
of the city, found larger accom-
modations necessary for its busi-
ness, and erected the commodious
building at Canal and Laight
Streets, now used for the
United-States Pension
Agency. Ten years later,
it was deemed advisable to
make another move, and to
follow the march of the pop-
ulation in the "up-town"
direction. A plot was pur-
chased at the junction of
Broadway, Sixth Avenue and
32d Street, where was erected
the magnificent white marble
structure still occupied for its business. There is certainly no finer site on Man-
hattan Island for the purpose, and it is accessible by numerous public convey-
ances. The bank is now the custodian of over % 13, 000, 000, in deposits ranging from
a single dime to the maximum allowed by law. Its depositors number 54,000
persons, of all classes, races and ages. It is still noted for the promptness and
courtesy with which business is transacted, and is visited by many officers of
kindred institutions from a distance, who have heard of its beautiful building and of
the perfection of its methods. The presidents of the institution from its organiza-
tion have been : E. V. Haughwout, John McLean, Napoleon J. Haines, John W.
Britton, Silas B. Dutcher, Gardner S. Chapin, recently deceased, who was an officer
of the bank from its foundation, and who received the first deposit ever made, and
Charles E. Sprague, the present incumbent. The other officers are Channing M.
Britton and James S. Herrman, Vice-Presidents ; George N. Birdsall, Treasurer ;
and Francis M. Leake, Secretary.

The Citizens' Savings Bank, organized in i860, is located at 56 and 58
Bowery, at the corner of Canal Street. Its first place of business was at 13 Avenue
A.. The bank removed to its present home in 1862, purchasing the building two
years later. Its first President was the Hon. George Folsom, who died in 1869,
when Edward A. Quintard was elected, and has been at its head since that date,
with the exception of two years, 1880-82, while absent in Europe. Its first Secre-
tary was Seymour A. Bunce, a charter-member of the Board of Trustees, and one
of the organizers of the bank, who in 1880 was elected President, and held said
position until his death in 1882. The charter of the institution provides that it shall
be located in the Sixth Ward or Seventeenth Ward of the city, and from its inception

UNION DIME SAVINGS INSTITUTION, BROADWAY, SIXTH AVENUE
AND 32D STREET.

73°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

it has been a favorite depository of the moneys and savings of residents of the crowded
East Side, though the conservatism and sound conduct of its affairs attracted deposi-
tors from all parts of the United States. The total number of accounts opened since
its organization is 195,000, and the total amount deposited $110,000,000, on which
nearly $8,600,000 in interest has been credited. The bank has at present 30,000
depositors, with $11,400,000 to their credit, the assets being $12,760,000, and the
surplus over liabilities $1,400,000. The President is assisted in his duties by Wil-
liam E. Clark and Charles
H. Steinway, Vice - Presi-
dents ; Henry Hasler, Sec-
retary ; and Charles W.
Held, Cashier ; the Board
of Trustees, in addition to
the President, Vice - Presi -
dents and Secretary, bein£
composed of the following
prominent gentlemen : John
W. Pirsson (Attorney and
Counsel), Gen. Daniel But-
terfield, George W. Odell,
Henry Kloppenburg, Ferdi-
nand Traud, Barak G. Coles,
Charles P. Burdett, John H.
Peet, John L. Dudley, E.
Benedict Oakley, Thomas
L. James, Marvelle W.
Cooper, Locke W. Win-
chester, Courtlandt D. Moss, Douglas Taylor, William Ottmann, and Hon. Richard
C. McCormick.

The Greenwich Savings-Bank has recently completed and taken possession
of a fine building especially designed for its uses, and regarded as one of the most
magnificent savings-bank buildings in this country. It is situated at the corner of
Sixth Avenue and 16th Street.

Other Savings-Banks include the American, Fifth Avenue and 42d ; Broad-
way, 4 Park Place; Dollar, 2771 Third Avenue; East River, 3 Chambers; Ex-
celsior, Sixth Avenue and 23d; Franklin, 656 Eighth Avenue; German, 100
East 14th; Harlem, 2281 Third Avenue; Metropolitan, 1 Third Avenue; New
York, 81 Eighth Avenue; North River, 266 West 34th; Twelfth Ward, 271 West
125th ; United States, 1048 Third Avenue ; and West Side, 56 Sixth Avenue.

The Fifth-Avenue Safe Deposit Company, under the Fifth-Avenue Hotel,
i j the representative up-town institution of its class. It occupies spacious vaults at
the northwest corner of 23d Street and Fifth Avenue, the entrance being through the
Second National Bank, with which it is closely allied, though maintaining a separate
organization. Being in the heart of the residence-quarter, it has a clientage composed
of people of means, and is also found to be exceedingly useful by visitors to New York
residing in the hotels in that neighborhood, who desire a place of deposit, for securi-
ties or other valuables. The company's vault contains 2, 500 safes and compartments,
and is constructed in the most secure modern methods, being completely burglar-
proof, and is in addition guarded in the most thorough manner. W. C. Brewster is
President ; George Montague, Treasurer ; and D. C. Silleck, Superintendent.

CITIZENS' SAVINGS BANK, BOWERY AND CANAL STREET.

The Custom Mouse, Chamher of Commerce, the Stock, the

Produce, the Cotton and Other Exchanges, the Board

of Trade, IVIercantile arid Other Agencies,

Markets arid Warehouses.

THE commercial preeminence enjoyed by New York has been so continuous
and uniform that it would be useless to speculate as to the probability of
anything like rivalry from another member of the sisterhood of American cities.
Commercial New York will be understood to include the territory within a dozen
miles of the City Hall, with a population of 3,000,000 people, something less than
five per cent, of the total number of inhabitants of the United States. The volume
of the whole traffic of the first city of the continent with reference to the aggregate
of like transactions throughout the United States, as well as the volume of business
at other of the more important centres, may best be gauged by a comparison of
totals of bank clearings. As the composition of "bank clearings" is not generally
understood, a brief explanation may show how totals of clearings at various cities
enable one to furnish comparisons of the relative volume of wholesale business.
General wholesale dealings, whether interstate, inter-municipal, international or
others in wheat, iron, cotton or wool, the products thereof, in shoes, clothing, hats,
or the thousand and one other articles of trade are almost exclusively paid for (ulti-
mately) by checks and drafts, or bills of exchange, which are mailed or otherwise
sent by purchasers to consigners. In the ordinary course of business these are
deposited in banks for collection, though, of course, but seldom in banks at which
such paper is finally payable. Before the day of clearing houses, these instruments
of exchange had to be mailed for collection to banks on which they were drawn,
but now, when nearly all important banks throughout the country have balances at
banks in New- York City, practically final settlements of " country bank " checks
and drafts may be made at the metropolis. By this it is meant that the thousands
of checks and drafts received at New York and deposited daily, may be paid there
through correspondent banks. The story of the New- York Clearing House is given
in detail in another chapter, and its daily adjustment of bank-accounts, including
practically all checks and drafts upon the New-York City banks, nearly represents a
settlement of transactions of all kinds, and thus furnishes a tangible measure of
New-York's wholesale trade.

When it is understood that there are nearly seventy cities in the United States
having bank clearing houses, it becomes apparent how useful their annual totals may
be as a means of comparing relative volumes of wholesale transactions. But in
order to confine the bank clearing totals at New- York City as nearly as practicable
to dealings in actual commodities, it is necessary to eliminate the proportion due to

732

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

trading in securities at the Stock Exchange, which proportion (of the daily or
yearly clearings) is reached by regarding two and a half times the total actual value
of transaction in shares and bonds as the aggregate, based on the estimated average
number of times securities.

From analysis of bank clearings totals covering 1885, a year of special depres-
sion, following the panic in 1884, the period of expansion during 1890, and
restricted commercial and industrial enterprise in 1891, one may find material for
comparing New- York City's traffic, although in order to extend the comparison,
totals for other of the more important business centres are appended :

Bank Clearings Totals. 1885.

New- York City, excluding Wall Street, . . $14,452,200,000

Boston, 3,483,100,000

Chicago, 2,318,500,000

Philadelphia, 2,374,400,000

St. Louis,

San Francisco,

Baltimore,

Pittsburgh,

Other cities reported,

Grand Totals,

759,100,000
562,300,000
581,900,000
356,100,000
2,506,460,000

1890.
527,514,447,000
5,130,878,000
4.093,145,000
3,710,248,000
1,118,573,000
851,066,000

786,694,000
6,082,397,000

$27,394,060,000 $50,040,541,000

$24,218,704,000

4,753,840,000

4,456,885,000

3,296,852,000

1 ^39,599,000

892,426,000

735,714,000

679,062,000

6,011,875,000

$46,184,957,000

As shown by the foregoing, it is apparent that New- York City's aggregate of
foreign and domestic distributive trade amounted to about 52 per cent, of the grand
total of such traffic throughout the country in 1885, a period of greatly restricted

trading ; to about 55 per cent, in
1890, a year of more active busi-
ness ; and to 52 per cent, in 189 1,
during which period there was a
falling off in the volume of gen-
eral business.

By comparing totals at the
larger cities it is found that where-
as New-York's aggregate was
only four times as large as Bos-
ton's in 1885, six years later it
was more thaiii five times as large.
But Chicago's trade has grown
more rapidly than that of Boston,
for its clearings total, which was
only 16 per cent, of that of New
York in 1885, amounted to nearly
19 per cent, of the aggregate at
the metropolis in 1891. Carrying
the comparison farther, one finds
that while Philadelphia furnished
a total less than one-sixth as large
as New York in 1885, it gave one
proportionately smaller six years
later, being not quite one-seventh.
The clearings at St. Louis in
1885 were much smaller than
those previously specified, only 5

(■■■

THE OLD MERCHANTS1 EXCHANGE ON WALL STREET.

KIX(PS HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

73;

per cent, of those at the metropolis, and while they increased fully 50 per cent, with-
in six years, yet in 1891 they amounted to only 4.7 per cent, of those of New-York
City. By the combined clearings at cities other than New York, the latter's commer-
cial dominance becomes even more conspicuous, for the aggregate of totals at Boston,
Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, San Francisco, Baltimore and Pittsburgh is found
to have amounted to only 72 per cent, of the total at New York in 1885, and to only
66 per cent, in 1891. It remains to be stated that all wholesale business does not, of
course, come in contact with clearing-house banks throughout the country, though
undoubtedly a very large proportion of it does; just how large a share it is not
necessary to discuss within the limits of this chapter. It is generally believed by
students of clearing statistics that the proportion of the general trade of the country
accounted for by them is so large that they may, with discriminating use, be fairly
taken as indices of the volume of trade current.

New York's foreign trade, in comparison with that of other cities, is a matter
of Government record, and gives that city a long lead over the six or seven _which
rank next as to values of exports and imports. This is shown by the appended
condensed exhibit from the Treasury-Department records.

Value of Exports of Merchandise and Produce, Foreign and Domestic.

Year Ending June 30.

1870

1880

1890

1891

Per Cent.

1891.

4
5
6

7
8

New York . . .
New Orleans, . .

Baltimore, . . .
San Francisco, . .
Galveston, . . .
Philadelphia, . .
Savannah, . . .
All Other, . . .

Total U. S

$196,614,746
107,586,952
14,126,429
14,510,733
13,991,781
14,873,732
16,927,610
29,749,058
62,982,595

$392,560,090
90,442,019

59,238,34i
76,245,870
32,358,929
16,749,889
49,649,693
23,992,364
94,401,463

835,638,658

$348,051,791
108,126,891
71,201,944
73,983,693
36,876,091
24,446,831
37,410,683
30,884,451
126,846,309

857,828,684

$346,528,847
109,106,687
77,020,081
64,412,247
40,168,771
33,772,005

33,674,355

33,5o6,426

146,291,391

39-2
12 3
8.7
7.2
4-5
3-8
3-8
3.8
16.5

471, 363,636

884,480,810

TOO

Value of Merchandise Imported at Leading Cities.

Year Ending June 30.

1870

1880

1890

1891

Per Cent.

1891.

3
4

5
6

New York, . . .
Boston, ....
Philadelphia, . .
San Francisco, . .
Baltimore, . . .
New Orleans, . .
Chicago, ....
All Other, . . .

Total U. S

$281,048,813
47,484,060
14,483,211
15,982,549
19.512,468
i4,377,47i
735,894
42,333,942

$459,937,153
68,503,136
35,944,500
35,221,751

19,945,989
10,611.353

847,935

36,942,929

$516,426,693
62,876,666

53,936,315
48,751,223
13,140,203
14,658,163
13,590,124
65,931,022

789,310,409

$537,786,007
71,212,614
59,427,890
50,943,299
20,555,687
20,267,060

15,303,373

69,420,266

844,916,196

63.6
8.4
7.0
6.0
2.4
2.4
1.8
8.2

435,958,4^8

667,954,746

ico

The comparison of bank clearings together with reports of foreign trade at sev-
eral of the more important cities of the country indicate that a little less than one-
half of the total value of the aggregate imports and exports to and from the United
States pass through New York annually, while that city controls so much larger a
proportion of domestic trade that its share of the business of the country of all kinds
amounts to more than one-half of the grand total.

The Custom House occupies a square bounded by Wall, William and Han-
over Streets and Exchange Place. The building is a venerable pile of Quincy granite,
with an appropriate air of impressive solidity about it. Originally, it was the Mer-
chants' Exchange. It is 200 by 160 feet on the ground plan, and 77 feet high,
and is a fair example of Doric architecture. In the centre is the rotunda, with an

734

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

imposing dome supported
upon marble columns. The
building and ground cost
$1,800,000. The Govern-
ment business has outgrown
the accommodations, and a
new Custom House, or this
one enlarged, is greatly
needed.

The Customs business is
supervised by the Collector of
the Port, the Naval Officer,
the Surveyor of the Port, and
the Appraiser of the Port.
There are 50 steamship lines
running vessels to this port,
all of them from foreign
countries, and bringing goods
subject to duty. Most of
these lines have piers of their
own. There are 69 corpora-
tions and firms of warehouse
and transportation companies
bonded for the storage and
transportation of appraised
merchandise, the transporta-
custom house, wall street, hanover to william. tion companies taking goods

to 42 interior places of entry and to all places in Canada.

The amount of tariff duties collected here during the fiscal year ending June 30,
1891, was $147,538,046, out of a total of all tariff duties collected by the Govern-
ment of $219,522,205, the percentage being 71 3-10. The cost of collection at New
York was .0187 per cent. The number of people connected with the Custom House,
employed by the year, is about 1,700.

The United-States Bonded Warehouses comprise the following six classes:
I. Owned or leased by the United States ; 2. In sole occupancy of an importer for
goods imported by himself; 3. In occupancy of persons engaged in storage business,
used solely for warehouse goods, and approved by the Secretary of the Treasury ;
4. Yards covered or uncovered, and used solely for bulky articles ; 5. Bins or parts
of buildings for imported grain ; 6. Warehouses exclusively for the manufacture of
medicines, cosmetics, and the like.

These warehouses are located on the North and East Rivers, New York, and in
Jersey City, Hoboken and Brooklyn. The legal rates of storage and labor in the
care of imported merchandise deposited in the United-States private bonded ware-
houses are regulated and arranged by a joint committee appointed by the Chamber
of Commerce, the Collector of the Port, and the proprietors of the warehouses, and
are approved by the Secretary of the Treasury. Under the Collector there are
divisions of the business as follows ; each one with its special officers : General
Administration, Marine, Entry of Merchandise, Warehousing and Withdrawals,
Cashier, Bonded Goods and Warehouses, Public Stores, Liquidations, Drawbacks,
Law, Disbursements and Auditing. The Naval Department, under charge of the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 735

Naval Officer, is divided into six divisions, as follows : Entry, Drawbacks, Navigation,
Liquidation, Warehouse, Auditors. The Surveyor's Department is presided over
by the Surveyor, and has divisions as follows : Custom House, Barge Office, and
Weighers and Gaugers. There are districts and offices in number as follows : North
River, 15 ; East River, 12; Brooklyn, 18; Hoboken, 4; Jersey City, 4; and Staten
Island, I. There are seven Weighers' districts and Weighers. In the Appraisers'
Department, presided over by the Appraiser of the Port, there are ten divisions,
each in charge of an Assistant Appraiser. The United-States General Appraisers'
Board consists of nine Appraisers, of whom there are three generally in New York.
Their duties are to reappraise merchandise ; individually to hear and determine
questions as to the dutiable value of merchandise on appeal from appraisers ; col-
lectively, in boards of three, to review, on appeal, the undivided action above men-
tioned, and to decide questions as to classification of merchandise, etc., on protests
against assessments of duty made by the Collector. The Appraiser's offices and
sample stores are located on Washington Street, nearly two miles distant from the
Custom House.

The New-York Chamber of Commerce was first convened on April 5, 1768.
The original corporators were twenty merchants, who declared themselves to be
" sensible that numberless inestimable benefits have occurred to mankind from com-
merce ; that they are, in proportion to their greater or less application of it, more
or less opulent and potent in all countries ; and that the enlargement of trade will
both increase the volume of real estate as well as the opulence of our said colony "
and other communities. They obtained from King George, through Lieutenant-
Governor Cadwallader Colden, March 13, 1770, the charter under which they oper-
ated until the convulsions of war suspended their meetings. The Chamber was
re-organized April 13, 1784, by the passage of an Act of the New-York Legislature,
confirming its rights and privileges. Both charters convey the ordinary rights of
corporations and the power, subject to constitutional and statute law, "to carry into
execution, encourage and promote by just and lawful ways and means, such meas-
ures as will tend to promote and extend just and lawful commerce ;" and also to
provide for, at their discretion, such members as may be reduced to poverty, and to
aid their widows and children. The proceedings of the Chamber of Commerce at
first related to materials, instruments, tare, weight and inspection of the provis-
ion-trade ; the relative values of New- York, New- Jersey and Pennsylvania paper
money, to bills of exchange, fire and marine insurance, collection, brokerage, fish-
eries, etc. The Chamber was re-organized April 20, 1784, by the forty incorpora-
tors under the new charter, with John Alsop as president. Since then, the career
of the corporation, under consecutive amendments to its charter, has been one of
patriotism and beneficence. It took and has held prominence in the affairs of the
city, and has included among its members the most important citizens, from its
establishment to the present. Its first President was John Cruger, who was a prom-
inent merchant and ship-owner, a trusted representative of the Crown, and a chosen
representative of the people. He was Mayor of the city for ten consecutive years,
and checked the growing insolence of British officers. For seven years he was leader
of the Long Assembly, to whose courageous patriotism the union of the colonies
and the vindication of American liberties were largely due. He was Speaker of the
last Colonial Assembly, from 1768 to 1775, when its functions passed to the Council
of Safety, and subsequently to a Provincial Congress.

In 1786 the Chamber of Commerce first suggested the construction of the Erie
Canal, a work that in later years was to be a foundation of much of New York's

736 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

wonderful prosperity. In 1784, on its petition, the Legislature ordered that duties
should be levied under a specific instead of an ad-valorem tariff, a system of which
the Chamber has since been the consistent advocate. All questions affecting domes-
tic and foreign commerce and the prosperity of the city, State and Nation at large
are within the province of the Chamber to investigate, discuss and act upon. In a
speech at a recent dinner of the Chamber its President, Charles S. Smith, said :
"No matter which of the great parties hold for the time being the reins of govern-
ment, this Association was bound by its traditions and precedents, in all matters of
State and National legislative relations to commerce and industry, to promote good
laws, to amend imperfect, and to defeat bad ones. In the matter of relief to suffer-
ers by famine, fire or flood, more than $2,000,000 in charity has passed through the
hands of our treasurer for these commendable objects within the last quarter of a
century."

Courtesies are especially extended by the Chamber to distinguished foreign
guests. Its annual dinners are marked events in metropolitan life, on account of the
expressions upon public questions there made, members of the President's Cabinet
often speaking on the vital issues of the hour. The membership is 1,000. It has
the largest and finest gallery of portraits of men connected with the commerce of
the country to be found in the United States. The rooms of the Chamber are in
the Mutual Life Building, at 34 Nassau Street.

The New-York Stock Exchange is without question one of the most impor-
tant commercial and financial bodies in the world. The economic usefulness of the
Stock Exchange, and the true reason for its growth and present prosperity, is that it
furnishes the facilities by which a regular and constant market for the securities of
great corporations of the country is maintained, a market never without buyers or
sellers, and one in which quotations can be obtained without difficulty or delay.
The internal development of the country has been mainly the work of capital associ-
ated in corporate form. Without a ready market for the immense mass of shares
and bonds that are created in this way, money would not be so freely invested in
railroads and other undertakings. The Stock Exchange is the mechanism that sup-
plies this, and the speculation, which the unthinking regard as its sole object, is really
only an incident to its useful functions. But whatever view may be taken of the
subject, the institution under consideration is certainly a power in the land, and an
element of prime importance in maintaining the commercial and financial supremacy
of New York.

The Renaissance facade of the Stock-Exchange building rises on Broad Street,
a few doors from Wall Street. The lot it occupies is irregular in shape, extending
through to New Street, and has a narrow wing with an entrance on Wall Street.
The executive offices occupy the Broad-Street side, and nearly the whole interior of
the building is given up to the large hall or Board room in which the transactions of
the Exchange are carried on. This apartment is "p-shaped, being 141 to 145 feet in its
greatest dimensions, while the ceiling (decorated in arabesque, with large skylights
for light and ventilation) is from 60 to 80 feet above the floor. The total area of
the room is nearly 14,000 square feet. A gallery reached from the Wall- Street
entrance extends around three sides, from which spectators who are admitted
between 10 A. M. and 3 P. M. (the hours during which the Board is in session) may
look down upon probably the busiest scene in the world. A railing, with openings at
intervals, surrounds the outer edge of the room, and leaves a narrow space for clerks
and subscribers, who for a payment of $100 per annum obtain certain privileges. The
floor within the railing is sacred to the members of the Exchange and the uniformed

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

737

attendants. On the New-Street side is a lofty rostrum for the Chairman, who with
a blow of the gavel calls the Exchange to order, opens and closes its sessions, and
makes announcement of admissions, deaths, failures, or other formal communica-
tions. At intervals throughout the floor are ornamental iron posts bearing the names
of some particular stock, as "New- York Central," "Lackawanna," and so on.
Jivery portion of the room in fact is given over to some particular security, and trans-
actions between the brokers must be made, in what is technically called the proper
"crowd," openly, in the presence of other brokers who may desire to trade in the
stock in question. Formal rules govern the trading. The first bid or offer made has
priority, until accepted or displaced by a higher bid or lower offer. Other regulations
prohibiting fictitious or "washed" quotations. And the strictest rule of all is, that a
commission of 1-8 of I per cent, on the par value must be charged for buying or selling
securities. Originally, the whole list of stocks dealt in was " called" from the ros-
trum several times a day, and bids and offers were thus ex- . changed. Busi-
ness, however, soon overflowed into the intervals between ^^glb. the "calls,"
and in 1875 the system was abandoned. A formal ^j&: "^v ca^ °f the
bond list still occurs daily in one of the upper ^m rooms of
the Exchange, though trading in bonds goes
on continuously in one portion of the room.
As rapidly as transactions are made, the
amounts and prices are taken by at-
tendants who stand by each
"crowd" to telegraph opera- fe
tors, whose boxes are at sev-
eral places in the room. They
are at once transmitted to
the quotation companies con-
nected with the Exchange,
and in a few seconds the
prices are carried by the
" stock ticker" into the brok-
ers' offices and banks, and to
other cities. The "ticker,"
or stock instrument, is a
printing telegraph, and re-
cords on a narrow " tape," or
strip of paper, cabalistic

signs, such as S T 83

N P P R 500 54 1-4

E 27 5-8 3-4, which to the ini-
tiated mean that 100 shares
of Chicago, Milwaukee & St.
Paul Railway has sold at $83
a share ; that 500 shares of
Northern Pacific Preferred
stock have just brought
$54.25 each; and that Erie
shares are offered at $27.75,
with $27. 62^ bid. Two con-
cerns supply this service, one
47

NeW-YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, BROAD STREET, NEAR WALL STREET.

738 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

the New-York Quotation Company, being controlled by the Stock Exchange
itself; the other, the Gold & Stock Telegraph Co., is operated by the Western
Union Telegraph Company. The celerity and accuracy with which the quotations
of the New-York Stock Exchange's immense dealings are thus transmitted and
made public are without parallel' in the world. Much ingenuity has been expended
by the Exchange in a partly unsuccessful endeavor to prevent the quotations from*
being used by the class of concerns known as "bucket-shops," which are simply
places where gambling on the course of stock-market prices is carried on, and
where many young men have suffered ruinous losses, in betting on the turn of the
market. The daily dealings on this Exchange are printed in the great newspapers
throughout the country.

The history of the New-York Stock Exchange is parallel to that of New
York's financial development. Its centenary was celebrated on May 17, 1892.
One hundred years previous to that day 24 brokers of New York met under a cotton-
wood tree opposite 60 Wall Street, and signed a still extant agreement regarding
rates of commission. This organization was somewhat indefinite, though meetings
were held irregularly at the Tontine Coffee-House, at Wall and Water Streets. Not
until 1 81 7 was a formal organization of the Stock Exchange effected on the present
lines. The first meeting-place of the Board was in the Merchants' Exchange (now
the Custom House). In 1853 it moved to the corner* of Beaver and Wall Streets;
and finally in 1865 took possession of the edifice which by additions and alterations has
become its present building. In 1869 the members of a rival body called the " Open
Board of Brokers" were absorbed. In 1879, after the closing of the "Gold
Board " (the Exchange in which during the war dealings and speculations in gold
were conducted, and which after August, 1865, had its quarters on New Street,
next to the Stock Exchange) its building was taken in and used to extend the
premises pertaining to the Stock Exchange.

The Stock Exchange is a voluntary association. It is not even incorporated. The
membership now is 1,100. Memberships, called technically "seats" pass by sale
and transfer from a member, or his legal representative, in case of decease. Seats
sold about ten years ago for $34,000, the highest price on record. The present value
is $20,000 each. A purchaser of a seat must, however, be approved by the Com-
mittee on Admissions. The immense business between the members of the Ex-
change being entirely by word of mouth, and dependent upon personal veracity and
honor, a careful investigation is made of all applicants for admission. Disputes in
fact are very rare, and as a rule nowhere in the ^vorld is good faith and honorable
dealing better observed than between the members of the New-York Stock Ex-
change. A member's seat is in event of failure responsible for his debts to other
members. The annual dues are $50, and an assessment of $10 is levied on mem-
bers for each death, this sum maintaining a gratuity fund, from which a life-insur-
ance of $10,000 is paid to the family of a deceased member. A majority of the
members are associated with some banking or brokerage firm as partners, the houses
thus having representatives on the Exchange. Many brokers, however, do business
for others, in executing orders ; and there is a small but influential class who specu-
late for themselves and are known as "room traders."

The internal government of the Exchange is vested in a President, Secretary,
Treasurer, and a Governing Committee of forty members, ten of the latter being
chosen each year. The present officials of the Exchange are : F. K. Sturgis,
President ; F. L. Eames, Vice-President ; D. C. Hays, Treasurer ; and George W.
Ely, Secretary.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

740 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

On May 1 7, 1892, the Stock Exchange celebrated its one hundredth anniversary
by adopting a system of "clearing" (offsetting mutual debits and credits between
its members) in the leading active stocks traded in on the Board. This system,
which is in use on all the great exchanges of Europe, involves for the Stock Exchange
the same economy of time and money that the bank clearing house does for the
banks. As yet only a limited number of the most active stocks are dealt in under this
plan. The balance of the share list and the dealing in bonds is still conducted under
the old method of actual deliveries. All stocks or bonds purchased on the Stock
Exchange, except in the case of those subject to the clearing plan, still must be
delivered to and paid for by the brokers who purchase them before 2.15 P. M. of
the succeeding day. The extent of the business transacted on the New- York Stock
Exchange is shown by the fact that the aggregate amount of railroad and other shares
" listed " and open to dealings between its members does not fall short of $20,000,-
000,000 in par value. In 1891 the recorded transactions aggregated 66,000,000
shares, of an estimated value of nearly $4,000,000,000. In 1882 the total was 113,-
000,000 shares, valued at $7,000,000,000. The largest transaction for any day in
the history of the Exchange was February 11, 1892, when 1,441,000 shares of stocks
changed hands.

The business transacted on the Exchange has developed a peculiar slang which
almost rises to the dignity of a technical language. The client of a brokerage
house is its "customer." An outsider unversed in the ways of speculation, and apt
to lose his money, is a "lamb;" and the deposit he makes with his brokers as
security for his dealings (usually ten per cent, on the par value of stocks bought or
sold for speculative account) is "margin." The operators who buy stock in expec-
tation of a rise in prices are "bulls," and are "long " of the market ; and those
who sell them in anticipation of buying them back at lower figures are " bears," and
are "short" of the market that is, they have borrowed the stocks they sold for
delivery, and have to "cover" or buy them back to complete their transaction.
When prices advance and the bears have to protect their contracts by buying at
advancing figures they are said to "climb " for stocks, while if the bulls encounter
a decline in values, and are obliged to sacrifice their holdings to avoid or mitigate
losses, it is called "liquidation," or a "shake-out." A decline is also known as a
"slump," and when it immediately follows an advance it is a " reaction," an advance
coming on the heels of a decline being a " rally." A declining market is " weak,"
and its converse "strong;" while an undecided but active trading is "feverish,"
and a time when the public comes in and buys stocks recklessly, causing prices to
advance rapidly, is a "boom." "Puts," "calls" and "straddles" are contracts
issued by leading operators, agreeing for a consideration to receive a stipulated
number of specified shares at a given price, to deliver the same at a stipulated figure,
or to do either. They are all so-called "privileges," and are dealt in by a class of
"privilege dealers," or "curbstone brokers, " so-called because their transactions
are often concluded in the streets adjoining the Exchange, New Street being the
favorite place with these dealers.

The Consolidated Stock and Petroleum Exchange of New York is an
outgrowth of the consolidation of several bodies dealing in mining shares and in
petroleum certificates, in which some years ago an active speculation was maintained.
The last of these consolidations was effected in 1885, when the present name was
adopted, and the membership limited to 2,000 members. In their early days the
various mining and petroleum boards were in a measure allies of the Stock Exchange,
but the resolution to add trading in railroad shares and bonds to their functions

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

741

made them the avowed rivals of the more ancient institution. In spite of the more
or less open opposition of this powerful enemy, the Consolidated Board has con-
tinued to flourish, and is often the scene of trading which in its magnitude and
activity approaches to that witnessed on the older board. The amalgamated minor
boards at first occupied quarters at Exchange Place and Broadway ; but in 1887-88,
the institution erected on three lots, covering 58, 60 and 62 Broadway, the splendid
edifice which is known by its name. The building fronts on Broadway, Exchange
Place and New Street. The Board-room is 132 feet long by 90 feet wide, and gives
1 1,000 square feet of floor, being exceedingly well lighted. The basement and upper
floors supply offices for rental, besides the committee-rooms and administrative offices
of the Exchange. The business of the Consolidated Exchange is similar to that of the

Stock Exchange. It gives at-
and mining shares, but in both
what they were a few years
bonds occupy the attention of
from active young Wall-Street
Exchange seats is a prohibitory
membership many operators
high standing are attached

CONSOLIDATED STOCK AND PETROLEUM EXCHANGE, BROADWAY AND EXCHANGE PLACE

tention to trading in both petroleum
cases the markets are by no means
ago. Dealings in general stocks and
its members, who are largely recruited
men, to whom the high price of Stock-
tariff. It, however, embraces in its
of experience, and brokerage firms of
to it. It is a noteworthy fact that
during the speculation panic that
followed the Baring Brothers' col-
lapse in 1890 the Consolidated did
a large business without a single
failure of any importance among
its members. This may
|k be partly ascribed to

the stock - clearing
house system in the
adoption of which for
its stock transactions
the institution was a
pioneer in New York.
Under this system,
which has been in
successful operation
since the Exchange
commenced to make
stock-trading a part
of its business, it is
possible for a broker
or brokerage firm to
carry out large trans-
actions with a mod-
erate employment of
capital. It is notice-
able that in spite of
the avowed hostility
of the Stock Ex-
change toward the
Consolidated, sons

742 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

and other relatives of the former's members are found in the latter institution, and a
number of prominent brokers in the elder board graduated from the ranks of the
younger. The present value of seats in the Consolidated is upward of $200, though
in times of active speculation they have sold for several times that sum, and would
doubtless do so again were Wall Street again visited by a "boom." It should be
noted that a membership involves a life-insurance feature, the family of a deceased
member receiving $8,000 from a gratuity fund maintained by an assessment of $10
on each member for every death that occurs.

The affairs of the Consolidated are conducted by a governing committee of 42
members. Its president is a salaried officer, and assumes considerable responsibility
in its executive management. Charles George Wilson (who is also President of the
Board of Health of the city) has been at the head of the Consolidated since 1884,
and has filled the post with great success. The other officers of the Exchange are :
Thomas L. Watson, First Vice-President ; R. A. Chesebrough, Second Vice-Presi-
dent ; John Stanton, Treasurer ; Rudolph Huben, Secretary ; W. H. Lewis, Assist-
ant Secretary ; and A. W. Peters, Chairman. The extent of the business of the
Exchange is shown by the fact that the stock clearances through its clearing-house
organization in 1891 aggregated 77,235,000 shares of stock and 47,500,000 barrels
of oil certificates, the transactions in bonds in the same period being for $30,800,-
000 par value. The mining stocks dealt in footed up 2,050,000 shares.

The Mechanics' and Traders' Exchange of the City of New York, at 14
Vesey Street, was organized November 1, 1834, and incorporated May 2, 1863.
The purposes are to provide suitable rooms for daily meetings ; to establish a more
general and good understanding, and just and equitable principles in all business
transactions with each other ; and to acquire, preserve and disseminate valuable
business information. The membership is 300. There is a daily attendance of about
100, between the hours of 12 and 3. Certificates of membership are transferable.
The expenses of the exchange are annually assessed upon each certificate of member-
ship, pro rata.

The New-York Produce Exchange is a corporation that has held its present
name since 1868, when it was changed by act of the State Legislature from the New-
York Commercial Association, which had its origin in 1 861. There were two other
corporations that figured as its forerunners — the Produce-Exchange-Building Com-
pany and the Corn Exchange. The latter was incorporated in 1853. There are
records of merchants and traders meeting for mutual advantage on Manhattan Island
as far back as the time of Governor Peter Stuyvesant, who established in 1648 weekly
Monday markets, on the very site of the present mammoth structure at Broadway
and Beaver Street. The building now occupied was begun May I, 1 881, and
finished May I, 1884. The cost, with land and furniture, was $3,178,645. It is
one of the largest and finest structures of its kind in the world. It is 307 feet long
and 1 50 feet wide, and with its tower and terrace covers 53,779 square feet. From
the sidewalk to the roof is 116 feet; to the coping of the tower, 225 feet; and to
the top of the flag-staff, 306 feet. The main hall is on the second floor. It is 220
by 144 feet, with heights of 47^ feet to the ceiling and 60 feet to the skylight. The
building is of brick, terra cotta, and granite, in the modified Italian Renaissance
architecture. It contains 12,000,000 bricks, fifteen miles of iron girders, if miles
of columns, 2,061 tons of terra cotta, 7^ acres of flooring, more than 2,000 windows,
and nearly 1, 000 doors. Four thousand separate drawings were required in its con-
struction. The nine hydraulic elevators carry an average of 27,500 people daily, or
1 1,250,000 every year. The building is equipped with powerful Worthington pumps.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

743

744

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The income from 190 rented offices and from special privileges is over $260,000 a
year, and returns about six per cent, net on the entire investment. When the bonded
debt is liquidated, the Exchange will enjoy a net income of about $200,000 a year,
which may be applied to the reduction of either dues or to gratuity assessments. The
charter expresses the purpose of the corporation, viz., to inculcate just and equitable
principles in trade ; to establish and maintain uniformity in commercial usages ; to
acquire, preserve and disseminate valuable business information ; to adjust contro-
versies and misunderstandings between persons engaged in business ; and to make
provision for the widows and children of deceased members. The membership is
limited to 3,000. The initiation-fee at the time of limiting the membership was
52,500, but certificates of membership are transferable, and have varied in price from

PRODUCE EXCHANGE, INTERIOR OF MAIN FLOOR.

$700 to $4,700. The charter permits the ownership of property to the extent of
$5,000,000. The affairs of the corporation are controlled by a president, vice-presi-
dent, treasurer and twelve managers, who together constitute the Board of Manage-
ment. The president appoints, with the approval of the Board, a standing committee
for each of the trades, to which all disputes arising in it may be referred for arbitra-
tion, at a cost of $15 to $25 to the losing party. The expenses of the Exchange are
defrayed by assessments of $25 annually on each certificate of membership. An
Arbitration Committee of five members hears and decides disputes between parties
who bind themselves to acquiesce in its decision. Any controversy which might
be the subject of an action at law or in equity, excepting claims to real estate, is
within the jurisdiction of the Committee. Judgments of the Supreme Court of the
City of New York may be rendered upon these awards. The Exchange rooms are open
for business from 9 A. M. to 4 P. M., with a half-holiday after 12 M. on Saturday.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

745

Warehouse receipts of provisions are for 250 barrels, containing an average of
200 pounds. On the arrival at the city of cereals they are probed by a hollow iron
sampling-rod, whose valve opens to admit the grain as the rod is thrust into the
hatches of a vessel, or the interior of a car, and closes so as to retain the sample
when it is drawn out. This process repeated several times by responsible inspectors
in different parts of a car or boat load, secures reliable samples, which are placed in
boxes on the Exchange tables. The system of grading grain now in vogue enables
the Western buyer, who has accumulated as much, grain in his warehouse as he
wishes to carry, and who knows daily and almost hourly the market prices in New
York, to telegraph to any broker, and through him to sell for future delivery the
amount and grade of wheat he may have on hand. He then ships it so that it may

WASHINGTON MARKET, WASHINGTON AND WEST STREETS, BETWEEN FULTON AND VESEY STREETS.

arrive in time to fulfil his contract. Dealing in futures accompanies very largely the
present system of handling grain. The grain warehouses have a collective capacity
of over 14,000,000 bushels, and are conveniently approached by ocean vessels, and
have customary shipping facilities. The precision with which the business is con-
ducted is shown by the fact that wheat has 19 grades; corn, 11 ; oats, 8 ; rye, 3 ;
barley, 16 ; peas, 3. Unmerchantable grain is not graded at all. The facility with
which sales for future delivery are made has enormously augmented the volume of
trade. Foreign merchants avail themselves of it to provide for prospective needs of
different markets. It gives the farmer a ready home-market for his products, and
affords the traders the opportunity of selling at a reasonable profit, and at a moment's
notice, and to deliver at option within specified times. The Call- Room and the
wheat-pit are the chief points of the future and speculative trading. Wheat and
oats are sold in quantities of 5,000 bushels, and multiples ; and lard in quanti-
ties of 250 tierces, of 320 pounds each, and multiples. There are special commit-
tees, in control of inspectors and their assistants, and regulating other affairs, on flour,
distilled spirits, naval stores, petroleum, National transit certificates, oils, lighterage,
cheese, hops and maritime affairs. The Exchange has a gratuity-fund of about

KIXG'S HAXDBOOK OF XEW YORK.

•* 1,000,000, and each subscribing member pays $3 on the death of any other mem-
ber. The heirs of a deceased member receive about >• 10,000. The average daily
business handled by the Exchange exceeds $15,000,000. The greater part of the
farm-products exported are handled here ; and the dealings on the New- York Pro-
duce Exchange pr influence the agricultural population of this continent, the
resuk- : arise and mid-day and evening, are finally marketed here.
The United States Brewers' Association, at 109 East 15th Street, in the
building formerly occupied by the C was organized and held its first con-
D in New York in Novem 2 - :he immediate cause of the organization,

it is stated that the brewers felt it to be
] their duty to assist to the extent of their
ability in bringing to the treasury of the
United States the full share of tax-bur-
dens justly due from their industry. It
is chartered by the Legislature of New
York. Its members number about
1,000, distributed throughout the United
-. It seeks the protection of its
industry from prohibitory and unduly
stringent laws, and cooperates with the
nment in the execution of the
laws pertaining to malt liquors. It is
contended by the Association that the
industry- it represents is in the interest of
temperance and morality, as its effect is
to diminish che consumption of intoxi-
cating liquors. Henry Claussen, Jr., at
its 2;;h annual convention, said: "No-
body ever heard of a 'beer-ring' organ-
ized to baffle the efforts of the revenue
officials at every stage ; on the contrary,
the official records of the Treasury De-
partment contain ample testimony that
every official act of your Association, so
far as it is related to the revenue, was
conceived in the spirit of patriotism and with a design of aiding the Government.
During the first three or four years after the enactment of the Revenue law of July,
: the brewing interest generally did not respond as promptly as it should have
done to the demands made upon it by our country's necessity. Your Association
deplored this deeply, but the remedy was beyond their power. When the Govern-
ment, in 1865, took measures to correct the defects of the law, and to prevent in-
fractions, your Association at once took the initiative in regard to the brewing
industry-, by sending a commission of three of its members to Europe, to inquire
into the excise of Great Britain, France and Germany, and to report to the

United-States Special Revenue Commission the results of their labor. Have we not
D enough, gentlemen, to be proud of the history of our Association, when we
reflect upon the single fact that the report of this commission was not only adopted
by the Revenue Commission, but also approved by a majority of the National law-
makers, and made to serve as a basis for the new law, the principal features of which
are enforced even to-day ? "

AVXG'S HAXDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

74'

The American Shipmasters' Association, at 37 William Street, was incor-
porated in 1863, to collect and disseminate information upon subjects of marine
or commercial interest ; to encourage and advance worthy and well-qualified com-
manders and other officers of vessels in the mercantile service ; to ascertain and
certify the qualifications of such persons as shall apply to be recommended as com-
manders or officers ; and to promote the security of life and property on the seas.
It has agents and surveyors at seaports throughout the world. The subscribers
are public and Government officers and marine insurance and other companies
throughout the world. The work it does and the information it disseminates are
similar to those of the Lloyds of Great Britain. Its Record of American Shipping
is a volume that has been issued annually since 1867, and is published with the
approvals of the Boards of Marine Underwriters of New York, Boston and San
Francisco.

The New-York Cotton Exchange was organized with 100 members, August
15, 1870, and incorporated April 8, 1871. The building now owned by it extends
116 feet on William Street, S7 feet on Beaver Street, and 89 feet on Hanover Square.

Its height is seven
the corner-stone was

NEW-YORK COTTON EXCHANGE, BEAVER AND WILLIAM STREE

stories. Its construction began September 11, 1SS3 ;
laid February 25, 18S4; and it was occupied April 30,
eluding ground, furniture, etc., was about 5Si,oco, -
the offices in the building pays a handsome return
ment. The property, affairs and business are
direction of a president, vice-president, treas-
fifteen managers, who together constitute
the Board of Managers. The purposes
of the Association are to adjust con-
troversies between members ; es-
tablish just and equitable prin-
ciples in commerce ; main-
^v tain uniformitv in rule and

procedure ; adopt classi-
fication standards; acquire
and disseminate useful in-
formation relating to the
cotton interests ; to de-
crease local business risks;
and to increase and facili-
tate the cotton trade. For
these purposes an Adjudi-
cation Committee of
five persons, not mem-
bers of the Board of
Managers, is annually
balloted for by the
Board, and thus ap-
pointed to decide any
controversies between
members, which might
be the subject of actions
at law or in equity,
save as regards real

748

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

estate. Judgments of the Supreme Court are rendered upon such awards made
pursuant to such submission. Certificates of membership may be transferred by
members to members elect. The initiation fee is $ ioo, and the annual dues not in
excess of $50. Trading is done in cotton — "spot," "to arrive," "free on board,"
"in transit," and for "future delivery." A gratuity fund to heirs in case of the
death of a member is made up of an assessment not exceeding $12.50 upon every

membership, at
the death of any
member ; and is
collectible under
the regulations
that apply to an-
nual dues. As a
gratuity-fund it is
not subject to will,
pledge or mort-
gage. The Com-
mittee on Classi-
fication, salaried
and wholly at the
service of the cor-
poration, consists
of five recognized
expert members of
the Exchange, of
whom t h re e ,
drawn by lot, act

upon each appeal. The Committee on Quotations on Spot cotton, at 2 P. M.,
by a majority vote of its seven members present, establishes the market quota-
tion for the time being of Middling Upland cotton. Relative differences of valua-
tion between the grades are determined by the Revision of Quotations Committee.
The Committee on Quotations of Futures determines and reports every morning the
tone and price of the contract market, for transmission by cable to Europe. Under
the inspection system in vogue, with warehouse and inspection certificates in hand,
the buyer may borrow money at the bank on these as security. The classification
of cotton extends into 33 different grades, which are marvellous to the uninitiated,
but simple enough to the practical experts. More than 400,000 bales have been
stored in New York at one time. Negotiable warehouse receipts are issued for cot-
ton in store. Delivery of Spot cotton and cotton on contract is guarded by regu-
lations assuring the equity and faithfulness of all parties. Commissions on sale of
cotton contracts are paid for by buyer and seller both, at the rate of 12^ cents a bale,
when the transaction is not for members of the Exchange. Seven and a half and
two and a half cents respectively are the rates for members whose offices are more
and less than half a mile from the Exchange, and one cent a bale when one member
merely buys or sells for another. In case of time contracts of cotton, either party
has the right to call for margins as the variations of the market may warrant. Such
margins must be kept good. The hours for business are from 10 A. M. to 3
P. M. ; on Mondays between June 1st and October 1st, from 1 1 A. M. to 3 P. M. ;
on Saturdays, from 10 A. M. to 12 M. Trading or offering to trade for future
delivery of cotton after these hours is punishment by fine, suspension, or expulsion.

COTTON EXCHANGE, INTERIOR OF MAIN FLOOR.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

749

All such contracts not made in prescribed hours are invalid. Non-resident visitors and
representatives of absent members may be admitted to the floor, but not to trade there-
on. Futures arc seldom traded in beyond a period of twelve months ; more frequently
they are for six or eight and often for four months ahead. The largest total of deal-
ings for delivery are for one or two months from date. Agents from New York buy
largely from planters on their estates. Direct connection exists between producers
and agents on the Exchange. The latter are instructed by clients to sell on time
contracts, which are fulfilled by shipments of cotton as the terms of the contract may
direct. Future contracts within twelve months are always seller options as to day

TOMPKINS MARKET, THIRD AVENUE, 6th TO 7TH STREETS.

of month for delivery. Business, as a rule, is heaviest during the months of Novem-
ber and December. Contracts may be bought in or sold out as the interests of the
parties may determine. Manufacturing firms and corporations in this country use
the future market constantly as a hedge. Orders from Great Britain and the con-
tinent of Europe arrive every morning.

The Maritime Association of the Port of New York was organized in
1873, and incorporated in 1874, by special act of the New- York Legislature, to fur-
nish its members with current maritime, mercantile and monetary information in
advance of publication ; and to promote the maritime interests of the Port of New
York. Its membership is about 1,300, comprised of individuals in every business
connected with shipping. Among its most active members are marine underwriters.
Through it they receive the promptest possible reports of disasters and marine mis-
cellany. The membership embraces all the local companies of underwriters, several
of Boston and Philadelphia, and the resident representatives of foreign Lloyds. The
scope has been extended beyond the marine department, and now includes financial,
mercantile and miscellaneous intelligence ; and general business facilities have been
added to such a degree that the distinctively shipping interest is now considerably
outnumbered. Its usefulness extends beyond New York, the membership including

75°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

residents of Boston, Philadelphia and other cities. The executive officers conduct
the details, under direction of an Executive Committee of three, which meets weekly.
This committee reports monthly to a Board of Directors, consisting of fifteen mem-
bers elected annually ; and the Board, in turn, reports to the Association at the end
of each year. Members' dues are annually assessed upon the estimated revenue and
expense. The by-laws allow a range of $15 to $30 for dues, but they have never
exceeded $25 a year. No attempt is made to accumulate a fund. New members
purchase the certificate of a deceased or retiring member, entitling the holder to
one card of admission, for his own use only. The rooms of the Association are
designated the Maritime Exchange, and are in the Produce-Exchange Building, at
Broadway and Beaver Street. The nominal "change" hours are at 11.30 A. M. and
3 P. M., but there is a general flow of attendance throughout the day, the daily
admissions reaching about 3,000. It has hundreds of skilful correspondents in every
quarter of the globe, making liberal expenditures for the speediest ways of communi-
cation. . It controls lines of special telegraph, by which it reports the approach of
every sail or steam craft from the time it is sighted off Long Island or Sandy Hook.
Its reading-room contains files of newspapers of the principal ports of the world.
Its library is rich in charts and manuals of commercial importance. Its museum of
commercial specimens and curiosities is a rich source of instruction. The Arbitra-
tion Committee is empowered by the legislative charter to decide commercial con-
troversies between the members of the Association and any other person desiring

OYSTER MARKET, WEST STREET, FOOT OF PERRY STREET, NORTH RIVER.

its services, touching any matters in dispute, except titles to real estate in fee or
for life, and its decisions have equal force with the judgments of the Supreme
Court.

The New-York Board of Trade and Transportation was organized in
September, 1873, and incorporated in 1875. The name at nrst was tne New- York
Cheap Transportation Association ; and it was changed to the present style in July,
1877. The Board is located in the Bryant Building, at the corner of Liberty and
Nassau Streets ; and has a membership of 800 firms. The initiation-fee is $5, and
the annual dues $10. Its objects are to promote the trade, commerce and manu-
factures of the United States, and especially of the State and city of New York ; to
preserve and circulate valuable and useful information relating thereto ; to study the

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

751

workings of the system of transportation, upon which commercial prosperity so
largely depends ; to support and promote, or oppose, legislative or other measures
affecting these interests ; to facilitate, by arbitration, the adjustments of differences,
controversies and misunderstandings between its members and others ; and to advo-
cate such other principles and projects, and do such other things as may conduce to
the prosperity and commercial supremacy of the city, State and Nation. Any per-
son, firm or corporation interested in these objects is eligible to membership. The
management of the business and property is entrusted to a board of 36 Managing
Directors, with whom may be associated for the considerations of public questions,
others nominated by affiliated associations. The officers are president, three vice-
presidents, secretary and treasurer. The Directors appoint the following standing
committees : Executive, Finance, Terminal Facilities, Arbitration and Claims,
Railway Transportation, Ocean Transportation, Canal Transportation, and Legisla-
tion. The Directors meet monthly, and all members are invited to attend and take
part in the discussion of public questions, and vote thereon. It was chiefly through
the action of this organization, with the cooperation of the Chamber of Commerce,
that the investigation was made into the management of railroads by the Hepburn
Senate Committee of the New- York Legislature. The voluminous report, of about
6,000 pages, enlightened the public mind regarding railroads, and brought to light
abuses, some of which have been corrected ; and the investigation is now generally
recognized to have been an important public service. Many trade and transporta-
tion subjects have been elucidated by the Board's discussions and publications; the
latter often being given a wide distribution.
It was at the annual dinner of the Board in
1 89 1 that William Windom, Secretary of the
Treasury, fell dead, immediately after a
speech on the silver question.

The New-York Mercantile Ex-
change was organized under the title of the
Butter and Cheese Exchange, in 1873. Its
objects are declared in its charter to be : to
foster trade ; to protect it against unjust or
unlawful exactions ; to reform abuses ; to
diffuse accurate and reliable information ;
to settle differences between members ; to
promote among them good fellowship and
a more enlarged and friendly intercourse ;
and to make provision for the widows and
orphans of deceased members. The present
spacious and handsome brick and granite
five-story building owned by the Exchange,
at the corner of Hudson and Harrison
Streets, was first occupied April 7, 1886. It
has an Exchange-Room, on the second floor,
seventy feet square and thirty feet high. Fifty offices not used by the Exchange are
rented. The Exchange has a membership of 775. The articles mostly dealt in are
butter, cheese and eggs. Change hours begin at 10 A. M. There are regular calls for
bids, and offerings on the articles mentioned. There is comparatively no speculation,
the transactions being bona-fide spot sales. On some days sales are made of 10,000
or 11,000 cases of eggs, containing thirty dozen eggs to the case, $15,000 worth of

MERCANTILE EXCHANGE,
HUDSON AND HARRISON STREETS.

75:

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

eggs have been sold within an hour. Certificates of membership have varied in price
from $20 to $400. The price at which they were originally sold was $25. The

annual dues are
,$15. Its charter
enables it to hold
property to the ex-
tent of $500,000.

The Coffee
Exchange of the
City of New
York was incor-
porated originally
in 1 88 1, and was
re-incorporated by
special act of the

FULTON MARKET, BEEKMAN, SOUTH AND FULTON STREETS. \t York T efHS

lature in 1885. The purposes are to provide and maintain a suitable place for the
purchase and sale of coffee ; to adjust controversies between its members ; to inculcate
and establish just and equitable principles in trade, and uniformity of rules and usages;
to adopt standard classifications ; to acquire and disseminate useful business infor-
mation ; and to promote the trade of the city of New York. The standard coffee
dealt in is called Exchange Standard, No. 7, Low Ordinary. There are nine types,
from prime to good common. There are warehouses, licensed by the Exchange, for
storing the coffee. Speculation at times is very active, and the fluctuations are
great. The latter have been as much as 12 cents a pound a year. The Exchange
owns property worth about $200,000. The number of members is 312. The
nominal value of membership is $1,000 ; but certificates of membership have
varied in price from $300 to $1,400. Annual dues are $50. Change hours are
from 11 to 3. New York, Havre and Hamburg are the principal coffee-markets of
the world, and take the lead in making prices. The leading coffee firms of the
city are represented in the membership.

The Building-Material Exchange of the City of New York, occupying
the floor of the Real-Estate Exchange from 2 to 4 P. M., was incorporated April
27, 1 882, to acquire,
preserve and dis-
seminate valuable
information relat-
ing to the building-
material interests of
the city and sur-
rounding cities, to
produce uniformity
and certainty in the
customs and usages
of trade, to settle
differences between
its members, to dif-
fuse accurate and
reliable information
among its members

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

753

as to the standing of merchants, and to promote an
enlarged and friendly intercourse. Any reputable
person connected with the business of manufactur-
ing of or dealing in materials used in the construc-
tion of buildings is eligible to become a member.
The initiation-fee is $100 ; and the annual dues not
in excess of $20. The membership is over 300.

The Real-Estate Exchange and Auction-
Room, Limited, at 59 to 65 Liberty Street, was
incorporated in 1883, under the Limited Liability Act
of 1875 °f tne State of New York. It owns the
building occupied by it, which extends
for 90 feet on Liberty Street and 90 feet
on Liberty Place. It receives an in-
come from rents, exclusive of the auc-
tion-room, of about $34,000 a year.
The Exchange and auction-room oc-
cupies the street floor. It is a centre
for dealings in real estate and selling
real-estate securities at auction. It lets
out stands to auctioneers, and furnishes
a general meeting-room for real-estate
dealers and brokers. It adjusts con-
troversies and misunderstandings be-
tween members ; and furnishes valuable
information by collecting statistics in
regard to real-estate and building mat-
ters, and preparing and keeping files of
maps and other records relating to real
estate and allied subjects. It obtains
and files information and all legislative
acts pertaining to the City and State
governments, reports of the various commissioners on taxation, street and other
improvements, and awards and assessments affecting realty in the city of New York
and vicinity. The capital stock of the company is $500,000, divided in 5,000 shares
of $100 each. The membership is 600. The business conducted by its mem-
bers amounts to about $50,000,000 a year, in sales of real estate by auction, and
$50,000,000 a year in private sales between members.

The New-York Lumber-Trade Association, with its office at 18 Broadway,
was incorporated November 8, 1886. Its objects are to foster trade and commerce,
to reform abuses in trade, to protect trade and commerce from unjust and unlawful
exactions, to diffuse accurate and reliable information among its members as to the
standing of merchants, to acquire, preserve and disseminate valuable information
regarding the lumber interests of this and surrounding cities, to produce uniformity
in the customs and usages of trade, to settle differences between its members, to
establish rules for inspection, and to promote a more large and friendly intercourse
between merchants. The membership embraces nearly every firm in the Metropoli-
tan District, including New York, Brooklyn, Long-Island City, Jersey City,
Hoboken, and Bergen Point. The special interest now shown in the Association

dates from the spring and summer of 189 1, when under regulations and boycott from
48

REAL-ESTATE EXCHANGE, 59 TO 65 LIBERTY STREET.

754

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

the Lumber- Handlers' and Truck-Drivers' Association, commencing on May 4th,
the lumber-dealers united against the movement, and in a great measure closed their
yards until June 24th, causing great embarrassment to the building and other trades.
The victory of the Lumber Association was complete over the Union men, and the

latter were forced to repudiate the action and
influence of the walking delegates.

The New-York Fruit Exchange, at
78 Park Place, was incorporated May 1, 1885,
under the name of the Foreign Fruit Ex-
change. It is a bureau of statistics of the
trade, and a place for the interchange of views

3|PfTj^^l of members. The cost of membership is $50,

^.HtI I iJ;:\; \ and the annual dues $25. Its membership is

150. It used to be at 23 State Street.

0The Hop-Dealers' Exchange, at 45
\\ * /! 3H jji Pearl Street, was organized in 1890. The ob-

ject is to facilitate trading in hops, to gather
and disseminate statistics, and to make rules
governing transactions. Trading in options
was established in the beginning of 1892.
The initiation fee is $25 and the yearly dues
are $40. The president is Adrian Iselin, Jr.
fruit exchange, 23 state, corner bridge st. Kindred Organizations are noticed in

other chapters, such as the American Bankers' Association, the Clearing House, the
Underwriters' Association, etc.

The Public Markets for the sale of food products are located as follows:
West Washington (wholesale), bounded by West, Gansevoort and Washington
Streets. The building cost the city over $500,000, and the land on which it is
erected about $300,000.

Gansevoort, at Bloomfield Street and Thirteenth Avenue.
Jefferson, bounded by Greenwich and Sixth Avenues and 10th Street,
Clinton, at the foot of Spring Street and North River.
Washington, bounded by West, Fulton, Greenwich and Vesey Streets.
Fulton, bounded by South, Fulton, Front and Beekman Streets.
Catharine, at the corner of Catharine and South Streets.

Centre, bounded by Centre, Grand and Broome Streets and Centre-Market Place.
Essex, at the corner of Grand and Essex Streets.
Tompkins, at Third Avenue and 7th Street.
Union, at the corner of East Houston and Columbia Streets.
Gansevoort Farmers' Market, opposite the West Washington Market. It is an
open space set aside for farmers for the sale of their products.

The city derived from the markets in rentals and fees in 1890 $307,460. Each
occupant hires space and builds his own stand. Leases for stands are revocable at
the pleasure of the Comptroller of the city at the end of any week. Rentals are
paid every two weeks. The clerk of the markets and his assistant visits the markets
every day to see that the rules and regulations are properly carried out. A force of
from fifty to sixty sweepers and cartmen keep the markets clean, at a cost of about
$40,000 a year. The government of the markets is by the city Comptroller.

The Fulton Fish-Mongers' Association has a wholesale market under lease
from the city, opposite the Fulton Market, on the river front.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

755

756

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company owns two of the most
notable structures in the city. These are two large and grand warehouses, con-
structed in an extraordinary manner, especially for the safe-keeping of furniture,
trunks, valuables and personal property of every description. One of the ware-
houses looms up conspicuously near the Grand Central Station, and occupies the
entire block on Lexington Avenue between 41st and 42d Streets. The other, just
completed, and of still more striking architecture, occupies the entire block on
Seventh Avenue between 52d and 53d Streets. These buildings may be truthfully
described as absolutely fire-proof. Large, massive, substantial, constructed of brick
and stone, concrete and iron, they are conceded by all experts who have examined
them to be indestructible depositories. Years were devoted to their construction.
Each one consists of sections which are separate storage buildings under one roof,
having no connection with each other except by the central court. These sections
are separated from each other by solid brick walls, from 36 inches to 28 inches thick.
Their floors and ceilings are made with cement and concrete arches, formed so as to
entirely envelope the rolled-iron floor-beams. All these floors rest upon the heavy
division walls, and no cast iron or other columns are used to support them.
Elevators capable of lifting a loaded van weighing 20,000 pounds ascend from the
central court to the various floors. The van is drawn upon the elevator and sent
up. When it reaches the floor to which it is destined, it is unloaded, and the goods
are placed in storage, with only one handling. The engines working these elevators

MANHATTAN STORAGE AND WAREHOUSE CO., 42D STREET AND LEXINGTON AVENUE.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

757

are located in the cellar under the central court. The steam-boilers are in vaults
under the avenues. These magnificent fire-proof warehouses receive on storage at
the lowest current rates, household furniture, oil paintings, engravings, bronzes,
statuary, porcelains, heir-looms, plate glass, mirrors, books, bric-a-brac, silver-
ware, trunks of clothing, pianos, organs, wines, business papers, account-books,
and anything else which the owner may desire to be thoroughly secure. Insur-
ance is unnecessary, but if desired can be effected at a lower rate than in any
other storage buildings in the city. Rooms are rented by the month, at prices vary-
ing with the size, from $4 a month and upwards. The company will pack, box
and ship furniture, etc., to any part of the world, for which purpose it employs
skilled workmen. It will have carpets taken up, cleaned, moth-proofed, and

packed for storage. It will also have
and apartments. The company owns
and trucking vans built expressly
for its business. It uses its own
horses, drivers and helpers
in the removal of the con-
tents of dwelling-houses,
or other property.

carpets refitted and laid in houses
a large number of furniture

MANHATTAN STORAGE AND WAREHOUSE CO., SEVENTH AVENUE, 520 TO 53D STREETS.

758

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

The Terminal Warehouse Company has, by the erection of its splendid
Central Stores at Eleventh Avenue and North River and West 27th and 28th Streets,
simplified the problems of storage, shipping, and trans-shipping. The structures
occupy the entire block, extending to the water's edge, and consist of 25 storage-
buildings, adjoining each other, so that in general appearance they form one vast
edifice, 700 feet long, 200 wide, and seven stories high, with cellars under them all.
These are the only stores in New York at which railway cars, steamships and trucks
are in close communication. The tracks of the New- York Central & Hudson-River
Railroad run into the buildings, and there is deep water at the piers at the end.
The cellars are particularly adapted for the storage of wines, liquors, gums and
rubber. One store is set apart for cold storage. Any temperature above the zero
point is produced by artificial means. Another store, kept at low temperature, is
devoted to the storage of furs, rugs and robes, of which the company makes a
specialty. Private families may have such goods put away for the summer and kept

in finer condition than is possible in apartments
*• *j:«.cn/ -\ m which the temperature is normal. Another

warehouse is reserved for the storage of furni-
ture. Four others are United-States bonded
warehouses. The rest are for general storage

i i~— Un»Jli;*i; ki

NEW-YORK CENTRAL AND HUDSON-RIVER RAILROAD FREIGHT DEPOT ON HUDSON STREET.

purposes. The buildings are very solidly constructed, of brick and iron, and are fire-
proof. A specialty of the company's business is the receiving of consignments of goods
from the West and from abroad ; and it attends to all such matters concerning them
as usually fall to commission merchants, except selling. The company owns a fleet
of lighters and trucks, and makes deliveries of merchandise when desired. It issues
negotiable warehouse receipts which are acceptable by any bank or financial institu-
tion. The Central Stores were erected in 1891. The Terminal Warehouse Company
also owns the Rossiter Stores, at West 59th and 60th Streets and the North River,
for the storage of merchandise in bond, or free ; and the West-Shore Stores at Wee-
hawken, N. J. The company has a capital stock of $800,000. The President is
William W. Rossiter ; and the Secretary, Barent H. Lane ; and the trustees are, beside
the President, H. Waiter Webb, William R. Grace, John E. Searles, Jr., B. Aymar
Sands, James Stillman and Charles W. Hogan. The main offices of the Terminal
Warehouse Company are in the Produce Exchange Building.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

759

760

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

The Bradstreet Company affords to merchants and manufacturers the oppor-
tunity of extending their trade to a degree limited only by their power to produce and
their ability to determine the needs of consumers. Commerce — always conserva-
tive — follows the lines of knowledge, and advances with the definite determination
of facts. The work of The Bradstreet Company is recognized as one of the most
potential in gathering, formulating and disseminating the information necessary for
the broadest development and the widest extension of all commercial or mercantile
pursuits, for it has always kept pace with, and even anticipated, the actual advance-
ment, by its investigation of the material progress and prospects of the world's
products, as also its careful consideration of the specific details of the responsibility
and character so necessary to the proper estimate of individual credit. The massive
quarto volumes of more than 2,300 pages contain the estimated worth and recognized
credit, business and addresses of more than a million of subjects, besides much other
valuable information. Its offices nearly compass the earth. That its mighty mission

has been fulfilled with
fidelity as to facts, con-
servatism as to judgment,
and conscientiousness as
to details, is proven by a
record which challenges
the attention and com-
mands the respect of
every person who has
sought information
through its channels or
availed himself of its
facilities for the investi-
gation of personal credits.
The Bradstreet Company
is the oldest, and finan-
cially the strongest, or-
ganization of its kind
working in the one in-
terest and under one man-
agement, with wider
ramifications, with great-
er investment of capital,
and expending more
money every year for the
collection and dissemina-
tion of information than
any similar institution in
the world. It has long
been recognized and practically endorsed by the highest local courts in the United
States, and a constantly increasing business justifies the statement that the aid and
protection afforded by this institution are becoming better understood, and the value
of the information more fully appreciated.

This company publishes under the name of Bradstreet' 's a sixteen-page weekly
newspaper, which has become the foremost commercial and financial authority
in the United States. This journal covers the condition of the crops and markets ;

BhADSTREET'S

AND 283 BROADWAY NEAR CHAMBERS STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

761

and, dealing as it does, with the news of commerce, finance and manufactures, and
public affairs, Bradstreet' 's occupies a unique place in the newspaper world. It is
regarded as absolutely unbiased, and is quoted the world over as an authority in its
special work. Its subscription-list is an index of the most prominent business houses
of this and other countries.

Bradstreet's bindery in its high-class work fairly ranks with the most famous of
Paris and London. For quality of workmanship and delicacy of finish it has few
compeers and no superiors.

The Bradstreet Company has been an important factor in the mercantile world
for more than forty years, but its preeminent career began in 1876, with its present
administration, under the presidency of
Charles F. Clark.

George P. Rowell & Company
is a name known throughout the busi-
ness world as the virtual creators and
developers of the exceedingly serviceable
business institutions called "advertising
agencies"; the preeminence in this line
still being universally conceded to the
George P. Rowell Advertising Company,
a corporation formed in 1892 to succeed
to the business established in 1865.
Twenty-seven years ago this special line
of work for the better facilitation of the
all-important expenditures of money for
advertising was in its infancy, and to
George P. Rowell is due most of the
credit for developing and systematizing
a class of institutions that are to-day as
indispensable as banks, insurance com-
panies, exchanges and other kindred
organizations. As a result of the adver-
tising-agency business the public is en-
abled to get pretty close to the exact
value and the proper cost of space in the
19,000 publications of the country ; and
the publishers are enabled to secure a
reasonable and guaranteed compensation
for their columns, the whole subject
having been very thoroughly examined
into during the past quarter of a century.
The results of these inquiries can be
somewhat appreciated by a glance at two
publications : one an annual book, The
American Newspaper Directory, an ex-
haustive compendium of all generally
desired to be known of any American
publication ; the other a weekly journal,
Printers' Ink, which has fairly earned
the most liberal patronage and the most

ROWELL &

10 SPRUCE STREET.

762

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

unreserved praise
of all who have
anything to do
with advertising.
These are two
most valuable and
most creditable
publications. The
A merican News-
paper Directory,
was founded in
1 869, and has been
the forerunner of
many kindred
works; but always
maintaining i t s
unquestioned su-
premacy, far out-
leading all others

in the amount of information conveyed, in size of volume, in thoroughness and
accuracy, and in the systematic convenience of the contents of its 2,000 octavo pages.
Printers' Ink, which, like the founding of the agency itself and the issuing of the
Directory, was almost revolutionary in its work, also has now many imitative com-
petitors. It is a peculiarly valuable periodical, and has done a great work in edu-
cating the people how to advertise for the best results, and the publishers how to
present their advertise-
ments in the most de-
sirable form. Its cir-
culation in 1892 is not
less than 50,000 copies
weekly, and it is always
a welcome visitor to its
subscribers. Editori-
ally and mechanically
it is an exceptionally
creditable periodical.

The importance of
an institution like Row-
ell's can be somewhat
comprehended by the
fact that about $300,-
000,000 is said to be
spent every year in ad-
vertising by the Ameri-
can people. essex market, grand and Essex streets.

The two Rowell concerns — the George P. Rowell Advertising Agency, who con-
duct the general advertising business, and George P. Rowell & Company, who publish
Printers' Ink and the American Newspaper Directory, occupy a building owned and
fitted up expressly by Mr. Rowell, situated at 10 Spruce Street. Here may be found
files of the current issues of almost every publication.

?&*-,

PgSSsT

Architectural Features:

Development in. Architecture; Notable Office Buildings and

Business Blocks.

THE Hollanders, who are so humorously described by Washington Irving in his
History of ATew York, would gaze in wonder and amazement, if they were
brought back to Mother Earth, at the magnificent edifices which now exist on the
island where they once lived. In their day business was transacted, for the most
part, in one and two-story buildings ; and even as late as a century ago it was cus-
tomary for men of affairs to carry on their occupations on the first floor, and live on
the floor above. When men became opulent, the three-story building made its
appearance, the extra story being very generally in the shape of an attic, where the
servants and younger members of the household slept, and where old furniture and
wearing apparel were stored away. Later on, four-story houses made their appear-
ance, and of these many examples, dating back to the early part of the present cen-
tury, are still to be found in the lower part of the city. Some of these still remain
untouched by the hand of commerce, but they have for the most part succumbed to
the inexorable demands of business. In many cases they have been demolished, to
make way for larger and finer structures.

It was not until after the civil war that the five-story building made its appearance
to any extent. The population of New York then began to increase enormously,
and when the higher buildings came, they appeared in the form of flats and tene-
ments. With the crowding of population in the lower wards came a demand for
higher structures. This eventuated in the introduction of the elevator, which has
revolutionized the construction of buildings in New York, as it has in other cities.

It was the elevator, and that alone, that made possible the enormously high office-
buildings that are to be seen in the great business centres of New York to-day.
When the seven-story office-building made its appearance, nearly a quarter of a cen-
tury ago, the popular belief was that the limit in high construction had been reached.
But we have since seen scores of eight-story buildings erected, and to-day there are
other scores of ten-story buildings in the metropolis. At least a dozen exceed eleven
stories in height ; some are as high as fifteen and sixteen stories, and The Sun has
planned a building for its own uses, to be 32 stories high. An important factor in
the construction of high office and other buildings in recent years has been the intro-
duction of fire-proofing material. This has made it safe for tenants to occupy the
upper stories. Indeed, it is an axiom among real-estate brokers that the upper
stories rent most quickly, and at high figures, because the light and ventilation are
better than on the lower floors. Another important factor is the introduction, dur-
ing recent years, of the method of building known as iron or steel skeleton construe-

764

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

BUSSING HOMESTEAD.

FROM PHOTO BY MISS CATHARINE WEED BARNES.

tion. It was customary with
architects, until within three
or four years, to draw plans
whereby walls of immense
thickness were run from the
foundation to the roof, to
support the general struc-
ture. These walls were in
some cases required by the
Building Department to be
three feet or more in thick-
ness at the base, according to
the height of the building ;
so that, under such condi-
tions, the owner of a single
lot, no matter how valuable
the ground, was unable to
put up a very high building,

as the two side-walls would take up a space equal to about one-quarter the width of

his entire lot, hence, the values of single lots down-town were kept in check by the

impossibility of erecting very high structures on them, which consequently decreased

their earning power.
The system of

iron skeleton con-
struction, however,

effected a remarka-
ble change. By its

use the thickness of

walls was consider-
ably reduced, thus

giving a larger floor

space. Architects

and builders were

enabled to plan and

erect buildings as

high as twelve and

thirteen stories on

lots from twenty to

thirty feet wide, as

is noticeable in the

Columbia, the

Havemeyer, the

Home Life and

other office-build-
ings. By this system

of construction, iron

and steel columns

are carried up from

foundation to roof,

and then covered m riverside drive, corner of iosth street, residlnce of samuel g. bayne.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

7^5

with bricks. Thus a carrying capacity equal to
that of walls of much greater thickness is pro-
duced. When it is considered that unimproved
property in the great office section of New- York
City has sold as high as $330 per square foot
(equivalent to $825,000 per lot of 25 by 100), it
will readily be seen that iron skeleton construction
will have a very important bearing upon the
office-building of the future. A prominent archi-
tect says that in a twelve-story building covering
two New- York City lots of 25 by 100 feet each,
the saving in floor-space effected by means of
this new construction amounts to thousands of
square feet.

As the office-building has increased in height
and size, so has it advanced in the style of its
appointments. The modern elevator, with its
handsome wrought-iron wall inclosure and its
quick speed, has made the former elevator anti-
quated. Where wood was universally applied,
the costliest marbles are now used for stairs,
wainscotings and other parts of the interior.
Light and ventilation, the lack of which was the
bane of the old five-story structures, are now
considered all important ; while the toilet arrange-
ments in the modern office-buildings are superior
to anything dreamed of a quarter-of-century ago,
and are the delight of the tenant, as much as
of the sanitary expert and the plumber. Then
where woodwork is used for trimming, it is of the
finest hardwoods : mahogany, ash, oak, sycamore
and bird's-eye maple have replaced the pine and
soft lumber used in the older buildings. The
architecture of the office-building has also im-
proved. As recently as 1870 the vast majority
of such structures displayed plain fronts. Now
they illustrate the skill, taste and creative talents
of architects, artists, artisans and builders. In
this direction New York has made gigantic
strides in late years. No metropolis in the
civilized world shows such an aggregation of
magnificent office-buildings, in the same small
area of territory, as are to be found between the
Battery and City-Hall Park. Some great office-
buildings are being erected up-town.

In the city of New York there are a score of
architects whose work has earned for them an
international reputation. Then there are hundreds
of others whose work is steadily improving the
character of the whole city.

EGYPTIAN OBELISK, CENTRAL PARK.

766

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Washington Building is one of the finest and largest office-buildings in
America. It occupies an historic spot, and also has one of the most conspicuous loca-
tions possible, at the foot of Broadway, overlooking Battery Park and the harbor.
The. location, too, is picturesque and beautiful. Castle Garden is a few hundred
yards away, across the park ; and, since the immigrants are no longer to be landed
there, it is to be used as an aquarium. The Statue of Liberty is seen in the middle
distance, and up and down the North and East Rivers and around the Battery there
is a never-ending panorama of all sorts of ocean and harbor craft in full view. From
the top of the building the course of an Atlantic "liner" may be easily followed
through the Narrows and the lower bay, and out past Sandy Hook.

There was a market-stand on the site of the Washington Building in 1656. The
first newspaper issued in New York was printed in the vicinity, in 1693. ^ was
called The New- York Gazette, and it was half as big as a sheet of foolscap. In 1745
Archibald Kennedy, the eleventh Earl of Cassilis, built a handsome and imposing

house, of English
model, on the
lower portion of
the site. It had
a fine entrance,
with a carved
doorway. In this
house the twelfth
Earl of Cassilis
was born. In
later years it was
occupied by Na-
thaniel Prime ;
and about thirty-
five years ago it
was converted in-
to a hotel, known
as the Washing-
ton Hotel. Ad-
joining the house,

and on land which is a portion of the site of the Washington Building, another nand-
some residence was built in 1750 by John Watts. When large entertainments were
given by the family in either house, the two buildings were connected by a bridge in
the rear, and were thrown into one. Broad piazzas overlooked the gardens, which
extended down to the river front.

The Washington Building was erected by the Washington Building Company,
which was organized by Cyrus W. Field, "the father of the Atlantic Cable," and
of which he was for a considerable time the principal owner. It was completed in
1884. It covers 17,000 square feet of land; is thirteen stories in height; and is
fire-proof. The ball of the flag-pole on the dome is higher than the torch of the
Statue of Liberty. The material is brick, with sandstone trimmings and ornamen-
tation. The architectural treatment of the exterior is pleasing. The great surface
of either front is broken up by arched window-caps, so that no long monotonous
lines meet the eye. The roof is of the Mansard style, two stories in height, and is
surmounted by two low towers, one of circular form, on the Battery side, and one of
rectangular form, on the Broadway side. The building contains 348 offices, access

WEATHER BUREAU —OBSERVATION STATION, EQUITABLE BUILDING.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

WASHINGTON BUILDING.

BROADWAY, BATTERY PLACE AND BATTERY PARK.

768

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

to which is had by means of six large elevators. The tenants and their employees
number about 1,500 people. The present officers of the Washington Building Com-
pany are : President, T. E. Stillman ; Treasurer, William Shillaber ; Secretary and
General Manager, Alexander Cameron.

Aldrich Court is the exceedingly handsome and imposing office-building cover-
ing 41, 43 and 45 Broadway, and 17, 19 and 21 Trinity Place. It was built in the
year 1886, by the estate of Herman D. Aldrich, who was a member of the old and
successful dry-goods firm of McCurdy, Aldrich & Spencer. It is ten stories high,
and is provided with four rapid elevators, each capable of a speed of 600 feet a
minute. One of them can be utilized for carrying safes and other heavy materials

ALDRICH COURT, 41 TO 45 BROADWAY, 17 TO 21 TRINITY PLACE.

weighing 5,000 pounds. The site on which the building is erected is memorable in
the history of Manhattan Island as being the spot on which the first habitations of
white men were built, Capt. Adriaen Block, commander of the Tiger, having erected
several huts there in the year 16 1 3. The Holland Society has placed on the front
of this building a handsome tablet commemorating the above fact. A remarkable
feature of the building is a large open interior court, fifty feet wide by seventy-five
feet long, almost the size of two city lots, apparently a great waste of most valuable

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

769

space, but affording an abundance of light and ventilation to all interior offices.
Particular attention has been given to .the principal entrance, which is one of the
handsomest in the city. The interior is finished in a substantial and elaborate manner,
and provided with electric lights and all modern conveniences.

The Columbia Building* is another prominent office-structure, near by Aid-
rich Court. It is one of the few high buildings in New York on a narrow front
lot. It runs to a height \ , of thirteen stories, and the architects have admirably

overcome the struct
duced a building
seen by the illus-
Columbia Build-
front ; it fronts
to east, south
light above
magnificent

ural difficulties which were presented, and have pro-
which is prolific in architectural features, as will be
tration which is presented on this page. The
ing has the advantage of being practically all
on Broadway, Morris Street and Trinity Place,
and west ; while to the north it has unobstructed
the fifth story. The building has, of course,
light and ventilation on all its floors. Like
Aldrich Court, it is connected for electric light-
ing with the street-mains of the Edison Com-
pany, in addition to having its own dyna-
mos, and having also an underground
. connection to the Aldrich Court
dynamos. It is one of the most
attractive, unique and beautiful

-**&

**»-

COLUMBIA BUILDING, BROADWAY, MORRIS STREET AND TRINITY PLACE.

office-buildings in the metropolis, and is owned by Spencer Aldrich, by whom it
was built in 1890.

The Mills Building, named for the owner, Darius O. Mills, is one of the best
known office-buildings on this continent. It is said to be the most costly office-building
owned by any individual — its reputed cost being about .$3,000,000. At the time
of its erection it far outranked any similar structure, and to-day it is seldom equalled.
It is exceptionally fortunate in its situation to show off its architectural effects. Its
main front is on Broad Street, a street actually broad in fact as well as in name. It

77°

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

has two other street fronts, one on Wall Street, and the other on Exchange Place ;
the three fronts having distinct entrances,, all of which lead into the grand rotunda
which leads especially from the Broad- Street entrance. Its Broad- Street side is
opposite the main entrance to the Stock Exchange ; the Wall-Street entrance is
opposite the United-States Sub-Treasury building ; and the Exchange-Place
entrance is within a stone's throw of the Custom House. It is eleven stories high,
and covers about 23,000 square feet of surface area, taking in 11 to 23 Broad
Street and 35 Wall Street. It has seven excellent elevators. Its tenants num-
ber about 800, among them many railroad and other corporations, and some of the
most important banking and brokerage houses in "The Street." On the lower
floor, on Broad Street, is the St. -Nicholas Bank, and on the eleventh floor, above

1 l-irtU. KLrUI,

the offices, is a restaurant. The great feature of the Mills Building, architecturally,
is its large open court, which gives admirable light to all its offices. It almost
dwarfs the Drexel-Morgan Building, which it adjoins, and which, scarcely a decade
ago, was considered one of the finest office-buildings in Wall Street. Mr. Mills is
one of the Californian magnates who came to New York many years ago. He also
owns one of the finest buildings in San Francisco, which was completed in 1891 and
is also known as the "Mills Building." He is identified with a large number of
the greatest of New York's financial, commercial and other institutions. Among
his charitable works is the D. O. Mills Training School for Male Nurses. He is
the father-in-law of the Hon. Whitelaw Reid, ex-United-States Minister to France,
and the Republican nominee for Vice-President of the United States ; but who is
probably best known as the editor of the New- York Tribune. The erection of the
Mills Building enhanced the value of all Broad-Street real estate.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

771

MILLS BUILDING.

BROAD STREET, WALL STREET AND EXCHANGE PLACE.

772

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

The Mortimer Building, on Wall Street, at the southeast corner of New
Street, is an office structure of noteworthy importance. It is one of the first build-
ings that attracts the eye on entering Wall Street from Broadway. It is nine stories
in height, with a front of buff brick, granite and terra cotta. The colors of the three
materials blend well together, the whole exterior presenting a bright and cheerful
appearance. The Mortimer Building was erected in 1884, and it is owned by the

estate of Richard Mor-
timer. It adjoins the
Stock Exchange on
two sides, to the north
and west. That great
financial institution
looked upon the Mor-
timer site with longing
eyes some years ago,
when it was proposed
to extend the Exchange,
but the Mortimer family
had held the ground
for three generations,
and could not be in-
duced to part with it.
The building has two
elevators and about 90
offices ; those on the
main floor being very
large. It is of massive
construction, and hand-
somely appointed in its
interior. A very in-
teresting part of its
front on the Wall- Street
side is the granite name-
stone, cherished by the
Mortimers, which ap-
pears over the entrance.
It was taken from the stone in the building that stood on the same site, and which
was demolished to make way for the present structure.

The tenants of the Mortimer Building include bankers, brokers and other
financial offices ; lawyers and various professional men, care being taken to keep
out of it everything and everybody about which there can be any doubt, the result
being an exceedingly choice class of occupants. It is an admirably arranged and
most compact structure. It is supplied with all of the most modern conveniences,
Otis passenger-elevators. Worthington pumps, the best of toilet-rooms, the strongest
of vaults, steam heat, electric lights, and throughout is of the most approved fire-
proof construction. Not only does the Mortimer Building adjoin the Stock Exchange ;
it is actually hemmed in by it, the Wall-Street entrance to the Exchange being
immediately to the east, and the New-Street entrance immediately to the south,
and the glorious Trinity Church, only half a block distant, can be seen to most
excellent advantage at the main entrance to the Mortimer Building.

iSTERY ON THOMPSON STREET, NEAR BLEECKER.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

MORTIMER BUILDING.

WALL STREET, SOUTH SIDE, CORNER OF NEW STREET.

774 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

The Delaware & Hudson Canal Company's Building is an immense and
imposing fire-proof structure, generally known as the Coal and Iron Exchange.
It is on Cortlandt Street at the southeast corner of Church Street. It is not an
" Exchange " building, excepting in name ; but it is the property of the Delaware &
Hudson Canal Company, for whom it was built in 1874-76, and whose main offices
are located therein. Here centres the executive administration of the line, and here
is the focal point of its enormous and lucrative coal-trade. The great building was
designed by Richard M. Hunt, and to-day is one of the finest office-buildings in the
city, having all the modern appliances and conveniences.

The Delaware & Hudson Canal Co. is a corporation chartered by the State
of New York in 1823, mainly to transport coal from the Pennsylvania coal-fields
to New York. The canal was begun in 1825 and finished in 1828, and was twice
enlarged, first in 1844 and again in 1862, to admit vessels of 150 tons' capacity.
It extends from Rondout, on the Hudson, to Port Jervis, on the Delaware, 59
miles ; thence 24 miles up the Delaware Valley, to Lackawaxen ; and thence 26
miles to the coal-region at Honesdale. This was one of the most important
works of the great era of canal-building, which just preceded the rise of the rail-
ways. The capacity of the canal, with its equipments, is about 2,500,000 tons
per annum.

The celebrated Gravity Road from Carbondale to Honesdale, ovei which millions
of tons are carried, was begun in 1827 and finished in 1829.

Between 1827 and 1829 the Canal Company built a railway from Honesdale to
the coal-mines, and placed thereon the first locomotive that ever ran upon a railroad
in the Western hemisphere. This pioneer engine, the Stourbridge Lio7i, was brought
across from Liverpool on the packet-ship, John Jay, in 1829, and passed to Hones-
dale, by river to Rondout, and thence by canal. In i860 the company owned 108
miles of canal and 23 miles of railroad ; in 1870 it leased in perpetuity the Albany
& Susquehanna line; and in 1 87 1 it leased the Rensselaer & Saratoga line and its
branches. Subsequently it built a new line along the west side of Lake Champlain,
from Whitehall nearly to Montreal, giving a straight route from Albany to the
metropolis of Canada, and traversing a country of rare beauty and diversity of
scenery. Trains run from New- York City to Montreal, 384 miles, without change,
in less than 12 hours, reaching Albany over the New- York Central & Hudson-River
Railroad. The world-renowned Ausable Chasm is reached from Port Kent, on the
Champlain Division.

Apart from its enormous freighting business, in coal and other commodities, the
Delaware & Hudson Railroad System has a very large and lucrative tourist and
summer-travel business. It affords the best route between New York and other
southern points, and Montreal, Ottawa or Quebec, the historic old Canadian capi-
tals ; and also to Lake George and Lake Champlain, with their exquisite scenery of
land and water, mountain, island and beach ; and the famous Hotel Champlain at
the station of the same name, three miles south of Plattsburg ; to the heart of the
Adirondacks, with stages running from its stations to Blue Mountain-Lake, Long
Lake, Schroon Lake, and Keene Valley and by connecting line to Saranac Lake to
the remote interior of the Adirondack wilderness, by the Chateaugay Railroad from
Plattsburg ; to Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Plattsburg ; to Saratoga, the queen
of summer resorts ; and to Rutland and other interesting points in southern Vermont.
The Delaware & Hudson lines southwestward from Albany reach the famous resorts
of Howe's Cave, Sharon Springs, and Cooperstown, on Otsego Lake ; and pass
downward to Binghamton, and southward into the valley of Wyoming.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

775

DELAWARE & HUDSON CANAL COMPANY.

COMPANY'S BUILDING, CALLED "THE COAL AND IRON EXCHANGE," CORTLANDT AND CHURCH STREETS.

776

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Bennett Building is now owned by John Pettit, one of the ablest and
most successful investors in New-York real estate that the present decade has known,
amid all its wonder- A ful and unprecedented developments in this direction.

The Bennett Build- J^k ing was erected by the elder Bennett of Herald fame,

whose son, James Gordon Bennett, having in con-
templation a great up-town building for the Herald,
three years ago disposed of this great and valu-
able building to its present owner. The
rapid development of commercial and
financial business in the region
in which the Bennett Build-
ing stands, and
which is becoming
every year more
and more the busi-
ness centre of the
American world,
made it expedient
for Mr. Pettit to
fully improve the

WEST 86TH STREET, EAST OF AMSTERDAM AVENUE. property.

There at once began a metamorphosis in the structure, which, when completed,
made the Bennett Building what it is to-day, one of the largest, handsomest
and costliest in the Metropolis. The new owner ripped up the soft, worn woods of
a generation ago, replaced the old elevators with new ones of attractive design and
the highest attainable speed, inserted marble in place of wood, and inlaid mosaic
floors in place of timber. He also added four new stories, so that the building is
now eleven floors in height, and contains all the modern appointments, just as
though it had been newly constructed from foundation to roof within the last two
years. In the centre of the building is a spacious cone in which the elevators run in
broad day-light, in place of the dark and badly ventilated shafts of old. There are
four entrances to the building, two on Nassau Street, one on Ann Street and one
on Fulton Street.
There are 600 oc-
cupants. All of
the offices, with
exception of about
half-a-dozen, were
rented before the
alterations and
additions to the
building were

completed. The building covers about eight New-York City lots and is one
of the most noticeable in the neighborhood of the City-Hall Park. It is, perhaps,
unnecessary to add that the Bennett Building has electric lights in every room and
hall ; is heated by steam throughout ; and is of fire-proof construction.

Across the street stood the Commercial Advertiser Building, which was destroyed
by fire in 1 89 1. On its site a superb lofty office structure is now being erected.
All through this section a great improvement is taking place, particularly on Fulton
and Nassau Streets.

CENTRAL MARKET, SEVENTH AVENUE AND 48TH STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Ill

BENNETT BUILDING.

NASSAU, FULTON ANO ANN STREETS.

77*

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Potter Building is one of the tallest of the range of office-buildings
around Printing-House Square and City-Hall Park, and is of an extraordinary
height. It is admirably situated, with its superb frontage of 96 feet on Park Row,
90 feet on Nassau Street, and 150 feet on Beekman Street. It is eleven stories high,
and was the first building in the midst of the great newspaper section to be erected
to such a height. The Potter Building possesses two unusual features, from a con-
structive point of view : first, it was the first building erected in this city which was
ornamented elaborately with terra cotta ; second, it was the first in its locality
which had its iron-work and stone-work covered with hollow brick, so that the iron
and stone are not ex- posed to view or to heat from fire. It is also

one of the most sub- . • 1 stantially constructed and absolutely fire-

proof among the office buildings in the metropolis. The

owner, ex-Congressman Orlando B.
Potter, who is a very large real-estate
proprietor, erected it as an investment,
and so ordered its construction that it
would endure, practically, forever. Mr.
Potter has his offices on the eleventh
floor. The build-
ing has four large
rapid passenger
elevators, which
are approached
from both the Park
Row and Nassau-
street sides,
through massive
doors, and also on
the second floor,
by means of the
entrance on Beek-

WEST 57TH STREET, BETWEEN SEVENTH AND EIGHTH AVENUES. mall StTCet. There

arc 200 offices in the building, including those of several newspaper and periodical
publishers, insurance and other companies, lawyers and professional men ; and the
tremendous energies concentrated here are felt far and wide.

Among the tenants are The Press, the penny Republican newspaper which claims
a daily circulation of over 100,000; the New- York Observer, the first and oldest
religious paper; Otis Brothers & Co., the foremost passenger-elevator builders; and
the Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association, the leading assessment insurance com-
pany of the world.

The rotter Building is immediately across the street from the Post Office and
the Park-Row front faces City-Hall Park. It is in full view from Broadway.
It is within a minute's walk of the Brooklyn Bridge and the Elevated Railroad, and
is hedged in on all sides by the daily newspapers. No office building has a choicer
location. It is one of the groups of buildings that is forming around the City-Hall
Park the grandest architectural square in America.

The really noble proportions of the Potter Building, and the impressive character
of its architecture, make of it one of the great and illustrious monuments of commer-
cial success in the Empire City. In time, the City-Hall Park will be surrounded
with such buildings, the centre of incalculable activities.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

179

III #.

<■-,

#■'

POTTER BUILDING.

PARK ROW, NASSAU AND BEFKMAN STREETS.

/oo KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Temple Court, owned by Eugene Kelly, the veteran banker, is one of the
finest office-buildings in New York. The structure is ten stories in height and com-
prises two sections, the first constructed about a decade ago, the other in 1889-90.
They are joined together by passage-ways, and, united, form one of the largest office-
buildings in the city, with frontages on Beekman Street, Nassau Street and Theatre
Alley. The situation is most convenient, being but a short distance from the Post
Office, Printing-House Square and City Hall Park. It was on this site, in a theatre
built in 1 75 1, that Hamlet was first produced in America. Here, too, in those early
patriotic days which " tried men's souls," a meeting took place in this theatre to
give emphatic disapproval of the Stamp Tax in 1764. On this same site stood the
former Clinton Hall and the Clinton Hotel. Clinton Hall was built for the Mer-
cantile Library, which occupied a part of the building. Here was made an impor-
tant part of the collection of books now so comfortably quartered in the present
Clinton Hall, in Astor Place. The Clinton Hotel was one of the best of its time,
and the table was particularly pleasing to old-fashioned New-Yorkers. Above the
hotel, on the top floor of the building, were the rooms of the National Academy of
Design, now located at 23d Street and Fourth Avenue. President Daniel Hunting-
ton of the Academy says : " In those days there were no 'lifts,' or elevators, but
the apartments there were very fine. There was one room fifty feet square at least.
We had a fine light, in fact, better light than the institution has had since. Then
it was so spacious that we could get a good view of a large, full-length picture across
the room. Since then the apartments of the Academy have been more numerous
but smaller." It was here then that two of New York's notable institutions, the
National Academy and the Mercantile Library, tarried and got that strength that
enabled them to move into greater and more suitable structures. Here, too, the
largest bank of the United States — The National Park Bank of New York — which
to-day has the greatest amount of gross assets of any National or State Bank in the
country, made its start, and for many years owned the greater part of the site of the
Beekman-Street portion of Temple Court. It was from the Park Bank that Mr.
Kelly, who for many years has been one of its directors, bought the property,
when the bank made its move into its present quarters on Broadway. Thus the
drama, art, literature and finance have all thrived on this spot, and it is appropriate
to find here an edifice that is creditable in architecture and pleasing in nomenclature.

Temple Court is a modern building in every sense, it is thoroughly equipped with
all the latest improvements. It contains five fine passenger elevators, which give
quick and easy access to all the floors ; Worthington pumps for supplying water ; and
other modern conveniences. The Nassau-Street front, which presents an attractive
and imposing appearance, is of light limestone imported from Balinasloe, Ireland ;
while the Beekman-Street side is of brick and stone, and is quite stately. The older
part of the building has a spacious vestibule entrance with a large central court that
runs from the ground floor to the tenth story. This gives light and ventilation, and
a pleasant effect to the interior rooms. Some of the offices have open fire-places
with mantels and grates, and the trim is in hardwood finish throughout. Temple
Court is largely occupied by law firms, and other professional men and manufacturers.
One of its finest suites of offices was occupied, until recently, by one of the United-
States Government departments. On the ground floor are the banking-rooms and
safe-deposit vaults of the Nassau Bank.

The quaint towers of Temple Court, with their high pyramidal roofs, are un-
mistakable land-marks in the heart of New York, and point the way to the scenes
of vast and momentous transactions in business and finance.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

781

TEMPLE COURT.

BEEKMAN STREET, SOUTHWEST CORNER OF NASSAU STREET.

78-2

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Morse Building, at the northeast corner of Nassau and Beekman Streets,
is a striking illustration of the architectural beauty of brick and terra cotta. It is a
solid, handsome structure, nine stories in height, with a frontage of 85 feet on Nas-
sau Street and 69 feet on Beekman Street. The entrance is on Nassau Street,
through a noble semi-circular arch, supported by massive pillars. The windows are
deep-set, in brick and terra cotta ornamental work, and the front of the building is
divided into three facades by ornamental pilasters. There are semi-circular or flat-
tened curved arches over all the openings. The heavy cornice is of terra cotta, and
the roof is covered with tiling of the same material. The floors are constructed of
iron beams, supported at both ends on brick-work, and filled in with fire-proof
arches. The partitions are also fire-proof. An iron stairway, with marble and slate
treads, occupies the center of the building. Immense water tanks, of a total capacity

HARLEM RIVER,

BRIDGE AND WASHINGTON BRIDGE, AND THE WATER TOWER.

of 4, 500 gallons, supplied by YVorthington steam-pumps, are at all times connected
with fire-hydrants on each floor. Two Otis hydraulic elevators convey visitors to
the upper floor, and there is a separate hoisting apparatus for safes and furniture.
Steam heat is supplied, but there are also open fire-places in nearly all the rooms.
The boiler and smoke-stack are outside of the building, and excessive heat in sum-
mer is avoided. The structure is finished in oak, wrought in tasteful designs. The
hall-floors are of Spanish tiling ; those of the offices, of yellow pine. The hard-
ware is bronze. The windows are glazed with plate glass. The offices are occupied
for the most part by lawyers and the agents of manufacturing corporations. The
Morse Building was erected, in 1879, by Sidney E. and G. Livingstone Morse, and
they and .their architects, Silliman & Farnsworth, were influenced in their choice of
material by the fact that in the great Boston and Chicago fires brick proved to be
the best resistant of heat. The building is now the property of Nathaniel Niles,

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

783

MORSE BUILDING.

NASSAU STREET, NORTHEAST CORNER OF BEEKMAN STREET,

784 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

who purchased it as an investment in 1892. It is considered absolutely fire-proof.
Seldom are any of its offices vacant. The location is exceptionally good, being near
the Post Office and City- Hall Park, the Third- A venue Elevated Railroad Station,
and the Brooklyn Bridge. Its surrounding buildings on the other three corners are
the Vanderbilt, Temple Court and the Potter Building.

Other Notable Office Buildings are illustrated and described in the insurance,
bank and railroad chapters, in connection with the corporations which occupy them.

Modern Domestic Architecture, in some of its most interesting develop-
ments, is to be seen in upper New York, in the newer residential quarters, occupied
by well-to-do city merchants. Especially is this the case on the West Side, between
Central Park and the Hudson River, a region of considerable natural beauty, and
sufficiently elevated to be very healthful. Here the usual monotony of long city
blocks has been diversified by many skilful devices of the metropolitan architects,
revealing the results of careful technical study and wide travel and observation. On
these long streets, running from the park to the river, are many picturesquely
diversified facades, with suggestions of the Elizabethan, the Gothic, the Roman-
esque, or a noticeable Nuremberg or Italian feeling, or a pleasing touch of old
Flemish or Dutch sentiment. An interesting feature of dwelling architecture has
reached a definite and gratifying result in the unique blocks of "King Model
Houses," designed and constructed by the famous builder, David H. King, Junior.
When the West Side is finished it will be one of the most diversified and agreeable
residence-quarters in the world. The newer streets also show a pleasing variety of
materials used in construction, the dull brownstone or plain brick of former days
being now relieved by Caen stone, creamy Ohio sandstone, the many varieties, odd
shapes, and peculiar colors of pressed brick and terra cotta, and by fine wrought-
iron work. The new churches in upper New York are also of high value from an
artistic and aesthetic standpoint, and give a needed distinction to the growing wards.

The American Institute of Architects was formed at New York, in 1836,
when there were but about a dozen properly trained architects in the United States.
These met in session in New York, and formed the American Institution of Archi-
tects, the predecessor of the present American Institute of Architects, which was chart-
ered in New York in 1857. Ten years later it was found expedient to re-organize
the Institute into a group of Chapters, one in New York, and others at Philadelphia,
Chicago, Cincinnati, Boston, and other cities. The quarters of the Institute, and
of the New-York Chapter, are in a fire-proof building. The presidents of the In-
stitute have been : Richard Upjohn, architect of Trinity Church, from 1867 to 1876 ;
Thomas U. Walter, architect of the United-States Capitol, from 1876 to 1887; and
Richard M. Hunt. The secretaries have been : R. M. Hunt, Henry Van Brunt,
J. W. Ritch, Charles D. Gambrill, F. C. Withers, Russell Sturgis, P. B. Wight,
Carl Pfeiffer, A. J. Bloor, C. F. McKim, H. M. Congdon, and Geo. C. Mason, Jr.

New York has always been prominent in the architectural history of America,
from its fearless enterprise, vast wealth, and metropolitan position. The foremost
architectural school of America is that pertaining to Columbia College, whose
Avery Architectural Library, together with the richly endowed Architectural De-
partment of the Metropolitan Museum, afford admirable opportunities for studies
in this noble and beautiful phase of art.

The grand openings made by Union Square, Madison Square, and the triangles
or squares formed by the swinging of Broadway diagonally across the island, and
then intersecting the main avenues, afford fine opportunities for architectural display
which are fast being improved.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

7*1

786

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

HKTH AVENUE, NORTH FROM 26TH STREET.

(*?r> D'vs

^taJlEstabIist&-i1

Interesting and Prominent Retail Concerns, Nearly all Being
Unquestioned Leading Houses in Their Respective Lines,

ALL AMERICA goes to New York for its shopping, when it can. Here you
. can find the perfection of everything, from the brightest of cambric needles
and the most delicious of crumpets, up to the bridal trousseau for a daughter of the
Winthrops or the Washingtons, or a line of ocean-steamships with their entire outfit.
Humanity enjoys seeing the products of mankind, and the shops of New York, the
resplendent lines of retail stores sweeping around Union and Madison Squares and
along the intervening and branching streets, these are always fascinating, alluring,
irresistible. What cannot be found here, is not to be found in any shopping district
anywhere. The brightness of Broadway, the vivacity of lower Fifth Avenue, the
sparkle of 23d Street, are made up of the splendid temptations of the shop windows,
and the groups of charming people who linger about them spell-bound. Ill fares
the rural or provincial purse whose owner ventures before these attractive windows,
extending for miles on miles, ever diversified and varied ; a perfect kaleidoscope of
silks and velvets, laces and jewels, rich books and music, paintings and statuary,
rifles and racquets, confections and amber-like bottles, cloisonnde and cut-glass, every-
thing imaginable for use or luxury, massed in perfect affluence, and displayed in the
most attractive way possible. What are the Parisian boulevards, or even Regent
Street, to this magnificent panorama of mercantile display, reaching from the Wash-
ington Arch to Bryant Park? In harmony with the growth of the city from the
simple Dutch village, the tastes and requirements of a cosmopolitan population of
about 3,000,000 people who reside within or around the present city, have developed
so that they demand and seem to be able and willing to pay for the best of every-
thing that can be produced in this or any other country.

It should be borne in mind that the great and famous places of business, as a
rule, are the best places to do shopping : their immense establishments offering the
greatest varieties, the best of service, the most reliable goods, and withal a responsi-
bility that is a consideration to the stranger buying in a strange city.

The houses mentioned in this book have been selected with especial care ; the
aim of the publisher being to insert notices only of establishments which are known
to be absolutely of the highest rank in their respective lines.

Arnold, Constable & Company's dry-goods establishment is one of the old-
est and best-known in the United States. It is one of the business houses which
bring credit to the mercantile world of this country. Its record for conservative
enterprise, extreme integrity, and unquestioned reliability stands untarnished.

The firm occupies a huge and magnificent storehouse, covering very nearly an
acre of ground, fronting on Broadway and Fifth Avenue ; it also covers the whole

7«« KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

of 19th Street, between these two great arteries of the city ; then by an extension
through to 1 8th Street, it commands an entrance to that street, and secures for the
firm one of the best-lighted and best-ventilated buildings in the city, which occupies
more than half of the big city block. The building is seven stories in height, is of
iron, marble and brick, and the newer portions are fire-proof. It is one of the
prominent features of business architecture in the up-town section.

The house of Arnold, Constable & Co. was founded by A. Arnold, in 1827,
nearly three generations ago. He began business just west of the corner of Canal and
Mercer Streets, and in course of time removed to larger quarters on Canal Street,
three doors east of Mercer Street, gradually purchasing all of the lots bounded by
Canal, Mercer and Howard Streets, with a frontage of 75 feet on Canal Street, and
100 feet on Howard Street. He built for the firm in 1857 a store then celebrated
for the attention paid to its light, and to all the wants of a growing business. Here
the panic of 1857 passed over them, leaving them still anxious to enlarge their
trade. Ten years later, the growth of the city northward warned Mr. Arnold that
the retail trade would soon leave Canal Street. After first purchasing on Union
Square, he determined to locate on Broadway and 19th Street; and purchased of
Mr. Hoyt the ground on which part of their retail store now stands, and which was
then covered with two-story-and-a-half brick buildings. Moving their retail busi-
ness into their new quarters in 1869, the transfer had hardly been accomplished
when it was discovered that more room was a necessity. Two stories were added
to the original budding, and an extension fifty feet wide was erected on 19th Street.
Then came a demand for more room for the wholesale department, which was still
located on Canal Street, and, notwithstanding most of the great hotels were below
Bond Street, it was determined to re-unite the business under one roof, and to pur-
chase the property on Fifth Avenue surrounded by the dwellings of the Belmonts,
Parishes, Marshall O. Roberts, and dozens of New York's wealthiest families.
This was accomplished in 1877, just half a century after the business had been
started in Canal Street. A. Arnold died before the building was completed ; and
James M. Constable, who had been taken into partnership in 1842, became the
senior member, and still continues at the head of the firm, which now consists of
James M. Constable, Frederick A. Constable, and Hicks Arnold, a nephew of the
founder of the house. It is one of the few dry-goods stores which have not been
converted into a "Bazaar." The business is divided into three principal divisions :
dry-goods, carpets, and upholstery. The first floor of the big retail store is devoted
to the display of silks, dress goods, laces, hosiery, linens, flannels, etc. The second
floor is alloted to ladies' and children's garments, furs, dresses, shawls, and mourn-
ing goods. Upholstery, carpets, and Oriental rugs occupy the third, fourth and fifth
floors. The display on all these floors is a veritable art exhibit, made possible by
the extensive foreign connections of the firm, and the large staff of buyers in the
employ of the house, who are constantly seeking in every corner of the globe for
novelties. The sixth and seventh floors are used for manufacturing purposes. The
i8th-Street extension is a portion of the retail store, and the two lower stories open
into the main building through broad arches. The upper stories of the i8th-Street
building are assigned to the manufacturing departments. The wholesale section of
the business is located in the Fifth-Avenue part of the building, with the general
offices on the second floor ; and a large stock of goods is stored in the firm's ware-
house at Ninth Avenue and 16th Street. Arnold, Constable & Co. are known all
over the country. Their travelling salesmen visit every section. Their Paris house
is at 21 Rued' Hauteville ; their Lyons house, at 8 Quai St. Clair.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

78y

79° KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK'.

The Gorham Manufacturing Company, at the northwest corner of Broadway
and 19th Street, makes of its silverware and ecclesiastical metal work a perpetual ex-
hibition of American art. There is not a lover of colors, gems, or graceful forms that
it may not vividly impress. The four corners of Broadway and 19th Street are all
specially notable : on one corner is the ancient dwelling-house of the Goelet family,
which is, with its surrounding grounds, a curious spectacle of Broadway ; on another,
the palatial carpet warehouse of W. & J. Sloane ; on another, the great dry-goods
house of Arnold, Constable & Co. ; and on the other, the grand establishment of the
Gorham Company, the finest in its line in the world.

The Gorham factory is at Elmwood, Providence, R. I., in model buildings,
covering five and a half acres, comprising offices, a library and a museum, besides an
infinity of rooms that the silver enters in the form of blocks called bricks and quits
in the form of exquisite objects of art encased in artistic boxes. There are made the
designs, which are original as well for the slight edge ornament of a card case as for
Cluny, Medici, Fontainebleau and Nuremberg spoons that demand a patent. There
are made beside masterpieces of silversmiths, memorial brasses, mural tablets, altar
railings, busts, statuettes, reliefs, plaques, in bronze ; and ornaments of chapels
and cathedrals.

In New York, for more than a quarter of a century, all these marvels of handi-
craft that the government of France rewarded with its highest award at the Exposi-
tion Universelle of 1889 have been famous. In New York the mark of the Gorham
Manufacturing Company has the authority which the ancient official poincon has in
France. It is the mark of objects of art indisputably perfect. Their form is
gracefulness itself; their decoration has impeccable tact and taste. They are works
of artists, made for the view and touch of artists. In the warerooms, from the
glass-covered cases where they are displayed, come a gaiety, a harmony of forms
and colors that enchant. On the first floor, at the right as one enters, is the silver-
plated ware which is exclusively tableware. At the rear are the large pieces — the
magnificent punch bowls, carved in representation of vine leaves, grapes, Bacchanals,
or nymphs and satyrs, or sculptured with arabesques in relief, or colored, as en-
gravings and etchings are colored, with hatches, in admirable pictures of sea and
shells ; silver and silver-gilt mounted crystals and cut-glass ; loving-cups ; presenta-
tion and memorial works. At the left are the goblets, the tea sets, the coffee sets,
the toilet sets, the silver-mounted glassware, porcelain and faience. The shelves are
of mahogany, glass and mirrors, the boxes are of leather, silk, velvet and plush.
In the cases which, placed at right angles with the shelves on the walls, form com-
partments, and in the cases in the middle of the room, are clocks, watches, jewelry,
table sets, silver fashioned for every conceivable use, designed for great celebrations
and festivals, desk ornaments, favors for the German, trifles that have required
marvels of ingenuity, skill and artistic feeling. Here are princely gifts accessible
to every purse. Here are the goblets, beakers, basins, amphoras, flowered cande-
labra of the classic Florentine workshops, and in greater quantity and variety.

On the second floor are the samples, models and goods of the wholesale depart-
ment. Then there are, at work, the engravers of initials and other marks required
by buyers. There is a department specially devoted to the business done with
hotels. There are floors with stained-glass -windows, and rooms bathed in a light
like a chapel for lecturns, with tablets, crosses and chalices. One large cross of
bronze is studded with passion-flowers in relief. The figures of the lecturns are
angels, eagles, annunciation -lilies. There are all the ecclesiastical art-works. In
buying them, or any object with the Gorham stamp, one buys works truly precious.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

o t

THE GORHAM MANUFACTURING COMPANY.

BROADWAY, NORTHWEST CORNER OF 19th STRFFT.

792

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Lord & Taylor, wholesale and
retail dry-goods merchants, are one of
the oldest, largest, and most substan-
tial of New- York business houses.
They have two very large stores : one
at Broadway and 20th Street, which
serves the wants of the wealthy and
middle classes, and one at Grand and
Chrystie Streets, which is a favorite
shopping-place for the enormous popu-
lation of the East Side. The house is
one of the oldest in the dry-goods trade.
It was established about 1830 by Sam-
uel Lord, a native of Saddleworth,
England, and George W. Taylor, of
New York. The original establish-
ment was down- town, in Catharine
Street ; and for many years previous to
1 87 1 the principal store was at the
corner of Broadway and Grand Street.
In the course of time Mr. Taylor re-
tired, and James S. Taylor was ad-
mitted to partnership with Mr. Lord.
They were succeeded by John T. Lord, a son of the original senior partner, and John
S. Lyle, and these in turn by G. W. T. Lord, Samuel Lord, Jr., and Edward P.
Hatch. The firm-name has always been the same, not having been changed in up-
wards of sixty years, a record not frequent in this country. During that long period
the development of the busi- ness has been marvellous, until the small es-

LORD & TAYLOR, ORIGINAL STORE, CATHARINE STREET.

tablishment of the early
one of the great mer-

-ORD & TAYLOR, GRAND

thirties has expanded, by natural growth, into
cantile enterprises of the metropolis. The
principal store is at Broadway and 20th
Street. It is of iron, five stories in
height, and measures 100 feet on
Broadway and 175 feet on 20th
Street. It is equipped with
Otis elevators, Woithington
pumps, and other
m o d e r n conveni-
ences. A feature
of the construc-
tion, and a good
one from an archi-
tectural point of
view is a fine
large entrance-
arch in the centre
of the Broadway
facade, which ex-
tends through two
stories. The lower

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

79,

story is particularly light and bright, the windows on either front being large, and
the ceiling high. Silk and dress goods occupy a large portion of the space on this
floor, and the departments of hosiery, linens, small wares and men's furnishing goods
are also located there. In the second story, which is reached by an elevator, as well
as by broad stairways, there are furs, costumes, underwear and cloaks, as well as an
extensive millinery department, which the house makes a prominent feature. The
third story is devoted to carpets, rugs, upholsteries and Oriental goods. The whole-
sale department occupies the fourth and a portion of the fifth stories. The space
occupied by this department gives no indication of the volume of business, as it is given
up to samples rather than to stock. The rest of the fifth story is given to the manu-
facturing department, in which the famous Lord & Taylor costumes are made. The
house removed to the present store, which was built for it, in 1871. The up-town
establishment is purely a dry-goods store. The Grand-Street house, which is the
larger of the two, is not only a dry-goods store, but also, in a sense, a bazaar. The
firm-name of Lord & Taylor has been held in high esteem from the outset, and the
annual sales of the two stores reach figures away up into the millions of dollars.

Visitors to New York City always find it
through the Lord & Taylor establishments,
come there, whether patrons or not ; they see
of the world in these lines of goods, and they
attentive and agreeable corps of employees.

of great interest to go
They are always wel-
the newest productions
are waited upon by an
This house is one which
adds greatly to the
* credit of the mer-
N cantile firms of New
P*F York City.

LORD & TAYLOR, BROADWAY, SOUTHWEST CORNER OF 20TM STREET.

794

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Gilman Collamore & Co., on Fifth Avenue, at the northwest corner of 30th
Street, have a veritable art exhibition in their usual display of fancy glass-ware and
fine china. The Collamore name is indelibly identified with the past traditions of
this trade, and in houses of wealth and taste it seldom happens that there are not
wares obtained through Collamore's. The firm occupies a handsome sandstone and
brick building, which has a frontage of 40 feet on Fifth Avenue, and a depth of 125
feet. Their grand display-rooms are so laid out and arranged as to promote the
artistic effect of the exceedingly choice stock of goods. A specialty is made of secur-
ing the richest and handsomest novelties in glass and china that Europe produces.
Its buyers are instructed to look for novelties, rather than to attend to the purchase
of staple goods. The house imports heavily of Sevres, Royal Dresden and Royal
Berlin wares, and of the products of the best English and German factories. A large
part of its imported goods cannot be found in any other house in America. The
firm looks for its support to people of wealth, of good taste and refinement, and
therefore handles nothing but expensive goods. Its methods are progressive and
brilliant, and at the same time conservative. It will search all Europe for a novelty
of real artistic value, and then will allow that article to make its own appeal to the

purchaser by vir-
tue of its place in
the general dis-
play of stock.
The house has
been in existence,
for thirty years,
and has always
maintained itself
at the head and
front of its line
of trade by virtue
of the artistic ex-
cellence of its
goods. It has
been in its pres-
ent location for
about two years.
Mr. Collamore,
the founder, died
some years ago.
The firm at pres-
ent consists of
John J. Gibbons
and Timothy J.
Martin. The for-
mer pays special
attention to pur-
chasing, and
makes trips to

GILMAN COLLAMORE & CO., FIFTH AVENUE, NORTHWEST CORNER 30th STREET. Europe frequently

to that end. Mr. Martin devotes himself to the display and sale of goods. There is no
choicer or more precious stock in this line in America, none more delicately exhibited.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

795

W. & J. Sloane, at the southeast corner of Broadway and 19th Street, whole-
sale and retail dealers in carpets, Oriental rugs, lace curtains and upholstery
materials, have fifty years of celebrity. In 1843 their house was on Broadway, oppo-
site the City Hall ; and, following the march of business up-town, it is at present,
as it was then, the centre of the retail furnishing district. The building, of stone,
brick and iron, in
six stories above
and one under the
sidewalk, a solid,
graceful edifice, is
scarcely vast enough
for the display of
the large stock dealt
in by W. & J.
Sloane. They con-
trol the product of
a great number of
domestic and for-
eign carpet-mills,
and moreover im-
port the best work
of other mills of
Germany, Switzer-
land, Scotland,
England and
France. Their
goods arc in nearly
all the carpet and
upholstery stores of
the country, and
have at retail sale
a proportionate pat-
ronage. Having
special advantages,
W. & J. Sloane are
enabled to offer the

largest assortment of goods, from the cheapest to the most expensive fabric, that
exists anywhere. In addition to the large stock of domestic goods, their representa-
tives are sent several times every year to the principal markets of Europe and Asia,
and they procure in abundance all that may be desired in English and French velvet,
Brussels, Axminster and Aubusson carpets, antique and modern Oriental rugs, China
and Japan mattings, and other fabrics. There, also, are found carpets made in special
designs to conform to the prevailing styles of interior decoration, and full stocks of
conventional patterns. There are upholstery materials for furniture and wall-cover-
ing, and window hangings, in the most delicate and beautiful fabrics. There can be
found all the luxury which art can give, and avast assortment of graceful interior deco-
rations that may be obtained with limited expenditure. As their retail trade extends
throughout the length and breadth of this country, many avail themselves of the
privilege of sending for samples, to make selections from. The house of W. & J.
Sloane stands indisputably at the head of the carpet and rug industry of this country.

W. & J. SLOANE, BROADWAY, SOUTHEAST CORNER 19TH STREET.

796

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

James McCreery & Co., dry-goods merchants, occupy a very large store at
Broadway and nth Street. The locality is one of considerable interest, as Grace
Church and Grace House are almost opposite, just a little below, at the bend in
Broadway. The store is five stories high, and is built of iron. It measures 75

JAMES MCCREERY & CO., BROADWAY, NORTHWEST CORNER OF 11TH STRElT,

feet on Broadway, and 225 feet on I ith Street, and has a large extension in the rear,
reaching toward 12th Street. The house is one of the oldest in the dry-goods trade.
It was founded half a century ago, in Canal Street, by Ubsdell & Pearson Then
the firm became Ubsdell, Pearson & Lake ; then Lake & McCreery ; and about
twenty years ago, James McCreery & Co. The building occupied by the present

A'AVG'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

797

firm was erected by its predecessor, and was sold to the Methodist Book Concern
just as James McCreery & Co. moved into it. For twenty years the dry-goods firm
was the tenant of the Book Concern, and occupied a greater part of the building.
Then in 1889 it bought back the property, and it now occupies all of the five stories,
and also the basement. The establishment is a dry-goods store, pure and simple,
as distinguished from the modern bazaar, in which all sorts of things are sold ; and
is one of the very few large dry-goods houses in the city which have held closely to
their own line of trade. It is preeminently the place at which ladies find materials
for dresses, whether they desire simple house-gowns or full wedding trousseaux.
While the house carries full lines of all staple goods, it pays special attention to the
choicest fabrics of rare designs. It has a resident buyer in Europe, whose sole
business it is to purchase novelties in styles and fabrics, especially in silks and wool-
ens. While it carries goods of all reliable grades, at the lowest practicable prices,
the great volume of its trade is in handsome, elegant goods, both staples and novel-
ties. The lower story of its building is peculiarly adapted to the proper display of

SILK DEPARTMENT OF JAMES MCCREERY & CO., BROADWAY AND 1 1 TH STREET.

such materials. There is bright sunlight in the windows of the Broadway and nth-
Street fronts, and direct light on the northerly side of the extension toward 12th
Street. Besides, the ceiling is nearly 20 feet high, and this of itself gives a bright
and airy appearance to the store. The trade of James McCreery & Co. is wholesale,
as well as retail. In the wholesale branch it is confined solely to novelties in styles
and fabrics of dry-goods, and it extends to every city in the United States. A
peculiarity of the management of the house is that its employees are assured of
practically permanent positions, dependent only on good behavior. There are clerks
and salesmen now in the house who have been in the service of the firm for twenty
years or more, among them some who began service with Ubsdell & Pearson, the
founders of the house, a full generation ago.

It is generally recognized that there is no house in America that carries a finer
or more extensive line of silks and silk fabrics than that carried at all times in this
retail silk department — a department especially constructed and arranged for the
most advantageous display of the splendid stock. There is no more trustworthy
house with which to do business than the firm of James McCreery & Co.

79§

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Brooks Brothers, clothiers, at Broadway and 22d Street, are of the third gen-
eration of a family which began business in that line of trade more than three-
quarters of a century ago. David Brooks opened a clothing-house at Cherry and
Market Streets in 1812. The locality was a fashionable one then. The first execu-
tive mansion, occupied by Washington as President of the United States, was on
Cherry Street. So was the house of Capt. Rcid, at which the United-States flag
was remodelled into its present form, and so were those of many of the most prom-
inent people of the city. Henry S. Brooks joined his brother David in the clothing
business soon after it was established, but in 1818 he opened a new store of his own,
also in Cherry Street. In the early part of the century the journeyman-tailor went
from house to house, and fitted out the men of the family with clothes. David Brooks
had looked principally for the trade of sailors and workmgmen. Henry S. Brooks,
looking well ahead of the times, saw an opportunity to supply in better style the
wants of the people who had been served by the journeymen-tailors, and to such
people he addressed himself. Then he justified his declaration that his establish-
ment was the pioneer clothing-house of America. He soon moved to the corner of
Cherry and Catharine Streets, and he and his descendants occupied that spot till 1877.
In fact, there is a clothing-house there to-day, conducted by the successors of a
number of old employees of Brooks Brothers. Four sons of Henry S. Brooks suc-
ceeded him in the business he established. The old store at Cherry and Catharine
Streets was torn down, and rebuilt in 1845. It was sacked during the Draft Riot of
1863, but was refitted and restocked. As the city grew, the firm opened another
store at Broadway and Grand Street, and in 1877, when it gave up the Cherry-Street
stores, it consolidated both the old houses in a new one at Broadway and Bond
Street. It was always foremost in its line of trade, and it moved up-town with the
march of progress. The Park Theatre, at Broadway and 22d Street, the second one
to bear the name, was burned late in the afternoon of October 30, 18S2. On its site,
the following year, rose a fine business building, five stories high, and when it was

completed Brooks Brothers
took possession of it, and
opened on March 13, 1884,
one of the largest as well
as one of the finest clothing-
houses in America. The
building is of brick and sand-
stone, and measures 104 feet
on Broadway, and 114 feet on
22d Street. The establish-
ment is only a short block
distant from Madison Square
and the Fifth-Avenue Hotel,
and is right in the line of and
surrounded by New York's greatest retail establishments. Brooks Brothers occupy
the entire structure, the various floors being allotted to different branches of their
trade. The firm's dealings are with customers of a high class, and its custom depart-
ment is probably the largest in the world. There is no place on either continent
where one can get more trustworthy clothing than at this house ; its invariable policy
being to supply ready-made garments equal in all respects to custom-made. The
present members of the firm are John F. Brooks, Francis G. Lloyd, Walter Brooks,
and Frederick Brooks.

BROOKS' CLOTHING STORE, CATHARINE STREET, IN 1845

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

799

8oo

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Mathew Rock, at 315 Fifth Avenue, corner of 320! Street, is the tailor par
excellence of America. He commands the most eminent patronage, and obtains the
highest prices for his productions. He is a native of Germany, and as a young
man he was employed in some of the leading tailoring establishments in London
and Paris. When he came to this country, he was thoroughly equipped with a
knowledge of the
highest grade of
trade, secured at the
centres of fashion.
He started in busi-
ness in New York
twenty-five years ago,
at 795 Broadway, op-
posite Grace Church.
From the outset he
has imported all his
cloths, linings and
trimmings ; and he
has made trips to
Europe twice a year
in search of informa-
tion as to styles, and
also to select mate-
rials. All his cloths
are made especially
for him, and conse-
quently his produc-
tions cannot be
duplicated by any

tailor in America. This absolute control of the style of his cloths, together with
excellence of workmanship, has given Mr. Rock his position at the head of the
trade. He removed to 224 Fifth Avenue in 1879, an<l ^rom there to his present
store four years ago. The building, of which he is the owner, stands at the south-
east corner of 32d Street. Broad, high windows look out upon both street and
avenue, and give to the interior a bright and attractive appearance. The structure
has a frontage of 25 feet on Fifth Avenue, and is 100 feet deep. Mr. Rock occupies
the first floor and basement. He employs ten cutters and salesmen, and six special
workmen, in the establishment. He pays the highest prices to cutters, and thus is
able to secure the services of the most skilful. The outside force of tailors numbers
about seventy people. The work of the establishment commends itself in the cor-
rect taste displayed in the selection of the materials at the outset, as well as in
the fashioning of the garments. Eminent men all over the United States are
numbered among the patrons of Mathew Rock. They include bankers, merchants,
professional men, government officials, army and navy officers, and retired capital-
isis. Mr. Rock's establishment occupies a conspicuous corner of fashionable Fifth
Avenue, and looks out upon many of the aristocratic churches, notable clubs, prin-
cipal hotels and noted residences. A block distant is The Waldorf. — probably the
most costly hotel structure in this country. Two blocks away is the residence of the
late Alexander T. Stewart, now the Manhattan Club. Thus in situation, in skill,
and in stock the establishment of Mathew Rock stands in the lead.

MATHEW ROCK, FIFTH AVENUE, CORNER OF 320 STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

80 1

Best & Co.'s Liliputian Bazaar is one of the unique business establishments of
New York. It occupies the large building at 60 to 62 West 23d Street, and extend-
ing through the block, and numbered 49 to 51 West 22d Street. The name of the
establishment is significant, as the business is that of fitting children with clothes,
shoes, hats, outer garments, and even with the means of amusing themselves. Best &
Co. begin with the infants, and their customers do not outgrow the facilities of the
establishment until they become men and women. Not only is the Liliputian Bazaar
the only establishment of its kind in New York, but it is the largest and most com-
prehensive one in the world. Its success and in fact its existence illustrate the
change in the method of providing children with clothing that has been going
on for the past ten years.

As much attention is
paid to-day to the artis-
tic appearance of a child's
outfit as there is to that
of a society belle, and to
Best & Co. in considera-
ble measure is due the
credit of developing this
feeling. The firm manu-
factures a large propor-
tion of its own goods and
supervises the production
of its own designs. The
lower floor of its double
store is devoted to the %
boys' outfitting depart-
ment. The second is set
apart for the girls' de-
partment. The third
story is given up to a
force of clerks, salesmen
and packers, who attend
to the mail orders, an
important branch of the
business, as Best & Co.
make shopping for chil-
dren an easy matter for
people who live at a dis-
tance. The upper stories
are devoted to designing
and manufacturing. The
growth of the Liliputian
Bazaar has been rapid.
Best & Co. began the business of supplying clothing for infants in a small way,
twelve years ago. Their store was on Sixth Avenue, between 19th and 20th Streets.
In 1882 they removed to 60 West 23d Street, and were among the first of the busi-
ness men who invaded what was then a residence section of the city. Since then, the
fourth building necessary to form a solid square, extending from street to street, has
been annexed, to obtain room absolutely needed by the establishment.

BEST & CO., LILIPUTIAN BAZAAR, GO AND 62 WEST 230 STREET.

802 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Henry Maillard is a name dear to every intelligent girl and woman, not only in the
city of New York, but in the better class of homes throughout the whole country. The
name Maillard suggests not only chocolates, frozen violets and other delicate con-
fections, but also the very highest grade of these luxuries. Henry Maillard is the
confectioner par excellence of America. He gets the highest prices for his goods, and
gives the greatest degree of attention to the artistic phase of the business. Maillard's
store, in the Infth-Avenue-Hotel Building, on Broadway, near 24th Street, is the
Mecca toward which, in the middle of the day, are turned the footsteps of women
tired with shopping ; which is the natural tarrying-place in an afternoon stroll on Fifth
Avenue ; and to which theatre-goers resort, after a performance. It is a veritable
art-store, too, for high-art boxes to contain confectionery are as important a portion
of the display as the chocolates or marron-glace, and many of them are indeed artistic
creations. They cost more, a great deal, than their contents, and they have a per-
manent value to the fortunate recipients. A handsome box, covered with satin, upon
which is painted a bit of landscape or a figure, by an artist of repute, becomes a work
of art, even if its dainty artistic contents be ephemeral confectionery ; and thus it
comes about that Maillard's boxes are highly prized long after they have served out
their original purpose. Not merely boxes of the highest artistic order, but confec-
tionery and pastry of the oddest and most ingenious shapes, and varying in size from
tiny candies to monumental decorative pieces several feet in length, are the skilful
products of this establishment.

Maillard is a Frenchman. He came to this country nearly half a century ago,
and began to make and sell confectionery in 1848, at the corner of Broadway and
Walker Street. His capital was limited, his ability to satisfy the demand for novelty
and the highest quality was unbounded, and he prospered. Presently he moved his
store to 621 Broadway, and after many years he moved again, this time to the Fifth-
Avenue-Hotel Building. He has been there for nineteen years. For a time he had
a branch store at Broadway and 14th Street. He now maintains important retail
establishments at 178 Broadway, near Maiden Lane, and in the Arcade of the Equit-
able Building, at 1 20 Broadway.

The Maillard ice creams, ices, and kindred productions, are, by general consent,
the most exquisitely delicious creations in their line, and many visitors from remote
parts of both continents make a note to visit this establishment when in New York.

Maillard's manufactory, the largest of its class in the city, is at 114 to 118 West
25th Street, west of Sixth Avenue. The building is five stories in height ; is 70 feet
in measurement on the street-front ; and extends through the block, 200 feet, to
West 24th Street, at 113 to 115. Maillard's famous chocolate-school occupies a
portion of the 25th-Street part of the building. The rest is devoted to the manu-
facture of chocolates and confectionery for the trade, as well as for the proprietor's
retail stores. Maillard is the most extensive manufacturer, save one, of commercial
chocolate in the United States. Four hundred people are employed at all times,
and in the busy season this number is increased. Six travelling salesmen are engaged
in making the products of the factory known to people in other cities ; and in this
work they have valuable assistance at the hands of the women of New York and their
provincial friends. Henry Maillard has grown rich out of the business of selling the
highest grade of confectionery. Some years ago, he built, as an investment, a hand-
some edifice at the corner of 14th Street and University Place. It is known as the
Maillard Building. He is also the owner of valuable real estate in other parts of the
city. But it is by virtue of his chocolate, rather than his buildings, that he is best
known, and because of his supremacy in his own industry he is held in high esteem.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

803

804

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

Randel, Baremore & Billings, diamond importers and cutters, and manu-
facturers of diamond jewelry, have their offices and factories at 58 Nassau Street
and 29 Maiden Lane, New- York City. More than half a century ago, in 1840,
Henry Randel and James Baremore began the manufacture of jewelry in this city.
After a few years they decided to make a specialty of diamonds. This was a pioneer
enterprise, as there were no diamond specialists in this country at that time.
They were so successful, that in 1 851 they established their present offices and fac-
tory, and began the regular importing of cut diamonds. In the same year Chester
Billings entered the office as clerk, and in i860 was made a partner in the business.
Mr. Baremore did not live to see the full development of the enterprise which he had
been so instrumental in establishing. He died in 1867.

The business and fame of this firm as manufacturers of diamond jewelry steadily
increased. In the beginning of the "Eighties" they determined to do their own
diamond-cutting. They at once adopted the method which Henry Morse of Bos-
ton had introduced in 1870. Before that time European diamond-cutters had sacri-
ficed effect to weight in their work. As a result the stone was finished in any form
by which the most substance could be saved. Mr. Morse made effect the paramount
object in cutting. His method is now universally adopted in America and Europe.
The firm's manufactory has facilities for fifty employees. Here may be seen
those most interesting processes which, beginning with the diamond in the rough,

result in a beautiful trans-
parent stone, scintillating like
a star in its gold setting.
The cutting is sometimes
done in the old-fashioned
way by hand, but oftener by
machine, which gives more
accurate results. The one-
aim in this cutting is to
draw from the finished 'stone
its most brilliant effects.
This is generally best ac-
complished by making the
girdle round and the pro-
portions above and below
the girdle perfectly sym-
metrical. The usual pro-
portions are one-third above
and two-thirds below. The
broad table at the top and
the tiny culet at the bottom
lie in carefully paralleled
planes. The firm, by secur-
ing only the most skilled
labor for its factory, produces
results in the cutting and
setting of diamonds that are truly wonderful. Besides diamonds, it imports from its
London and Amsterdam offices rubies, sapphires, opals, emeralds and pearls. The
designs for the setting of these precious stones are most tastefully executed, and give
to Randel, Baremore & Billings a leading rank as manufacturers of jewelry.

hANDEL, BAREMORE & BILLINGS: MAIDEN LANE AND NASSAU STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

805

Aitken, Son & Co., importers, manufacturers, wholesale and retail dealers
in ribbons, laces, trimmings, millinery goods, etc., at 873 and 875 Broadway,
corner of 18th Street, conduct an extensive business, established over fifty years ago.
John Aitken, its founder, born in Scotland in 1806, emigrated to this country in
1833, ar,d soon after landing obtained employment in the dry-goods house of Andrew
Mitchell & Co. A few years later he started in business on his own account, in
Greenwich Street. In 1843 ne established, with James Miller, the firm of Aitken &
Miller, long recognized as one of the most extensive and popular millinery and fancy-
goods houses in America. They opened a store on Canal Street, near Broadway ;
and afterward removed to 405 Broadway, and again to 423 Broadway, and subse-
quently to 473 Broadway. With the progress of business up-town, they removed, in
1869, to the large and handsome building wherein the business is now carried on.
In 1873, after an association with Mr. Aitken of thirty years, Mr. Miller retired, and
Mr. Aitken then associated with himself his son, John W. Aitken, and Archibald
McLintock ; and under the name of Aitken, Son & Co. the firm has maintained the
honor and reputation of the house, and greatly extended the scope and increased the
volume of its business. John Aitken died in 1879 > his surviving partners continued
the business under the same firm-name, and some years after admitted as partners
George Taylor and George Shaw, who had been in the employ of the house for
many years. This association of four partners still continues. It is now about a
quarter of a century since the leading dry-goods establishments began to locate in
the great retail shopping-district of New York, the section between 14th and 23d
Streets, Broad
way and Sixth
Avenue. Mr.
Aitken was a
pioneer in this
up-town move-
ment. The
building erect-
ed for his firm,
in the heart of
the region, is
a model of its
kind. It is of
white marble,
capacious,
well lighted,
well venti-
lated, and
equipped with
every modern
appliance for
the conduct of
the business.
Three hydrau-
lic elevators

and spacious stairways afford ready access to all parts. The ground-floor and
second floor are devoted entirely to retail business. The third, fourth and fifth
stories are occupied by the offices and the various wholesale departments. The

AITKEN, SON & CO., BROADWAY, NORTHWESTEHN CORNER OF 18TH STREET

8o6

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

work-rooms are on the sixth, seventh and eighth floors. The entry-room, and the
packing and shipping departments, are in the basements. The different sales-rooms
are arranged for the most suitable and effective displays, particularly on the second
floor, where trimmed bonnets and hats, children's dresses and outer garments, and
infants' outfits are sold. The reputation of Aitken, Son & Co. for goods of the
highest excellence in quality, newness and elegance in style is unsurpassed.

J. Milhau's Son, dispensing chemist, druggist and importer, owns and occu-
pies a store at 183 Broadway, that is one of the landmarks of New- York City.

A brief historical sketch of the
founder of this establishment, now in its
eightieth year, may not be out of place
here. The late John Milhau, after the
death of his father, who had been duly
naturalized, established the business in
1813, in Baltimore, the place of his birth.
For it was there that his parents, of
ancient and noble descent, had taken
refuge from the insurrection in Saint
Domingo during the great French Revo-
lution of 1 793. He had received a liberal
education, spoke several languages, and
inherited his father's ardor for America.
Rather than serve a foreign government
M in any way, he declined the appointment
of Consul-General at Baltimore, ten-
dered by the French government with-
out his solicitation, and even before he
was of age ; the French monarchy having
been restored in the person of Louis the
Eighteenth. After devoting twelve years
' to business in Baltimore, and three years
to his scientific studies in Paris, he es-
tablished himself in the present location
in New York in 1830. He was moved
thereto, in fact, by witnessing the expul-
sion of Charles the Tenth, although
General Lafayette, to whom he was con-
nected and very warmly attached,
|jj urgently pressed him to remain in
France. He soon became widely promi-
nent as a wholesale and retail dispens-
ing chemist and importer. His pro-
ductions stood in deserved favor with the
««sd medical profession.

A cursory allusion to some of his
notable and disinterested public services,
during his forty years of business life
in this city, cannot be but interesting.
Among these services were the incorporation of the New-York College of Pharmacy,
in 1831 ; the pioneering of the beneficent law of 1848, "to prevent the importation

J. MILHAU'S SON, 183 BROADWAY.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 807

into the United States of fraudulent, adulterated, inferior or deteriorated drugs."
(This law he carried through Congress, with the zealous cooperation of the colleges
of pharmacy, druggists, chemists and medical men, in spite of threats against him-
self, and the most desperate and determined opposition) ; initiating, in 1 85 1, the
formation of the American Pharmaceutical Association, to guard the proper en-
forcement of that law; heading the suit, in 1854, that defeated for 32 years the
notorious Jacob Sharp's grab at Broadway for his railroad ; as a director of one of
our very largest institutions, offering a large loan at legal interest to the Govern-
ment in the sore crisis of 1 86 1, when some capitalists asked 36 per cent. ; contract-
ing for foreign quinine in the interest of the Government, so as to protect it from
being cornered in this absolutely indispensable supply for the war then com-
mencing ; his active part in the establishment of dispensaries, hospitals, asylums,
the American Institute and other corporations ; and his inauguration of the Bogardus
system of solid iron fronts on Broadway, erecting the one to his store in the astonish-
ingly short space of three days. The parts were so accurately fitted beforehand as to
require only the insertion of the heavy screw-bolts, as fast as they were lifted into
position.

The house is now conducted under the firm-name of J. Milhau's Son, by Ed-
ward L. Milhau, his only surviving son and former partner, who has successfully
maintained the high character impressed on the concern by its worthy founder.

The compounding of prescriptions continues to be one of its notable specialties,
the facilities for which are kept fully abreast of the times, requiring the attention of
several skilled and experienced graduates in pharmacy. The number of prescriptions
it has dispensed, exclusive of renewals, amounts to several hundred thousand, and elo-
quently bespeaks the confidence reposed in this house by the medical profession. In
the number were prescriptions held by travellers and others, from nearly every promi-
nent practitioner that has lived during this century.

What preeminently distinguishes this house is its important mail-order, and export
and import business, due to its superior facilities, sound methods, with long-estab-
lished and wide-spread connections, all of which necessarily inure to the great advan-
tage of its customers in securing best quality, prompt attention, and lowest price.

Edward L. Milhau, the present proprietor, has over forty years' experience of a
high order, having entered this concern in 1850. He graduated from the New- York
College of Pharmacy in 1 856 ; has held important positions therein, and in the
Alumni Association ; is an incorporator for renewal of the original 50-year char-
ter (now perpetual)., and for charter of the Alumni ; is life-member of both the
above ; of the American Pharmaceutical Association, and of the Veteran Association
of the Seventh Regiment New- York State National Guard ; ex-ofhcer of John- A. -
Dix Post, G. A. R. ; and of the Board of Pharmacy, New- York City ; and Knight
of the Order of Bolivar, a decoration conferred by the Republic of Venezuela.

M. J. Paillard & Co., at 680 Broadway, manufacturers and dealers in musi-
cal boxes, have a perpetual patent, the secret of which is excellence. They have
been at their trade for more than three-quarters of a century. In 1814 they com-
menced to give work to artisans in the village of Sainte Croix, in Switzerland, re-
quiring of them perfection, and gradually making perfection among them habitual.
In 1850 they opened warerooms in New York, under the personal supervision of
M. J. Paillard, and soon made their merit famous. The firm was conservative and
ever leading. Tiffany & Co. yielded their department of musical boxes to Paillard ;
wherever one went to applaud a musical box, one assumed that it was a Paillard ;
one was not well informed who pronounced the name incorrectly, or who failed to

8o8

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

detect in the tone or in
workmanship of Paillard.

the artistic make-up of a musical box the unmistakable
The name became firmly Americanized in a few years,

and for forty years it has been a household word The productive capacity of the

factory in Sainte Croix had
several times to be largely in-
creased. Not in the United
States only, but everywhere,
the Paillard musical boxes are
the most popular. At the Paris
Exposition Universelle they
easily won the highest award.
A. E. Paillard is the owner of
the New- York house. Here is
constantly a stock valued at
$150,000, from which one may
select a little box with eighteen
keys in the comb at 40 cents^
or an admirably complicated
instrument, in a case of orna-
mental woods, and richly carved,
at prices running far into the
thousands of dollars. Here are
the Ordinary Box, the Mando-
line, the Expressive, the Forte
Piano, the Organocleide, the
Quatuor, the Piccolo, the
Sublimette, the Sublime Har-
mony ; boxes with the accom-
paniments of bells, drums, and
castanets, celestial voices and
Harp-Zither attachments.
There are musical boxes con-
cealed in the most useful and
simply beautiful forms : albums,
work-boxes, cigar-cases, writ-
ing-desks, clocks, chairs, toys,
automatic figures. The ware-
rooms are an artistic feature of New York. A repair-shop in charge of expert
workmen (where, by the way, musical boxes of any manufacture in need of repair
will receive skilful treatment) enables Paillard's to fully warrant any and all of their
goods. There is no reason why the Paillard musical boxes should not yield their
harmony forever. The Paillards are also the inventors of various styles of musical
boxes, with interchangeable cylinders, which now afford that unlimited variety of
tunes which was formerly considered impossible in any one instrument of that kind,
and give a wide range of melodies and harmonies.

The establishment of M. J. Paillard & Company is midway between the great
wholesale and the most fashionable retail districts, quite in harmony with its own
joint wholesale and retail trades. It is on the east side of Broadway, between Bond
and Great Jones Streets, adjoining the East River National Bank and immediately
opposite to the Broadway Central Hotel.

680: Jj
, MUSICAL rf

SkJSk'A

M. J. PAILLARD & CO., 680 BROADWAY.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

809

James M. Thorburn & Co., the widely known seedsmen, of 15 John Street,
are the direct successors in line of Grant Thorburn, who established himself in busi-
ness in New York in 1802. The house is, therefore, with# a single exception, the
oldest of the sort in the United States. Grant Thorburn was succeeded by G. C.
Thorburn, who was a prominent figure in commercial circles half a century ago.
The senior member of the present firm is his son, James M. Thorburn, but the busi-
ness of the house is virtually in the hands of his partner, Frederick W. Bruggerhof,
who has been connected stead-
ily with the firm for over 40
years. Mr. Bruggerhof'shome
has been at Noroton, Connec-
ticut, for many years, and he
has been prominent in public
life in that State ever since
1874, having served in both
branches of the Connecticut
Legislature. He was elector-
at-large in the Electoral Col-
lege of 1884. For many years
he has had sole charge of the
business of James M. Thor-
burn & Co., as active partner
of the firm. The dealings of
the establishment have grown
steadily in volume since its
early days. Its trade is not
only national but international
as well. It carries an enor-
mous stock of seeds of every
variety, such as vegetable,
grass, clover, and every species
of tree and flower, and it is
ready at any time to fill orders
of any extent. Its goods are
sent to every portion of .the
world. Their building at 15
John Street is one of the old-
est in that portion of the city,
and is sometimes called the
"Salamander," because of the
fact that there have been many
fires in the vicinity during the
past half century, which have swept away at various times nearly every building on
either side. The Thorburn building has always escaped with nothing worse than
a slight scorching. The business reputation of the firm is as imperishable as its
building, and its fame is co-extensive with the country, its extensive and instructive
catalogue being familiar in many thousands of homes in every nook and corner of
the United States. Besides seeds and bulbs of every sort in infinite variety, the house
of James M. Thorburn & Co., supplies the endless number of tools and implements
used for farming and gardening ; the establishment being complete in its facilities.

15 JOHN STREET.

8io

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

14TH street, from university place to fifth avenue.

14TM STREtT AND BROADWrtY, LOOKING TOWARDS GRACE CHURCH.

Notable
Estal

Some Gigantic Firms and Corporations, Whose Yearly Trans-
actions Involve Millions of Dollars and Extend
to all corners of the Earth.

NEW YORK is the great distributing point for the United States, and to an
important extent for the American continent. The fruits of its own immense
manufactures, and the mills of New England, the mines of Pennsylvania, the plan-
tations of the South, the grain-fields of the West, are assembled here, as in a great
goods clearing-house, for exchange and distribution. New York also has the West-
ern headquarters and offices of hundreds of the great manufactories of Europe,
through which the finished products of the Old World are introduced to the favor-
able consideration and use of the New World. English and Scottish, French and
German commercial corporations are represented here by some of their most able
men, bent on securing for their products a share of the great Yankee custom.
Every transatlantic steamship brings in consignments to these consuls of com-
merce, whose travelling salesmen seek out every American trade-centre. The quan-
tity of the articles American and foreign, offered here for sale, in large lots, is stupen-
dous ; and its variety is bewildering. The wholesale houses of New York set the
fashions for the continent, a*nd impose their taste, usually correct and commend-
able, upon the people of the coasts and mountains, the prairies and plantations.
Such illimitable opportunities for commercial conquest, resulting in comfort for the
people at large, and competence for their mentors, have developed at New York
many generals of commerce, skilled in seizing the strategic points in other localities,
in holding them with picked men, and in sending there the supplies most adequate
to their needs.

The jobbing trade of the Empire City is colossal in its proportions, and amounts
to hundreds of millions of dollars yearly, covering the territory from the Atlantic
to the Pacific, and from the Caribbean Sea to Hudson Bay. The wise and careful
calculations made by the metropolitan wholesalers include many considerations, the
state of the markets, present and future, the conditions of provincial credits, the
greater or less permanence of fashions, the durability of materials, the probabili-
ties of all the crops, the possibilities of plagues and pestilences and calamities, the
contingencies of threatened and actual wars, the results of possible political or indus-
trial disturbances.

Some exceptionally notable wholesale and jobbing houses of this city are briefly
sketched in the following pages. Without the record of these houses the story of
New York's greatness would be far from complete. They stand out eminent among
tens of thousands of mercantile houses. They have added their full share to the
glory of the city.

8l2

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

E. S. Jaffray & Co., of 350 Broadway, and the chronicles of commerce in New
York are inseparable. Their brownstone building at the northeast corner of Broad-
way and Leonard Street is a landmark. Their standing as leaders among the dry-
goods jobbers is known and appreciated even by those who are not business men.
Their history is the history of the gradual advance into commercial supremacy of
New York. The firm is formed of Howard S. Jaffray (son of E. S. Jaffray), J. R.
P. Woodriff and Sylvester A. Haver. Its original founder was Robert Jaffray, who
came to New York in 1809, as the representative of the London house of J. R. Jaf-
fray & Co., and soon made its influence predominant. In 1833 his nephew, E. S.
Jaffray, son of J. R. Jaffray, came to work with him. He was seventeen years of
age, and he had the commercial genius of his relatives. At the death of his uncle
he changed the name of the firm to J. R. Jaffray & Sons, but his own name was
famous long before it took formally its natural place at the head of the re-organized
firm of E. S. Jaffray & Co. The re-organization occurred after the War for the

Union, in the course
of which he had
surprised many per-
sons by sacrificing
to his patriotic prin-
ciples the great
business interests
which he had in
the South. This,
however, was E.
S. Jaffray's way.
When he died, in
April, 1892, every
phase in his long
and admirable busi-
ness record was as
exemplary as his
private character.
His judgment had
been a law ; his
arbitration defi-
nitely settled dis-
puted questions ;
he was influential
independently of
his financial posi-
tion ; and he con-
tributed much more
than his proportion-
ate share to the

commercial triumphs of New York. He declined the office of mayor, which he
would have honored. He rendered services for which there are no rewards.

The offices and warerooms of the business of Jaffray were at first located in Pearl
Street ; later they were in Park Place. For more than a quarter of a century they
have been at 350 Broadway. New York has not a more interesting commercial monu-
ment than this wholesale dry-goods house, with its unblemished experience of 83 years.

E. S. JAFFRAY & CO., BROADWAY AND LEONARD STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

8i3

Dunham, Buckley & Co., importers and jobbers of dry-goods, at 340 to 344
Broadway, rank among the leading houses in the trade. Their establishment stands
upon ground of historic interest, as it was the site of the old Broadway Tabernacle,
which was the scene years ago of many anniversary gatherings and anti-slavery meet-
ings. The present building was erected in 1 858, by George Bliss. The firm of
Dunham, Buckley & Co. has been in existence since 1875. The building displays
a front of marble on Broadway. It is six stories in height, 70 feet wide, and 225
feet deep, with an extension in the rear, reaching from Worth Street to Catharine
Lane. It is fortunately placed, for its long north side rests upon a private street,
one-half of which is controlled, by the firm. This insures direct sunlight on three
sides, an important advantage ; and also permits the reception of goods on one side
and the delivery on the other. The firm occupies the entire building, and carries an
enormous duplicate stock in a separate store-house. The basement is given up
to domestic cotton
goods, flannels and
blankets. On the
street floor are dis-
played British,
Continental and
domestic dress
goods, silks and
satins. The second
story is assigned to
ribbons, trimmings
and the notion de-
partment ; the lat-
ter a very import-
ant one, not
exceeded in mag-
nitude or scope in
the country. Then
above, on various
floors, are the de-
partments of laces,
white goods, shawls
and wraps, and of
cloaks manufac-
tured by them-
selves, in their
White-Street store.
This is a rapidly
growing and im-
portant feature.
There are also

departments of hosiery, underwear and gloves ; of woolens, virtually an adjunct to
that of dress goods ; and of carpets and rugs. The establishment is brilliantly lighted
with electricity, supplied by their own plant. The counting-room alone is longer
than most banking-houses, and transactions more extensive than those of many
banks are carried on within it. Dunham, Buckley & Co., surrounded with bright
men as heads of departments, conduct smoothly a business of enormous proportions.

DUNHAM, BUCKLEY & CO., 340 TO 344 BROADWAY.

8i4

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Mills & Gibb, importers of laces and kindred goods, occupy an imposing
building at the northeast corner of Broadway and Grand Street. The structure is of
iron, seven stories in height, and measures ioo feet on Broadway, and 200 on Grand
Street. The firm has been in existence since April, 1865. The partners are Philo
L. Mills, John Gibb and William T. Evans. The scope of its dealings includes
laces, embroideries, linens, hosiery, and such goods as are known in the dry-goods
trade as notions. The firm accepts no consignments, and transacts no business
whatever on commission. It purchases its goods outright, and to that end main-
tains offices in Nottingham, Paris, Calais, St. Gall and Plauen. Thus it is able to
secure the choicest products of all the lace and embroidery manufacturing centres
of Europe. • Mr. Mills resides altogether in Nottingham, and gives his attention to

MILLS & GIBB, BROADWAY AND GRAND STREET.

purchasing. Mr. Gibb is at the head of the house in America, and devotes himself
to the distribution of goods. These members of the firm have reversed the usual
order of proceeding, in dividing between themselves the responsibilities of business,
for Mr. Mills is an American, and Mr. Gibb is a Scotchman. For the distribution
of its goods the firm has branch-houses in Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago,
St. Louis, St. Paul and San Francisco. It employs about 300 people, of whom 50
are travelling salesmen, who sell by samples. The house of Mills & Gibb is the
largest one of its class in America. Its sales amount in value to several millions
of dollars a year. It has no retail trade. Mr. Gibb is also principal partner in the
dry-goods firm of Frederick Loeser & Company, of Brooklyn. He and his son,
Howard Gibb, have managed the business of that house since 1887.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

8i5

Sweetser, Pembrook & Co., importers and jobbers of dry goods, occupy a
handsome marble building at 374, 376, and 378 Broadway, at the corner of White
Street, which has a frontage of 75 feet on Broadway, and is 140 feet deep. The
building has some interest from an architectural point of view, for it was erected
more than thirty years ago, when the architecture of business blocks was of a plain
and unornamental
character. Sweet-
ser, Pembrook &
Co. 's building is of
a much more am-
bitious style of
architecture than
most of the others
in the vicinity, of
equal age. It was
originally intended
for the occupancy
of a dry-goods job-
bing house, but
the radical changes
in business at the
outbreak of the
war modified the
plans of both the
owner and pros-
pective tenant, and
the building was
turned to other
uses. It is the
property of the
estate of William
B. Astor. The

firm of Sweetser,
Pembrook & Co.
has been in exist-

SWEETSER, PEMBROOK & CO., BROADWAY AND WHITE STREET.

ence since 1869.

It succeeded that of Sweetser & Co., which was organized in 1 863. It carries full
lines of silks, dress goods, woolens and hosiery ; also, an extensive variety of fancy
goods which are usually carried in the dry-goods trade. Their stock is sufficiently
large to fill the entire building, as well as a separate warehouse some distance away
from the principal store. The firm has buyers in Europe, who are constantly on the
lookout for goods of fine quality. Its travelling salesmen have made the house
known to the dry-goods trade all over the United States. For many years the
house was located at 365 Broadway. It moved into its present quarters in January,
1885, and thus the building was put into the service for which it was originally
intended. The present members of the firm are George D. Sweetser, J. Howard
Sweetser, William A. Pembrook, Joseph A. Bumstead, George L. Putnam, Howard
P. Sweetser, Theodore K. Pembrook, and F. B. Dale.

The house of Sweetser, Pembrook & Co., ranks among the most prominent of
the dry-goods firms of America.

816 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Garner & Company for over sixty years have been one of the greatest bul-
warks of the dry goods trade, ranking with such names as A. T. Stewart, H. B.
Claflin, and E. S. Jaffray. However, more strictly speaking, they are one of the
foremost representatives of the commission dry-goods houses and the textile manu-
facturing industries ; for the house is the selling agent of several gigantic textile
manufacturing corporations, with which it is very closely affiliated. The allied con-
cerns represent a valuation of many millions of dollars, and give employment to
more than 8,000 people. The mills are not outranked in this country, the glorious
water power at Cohoes being utilized by the famous Harmony Mills, — a series of
seven mills, which form the greatest and finest plant in this country for making un-
bleached cotton cloth. The print works at Haverstraw and at Wappinger's Falls
are likewise remarkable for their magnitude and equipment ; their products, the
"Garner Prints," being famous the world over. The mill properties comprising 1 1
cotton mills, 2 print works, a dyehouse and bleachery, include The Harmony Mills
at Cohoes ; The Newburgh Steam Mills ; The Rochester Cotton Mill ; The Pleas-
ant Valley Cotton Mill ; The Reading (Penn.) Cotton Mill; The Dutchess Com-
pany ; The Rockland Print Works ; and The Dutchess Bleachery and Dye Works
at Wappinger's Falls. The founders were James G. and Thomas Garner, — two
Englishmen, who, in 1829, began manufacturing cotton cloth. The main success is
due to Thomas Garner, who died in 1867, and left an estate valued at millions. He
was most highly esteemed as one of the greatest and most successful manufacturers
New York State has ever had. His son, William T. Garner, became his successor
in business and practically inherited his great estate. The relations between father
and son had always been of a peculiarly confidential nature, and so the young man,
although only 27 years of age, was fitted to manage the great fortune and to direct
intelligently the vast industries. The younger Garner in 1 876, at the early age of
36 years, met with a sad fate by the capsizing of his yacht, — the Mohawk — in
which he and his wife were out for pleasure, just off Staten Island. At the time of
this calamity Mr. Garner was one of the greatest manufacturers in the textile world.
He was operating 42 cloth printing machines, which was double the number in use
in this country by any other manufacturer or corporation. His individual owner-
ship in mill property then exceeded that of any other American. At his death the
mills and business were left in charge of three executors : William E. Thorn, who is
now the sole surviving executor and trustee, and the active head of the entire busi-
ness ; Samuel W. Johnson, who died in 188 1, and John I. Lawrance, who died in
1889. Associated with Mr. Thorn are Charles C. Birdseye and C. Yates Wemple,
who have been in the service of the house for 37 consecutive years. Some of the
principal lines of goods are the Garner Printed Mousselines, Blacks, Steel River
Prints, Argentine Grays, Del Marine Black and Whites, Harmony Prints, Charter
Oak Prints, and many other printed and dyed goods and also Garner Percales of
various widths and grades, likewise complete lines of Batistes, Lawns, Challies, Car-
dinals and Turkey reds, Indigos and Sateens, Printed Ducks, Drills, etc. Garner
& Co. have made but two competitions for premiums, once at the Cotton Exposition
in New Orleans, where they were awarded seven first premiums, one of which was
for the "Best Display of American Prints," and again at the Paris Exposition, where
they were awarded two gold medals, — the competition being against the world for
fine printed goods. The main offices are at 2 to 16 Worth Street and 62 to 68 Hud-
son Street, in the firm's own seven-story brick building, and occupied entirely for
the firm's business. Since 1867 there has been virtually no change in the business
management of Garner & Co.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

8,7

\ WW

\wM,

%• ^

GARNER & COMPANY.

2 TO 16 WORTH STREET, SOUTHEAST CORNER OF HUDSON STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

Bliss, Fabyan & Co., one of the foremost dry-goods commission-houses of the
world, have their main offices in Boston, New York and Philadelphia. Their New-
York quarters are in the five-story brownstone building that extends through from
Thomas Street to Duane Street, on Trimble Place, just east of Church Street, in the
heart of the dry-goods district. The firm are the selling agents for a group of mills
that rank among the greatest manufacturing corporations of this continent. They
include the Peppered Manufacturing Company, the Laconia Company, the Bates
Manufacturing Company, the Androscoggin Mills, the Edwards Manufacturing
Company, the Otis Company, the Columbian Manufacturing Company, the Warren
Cotton Mills, the Thorndike Company, the Boston Duck Company, the Cordis Mills,
the Lowell Hosiery Company, and the American Printing Company. Under the
titles of Wright, Bliss & Fabyan, and Bliss, Fabyan & Co., the house has been in
existence for more than a generation. The volume of its transactions, which are
entirely on the commission basis, is not exceeded by those of any similar house, its
aggregate sales approaching $20, 000,000 a year. Cornelius N. Bliss, the resident
partner in New York, has been very prominent in political, social, and financial cir-

BLISS, FABYAN & CO., DUANE AND THOMAS STREETS AND TRIMBLE PLACE.

cles in New York for many years. He has also been at various times Chairman cf
the New-York State Republican Committee ; and for the National Campaign of
1892 he has been chosen treasurer of the National Republican Committee. Mr.
Bliss is president of the American Protective Tariff League, and throughout his
business career has been a strong advocate of protection for American industries.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

819

Oelbermann, Dommerich & Co., dry-goods commission merchants,
have two large stores ; one at 57 to 63 Greene Street, and one at 65
to 67 Worth Street, at the corner of Church Street. The house is
an old one," having been in existence over fifty years. Previous to
1883, the firm name was E. Oelbermann & Co. The principals
of the present co-partnership are Emil Oelbermann and Louis
F. Dommerich. The former has been connected with the
house for about forty years. He resides in Cologne the
greater part of the time, and attends to the interests
of the house in Europe. He makes trips to
America occasionally, remaining for two
months at a time. Mr. Dommerich has
been associated with the firm for thirty-
five years. He is at the head of the es-
tablishment in America. Origin-
ally, the house confined
itself to importations,
but of late, and es-
pecially since the
protective tariff
caused a great re-
duction in the vol-
ume of imports, the
business of the firm
has been about
three - fourths i n
domestic goods and
one-fourth in those
of European manu-
facture. It is all
transact ed on a
strict commission
basis. The firm
represents manu-
facturers located in
every part of Europe
and the United
States. There is
hardly a branch of
the dry-goods trade
that has not its de-
partment in the stores of Oelbermann, Dommerich & Co. The sales amount to
about $15,000,000 a year. The Greene-Street store is a seven-story building, and
occupies a plot of ground one hundred feet square. It stands on the site of the old
Greene-Street Methodist Church. It was built in 1876. The firm owns the estate
at 64 to 68 Wooster Street, measuring 65 by 100 feet, adjoining the Greene-Street
store in the rear, and intends to build an annex store upon it. Of the Worth-Street
building, which is nearly as large as the other, the firm occupies four floors. All the
goods at Worth Street are domestic, and both foreign and domestic are handled at
Greene Street, at which point the general offices of the firm are located.

OELBERMANN, DOMMERICH & CO., 57 TO 63 GREENE STREET.

820 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Smith, Hogg & Gardner, dry-goods commission merchants, of 115 and 117
Worth Street, New York, and 66 Chauncy Street, Boston, are the successors, in line,
of A. and A. (Amos and Abbott) Lawrence & Co., of Boston, who were largely instru-
mental during the first half of this century in developing the manufacturing interests
of Lowell, Mass. Early in the "fifties" the Lawrences established a branch-house
at 43 Broadway, New York, and there represented as selling agents many of the
leading textile manufacturing corporations of New England, viz. : The Massachu-
setts, Boott, Lawrence, Atlantic, Laconia, Jackson (Indian Head), Tremont and
York, who were manufacturers of cotton goods, and also the Lowell Carpet Com-
pany. Some years later this firm removed to 79 and 81 Worth Street. In 1865
the Lawrences retired from business, and George C. Richardson & Co., of Boston
and New York, became their successors, retaining the majority of the accounts of
their predecessors. In 1868 Geo. C. Richardson & Co. moved into the spacious
buildings erected by them at 115 and 117 Worth Street, now the property of the
Mercantile Real-Estate Company. On January 1, 1884, this firm was succeeded by
Geo. C. Richardson, Smith & Co., the latter house being succeeded on July 1, 1885,
by Smith, Hogg & Gardner.

Charles S. Smith, now the President of the New- York Chamber of Commerce,
and a director in many of the most prominent financial institutions of New York,
became connected with this business in 1865, and retained an interest therein for
more than twenty years. He was the senior partner of Smith, Hogg & Gardner
until 1887, when he retired from active business. The firm is at present composed
of John Hogg and Harrison Gardner, of Boston ; Ralph L. Cutter, of Brooklyn ;
Walter M. Smith, of Stamford, Conn. ; and Stewart W. Smith, of New York. Messrs.
Gardner and Cutter entered the employ of the Lawrences, as boys, in 1857, and
consequently have been connected with the business for thirty-five years.

The firm of Smith, Hogg & Gardner sell very largely of domestic cotton goods
to the export trade, notably to China, Africa and South America, where the products
of the Massachusetts and Boott Mills have an extended market and reputation.
The volume of business transacted by this house annually reaches the vast sum of
many millions of dollars, and it is generally conceded by the trade that no house
s.tands higher or outranks it in amount of business. Its list of mills is a notably
strong one, and the products include an extended variety of fabrics. Its salesmen
reach every important center of the United States, and in due time the products of
the mills represented by this house get into every nook and corner, large and small,
of the entire Union of States. This firm occupies four floors of the Mercantile
Real-Estate Company's building. The building is a handsome structure, six stories
in height, covering some 75 feet on Worth Street and Catharine Lane, and 90 feet
on Elm Street, thus giving it the advantage of light on three sides. It is built of
marble and iron. Four floors of the building are laid out in offices, some of which
are occupied by the New-York representatives of leading Western and other business
houses, among whom may be enumerated the John V. Farwell Co., Carson, Pirie,
Scott & Co., and Schlesinger & Mayer, of Chicago ; the Hargadine-McKittrick Dry-
Goods Co. , and the H. T. Simon, Gregory & Co. , of St. Louis ; Thomas L. Leedom &
Co., of Philadelphia; Bamberger, Bloom & Co., of Louisville ; Burke, Fitz Simons,
Hone & Co., of Rochester; and Sweet, Orr & Co. and Chadwick Bros., of the
Newburgh Bleachery, both of Newburgh, N. Y. This gathering of such a group of
nationally eminent business houses tends to give a national importance to the Mercan-
tile Real-Estate Company's building, and at the same time brings in close proximity
a coterie of a number of the great customers of the house of Smith, Hogg & Gardner.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

121

SMITH, HOQQ & GARDNER.

MERCANTILE REAL-ESTATE CO. 'S BUILDING, 115 AND 117 WORTH STREET, CORNER OF ELM STREET.

822

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Passavant & Co. is the title of a firm now located at 320 and 322 Church
Street, which has been engaged in importing dry goods for very nearly forty years,
and which is well-known throughout Europe and America. The house was founded
in July, 1853, by Passavant Brothers, of Frankfort-on-the-Main, in Germany, and it
was then a branch of the European establishment. It was at the outset located in
Broad Street. The firm has never changed its title, and by virtue thereof, it is now
the oldest importing house in the dry-goods trade in the city. Its founders still
retain an interest in the establishment. Passavant & Co. conduct a strictly com-
mission business. Their dealings are mainly in silks, ribbons, dress goods and
gloves. Of late they have undertaken the distribution of the products of a number
of American mills and factories, in order to compensate for the decrease in the
volume of imports, and they have been as successful in the management of domestic
accounts as of foreign. The present senior partner of the firm, George W. Sutton,
is well known in every large trade-centre. He entered the service of the house,

as a salesman, at
the beginning, and
has been a part-
ner since 1859.
Passavant & Co.
have occupied their
present quarters
for twenty-five
years. They con-
sist of the large
building on Church
Street and the ad-
joining one on
Lispenard Street,
both of which are
five stories in
height. The gen-
eral offices occupy
the street floor.
The delivery de-
partment is located
in the basement,
and all the space
in the stories above
the street is re-
quired for the sales-
rooms of the vari-
ous lines of goods
which constitute
the trade of the
house.

Passavant & Co. is at present composed of the following partners : GebriAder
Passavant, George W. Sutton, Heinrich Meyer, Oscar Passavant, and Arthur \Y.
Watson. The steadfast existence of this old house, maintained for two generations
in a career of unquestioned integrity and fidelity, gives to the house of Passavant &
Co. a gratifying preeminence which it has fairly earned and well sustains.

PASSAVANT

RCH AND LISPENARD STREETS.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

%•

Frederick Vietor & Achelis, importers and commission merchants in dry
goods, occttpy a handsome five-story building at 66 to 76 Leonard Street, at the
corner of Church Street, in the heart of the dry-goods district. The structure is of
brownstone and iron, and is rather more attractive in appearance than its neighbors.
It measures 137^
feet on Leonard
Street, and 180 feet
on Church Street.
The firm is the
successor of Charles
Graebe & Vietor,
and has been in
existence and under
its present title
since 1839. Fred-
erick Vietor and
Thomas Achelis,
the two original
partners, died in
1870 and 1872 re-
spectively. The
present partners
are their sons.
They are George
F. Vietor, Thomas
Achelis, Carl Vie-
tor, and John
Achelis. The vol-
ume of business
transacted by the
firm is enormous, -
reaching a total of
from $14,000,000
to $15,000,000 a
year. Its dealings
in domestic goods Frederick vietor & achelis, church and Leonard streets.

have increased very largely in the past few years, since the modification of the tariff
laws caused a reduction in the volume of imports. The location of the store is pecu-
liarly favorable. It is bounded by streets, and a greater portion of it, therefore, lies
under direct sunlight. This is an advantage highly prized by dry-goods men, as many
buyers, especially of dress goods, desire to know the appearance of fabrics in a strong
light. The business conducted by Frederick Vietor & Achelis is very comprehensive.
One department is devoted to domestic woolens, and another to those of foreign
manufacture. Another includes woolen dress goods, both imported and American.
Then there are departments of silks, domestic and imported ; of silk dress goods ;
of millinery silks ; of plushes and velvets ; of shirts, drawers and hosiery ; of cloak -
ings in the piece (of which the firm handle a large variety) ; of cloths and blankets ;
and of silks made especially for umbrellas. One important department is that of
Philadelphia goods, ginghams and the like. The several floors of the store, if placed
side by side on the ground, would cover a tract measuring nearly three acres.

824

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Cheney Brothers, at 475 and 477 Broome Street, are among the foremost
silk-fabric manufacturers of the world, outranking all others in America, and their
fame has been increasing for many years, with the continuous developing of the
business. Among the chief products of the house are plain silks, of various kinds,
plushes, pongees, printed silks, and crapes, and many other articles of like character.

A stock of these goods is kept at the
New-York establishment, a solid six-
story iron front building owned by
Cheney Brothers. The firm has offices
at Boston, Chicago and other cities.

The works in which most of the
Cheney Brothers' silk is manufactured
are in the beautiful and serene village
of South Manchester, Connecticut,
which is adorned and enriched by
parks, library and other public luxuries
presented by the Cheneys. Most of
the houses of the operatives are owned
by the manufacturers, who keep them
in good order ; and each home has
its roomy patch of land about it.
The silk-mills employ 2, 500 persons,
and the value of their yearly output
is over $4,000,000, in delicate and
beautiful fabrics, of famed durability.
The mills are a series of plain, solid,
and spacious brick buildings, filled
with intricate and ingenious ma-
chinery. The village is not crowded
around the mills ; the result being to
scatter the population. The resi-
dences of the mill-owners stand in an
unfenced park of several hundred
acres, more nearly adjacent to the
mills than those of the employees,
and made attractive by wide lawns,
trees and shrubbery. Then there
are mills of the same concern in
Hartford, Conn., where the company
has also offices in its own building
known as the Cheney Building.

The New-York office is the point
of distribution for a wide area, and
is always a busy scene. Here are
some of the best men connected with the company, always on the alert for business.
The Cheney family have been identified with art, literature and the drama, as
well as manufactures ; Seth Wells Cheney, the portrait painter, John Cheney, the
steel engraver, Ednah Dow Cheney, the authoress and lecturer, Arthur Cheney, the
builder of the Clobe Theatre, in Boston. The main founders of the silk business
were Ward, Charles and Frank W. Cheney.

CHENEY BROTHERS, 475 AND 477 BROOME STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

825

J. W. Goddard & Sons, whose stately and elegantly appointed warehouse is
on Bleecker Street, between Mercer and Greene Streets, is the foremost house in
America in the manufacture and sale of all varieties, sizes, colors and qualities of
linings for garments.

Classed as a dry-goods house, it is one of the oldest, staunchest and most highly
esteemed. It was founded in 1848, at 95 William Street, by Joseph Warren God-
dard, who in 1 85 1 took in as partner his younger brother, F. N. Goddard, under
the style of J. W. & F. N. Goddard. After a while they moved to 51 Maiden Lane.
Here Henry Merrill was a partner for a year, and on his withdrawal the style became
Goddard & Bro. In 1857 the business was moved to 20 Park Place ; in 1861, to 331
and 333 Broadway ; and in 1 876 to 461 to 467 Broadway. In 1879 ^ • N. Goddard
retired ; and in 1880 Warren N. Goddard, the eldest son of J. W. Goddard, and a
graduate of Harvard University, was admitted
to the firm, which then became J. W. Goddard
& Son. In 1883 F. Norton Goddard, a
second son, and also a Harvard graduate, be-
coming a partner, changed the style to J. W.
Goddard & Sons. In 1892 the firm moved into
its present premises, a magnificent business
edifice, containing over 70,000 square feet of
floor-room. The building is on Bleecker Street,
56 feet front by 145 feet deep, with an L on
Mercer Street, 20 feet front by 75 feet deep.
Its height is 135 feet. It is absolutely fire-
proof, and is provided with four elevators,
steam-power, steam-heat, and a thorough elec-
trical outfit. These premises always contain
an unequalled exhibit of printed and fancy
cotton goods ; merchant-tailor supplies ; im-
ported and domestic silk goods and worsted
and woolen linings ; buttons, braids and small
wares ; plain and colored cotton piece goods ;
and all those articles usually comprised in the
line of tailors' and dressmakers' trimmings.
The linings made or handled by the Goddards
include the many kinds used by merchant tailors
and clothing makers, as well as those for dresses,
waists, skirts and other garments. Among the
specialties of the house are all qualities of the
"Midnight" fast black linings and Henriettas ;
and silesias, sateens, cambrics, percalines,
printed fancies, padded linings, elastic ducks,
collar canvases, crinolines, etc. These goods
are finished free of sizing, starch or any kind
of filling by the Goddard's exclusive Lustro
method. Aside from their own extensive
manufactures the firm have absolute control of the entire product of several noted
mills. There are few houses in the textile fabric trade whose customers more
thoroughly cover the whole country than those of the old established and highly
esteemed house of J. W. Goddard & Sons.

*t>

J. W. GODDARD & SONS, BLEECKER STREET,
NEAR MERCER STREET.

826

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

Langdon, Batcheller & Co., manufacturers of corsets and kindred goods,
have offices and warerooms at 345 and 347 Broadway, corner of Leonard Street.
The firm is the successor in line of W. S. & C. H. Thomson, which was formed in
1856. Charles H. Langdon was admitted as a partner in 1858; George C. Batch-

- eller in 1865, and

Frank I. Perry
and George C.
Miller, who had
grown up in the
service of the
house from boy-
hood, in 1889.
K a r 1 y changes
made the style of
the firm Thom-
son, Langdon &
Co., and its pres-
ent form was as-
sumed on the re-
tirement of W. S.
Thomson, in 1879.
Originally, the
business of the
firm was the man-
ufacture and sale
of cloaks, mantil-
las, hoop - skirts
and crinolines.
When the demand
for these articles
ceased, with the
change of fashion,
the manufacture

of corsets and corset-clasps was taken up. This firm makes the finest grades of
goods only. Its trade-mark, " Langdon & Batcheller's Genuine Thomson Glove-
Fitting Corsets," is known the world over. The business is of enormous propor-
tions, and includes a very large export trade. . The firm operates three manufactories :
two in Bridgeport, Conn., and one in the up-town district of New York. The main
establishment in Bridgeport consists of five buildings, covering more than an acre of
ground. Still another building is in process of construction, and, when this is com-
pleted, the capacity of the works will be about 6,000 pairs of corsets each day.
Employment is now given, in all the factories, to about 1,000 hands. The offices
and salesrooms of the firm are large and attractive. The building is one of the
prominent structures of the vicinity. A large stock of goods is carried there at all
times. In the division of responsibilities among the members of the firm, Mr.
Langdon is the financial manager and credit man ; Mr. Batcheller is the executive
head of the establishment ; Mr. Perry has supervision of the sales ; and Mr. Miller
devotes his time and attention mainly to the manufacturing. They have opened a
branch-house in Chicago, at the corner of Franklin and Quincy Streets, as a distrib-
uting point for the Northwest. A large stock is carried in this branch establishment.

LANGDON, BATCHELLER & CO., BROADWAY AND LEONARD STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

827

H. Wallach's Sons, manufacturers and wholesale dealers in neglige shirts,
occupy as headquarters the four-story building at 38 Thomas Street, running
through to Duane Street. They also have the adjoining building at 125 Duane
Street. The establishment measures 40 feet on Thomas Street, 180 feet on Church
Street, which skirts the broadside of the building, and 65 feet on Duane Street.
The firm was founded in 1857, and there has never been a change in its title. The
firm manufactures all varieties of neglige shirts, and many styles of pantaloons. Of
late it has added to its operations the sale of piece goods, which has grown to be a
large department. It also " converts" enormous quantities of piece goods ; that is
to say, it purchases the goods in gray, as they come from the mills, and dyes or prints
them. The house is also the selling agent of many extensive manufacturers, and is
the leading one in its line. The sales-rooms contain the largest representative exhi-
bition of the fabrics in its line that is to be seen in the world. The location of the
store is particularly advantageous for such a display, with direct light at either end,
and its long Church-Street side exposed to the sun. A portion of the firm's manu-
facturing establishment occupies the two upper stories of the Thomas- Street and
Duane-Street building. The house has also a large manufactory at Hightstown,
N. J. ; and its business has grown so rapidly and to such proportions during recent
years that it has
taken possession
of a large building
at 94 to 98 Mott
Street. This
structure is eight
stories high. It
measures 75 feet
on Mott Street,
and is 100 feet
deep. The firm
occupies the
whole building :
one portion for
manufacturing ;
another portion
for warehousing
its goods ; and
still another for
convenience in
handling and ship-
ping its products.
Altogether, t h e
firm employs, in
its inside and out-
side departments,
several thousand

operatives, besides H' WALLACH'S S0NS- THOMAS AN° church streets.

a large staff of clerks and salesmen. The transactions of the house are conducted
on an enormous scale, and it stands among the commercial houses of highest repu-
tation for honorable dealings, as well as first in its own particular line of trade.
The firm of H. Wallach's Sons is the oldest in its special field.

828 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Charles Broadway Rouss is at 549-551-553 Broadway. The name is inscribed
in relief on the iron facade of the tallest mercantile building of the longest, most
varied and most interesting of avenues in the world. This store of stores is 75 by
200 feet in area, and has twelve floors, each floor being equal to six city stores of
25 by 100 feet, making 72 stores of large size in the one building. The man, a Vir-
ginian, came to New York immediately after the war, defeated, but not conquered ;
an ardent, aggressive Southerner ; determined that neither his temperament, which
was generous, his faith, which was liberal, nor any obstacle which others or his own
individuality would place in the way of his financial success, should prevent his
attaining the position that he occupies to-day. He came without money or influ-
ence, and with $11,000 of ante-bellum debts hanging over him. He afterwards
paid 100 cents on the dollar. In the maelstrom of New-York life he was a feather.
When the ancient merchants compared his situation and his plans for the future
with their experience, they said that the man was visionary. Precedent, routine,
local manners, ideas, methods, opinions, everything was against him. He increased
the force of every inimical condition by his temerity. He seemed to court danger,
to dare the world to oppose him. In 1889 those who passed by his present build-
ing, in process of construction, read this inscription : " He who builds, owns and will
occupy this marvel of brick, iron and granite, thirteen years ago walked these streets
penniless and $50,000 in debt. Only to prove that the capitalists of to-day were
poor men twenty years ago, and that many a fellow facing poverty to-day may be a
capitalist a quarter of a century hence, if he will. Pluck, adorned with ambition,
backed by honor bright, will always command success, even without the almighty
dollar." This inscription was spelled phonetically, as is the monthly circular in
which Charles Broadway Rouss tells his principles, his observations, his prices, his
business methods, all the secrets of his prodigious success. In the twelve stories of
his building there are art-objects, boots and shoes, carpets, corsets, cigars, walking-
sticks, canes, clothing, gloves, hardware, hosiery, hats, jewelry, laces, linens, mil-
linery, notions, piece-goods, shades, shawls, jackets, skirts, show-cases, stationery,
tinware, woolens, white goods, everything that one may think of, useful or orna-
mental, for personal wear or house-furnishing, including the inimitable Rouss parlor-
organs. The value of the stock is $2,000,000. In the fifty pages of the monthly
circular entitled Monthly A uction- Trade Journal are given in detail the lists of the
various departments and the prices. They are prefaced by observations like this :
"If you are a free-thinker, and sell a pack of good envelopes at two cents, and you
can if you will, the psalm-singer will walk ten blocks through slush and rain before
he will submit to be fleeced by his friend, fifty per cent." "It is nothing more
or less than these auction purchases by scholars trained to the trade, educated in the
costly crucible of nearly half a century, with the keen scent of a bloodhound for big
concerns, high up in rating, but overdrawn in bank, for houses overloaded with
stock, but pressed with notes and overdue accounts they cannot meet, gigantic mar-
ble palaces, from whose doorway to-morrow will hang the red flag of the sheriff —
it is these sledge-hammers, these corn and cob crushers that have filled our pages
with the names of the most thoroughly posted men in this country, keen, close,
shrewd, careful buyers, who understand the difference between buying cheap and
paying full regular prices." In every State of the Union he has pupils. They are
faithful to one another and to him, as he is faithfuj to them. He never deviates
from his line. It demands constant watchfulness, work, scrupulous integrity, and
inexhaustible knowledge. It has led to a most brilliant accomplishment, for Charles
Broadwav Rouss is a most remarkable success in the most commercial of cities.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

CHARLES BROADWAY ROUSS.

549, 551 AND 553 BROADWAY, WEST SIDE, BETWEEN SPRING AND PRINCE STREETS.

83o

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

W. G. Hitchcock & Co., importing and commission merchants, is a house
of the first rank in the dry-goods trade, and in their own specialties unquestionably
lead all others in this country, if not in the world. They are the sole agents and
control absolutely the product for the United States of the following notable manu-
facturers : B. Priestley & Co., black dress goods and veilings; S. Courtauld & Co.,
English crapes; Goodall Worsted Co., American serges, etc.; Lyons Silk & Tapes-
try Co., broad silks, silk veils and veilings, and American upholstery goods ; Landru
Silk Mills, American broad silks ; Capitol silks ; H. Perinot, Paris kid and Suede
gloves ; and B. H. & E. E. Elwood, American broad silks. These make a com-
plete line of foreign and domestic dress goods, with all the staple goods and novel-
ties current at each season. They include the general lines sold at large to the
trade and the specially confined designs and qualities made to order to suit the
demands of their customers in all quarters of the Union. The premises occupied
comprise the splendid iron front building six stories high, 50 by 100 feet, on the
southwest corner of Broome and Mercer Streets, and the adjoining building on
Mercer Street, 25 by 137 feet. The business was established in 1818, nearly three-
quarters of a century ago, by Pierre Becar. Among former partners of this house were
Aaron Arnold, Richard Arnold and James M. Constable, of Arnold, Constable & Co.
Welcome G. Hitchcock, % the present head, and to whom is due its pre-

of to- ^ dav, entered its employ in 1854, when it was

years' service he became a
partner, the style then being Becar, Napier & Co., with

Alfred Becar Jm llfe^ and Alex. D. Napier as senior

partners; J^ p| Hte^ ^ater tne style became Hitch-

Potter, and in 1884
it was changed to
its present form,
the partners then,
as now, comprising
W. G. Hitchcock,
George J arvis
Geer, A. Howard
Hopping, and
Charles H. Lane.
Mr. Hitchcock
came as a poor lad
from his native
place, Montrose,
Penn. , and has
achieved his suc-
cess by industry,
economy, ability,
fidelity to each and
every obligation,
knowledge of his
business and pro-
per consideration for his customers. His first situation was with Joseph F. Sanxay,
in a men's furnishing goods store, at $2 a week — quite a contrast with his present
income. He is identified with various banks and institutions, devoting a part of his
incessantly occupied time to matters pertaining to the general welfare.

W. G. HITCHCOCK & CO., BROOME AND MERCER STREETS.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

831

Foster, Paul & Co. are manufacturers and importers of ladies' and men's
gloves to an extent unequalled by any other house of America. Careful attention to
the quality of their goods has brought them to the front, and given to Americans
gloves equal to any foreign make. Indeed, their factories are upon foreign soil, and
located in the very midst of the best glove-making establishments of France and
Germany. Foster's
gloves have another
interest attaching to
them, however, be-
sides their quality.
It is a glove that
is provided with a
clever device which
is valued very highly;
a device for lacing
at the wrist, which
William F. Foster
invented and patent-
ed in 1876, and which
has since added im-
measurably to the
comfort of wearing
gloves. The button
glove has no adapta-
bility to wrists of dif-
ferent sizes, beyond
the stretching of the
kid. The lacing

glove has this adaptability. Be the wrist large or small, the little lacing string
can be drawn just sufficiently tight over the tiny hooks to give the glove a perfect
smoothness at the wrist, and easy accommodation to the movements of the hands.
This invention has been applied to men's gloves as well as to women's. No one
who has once used it can ever return to the button glove, with its vexatious fasten-
ing. The success of this invention was immediate. Mr. Foster established a factory
at Grenoble, France, a town where the best gloves in the world were made. At
about the same time he started a factory in New York, for putting upon the gloves
made at Grenoble the device which he had patented. Finding that his whole glove-
making enterprise was an unqualified success, he established in 1881 another glove-
factory, at Friedrichshagen, twenty miles from Berlin, Germany. The importation
of gloves into America from these two factories now exceeds in quality and quantity
those from any other factory abroad. In 1888 a new incorporated company was
formed, with William F. Foster, President ; S. F. Paul, Treasurer ; and T. N.
Foster, Secretary. A short time previous to this incorporation the firm of Foster,
Paul & Co. had consolidated their New-York offices and factory in the building
at the corner of Broadway and Grand Street. Here the company now occupies
four floors, and has 500 employees engaged in putting the lacings and hooks upon
the gloves made abroad. The Foster gloves are to be found in the great dry-goods
and ladies' and gentlemen's furnishing stores in every State and territory of the
Union. They are known to every wearer of fine gloves. They won their foremost
rank because of their merit.

FOSTER, PAUL & CO., BROADWAY AND GRAND STREET.

»32

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

The Gilbert Manufacturing Company, which stands foremost among
ladies' dress-linings and dress-goods manufacturing establishments
f the present day, has at its head as President, O. P. Dorman. The
history of this company is essentially a history of the business eli-
tes of Mr. Dorman, who, in 1879, obtained control of an
mtion for making cotton fabrics water and perspiration
-oof. Together with Frank H. Gilbert, who has since
become treasurer of the incorporated company which
bears his name, Mr. Dorman utilized this invention
to the very best advantage. At the outset they
began the manufacture of ladies' dress shields, with
42 sewing machines, in New- York City. These
proving very popular, the manufacture of ladies'
dress-linings was undertaken, and the capacity
of the business enlarged to meet its increasing
demands. In 1880 Mr.
Dorman conceived A
the idea of making Ami
three-leaf twills. MwA
These likewise / V f

proved very MMjF§M
popular, and

caused such , j

f ur t h e 1
exten- •' / y

GILBERT MANUFACTURING CO.
514 AND 516 BROADWAY.

sion of the business that in 1881 the
firm was incorporated, under its present
name. In the same year W. T Mcln-
tire became connected with the com-
pany, and three years later was elected
to its vice-presidency. For the next
three or four years the capacity of the
company was taxed to its utmost in
meeting the demands for its plain three-
leaf twill. Feeling that a slight depar-
ture would still further increase the
business, a fancy three-leaf twill was
introduced. In the early history of the
company Mr. Dorman had secured by a
contract for five years control of an in-
vention whereby a cotton fabric could
be dyed a black, which should be posi-
tively and absolutely fast. This dis-
covery was used at the outset exclusively
for dress-linings. Later, it was utilized
in making black Henrietta cloths,

GILBERT MANUFACTURE
WAREHOUSE ON CROSBY

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

833

which proved even more successful than the dress-linings. Not satisfied with
these results alone, a long series of experiments was undertaken, which at last
resulted in the successful manufacture of fast black dress goods with white figures.
Further experimenting led to the making of fast black goods with dual and chintz
colorings. Looms running in the interest of the company are now scattered through
every State in New England, excepting Vermont. The company's main office and
salesrooms are at 514 and 516 Broadway, and their warehouses are at 60, 62,
64 and 66 Crosby Street, New York. Branch-offices are established at various points
in this and foreign countries.

E. H. Van Ingen & Co., importers of woolens, occupy one of the handsomest
buildings devoted to business purposes in New-York City. It is the Mohawk
Building, at Fifth Avenue and 21st Street, and it was erected by the firm principally
for its own use. It measures 92 feet on Fifth Avenue and 142^ feet on 21st Street.
The building is an absolutely fire-proof structure, nine stories high, built of sand-
stone, St. -Louis brick, and iron. The architecture is quite simple, showing plainly
the lines of construction, with a touch of the Renaissance style. The feature of
the Fifth-Avenue front is the entrance-porch, which projects forward slightly,
and is treated in 1 —
Ionic style. The
two upper stories
are embraced in a
colonnade, which
makes them ap-
pear as one very
high story. The
lower floors of the
building, from the
first to the sixth,
are laid out in
broad salesrooms,
subdivided only by
rows of columns.
E. H. Van Ingen
& Co. occupy the
lower floors, the
general offices be-
ing at the rear end
of the entrance
story, and the pri-
v a t e offices o n
the floor above.
There is a recess
on the 2ist-Street
side which serves
as a driveway, and
permits the load-
ing and unload-
ing of goods with-
out encumbering
the sidewalk. The
53

E. H. VAN INGEN

834

AVXG'S HANDBOOK OF AFIV YORK'.

three upper stories are laid out in offices for professional people. They, as well
as the warerooms above the ground, are reached by two passenger elevators
from the main entrance. The walls of the corridors are wainscoted with hand-
some tiling, and the floors are laid in mosaic. The building is heated by
steam and lighted by electricity ; and all the wiring and piping has been done
in such a way as to avoid marring its symmetry. The firm of E. H. Van
Ingen & Co. is, perhaps, the largest one in the woolen trade in the world.
For more than twenty years it occupied the building at Broadway and Broome
Street. It was the first house in the trade to break away from the wholesale dry-
goods centre of the city and build for itself a home up-town. The Mohawk
Building is so called from the famous old Indian tribe of that name. It was opened
May I, 1892; and is an architectural feature of lower Fifth Avenue.

J. R. Leeson & Co., at Church and
Lispenard Streets, is the principal branch
of the largest linen -thread importing house
of the United States. Besides being the
American representatives of the great Scot-
tish house of Finlayson, Bousfield & Co.,
whose gigantic works are at Johnstone, in
Scotland, they are the selling agents of the
( j raft on Flax Mills, of Grafton, Mass. In
addition to their remarkable record as to
age, the Scottish house being the oldest
established linen thread manufacturers in
Scotland ; as to magnitude, the Johnstone
Mills alone giving employment to 3,000
persons ; as to stability, the standing of the
concerns being rated at many millions of
dollars ; and as to pre-eminence, being the
largest makers of linen and flax threads in
the world, and receiving the only Prize
Medal awarded for quality in linen threads
at the first International Exhibition, Lon-
don, 1851 : the houses of Finlayson, Bous-
field & Co. and J. R. Leeson & Co. have
made indelible records in the annals of the
growth of their industry by the almost in-
numerable list of inventions for the better
manufacture and the more extended use of
the products of linen and flax mills. Only
a few of these of the most recent date can
here be referred to. A few years ago the
introduction of "Real Scotch Linen Floss,"
and the now universally known " Bargarren
Art Threads," for embroidering, crocheting
and other ornamental work, created almost
a revolution in their way, for they were
found to be just as beautiful as silk, and yet
far more durable and far less costly. The at-
317 church street. tachments for book-binders' machines, by

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

835

which time is saved, with better results and less cost, and without the annoyance of
broken needles caused by knotty threads, have become generally used by the book-
binders throughout the country. Their peculiarly fine qualities and exceeding
strength have made the "Real Scotch " linen threads the especial favorites with the
boot and shoe and harness makers and other trades. In 1892 the house introduced
a new method of winding threads on tubes, which is destined to revolutionize the
entire system of putting up threads for manufacturing and home use, for by this new
system the many trials of the old-fashioned balls, bobbins or tubes are avoided, and
there is no bulging, no breaking or straining of the thread, no ravelling into knots or
loops, no slipping over sides to interfere with machinery, etc. The products of the
mills in Scotland and at Grafton include every variety of linen and flax threads now
in use for any purposes. They are put up in all conceivable styles of thickness and
color for which there is any demand. The headquarters of the firm are at 298 Devon-
shire Street, Boston ; and in addition to the principal branch in New-York City, J. R.
Leeson & Co. have agen-
cies at 405 Arch Street,
Philadelphia ; 81 7 Locust
Street, St. Louis ; 240
Franklin Street, Chi-
cago ; and in Cincinnati,
San Francisco, Cal., and
other important trade-
centres.

Belding Brothers
& Co. are the foremost
representatives of the
sewing-silk business in
America. From the
small beginnings in silk-
worm culture at North-
ampton, Massachusetts,
have grown the great silk
companies of modern
times. This business is
now one of the most im-
portant manufacturing
interests of the country.
The Belding Brothers by
unremitting push, and by
placing on the market
only the best product of
silk-manufacture, have
established an enormous
business, with a world-
wide reputation. Their
plant consists of mills at
Northampton, Massachu-
setts; Montreal, Canada;
San Francisco, Califor-
nia ; Rockville, Connec- belding brothers &. co. , 455 broai-'vay.

836 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

ticut ; and Belding, Michigan. These five mills employ over 3,000 hands. Their
chief products are machine twist, sewing, knitting and embroidery silks, silk hosiery
and lining silks. The total product of the mills during the year 1891 was valued at
$5,000,000. Over 2,000 pounds of raw silk from Asia and Europe, costing $ 1 1,000,
are daily converted through a great variety of processes into thread. In all
branches of the manufacture a single strand of silk must be produced, which is
usually doubled for yarns and trebled for machine-twist. This single strand, into
which every day at those mills a ton of silk is converted, is long enough to go
around the entire globe twelve times. One day's production would more than span
the distance from the earth to the moon. One of the great improvements in the
manufacture of silk is the operation of a patented machine which cleans the com-
pleted thread, not only taking off all burrs and pluff, but also giving it a gloss which
is peculiarly characteristic of the goods of the Belding Brothers.

The principal mills are at Northampton, near the Connecticut River Railroad
and the New-Haven & Northampton Railroad. 175 looms and 20,000 spindles are
employed there in weaving silk fabrics, such as sleeve-linings and silk coat -linings
for tailors' use. There are also in operation 25 hosiery machines, producing 300
dozen of silk hose each week. This industry is interesting, because of the hum-
ble way in which it began. The foundation of it was laid in i860 by Hiram H. and
Alvah N. Belding, who started from Otisco, Michigan, which since has been named
Belding, to sell silk from house to house. This method proved so successful that
three years later they, together with their brother, Milo M. Belding, started a house
in Chicago. In 1863 the three brothers formed a partnership with E. K. Rose, and
built a mill at Rockville, Connecticut. Three years later the firm was dissolved. In
1869 the mill at Northampton was built ; and subsequently the others. The com-
pany's main offices are at 455 and 457 Broadway, New York. The officers are :
M. M. Belding, President and Treasurer ; D. W. Belding, Vice-President ; and A.
N. Belding, Secretary. The directors are : M. M. Belding and J. R. Emery of
New York ; D. W. Belding of Cincinnati ; A. M. Belding, of Rockville ; W. S.
Belding, W. A. Stanton, and E. C. Young of Chicago.

Littauer Brothers are manufacturers of all possible varieties of gloves, from
the workingman's heavy mitten to the lady's lightest kid. During the ten years,
since succeeding their father in 1882, they have developed an enormous business, and
introduced an endless number of styles of gloves, for which skins of animals from every
part of the globe are imported. Indeed, this firm is celebrated for the fanciful variety
of its line of gloves, and for the quality of the material used in their make. Mocha-
skins from Arabia, deer-skins from Central America, Brazil and the Island of Ceylon,
a particular form of hog-skin from Buenos Ayres and the Argentine calf-skins,
cow-hides, the fronts of horse-hides, are all brought to the tannery near Gloversville,
New York, to be dressed and finished ready for cutting. From the heavier skins
are made the gloves and mittens for the workingman, while from the light fine skins
are made the dress and walking gloves. It is a curious fact that the workmen of
America desire, as do those of no other nationality, coverings for the hands. And
they desire these coverings to be of light colors and pretty designs. Littauer Brothers
have met this demand with marked success. It is this portion of the business in
which the firm were pioneers in this country, and to which they have given especial
attention since its foundation, in 1856, by Nathan Littauer, at Gloversville, a
town which was originally the natural market for deer-skins collected by trappers
in all parts of the country. And the manufacture of heavy buck-skin mittens
and gloves which the elder Littauer began there thirty-six years ago has become

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

837

the chief industry of the glove-
makers of America.

The two sons on succeeding
their father brought to the business
the same determined push and
originality which he had shown in
founding it. In ten years they have
multiplied it five-fold. They have
introduced into their manufactured
products the very finest kid gloves,
utilizing in their make the most
advanced European ideas, and em-
ploying skilled labor from various
foreign countries. Their lined and
unlined kid gloves have been found
to be of such equal quality to those
of European make that the latter
are no longer imported to their
former extent. In fact, no lined
gloves are now imported. And
the importation of men's unlined
gloves has diminished one-half in
the last five years, while a fair in-
road has begun to be made in the
importation of ladies' gloves. The
Mocha gloves, which this firm alone
manufactures, successfully compete
in smoothness and dressy velvety
finish with kid gloves. The enor-
mous variety of gloves manufac-
tured may be seen at its factory at
Gloversville, and at its establish-
ment, at 520 Broadway, New York.

Austin, Nichols & Company, of New York, are one of the preeminent im-
porting and wholesale grocery houses of the world ; occupying one of the largest and
finest establishments, carrying one of the most extensive and varied lines of goods,
doing the greatest volume of business, and having one of the largest lists of cus-
tomers. It is one of the mercantile houses in which New-Yorkers justly take the
greatest pride. Built up and conducted on the most energetic yet most conserva-
tive business principles, it is a business involving many millions a year, and covering
within its range of purchases and sales not only the whole of the United States, but
foreign countries as well. Its specially designed and constructed building, situated
at the corner of Hudson and Jay Streets, is always one of the busiest sights in the
commercial metropolis. It is a mammoth building of brick, iron and stone, ten
stories high above the basement and sub-basement. It is packed solidly with the
whole range of groceries and food products, including the fullest line of fancy and
staple goods, among which are hundreds of specialties, made expressly or exclusively
for this house ; many of which are from the firm's own manufactories or packeries.
These goods are virtually the food products of the whole world, especially selected
by a corps of expert buyers.

LITTAUER BROTHERS, 520 BROADWAY.

838

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Since Austin, Nichols & Co. succeeded the old grocery house of Fitts & Austin,
in 1879, ^ nas Pursued the most vigorous possible policy, and its success is due to
making sales at the lowest price consistent with quality ; trying to please customers,
having a thoroughly organ-
ized firm, with each partner
working hard for the general
welfare ot the firm, and being
able to buy in immense quan-
tities for cash in the pri-
mary markets of the world.
The present partners are
James E. Nichols, Louis
Schott, Thomas M. McCar-
thy, Thomas W. Ormiston,
and William S. Buchanan.

The packing departments,
unusually spacious and thor-
oughly equipped, and the
electric lighting plant and
steam-power machinery are
on a scale commensurate with
the needs of this great house.
The immense coffee roasting
rooms are worthy of special
mention, having a daily ca-
pacity of 100,000 pounds,
and being the largest in the
city of New York. All
through an air of solidity and
reliability pervades the whole
establishment of Austin, Nich-
ols & Co. , while all around is
evidence enough of the great energy required to conduct such an enormous business.

Francis H. Leggett & Co. is one of the most prominent wholesale grocery-
houses of the world; there is none more widely or more favorably known. This
house dates back to 1870, at which time Francis H. Leggett associated with him-
self his brother, Theodore Leggett, and the new house assumed the firm-name as
it stands to-day. Leasing the building at 74 Murray Street, a modest beginning
was made as a foundation to their present extensive business. Then staple goods,
sugars, syrups, molasses, etc., formed the bulk of the stock of all grocery houses,
the addition of specialities not coming into vogue until some years later. The new
firm was quick to discover any possible opening for adding new and desirable feat-
ures, and for enlarging the scope of its operations, and it has done much to give the
grocery trade its present diversified character. They were, also, among the first in
their line to add a complete line of canned goods, imported groceries, and foreign
fruits to their lists. The inauguration of each new feature served to increase the
popularity and to extend the patronage of the house. In 1873 larger quarters were
required and they removed to 97, 99 and 101 Reade Street. They soon occupied
the entire building, and also one adjoining, on Chambers Street. Increasing trade
demanded still more, and in 1 88 1 the firm erected their present building.

AUSTIN, NICHOLS & CO., HUDSON AND JAY STREETS.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

839

FRANCIS H. LEQQETT & CO.'S WHOLESALE GROCERY WAREHOUSE.

FRANKLIN STREET, FROM WEST BROADWAY TO VARICK STREET,

840 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

By a fire which occurred May 10, 1891, the top floor was destroyed, and the
entire stock was seriously damaged by water and smoke. For the ensuing three
months the firm occupied temporary quarters in Franklin, Hudson and West Streets,
and in the meantime repaired and remodelled their own building. The building is
imposing in its dimensions and attractive in its appearance. It is of pressed brick
and granite, with ample window-space, and comprises ten stories and basement.

The power-plant consists of two horizontal tubular boilers, of 60 horse-power
each, and one horizontal automatic cut-off engine, of 90 horse-power. This engine
furnishes power for milling and electric-light purposes. The power for milling is
transmitted from the engine to the several floors, until it reaches the tenth floor,
where the Spice Department is located. The large stock carried by the firm is
moved by six powerful steam elevators, of the Otis type. For electric-light purposes
there is also used an 80 horse-power high-speed engine, manufactured by the Ball
Company of Erie. The demands upon the boilers have been so great that the firm is
contemplating the erection of additional boilers. The electric-light plant consists
of two dynamos. One, of 700-light capacity, built by the Thomson-Houston Com-
pany ; the other, of 400-light capacity, built by the Edison Company.

The receiving and shipping departments occupy the first floor, while the private
offices, general sales-room, and counting-room occupy the second floor. All the
stories above are stocked with food-products of all sorts, from every quarter of the
globe, and the building contains as large a collection of such as is ever brought under
one roof. The upper floors are used principally for manufacturing purposes, such as
grinding spices, milling and packing prepared flour and cereal specialties of every
description, flavoring extracts, fruit-syrups, and many other specialties, and the pack-
ing of olives, all of which form an important branch of the business.

This firm makes a specialty of high-class groceries of every description, and is
a large handler of coffees and teas. They have a factory at Riverside, N. J. , where
they pack their own brands of canned goods, jams, and other high-grade specialties,
which have a national reputation for excellence. The firm has also an office at 42
Rue de Traversiere, Bordeaux, France. They do not sell wines, bitters, or liquors
of any description, but deal exclusively in food-products, and their brands are so
well-known and popular that their trade extends to all parts of the world. The
steady and prosperous growth of the volume of trade of this house finds its explana-
tion in a strict adherence to principles of integrity ; maintaining a high standard of
quality for their brands, and dealing fairly and justly with each patron. The busi-
ness is divided into twenty-five departments, each of which is in charge of a com-
petent buyer. The present members of the firm are Francis H. Leggett, Albert H.
Jones, Lewis Wallace, and John C. Juhring, Theodore Leggett having died in 1883,
while absent from the city in the summer of that year.

Dan Talmage's Sons, of 115 Wall Street, stand at the head of the rice traffic
in America. The house was founded in 1841 by Daniel Talmage, having now passed
its first half-century mile-stone. The principal office is in New York, wkh branches
at Southern points of production. The New- York office, besides being the financial
centre of their system, is the headquarters for the importation of foreign rice. They
receive cargoes of uncleaned rice direct from Japan, Java, Burmah and India, which
they clean at their large rice-mill in this city, and distribute to all points of the
United States, as well as exporting to the West Indies, Mexico, and South America.
Their branch -houses at Charleston and New Orleans are fully equal in importance,
being located at the milling-centres of the rice-growing interests of the United States,
where the largest portion of the rice crop is received from the growers, and from

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

841

which it is distributed to
consumers. Production
until recently has been con-
fined mainly to the States
of North and South Caro-
lina, Georgia and Louis-
iana, but within the past
year or two Florida, Texas,
Alabama and Mississippi
have been largely inter-
ested in its culture. Dan
Talmage's Sons are in
intimate relations with the
producers and in the dis-
tribution of rice their deal-
ings reach every portion
of the country.

The rice crop of the
United States is not large
enough to supply the home
demand, although the
acreage devoted to it is
increasing every year.
The firm has been very
active in stimulating the
culture; distributing prac-
tical information concern-
ing the industry, strongly
urging upon all Southern
planters the wisdom of

diversified products and the advisability of devoting some space to rice, as it is valu-
able as a food-product, the market being always ready to take any surplus which
may be made. They are considered to be the authorities on all matters relating to
rice, from breaking up the land for seeding until it is placed upon the table for con-
sumption. They collect and tabulate the information upon which the reports of the
crop and the market are based, and these reports, as sent out by the firm, are
treated as official by the press, and other houses in the trade. These statistics and
compilations are also requested by the Government at Washington, and are placed
on file for reference.

John Osborn, Son & Co., general merchants, have offices at 45 Beaver Street.
The house is a very old one. John Osborn came to New York from Oporto, where
he had a commercial house, and established himself on January, 1836. Some years
later he took his brother Robert into partnership, under the style of John and Robert
Osborn ; the place of business being at in Wall Street. In 1854 John Osborn
erected the building which they now occupy, then in the centre of the dry-goods
trade. A year or so later that trade began moving farther up-town. About 1856
the firm removed to 45 Beaver Street, and a year later the firm was dissolved by the
death of Robert. John Osborn continued under his own name. In April, 1869, he
associated with himself his son, Francis Pares Osborn, and Timothy Stevens, under
the co-partnership name of John Osborn, Son & Co. The firm had business relations

DAN TALMAGE'S SONS, 115 WALL STREET.

842

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

with foreign countries (particularly with Great Britain, France, Spain and Portugal),
and continued until May 16, 1869, when it was dissolved by the death of John Os-
born. Immediately a co-partnership was formed by Francis Pares Osborn, Timothy
Stevens and Mary C. Osborn, to continue the business under the same style. There
was no change in the personnel until May I, 1875, when the co-partnership was
dissolved. Then a limited partnership was formed by Francis Pares Osborn as
general, and Mary C. Osborn as special partner, to continue the business under the

. name of John Osborn, Son & Co. In 1876,

a branch house was opened in Montreal,
the head office remaining in New York.
On January 1, 1884, a new limited part-
nership was formed between Francis Pares
Osborn, Charles Spencer Osborn, William
Osborn, Robert A. Osborn and Mary C.
Osborn, to continue four years under the
same name. This partnership was re-
newed in January, 1888. On December
28, 1 89 1, Mary C. Osborn, the special
partner and mother of the general partners,
died at her home on Clinton Avenue,
Brooklyn, where she had lived for forty-
two years, and which was the birthplace
of William and Robert A. Osborn. On
March 13, 1892, the senior partner, Fran-
cis Pares Osborn, died ; the firm, however,
being a limited partnership, continued.
In 1892, the firm established a Western
Department, with offices at 522 and 523
Monadnock Block, Chicago. During the
years which this firm has been in existence
it has had business relations with all parts
of Europe, the South-American republics
and the West Indies, importing and ex-
porting the products of these countries,
as well as doing a banking business.
Among the agencies which this firm
has controlled in their wine and spirit
department is that of the old and well-
known brand of " Piper-Heidsieck, Sec"
Champagne, which has been known to the
American public for nearly a century, the
reputation of which has been held up,
and to-day stands among the best value of any high-class wine in America.

Charles Graef & Co., 32 Beaver Street, at the corner of Broad Street, are the
largest importers in America of champagne, fine wines and mineral waters. They
are the American agents of Pommery & Greno, of Reims ; Henkell & Co., of May-
ence ; Journu Freres, Kappelhoff & Co., of Bordeaux; and of the Apollinaris Com-
pany, Limited, of London. Charles Graef served a long apprenticeship in a French
wine-house, and afterward in a German house. He established himself in business
in New York in 187 1. In 1890 he associated with himself his brother Anton, his

JOHN OSBORN, SON & CO. , 45 BEAVER STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

343

two sons, Alfred and Harry C. Graef, and also Francis Draz and Ludwig Raecke,
under the firm-name of Charles Graef & Co. The business of the house has grown
steadily from the outset ; its sales amount to over $3,000,000 a year. Of the Euro-
pean champagne houses represented in America, that of Pommery & Greno, or, as
it is now, Veuve Pommery, Fils & Cie, of Reims, is one of the most extensive. It
sometimes controls a sixth of the entire vintage of the Champagne district. Enor-
mous quantities of its products are distributed throughout the United States by

CHARLES GRAEF & CO., BROAD AND BEAVER STREETS.

Charles Graef & Co. The wines of Henkell & Co. have been shipped to this
country since 1846, and have found high favor here. The house of Journu Freres,
Kappelhoff & Co. ranks among the highest in its line. Of the mineral waters
handled by the firm, the famous and fashionable Apollinaris water is known the
world over. It comes from a spring containing a very large volume of carbonic-
acid gas. Strange to say, the discovery of the Apollinaris Spring in the valley of
the Ahr, in Rhenish Prussia, was due to the fact that Herr Kreuzberg, the owner
of the land, could not make grapes grow on a particular spot, because carbonic acid
gas issued from the ground. On the advice of the geologist, Bischoff, he sank a well,
and struck the spring with which a world-wide success has been obtained.

Lorenz Reich, at 334 Fifth Avenue, corner of 33d Street, in the Hotel Cam-
bridge, is one of the most celebrated importers of fine wines in America, and has
done the country a real service in introducing the delicious vintages of Budai, Tokay
and Epernay. Nowhere else in the Western World can one find such a rich variety
of Hungarian wines, full of the strange, semi-Oriental fire and splendor of the lower
Danube Valley. Reich's wines are absolutely endorsed, as pure and unadulterated,

844

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

by Drs. Fordyce
Barker, J. Marion
Sims, D. Hayes
Agnew, S . D .
Gross, Jos. Pan-
coast, R. Ogden
Doremus,Loomis,
Flint, Learning,
Edson, Ham-
mond, and other
leading New-
York physicians.
Reich's beautiful
Tokayer Aus-
bruch has been
ardently com-
mended by such
people as Glad-
stone and Coler-
idge, Holmes and
Lowell, Longfel-
low and Whittier,
Robert Browning

LORENZ REICH, CAMBRIDGE HOTEL, FIFTH AVENUE AND 33D STREET. n(J \[ar]r Twain

Cardinal McCloskey and Henry Ward Beecher, Victor Hugo and Herbert Spencer,
Patti and Salvini. This marvellous beverage consoled and prolonged the last months
of Gen. Grant and President Garfield. Among other delightful Hungarian wines im-
ported by Lorenz Reich are the Tokayer Maslas, the fine white wines of Somlayai,
and the red wine of Budai, including the smooth and rich-bodied Budai Imperial,
abounding in salts of iron and blood-making properties. Reich also imports the dry
and fruity champagnes of Moigneaux, Pere et fils, of Dizy, near Epernay, for which
he has the forty-year sole agency of the United States and Canada ; and holds the
American agencies of Gordon Ramirez & Co. 's unrivalled sherries, and Ch. Lafitte
& Co., of Paris, the celebrated French distillers of brandies.

Mr. Reich, from his life-long acquaintance with the vine-bearing districts of Hun-
gary, his familiarity with the process employed in the cultivation and manufacture
of their products, and the exclusive control he has acquired over his source of supply,
is enabled to assure his customers that none but the choicest specimens of every brand
he deals in will be put upon the market. None of these wines are offered for sale
until twelve years old ; a circumstance of importance in determining their value.

Mr. Reich's hotel, the Cambridge, is one of the first and best family hotels in
New York, and is frequented by refined and exclusive people. Every detail in the
furnishing, decoration, cuisine and service is perfect. The plan of management is
unique, in that most of the suites are leased by the year, although a portion of the
house has been opened recently to select transient guests.

Bulkley, Dunton & Co., whose large paper warehouse and offices are at 75
and 77 Duane Street, is one of the oldest, strongest and most highly esteemed houses
in the paper trade. The business was started about 1835 by Jeremiah L. Cross, who
in 1838 was joined by Edwin Bulkley and Hiram N. Gookin, under the firm-name
of Cross, Bulkley & Gookin. Since then various changes in the firm have taken

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

845

place, as follows : In 1846 to Bulkley & Gookin, in 1 848 to Bulkley & Brother, in
1855 to Bulkley, Brother & Co., and in 1865 to Bulkley, Dunton & Co., the present
style having been continued
for nearly thirty consecutive
years. Through all these
changes and until his death
in 1881 Edwin Bulkley re-
mained an active partner, and
from 1846 he was the head
of the firm. His record for
mercantile sagacity and strict-
ly honorable business meth-
ods is of the highest order.
His associates, men of kindred
character, comprised, besides
Messrs. Cross and Gookin,
his brother Lewis D. Bulkley,
William C. Dunton, Corne-
lius Perry, his son Andrew
Bulkley, and the present
members of the firm, which
is composed of David G.
Garabrant, Moses Bulkley,
Jonathan Bulkley, and James
S. Packard. Mr. Dunton
held a prominent place, and,
as active manager of the
business for twelve years, is
largely to be credited with
its success. This house from
the beginning has held an in-
fluential position in the paper
trade, and to-day maintains
its unbroken record for enter-
prise, reliability and fair-dealing. The specialties of the house are book, news,
and hanging paper, the latter being used in the manufacture of wall papers. Besides
their own two mills at Middlefield, Mass., they own large interests as stockholders in
the Montague Paper Company and Keith Paper Company, at Turner's Falls, Mass.,
and the Winnipiseogee Paper Company, of Franklin, N. II., three of the most
successful paper-manufacturing corporations of New England, and of which they
were largely the originators. The products of these mills have an established
reputation throughout the country, as unexcelled in their various lines. In the
financial crises of the United States of the past half century this house has sustained
its record of solidity; in 1857 and the following years it carried through several
other large firms which otherwise would probably have failed. In 1859, and again
in 1864, the house suffered a heavy loss by fire, on both occasions their whole
establishment being completely burned, out. Heavy losses that arose out of these
fires and legally fell upon others were generously assumed, carrying out the liberal
policy always maintained. For twenty-seven years they were located at 74 John
Street, and in 1891 they moved to their present premises at 75 and 77 Duane Street.

BULKLEY, DUNTON & CO.

75 AND 77 DUANE STREET.

846

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

D. S. Walton & Co., dealers in manilla paper, paper bags, and kindred goods,
occupy the largest building in the country devoted to the sale of paper. It is an
imposing structure, at 132 Franklin Street, corner of Varick. It occupies a space
of about 123 feet on Franklin Street, and 100 feet on Varick Street ; is six stories in

Architecturally,

ing the window

•S.ty firm occupies

height ; and is constructed of light buff brick,
each facade presents a series of tall arches, enclos-
spaces, and extending through five columns. The
the entire building, excepting a small portion of
the lower floor. The general offices occupy
about half the second story. The line of
goods handled includes Manilla
papers in all grades, weights and
sizes ; tissue papers of all colors ;
hardware, express, book
and newspapers ; groc-
ers' paper bags and mil-
lers' flour sacks ; and all
kinds of cotton, flax,
hemp and jute twines.
The house also deals ex-
tensively in wood pulp
goods. It has a large
establishment in Vir-
ginia, which manufac-
tures butter-dishes and
fruit packages of all de-
scriptions. The firm is
composed of David S.
Walton, of New York,
and ex-Congressman
George West of Ballston
Spa ; and the house is
the selling agency of Mr.
West's extensive series
of paper-mills, the total
capacity of which is
about forty tons of manilla each day. George West is recognized as one of the most
noted paper-makers in America. He came from England, in 1848, after having
served at the paper-trade for about twelve years. He worked as a journeyman in
Massachusetts until he accumulated a small sum of money. Then he came to New
York. In 1862 he purchased the Empire Mills, at Ballston Spa. Since then he
has bought eight other mills : The Union, Island, Glen, Eagle, Pioneer, Excelsior,
Empire, and Hadley, all of which he still owns. The products of these mills are
sold through the house of D. S. Walton & Co. in every part of the United States.
Mr. West has been prominent in public affairs ; has been several times a member
of Congress ; and is active in the financial and fraternal institutions of Central New
York. Mr. Walton, although devoting his entire time to the management of this
enormous business, is still to be found among the directors of various financial and
commercial institutions. The whole manilla paper and paper-bag trade of this
count rV are familiar with the wares of D. S. Walton & Co.

WALTON & CO., FRANKLIN AND VARICK STREETS

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

847

W. H. SchiefFelin & Co., wholesale druggists and manufacturers of pharma-
ceutical preparations, at the corner of William and Beekman Streets, was originated
before the beginning of the present century (in 1794), by Jacob Schieffelin, whose
warehouse was at that time at 193 Pearl Street. The location was subsequently
changed to Maiden Lane, where the business was conducted until 1841, when, the
vast increase of its operations demanding more room, the firm, under the style of
H. H. Schieffelin & Co., removed to 104 and 106 John Street. In the year 1848
the style of the firm was changed to Schieffelin Bros. & Co. In 1854, their business
having increased so much as to require still more ample accommodations, the estab-
lishment was removed to the present spacious warehouse at 170 and 172 William
Street, corner of Beekman. In 1865 the firm of Schieffelin Bros. & Co. was dis-
solved, and the name of the house altered to W. H. Schieffelin & Co. Successive
generations of the family have been engaged in the business throughout the past cen-
tury, and at present the third, fourth and fifth generations are represented in the
concern. This is a record of which any mercantile firm may be proud, as it is very
unusual to find a house whose business has been carried on and transmitted to suc-
cessive generations, and this, together with the high standard of business integrity
always maintained, has contributed much to the reputation of the establishment.

The warehouse at 1 70 and 1 72 William Street, expressly constructed for themselves,
is a brick structure, six stories in height, with basement and sub-cellar, and num-
erous fire - proof
vaults extending
under the side-
walk. This firm
also has a separate
building located
at 697 and 699
Water Street,
and 400 and 402
Front Street, cov-
ering even more
ground than their
warehouse, a lab-
oratory which is
one of the largest
and best appoint-
ed in the country,
where, by the use
of the most ap-
proved apparatus
and machinery
(some of which is
of their own recent

invention), the greater part of their manufacturing is carried on. A careful inves-
tigation of this warehouse and laboratory will satisfy any one that the high reputation
enjoyed by its proprietors is a just one, and their prosperity no more than com-
mensurate with their merits. The present members of the firm are William H.
Schieffelin, William N. Clark, William S. Mersereau, William L. Brower, William
J. Schieffelin and Henry S. Clark, as general partners ; and Samuel B. Schieffelin,
of New York, and Sidney A. Schieffelin, of Geneva, N. Y., as special partners.

H. SCHIEFFELIN & CO., WILLIAM AND BEEKMAN STREETS.

848

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Tarrant & Co., importers and jobbers of drugs and chemicals and manufac-
turers of pharmaceuticals and perfumery, occupy the buildings 278-280-282 Green-
wich Street and 100 Warren Street. The name has been displayed on that spot for
nearly 60 years, for James Tarrant opened a retail drug store at 278 Greenwich Street
in 1834. His establishment was then distinctively the up-town drug store of the

business portion of
New - York City.
Beyond it was a
residence section
that was almost
of a suburban char-
acter. As the
New- York Hos-
pital, naturally a
rendezvous for the
leading physicians
of the time, was
then in the vicinity
of Broadway and
Duane Street, Tar-
rant's drug store,
being not far dis-
tant, became as a
matter of course a
supply depot and
" house of call "
for the doctors. In
1844 James Tar-
rant began the
manufacture of
Tarrant's Seltzer
Aperient and vari-
ous other special-
ties for the use of physicians. The enterprise proved successful and in the course
of time this manufacture became a leading feature of the business. James Tar-
rant died in 1852, and was succeeded by the firm of John A. Tarrant & Co., the
senior member of which was a brother of the founder of the establishment. In 1861
the firm was incorporated under the style of Tarrant & Co. The manufacture of
pharmaceutical specialties and perfumery was continued, and importing and jobbing
drugs, chemicals and druggists' sundries added. The quaint old building on which
James Tarrant hung his sign in 1 834 is still in existence, and its doors are the
main entrance to the present establishment. A largely increased business shortly
necessitated the addition of the adjoining stores, 280 and 282 Greenwich Street and
100 Warren Street, which, together with the old corner building, have been occupied
as a whole by the concern for many years. The title of the corporation and the trade-
marks of its specialties are familiar legends throughout the entire continent, as
representatives of the establishment visit every part of the United States and Cen-
tral and South America, and the products of its laboratory are to be found in all the
large cities of Europe. Tarrant & Co. are the American representatives of many
leading European manufacturers of pharmaceutical specialties.

TARRANT & CO., GREENWICH AND WARREN STREETS.

^.-X.t>

•Notable Manufactu rers-

An Outline History- of Some Preeminent Industries Carried
on or Represented in New York.

ARTISTS think of New York as the seat of the greatest collections of pictures
L and sculpture in America ; authors, as the foremost of publishing centres ;
musicians, as the critical tribunal of the Western World ; theologians, as the seat of
the great Episcopal and Presbyterian schools of the prophets ; financiers, as the
home of the great bank corporations. Every one has his own point of view in looking
at the Empire City, as port, or fortress, or mart, or mother-city in many ways.

But perhaps few people recognize that a prime distinction of New York is its pre-
eminent position as a manufacturing city, crowded with ingenious artificers, and
pouring its multifarious products all over the Great Republic. While one section of
the city includes its financial powers, and another is dominated by the clubs and the
theatres, and another by the vast shipping interests, several spacious and thickly
crowded sections are given up to manufactories, and populated with the swarming
families of its mechanics and artisans.

Away back in 1880 this city alone had within her boundaries over 11,000 fac-
tories, in which were employed the vast army of 227,342 persons. These workers
received as wages $97,030,121 a year. The capital of the manufacturing companies
reached $181,206,356. Every year their works consumed $288,000,000 worth of
material, which yielded, after the labors of the New- York artisans had enriched
them, articles valued at $473,000,000. One-sixth of this was in the single article
of clothing, upon whose fabrication nearly 60,000 persons were continually employed.
The preparation of meat for use employs a great army of men, and yields in this one
city a product of about $30,000,000 yearly. Ten thousand people get their living
by printing and publishing, their yearly product exceeding $20,000,000 in value.
There are armies of brewers, myriads of iron- workers, cohorts of cigar-makers, and
great numbers of makers of pianos and furniture, of boots and shoes, of hats and
caps, of sugar and molasses, of millinery and jewelry.

At the present time New- York City has 12,000 factories, with 500,000 operatives,
and a yearly product valued at above $600,000,000, including an enormous variety
of different articles. The largest single item of manufacture still is clothing, in a
myriad of different forms. Next comes the making of books and papers, choice
products of this great publishing centre. Cigars and tobacco are next in the
importance of their product ; followed by pianos and other kinds of musical
instruments. Besides the wonderful concentration of manufacturing capital in the
city proper, New York has established large plants in her suburbs, especially in the
New-Jersey and Long-Island sides, with their main headquarters in the metropolis.

A few of the great concerns are noticed in this chapter.
54

850 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The American Bank Note Company conducts one of the most famous indus-
tries of the country, and one which has won the respect and admiration of the world
for America's artists and skilled mechanics. Its renown has been the result of a rare
combination of the highest artistic and mechanical skill through a long experience,
and its standing to-day is unequalled. The business was founded in 1795 ; incor-
porated under the laws of the State of New York in 1858 ; and enlarged and
re-organized in 1879. The early and widespread use of paper money rendered it
imperative to produce engraved work which could not be counterfeited. The best
artists competed in making designs, skilful chemists devised inks to be brilliant and
ineradicable, or deleble and sensitive, and inventors applied the principles of
mechanics to intricate geometrical engraving. The consolidation of these interests
as the American Bank Note Company united the resources and reputation, the
safe-guards and facilities, of a century's experience, with abundant capital to test
new inventions and acquire new processes. The company has prepared securities
to the value of millions and millions of dollars, and bank-notes innumerable, also
postage-stamps, bonds, stocks, diplomas, drafts, etc., not only for the Government
and financial institutions of the United States, but also for Canada and the West
Indies, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Salvador, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, the
Argentine Republic, Uruguay, Brazil, Russia, Greece, Italy, Spain, England,
Sweden, Switzerland, and Japan. Besides its steel-plate engraving, the American
Bank Note Company has executed for railroads and various corporations many of
the most notable specimens of letter-press printing, in black and in colors. Special
styles and grades of paper, suitable for securities, are manufactured exclusively for
the use of the company. There is a department of lithographing, and also a
department of type-printing, entirely distinct from that of engraving, in which those
two important branches of the company's business are conducted. Special attention
is paid to making railway-tickets, and the establishment is equipped to produce
every variety of numbered or unnumbered tickets, in the improved styles. In its
ticket-department are many of the most ingenious machines known in the printing
industry. The company built and owns, at 78 to 86 Trinity Place, close by Trinity
Church, its commodious and attractive fire-proof establishment, extending through
to the next street, covering ten city lots. The buildings are of brick and iron,
and are seven to nine stories in height. They oyerlook Trinity Churchyard, which
gives to the windows a view of a busy section of Broadway. This position also
assures to the company an unobstructed light for all time, and makes the location
especially valuable. The general offices of the company, which occupy the entire
second floor of the Trinity-Place front of the building, are exceptionally exquisite
and most conveniently arranged. Entrance thereto is had through a large foyer
at the northern end, from which leads a massive stairway. The building is
thoroughly fire-proof, and has numerous fire-proof vaults. Its equipment of
machinery is elaborate, complete and costly. The whole establishment is the
most elegant and extensive of its class in the world. The present officers and
trustees of the American Bank Note Company are James Macdonough, President ;
Augustus D. Shepard and Touro Robertson, Vice-Presidents ; Theodore H.
Freeland, Secretary and Treasurer; John E. Currier, Assistant-Secretary; J. K.
Myers, Assistant Treasurer ; P. C. Lounsbury, W. J. Arkell, T. H. Porter, E. C.
Converse, Jos. S. Stout, James B. Ford, Elliott F. Shepard. The officers have
been connected with the business represented thirty and forty years, and have had the
principal direction of its affairs during all this period. Besides its New- York establish-
ment, the American Bank Note Company has branches in Boston and Philadelphia.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

«5'

.**8¥

Bfffl fj^ij |j«-|

1131 331 jot

AMERICAN BANK NOTE COMPANY.

TRINITY PLACE, BETWEEN THAMES AND RECTOR STREETS.

852 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Ansonia Clock Company is, without question, the most extensive manu-
facturer of clocks in the world. The quality of its output ranges from the most inex-
pensive nickel clocks for the kitchen mantel, to the most expensive and artistic time-
keepers, encased in onyx or gilded bronze. In quantity it is large enough to supply
a very large share of the demand of the civilized world. The company was formed
in 1876, by the consolidation of several concerns, some of which had been making
clocks for forty years. Its original works were at Ansonia, Conn. , a little town from
which it took its name, and which had already been christened in honor of one of
New York's merchant-princes, Anson D. Phelps. Soon after its organization, the
company established a plant in Brooklyn, and the works have grown, until they now
occupy a whole city block, bounded by Prospect Park, Seventh Avenue, 12th and
13th Streets, four acres in extent. Besides the big main building, a six-story struc-
ture laid out in form like a hollow square, there are a dozen buildings in the group.
All are substantially constructed of brick, and several are five or six stories in height.

All through the great plant are evidences of the mechanical development of this
age, many pieces of unique mechanism performing the most minute details of work-
manship, for which not many years ago it was necessary to train the eye, the hand and
the intellect of innate mechanics, in order to secure for the finest and most costly
clocks the same absolute accuracy now demanded of even the commonest of the
clocks which bear the name and trade-mark of the Ansonia Clock Company. These
devices not only have made it possible to produce time-pieces of unvarying accuracy,
but they have made it also possible to produce them at prices which place them
within the means of the whole people.

The company owns a large tract of land in an adjoining block, and contemplates
the erection of still another large building. When the company located in Brooklyn,
some twelve or more years ago, the territory in the vicinity of its plant was open,
unimproved country ; now there is no unoccupied land within many blocks. All is
built up and improved. The company has distributed thousands of dollars in sala-
ries and wages every week. The employees have settled themselves in homes in the
immediate vicinity of the works. A new field for household trade has been created,
and thus the Ansonia Clock Company has not only established a new industry of
great proportions, but has also contributed indirectly to the building up of a new
section of the city, and to the creating of new real property of great value.

Besides the tremendous output of clocks, the company also produces a great
variety of objects of art, in bronzes and other materials. It gives employment to
nearly 1,300 people. It has an export trade of enormous proportions, sending its
clocks and other products to every part of the known world. As a circulating depot,
it maintains a large establishment in London, which is located in its own building,
at 23 Fore Street, E. C. For the convenience of its trade in the western part of
this country, it has an extensive office and salesroom at 133 Wabash Avenue, Chi-
cago. There is a large staff of clerks and salesmen at each of its branches. There
is a salesroom at 11 Cortlandt Street, New-York City, for the display and sale of
clocks and bronzes. The headquarters offices are at 1 1 to 21 Cliff Street, New York,
occupying two floors of a large area. From this point all the operations are directed,
and the London and Chicago branches are responsible to it. The display of goods
in the main salesroom of this establishment, with its fine candelabra, bronze statu-
ettes, onyx clocks and bric-a-brac, is an exhibition of art-work, that of its class is
unparalleled. There is, in all the range of manufactories in New York, no finer or
stronger illustration of the results of energy, intelligent management, and well-directed
enterprise, than is found in the establishment of the Ansonia Clock Company.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YOJfK.

853

854 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Henry R. Worthington, manufacturing pumping machinery, is preeminent
among the leading mechanical manufacturing corporations of the world. The first
direct-acting steam-pump was patented September 17, 1841, by its originator and
builder, Henry Rossiter Worthington, and in 1845 was established at Brooklyn the
nucleus of works which now have an international reputation. The Worthington
Direct-Acting Duplex Steam-Pump was the result of attempts to improve the first
type of pump, and is to-day universally known and used. The Worthington pump-
ing-engine, in its simplest form, was first applied for water-works service for the city
of Savannah, in the year 1854. To this class of machinery has been added the
High-Duty attachment, invented by Charles C. Worthington, son of the founder,
and by this last and important invention the engines are able to do the same work
with one-half the fuel consumption.

In the years 1890 and 1891 145 Worthington engines of the higher types were con-
structed ; their aggregate daily capacity being 594,000,000 gallons ; and up to January
I, 1892, the total contract-capacity of these engines alone was 2,648,000,000 gallons
daily, which is twice the average flow of the Hudson River at Albany. Worthing-
ton engines are used for the entire high-service water-supply of New-York City, and
perform over 90 per cent, of the pumping done in the prominent business-buildings,
such as the Equitable, Mutual-Life, Produce Exchange, Mills Building, City Hall,
etc., and on the great ocean steamships, like the City of New York and others.

They are used, too, by the Standard Oil Company on their pipe-lines, for forcing
petroleum from the oil regions to the Atlantic sea-board and lake-ports. These
engines vary in size from 200 to 1,000 horse-power each, some of them being
required to deliver from 15,000 to 25,000 barrels of oil a day, against pressure of
from 1,000 to 1,500 pounds a square inch. The reputation of this firm soon spread
abroad, and resulted in the adoption of the Worthington design for pumping-engines,
by the celebrated house of James Simpson & Co., Limited, London, after a test in this
country by representatives of the latter firm ; and Worthington engines are now
accepted by the Old World as the most advanced type of pumping-machine. The
largest sizes are now in successful operation in the principal cities in England, and
in Rotterdam, Berlin, St. Petersburg, Calcutta, and Hong Kong, and in Mexico and
Australia. During the Soudan war, Worthington engines were purchased by the
English Government to supply the army of Sir Garnet Wolseley.

Henry R. Worthington also manufactures pumps for special services, such as
mining, wrecking, fire, sewage, etc. The Worthington water-meter is the oldest in
use, and is the only type of a positive measurer of fluids. It is in use in nearly every
city of the United States and in foreign countries. The grand prize for pumping-
machinery was awarded by the Paris Exposition in 1889 to this company. Their
engines were adopted by the authorities of the Centennial in 1876 and the Paris
Exposition in 1889 to furnish the entire water-supply. They have been awarded the
contract for four large engines by the Commissioners of the World's Columbian Expo-
sition of 1893. These engines will have a capacity of 40, 000, 000 gallons daily. They
also have the contract for special pumps for fire and other purposes, and for supply-
ing condensing water to the amount of 24,000,000 gallons daily. The Worthington
Pumping Engine Co., a subsidiary organization, carries on the foreign business, the
offices being located in London, Paris, Berlin and other cities. The immense plant,
known as the Hydraulic Works, now covers an area of several blocks in Brooklyn,
and a larger tract at Elizabethport, N. J. ; and upwards of 1,700 men are employed.
The company's main offices are at 86 and 88 Liberty Street, New York. The
branch-offices are at Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago and St. Louis.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

855

856 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Otis Brothers & Co., whose offices are in the Potter Building, at Park Row
and Beekman Street, are the foremost builders of passenger and freight elevators in
the world. They have erected the largest elevators in existence, which convey peo-
ple from the ferry-landing at Weehawken, N. J., to the Eldorado Garden, at the
top of the Palisades. They also constructed the elevators which have made the
highest ascent ; and the operating of which required the most intricate machinery ;
those with which the Eiffel Tower at Paris was equipped. They have been engaged
in elevator-building since 1855, soon after the moving platform began to displace,
indoors, the tackle and fall in the handling of heavy merchandise. Their works at
Yonkers then consisted of a single two-story building. Early inventions of elevator
machinery and appliances, made by E. G. Otis, of Yonkers, and Cyrus W. Baldwin,
of Brooklyn, formed the basis upon which their industry was built. Passenger-
elevators moved by steam came into use in 1866. Hydraulic apparatus was intro-
duced ten years later, and in 1880 came into general favor. Otis Brothers & Co.
were in the field, fully equipped, and they have made probably three-quarters of all
the passenger-elevators in use in New-York City.

The firm was incorporated in 1867. The little factory of thirty-seven years ago
has grown into a large group of brick buildings, covering several a*cres, of a capacity
for turning out four of their grand elevators a day, with accessory machinery and
fittings. Employment is given at Yonkers to about 500 men, and there is a con-
structing force of about 200, constantly engaged in setting up elevators in New York
and other cities. Recently Otis Brothers & Co. have perfected an electric elevator,
and have introduced it into several hundred buildings in this country and in Europe.
The car, winding machinery, safety-appliances, and controlling devices, are the same
as have been in use for many years. The company has adopted, and made part of
its system, a motor invented by Rudolph Eickemeyer, of Yonkers. Its valuable
features are that it starts and stops with the car, thus economizing power, and is
under perfect control of the operator.

The Otis passenger elevators are noted not only for their practical construction,
their elegance of finish, their simplicity of operation, their safety under any possible
circumstances, but also for their remarkable speed, which is secured with freedom
from accident. As any one passes up and down in the public buildings, hotels,
clubs, dwellings, business structures, he seems invariably to ride in Otis elevators.
An Otis elevator is always beautifully finished, and, above all, safe.

A distinctly valuable feature of the Otis elevator is its safety appliances. Tests
made of the safety-appliances of the Otis elevators in the Eiffel Tower resulted
in bringing the car to a stop after a fall of eight inches. Similar tests of the
Weehawken elevators resulted in a stop after a drop of 3f inches. The Weehawken
elevators, three in number, are each intended to carry 135 people. The cars are 21 feet
long and 12 feet wide. The permissible carrying capacity is 20,000 pounds, but either
car can lift a much greater weight. They make the ascent of 1 53 feet at the rate of 200
feet a minute. The machinery is of the hydraulic speed-multiplying type. Otis
Brothers & Co. have just completed the construction of the Otis Elevating Railway,
7,000 feet long, in the Catskill Mountains, by means of which visitors ascend to the
Catskill Mountain House in ten minutes, and save a journey of four hours by stage.

Otis passenger-elevators are in use in nearly a thousand public buildings, business
houses, and residences in New- York City. They are also in use in every city in
America, every large city in Europe, and in South America and Australia. The
officers of the company are Norton P. Otis, President ; Abraham G. Mills, Vice-
President and Secretary ; and William D. Baldwin, Treasurer and General Manager.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

857

858 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Western Electric Company, one of the foremost electrical supply and
manufacturing companies of the world, has been closely identified with the wonder-
ful development of electrical science in the last fifteen years. From small begin-
nings in Chicago it has risen to the dignity of an international organization, having
its plants scattered over both continents. Its dynamos, its arc and incandescent
lights, its annunciators and fire-alarm systems, its telephone and telegraph instru-
ments, its aerial, underground and submarine cables are practical testimonials to its
enterprise and mechanical skill.

Some time previous to 1870 Enos M. Barton, now President and General Mana-
ger of the company, and Professor Elisha Gray, of telephone and multiplex tele-
graph fame, started a small telegraph shop in the city of Cleveland. With the
growth of this business they moved to Chicago, and in 1872 organized the Western
Electric Manufacturing Company, under the presidency of General Anson Stager.
This organization was a consolidation of Gray & Barton and of the Ottawa shop of
the Western Union Telegraph Company. By a strict maintenance of the highest
standard of excellence in its manufactured goods, and by carefully pushing its busi-
ness, this company forged to the front in electrical enterprises. Its leading position
soon enabled it to absorb several large electrical establishments. It purchased in
1875 the business of George H. Bliss & Company, and at about the same time that
of the Electrical Improvement Company of Galesburg, 111. ; in 1879 tne shops and
business of the Western Union factory at New York ; in 1 88 1 that of the Chicago
Telegraph Supply Company ; and in 1882 the Gilliland electric plant of Indianapolis
and that of Charles Williams, Jr., of Boston. Having secured control of these elec-
trical plants, the company changed its name to the Western Electric Company,
making its headquarters at Chicago. Their magnificent factory there was erected
in 1883. Their present issued capital is $1,750,000.

The extension of their foreign business led to the establishment of factories at
Antwerp, Berlin and Paris. While no manufacturing is done at Eondon, the com-
pany has extensive and heavily-stocked ware-rooms there.

The New-York factory and offices are in the handsome and substantial building
erected by the company, in 1889, at the corner of Greenwich and Thames Streets.
This factory turns out the smaller electrical instruments, such as telephones and
transmitters, telegraph and testing instruments, annunciators and call-bells ; while
at the factory in Chicago is manufactured the heavier class of electrical apparatus
and supplies. There dynamos, telephone switch-boards, magneto- call bells, fire-
alarm appliances and cables for the telegraph, telephone and electric-light services
are made ; and insulated wire, varying from 1-1000 of an inch in thickness, cf
which five miles are required to make a pound, to 1-2 inch in diameter, of which
nine inches only are required to make a pound. During the last two years one per
cent, of the entire amount of lead produced in the United States has passed through
the cable manufacturing rooms at Chicago. The hydraulic press used there for
forming the lead-pipe around cables is the largest ever built for that purpose.

The business of the company has kept pace with the development of electrical
inventions. Originally devoted almost entirely to the manufacture of telegraph
apparatus, the company has added apparatus connected with the development of
the telephone, the electric light, the electric railway, and other less important lines
of electrical work, to its list of manufactures.

The New- York building of the Western Electric Company is one of the notable
architectural features of the southern end of the city, rising up in graceful proportions
to a height of ten full stories above the sidewalk.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

859

WESTERN ELECTRIC COMPANY.

GREENWICH AND THAMES STREETS.

S6o KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

The General Electric Company of New York is a corporation with a
special charter, granted early in 1892. Its main work at present is electric lighting,
electric railways, and electric transmission of power. In lighting it owns and con-
trols the patents of almost every known method of electric illumination in all its dif-
ferent departments, alternating and direct current, for both arc and incandescent
lamps. The two last-named departments have shown most phenomenal growth,
and their rapid extension is an accurate gauge of the wide adoption of the electric
light in both public and private life. The arc lamps already manufactured and in
use number hundreds of thousands, while the incandescent lamps reach millions.
The problem of the subdivision of electric illumination, by means of lamps of
reduced size and smaller candle-power, has been successfully solved, and the many
additional advantages derivable from the use of the electric light in this way rendered
still more striking. As a pioneer and careful developer toward perfection in the
electric lighting field, the General Electric Company stands to-day preeminent.
In street-railway locomotion it has developed, and has in practical operation, the
most perfect system, known as the overhead system, while it is now developing high-
power locomotives for heavy traction work. So rapid, indeed, have been the strides
made in this direction that the substitution of the steam locomotive by the electric
locomotive has been brought, by the latest developments of this company, within
the range of immediate probabilities. In mining work it manufactures appliances
for drilling, hoisting, conveying, pulverizing, extracting, etc., by electricity. In power
work it has created appliances for every conceivable kind of portable or stationary
motors, from the smallest to the greatest. It has enabled the industrial world to
take advantage of the immense energy in the undeveloped water-power of the country.
By means of its perfected apparatus the water-falls and water-courses of the country
have been laid under contribution, and rendered subservient to the uses of man.
Mines heretofore unworkable, on account of the cost of fuel, are now proving sources
of great profit, the power to work them having been transmitted to them by means
of the electrical devices which this company has invented and constructed. Mills
and factories all over the land testify to the almost universal uses to which electricity
has been put, all rendered possible and practicable by the inventive talent which the
General Electric Company has had at its command. It has very extensive electrical
works at Schenectady, N. Y., and at Lynn, Mass., and the largest works in the
world for the manufacture of incandescent lamps at Harrison, N. J. In its various
departments it gives employment to over 10,000 people, many of whom command
the highest pay for their skill and knowledge of both the theory and practice of elec-
tricity. It is not the exclusive province, however, of the General Electric Company
to deal with the public consumer of electricity directly. It is also, as its name
implies, the general or "parent " organization under which several thousand distinct
local companies, chartered in every State and territory, and also in many foreign
countries, are licensed to use its patents, appliances, and products.

The large capital employed by this company, together with its unrivalled corps of
inventors, scientists, and experts, permits it to examine and test thoroughly any and
all ideas that are likely to develop the science of electricity, and to apply it com-
mercially. The capital of the General Electric Company is $50,000,000, and even
with this capital its stock is sold far above its par value. Its executive offices are
located in a large, handsome building, eight stories high, at 42 Broad Street, in New-
York City, and also at 620 Atlantic Avenue, Boston. Its officers are C. A. Coffin,
President ; Eugene Griffin, First Vice-President ; E. I. Garfield, Secretary ; A. S.
Beves, Treasurer ; and Joseph P. Ord, Comptroller.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

86 1

GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY.

EDISON BUILDING, 42 AND 44 BROAD STREET, BETWEEN EXCHANGE PLACE AND BEAVER STREET.

862 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The New-York Belting & Packing Company, Limited, manufacturers
of machine belting, hose, rubber springs, and kindred goods, have their offices and
warerooms at 1 5 Park Row. The main factory is on the Potatook River, near New-
town, Conn. The business was founded at Boston, Mass., in 1846, two years after
the issue to Charles Goodyear of patents for his process of vulcanizing india rubber.
At the outset the concern had the personal assistance of Mr. Goodyear. As the suc-
cessor of the Boston factory it is the oldest mechanical rubber-goods establishment.
It is also the largest concern manufacturing mechanical india-rubber goods in the
United States. It was incorporated about 1856. The manufacturing establishment
at Newtown, Conn., occupies many acres of ground. The company owns a magnifi-
cent water-power on the Potatook River, consisting of two separate falls, each of con-
siderable height. A portion of the power is utilized by means of a water-wheel fifty
feet in diameter. This is supplemented, whenever the occasion requires, by steam-
power, as the works are equipped with an extensive steam-plant. The factory build-
ings comprise several mills, fitted for the manufacture of different articles. With the
attached cottages, built for the use of the superintendent and other employees, the
establishment constitutes a manufacturing village of considerable size.

Crude india rubber has been known to commerce, for several hundred years.
Primarily, it is a pale yellow sap, and is taken from trees of several varieties. It is
changed into a gum by the process of evaporation. Central and South America are
the main sources of supply, although rubber is found in considerable quantities in parts
of Asia, Africa, and the island of Madagascar. Most of the crude rubber received
in the United States comes from Para, at the mouth of the Amazon River. Until
about fifty years ago there was little use for rubber in manufactures, other than for
making overshoes and waterproof fabrics. The art of vulcanizing the crude material
by compounding it with sulphur made it useful in a variety of ways, and upon this
art was founded the industry of the New-York Belting & Packing Company, Limited.
The process originally discovered by Charles Goodyear was the basis of its operation,
but during the years which succeeded many new inventions were made which extended
the uses of rubber, and opened up new fields of manufacture. A large number of
these inventions were secured by the company, and thus the breadth and scope of its
business have increased. Among the products of its factories are machine belt-
ing, rubber hose for all uses, railroad car-springs, and springs for miscellaneous
uses, rubber machine packing, emery wheels, rubber mats, and a variety of small
articles. Its business has grown to enormous proportions, and this growth is
not only the natural progress to be expected of a successful concern, but is due in
part to the great expansion of the usefulness of rubber, which has gone on year
by year. The house exports large quantities of its goods to Europe and South
America. The principal officers of the company, and the principal stock-holders as
well, are John H. Cheever, the treasurer, and A. D. Cheever, the deputy-treasurer.
To the former is due much of the credit of creating a new industry, and conducting
it successfully until it has reached a position of the first magnitude.

The salesrooms of the New- York Belting & Packing Company are in Park Row,
Nos. 13 and 15, immediately opposite the lower end of the United-States Post Office,
and not far from the City Hall, Astor House, and St. -Paul's Chapel. At these sales-
rooms can be seen the extensive line and great variety of goods which are produced
by this company — belting not merely of short lengths and narrow widths, but huge
and broad belts for the heaviest conceivable work ; not merely garden hose, but the
strongest and most durable needed by fire departments of the metropolis ; and the
general products cover the full range of sizes and varieties demanded for all uses.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

863

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864

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

The Eaton, Cole & Burnham Co., manufacturers of wrought -iron pipe and
all brass and iron fittings used in connection therewith, have been closely associated
with the growth of the brass and iron industry of America. The company was
formed in 1875, by tne consolidation of the firm of Eaton & Cole, supply merchants
in the above class of goods, and the Belknap & Burnham Manufacturing Co.

It would be impossible to speak of the variety of these goods and the extent of
their sales. Not less than about 75,000 of the Gem and Lowell hose-nozzles (the
patent for which the company holds) are sold annually. The device of these nozzles
is simple, and yet valuable. It permits of the regulation of the stream of water from

a full column to the finest
spray. Then there are
the company's pipe-
threading machines,
which are found invalu-
able where extensive
piping is carried on.
They are placed in every
pumping station along
the route of the hundreds
of miles of piping
through which crude
petroleum is forced from
the inland oil regions to
the Atlantic coast and
to the lake ports. The
company's solid and mal-
leable stocks and dies,
its valves, cocks, cast-iron
fittings, steam whistles,
and tools too numerous
to mention find markets
in all parts of the world,
including the Indies and
South America. Its ex-
port-trade is to Vienna,
Buda-Pesth and Berlin,
and to England also.

The largest steam-
whistle ever manufac-
tured was furnished by
this company to a logging
camp in Canada in 1882. Its screech could be heard 14 miles, and was used to
call in the loggers from their distant stations to the main camp. In 1877, two
years after the formation of the company, its supply of goods to the oil- regions of
Pennsylvania had become so extended as to require a distinct department for their
manufacture. The Oil-Well Supply Co. was formed, under the management of John
Eaton, who then became and has since continued President of both companies.
The manufacturing plant at Bridgeport consumes daily about 30 tons of iron, and six
to eight tons of brass in the manufacture of goods, and gives employment to more than
700 hands. The company's offices are at 82 to 84 Fulton Street, New- York City.

EATON, COLE & BURNHAM CO., FULTON AND GOLD STREETS.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

865

The National Tube Works Company, the New- York office of which is at
160 Broadway, conducts one of the gigantic industries of the country. It was
originally a Boston institution, and the office of its Treasurer remains there.
The New- York office is that of its General Manager. Its principal works are at
McKeesport, Pa. The establishment there covers forty acres, thirty being occu-
pied by buildings.

The product includes every variety of wrought-iron pipe, boiler-tubes, pipes
or tubes used for artesian, salt, oil or gas wells, rods and columns used in mining,
grate-bars, hand-rails, telegraph-
poles, gas and air-brake cylin-
ders, drill-rods, Converse patent
lock-joint, wrought iron kala-
meined and asphalted pipe for
water and gas works mains and
trunk lines, and locomotive and
stationary injectors.

An important branch of man-
ufacture is that of sap pan iron,
kalameined and galvanized sheet
iron, cold rolled iron and steel
sheets, and corrugated and curved
sheets, for roofs and ceilings. An-
other speciality is the celebrated
" Monongahela" brand of Besse-
mer, mill and foundry pig-iron.

The company finds a market
for its goods not only in the
United States but also in Central
and South America, Mexico,
Europe, Australia, and Africa.
The works have a capacity of
250,000 tons of tubes and pipe
yearly. The company was one of
the first to use natural gas as fuel
in the manufacture of iron. The
gas is brought from its own
wells, through twenty miles of
pipe, to the works.

The industry was established
in Boston in 1867 by J. H. Flagler, national tube works co., new-york off.ces, ieo broadway.

Two years later, the National Tube Works Company was organized, and in 1872 the
manufacturing establishment was moved to McKeesport. In 189 1 the company was
re-organized under the laws of New Jersey, with a capital of $11,500,000; and,
with its own industry, has consolidated those of the Republic Iron Works of Pitts-
burgh, the Monongahela Furnace Company, and the Boston Iron & Steel Company
(located at McKeesport), allied but not competing concerns. Branch offices are
maintained at Pittsburgh, St. Louis and Chicago. The present officers and direc-
tors of the company are E. W. Converse, President ; D. W. Hitchcock, Vice-Presi-
dent ; William S. Eaton, Treasurer ; P. W. French, Secretary ; E. C. Converse,
General Manager ; Horace Crosby, W. J. Curtis, J. H. Flagler, and F. E. Swectser.

866

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

The International Okonite Company, Limited. — Commensurate with the
magical extension of applied electricity in the last score of years has been the ever-
increasing demand for a more efficient form of insulation for conducting wire, an insu-
lation which should resist the corrosive action of all nature's elements, and insure
absolute secrecy in the working of each wire of the hundreds bound in one cable.
No company has more nearly succeeded in fulfilling these exacting conditions than
The Okonite Company, Limited, of New York and London.

In 1884 J. J. C. and Michael Smith and Herman Gelpcke organized the New-
York Insulated Wire and Vulcanite Company, for the manufacture of insulated wire.
They established an experimental plant at College Point, L. I. They there began
the manufacture of a special form of insulation, which from small beginnings was
destined to become of the utmost importance to the continued growth of electrical
science. In 1885 the company removed its plant to Passaic, N. J., its name being

INTERNATIONAL OKONITE CO. 'S WIRE AND CABLE MILLS.

changed to the "Okonite Company." The active management then passed into the
hands of Willard L. Candee and George T. Manson. Under their skilful executive
ability the business increased beyond all expectation. The plant became inadequate
to the demand made upon it. In 1889 the present plant was erected at Passaic,
and the company re-organized under the name of The Okonite Company, Limited,
the managers of which are Willard L. Candee and H. Durant Cheever. With them
is associated George T Manson as General Superintendent.

This plant covers about a block, facing on the Dundee Canal, which is used as a
water-power. Its main building is 394 feet in length by 63 in width. There is a
wing at either end, one of 130x57 feet, the other 170x53 feet, and other buildings.

The factory can produce every form of the highest grade of insulated wire, from
the smallest used in telephone service to the largest used in submarine cables. This
company's wire with its efficient insulation has become known to the electrical world
as a standard of excellence. It is used by all leading telegraph, telephone, electric-
light, railroad and mining companies. The "Okonite" trade-mark, a unique
emblem of the company's business, is familiar to all the electrical world.

The company's main offices are in New York, at 13 Park Row. There are
agencies in all the principal cities of the United States. Main offices are at London,
and a plant, more extensive than at Passaic, at Manchester, England.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

867

The Fairbanks Company, manufacturers of and dealers in standard scales
and kindred goods, and steam supplies, occupy as an office the five-story marble-front
building at 311 Broadway, between Duane and Thomas Streets. This office is the
general distributing and sales headquarters. The manufactories of the company are
located at St. Johnsbury, Vt., and cover about twelve acres. Employment is given
to about 700 skilled workmen. Ten thousand tons of iron and steel are manufactured
into scales yearly, the capacity of the works being 100,000 scales, of every variety,
from the finest apothecary's balance to the large railway weighing-machine of 150
tons. It is sixty years since the business was established. In 1823 Thaddeus Fair-
banks started a foundry in St. Johnsbury, and in 1824, in association with his brother
Erastus, began to manufacture stoves and plows. Afterward hemp-dressing machines
were added to the list of products, and at length the firm engaged in the hemp busi-
ness. The purchase of hemp
involved much weighing,
and Mr. Fairbanks, after
long study, devised the
platform-scale : A series of
levers delicately adjusted on
knife-edge steel bearings,
which is still the accepted
principle of all practical
weighing machines. This
was patented in 183 1, and
out of its manufacture has
grown the present establish-
ment, which is the largest
scale-manufactory in the
world. The business was in-
corporated in 1874, with a
capital of $2,500,000. The
scales and the processes of
manufacture are covered by
a great number .of patents.
For many years the Fair-
banks Company has fur-
nished the Government with
scales of all sizes, from those
which weigh letters in the
Post Office to those which
are used in navy-yards and
custom houses. The Fair-
banks scales are also the
standard of Europe and
Africa, India and Australia,
China and Japan, the West
Indies and South America. The Fairbanks Company also controls the celebrated
Pratt & Cady asbestos disc valves, and the Hancock inspirators, and many other
valuable inventions. The company has branch -offices or agencies in large cities
all over the world. There is no article so light, and none so heavy, that it cannot be
weighed on some of the varieties of Fairbanks scales.

THE FAIRBANKS COMP

S6S

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Post & McCord are civil engineers and contractors for the iron work in bridges,
fire-proof buildings and roofs. The firm consists of Andrew J. Post, C. E., M. A.
S. C. E., and William H. McCord. The general offices of the firm are at 102 Broad-
way, New York, and the works are at North 8th Street and Driggs Avenue, Brooklyn.
This firm has designed and constructed several important structures, among which
are the roof of the New- Jersey Central train-shed at Communipaw, N. J. ; that of
the new train-shed at the Grand Central Depot ; the roof of the amphitheatre of the
Madison -Square Garden, and the frame-work carrying the tower of the same build-
ing ; and the new iron bridge carrying the tracks of the New-York and New-Haven
Railroad over those of the New- York and Harlem Railroad, near Woodlawn Ceme-
tery station. It has also furnished and erected the iron work of many of the large
fire-proof buildings in New York, among them the Central-Park Apartments, at 58th

POST & MCCORD ; ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL IRON WORX3.

and 59th Streets and Seventh Avenue ; the Dakota, at yzd Street and Eighth Ave-
nue ; the Chelsea, on 23d Street ; the new Presbyterian Hospital ; Temple Court, at
Nassau and Beekman Streets ; the Corbin Building, at Broadway and John Street ;
the Gallatin Bank Building, on Wall Street ; the Mechanics' Bank Building, on Wall
Street ; the Wilks Building, on Wall Street ; the 8th-Regiment Armory, New York,
and the State Capitol at Trenton, N. J. During the summer of 1892 Post & McCord
supplied the iron work for the new Charities Building, at 22d Street and Fourth
Avenue ; the power station for the Broadway and Seventh-Avenue Cable Railway, at
Broadway and Houston Street ; and the Metropolitan Realty Company's Building.
Mr. Post has had large experience in designing and building railroad bridges, and
is well known among civil engineers. Mr. McCord has been connected with some
of the largest architectural iron works, and is thoroughly acquainted with the details
of that line of construction. The new method of constructing the frames of fire-
proof buildings of wrought iron and steel was adopted by this firm in its infancy,
and has been elaborated by them to a great extent.

The entire iron work used in the construction of buildings and bridges comes
within the province of Post & McCord.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

869

The Rand Drill Company, the office of which is at 23 Park Place, has played
an important part in revolutionizing the methods of mining and tunneling, and in
placing America ahead of the world in the production of rock-boring apparatus.
The first drill made in which the drilling tool was the extension of the rod of a
piston, acted upon by steam or compressed air, was indirectly an outcome of the
enterprise begun by private capital and completed by the State of Massachusetts, in
cutting a tunnel through the Hoosac Mountain. The use of the Rand Drill has
stimulated mining enterprises greatly, not only by virtue of the marked reduction it has
made in the cost of cutting out ores, but also because of the even greater advantage
of speed in driving tunnels and headings and otherwise opening up new properties,
by virtue of which preliminary work — work which formerly required years to accom-
plish— is now completed in a few months. Vast deposits of iron and copper in the
Lake-Superior regions and elsewhere, and of silver in the Far West and in Mexico,
are now opened up so expeditiously and so cheaply that the cost of the ores has been

FLOOD ROCK EXPLOSION AT HELL GATE IN OCTOBER, 1885. RAND DRILL COMPANY'S DRILLS AND EXPLOSIVES.

permanently reduced. In Australia and South Africa gold-mining is now carried on
by means of the Rand Drill. In fact, to such an extent have the mining enterprises
of the Dark Continent been carried on of late, that the production of gold in South
Africa for one month recently was estimated to be two-thirds of the output of the
United States during a similar period. A great public work in which the Rand
Drills were used almost exclusively was the undermining of Flood Rock, an impor-
tant portion of the work of improving the channel at Hell Gate. Flood Rock was
successfully blown up on October 10, 1885, and in the final operation another pro-
duct of this company, "Rackarock," an explosive of even greater power under water
than dynamite, but perfectly safe tc handle, was used extensively. The Rand Drill
Company supply a large portion of the demand for rock-boring apparatus and safe
explosives in this country, and are almost without competition in Australia in the
sale of drills. German engineers who are well advanced in the science of tunneling
acknowledge the superior efficiency of the Rand Drill. Of the explosives used in
Australian mining this company supplies about one-third.

870

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Russell & Erwin Manufacturing Company, which occupies its own
large five-story marble-front building, at 43 to 47 Chambers Street, is one of the
largest concerns producing builders' hardware in the United States. Its business
was founded in 1839 by Russell & Erwin, in New Britain, Conn. Soon afterward,

they established an
office at 92 John
Street, New York,
and some time later
they removed to
22 and 24 Cliff
Street. The Rus-
sell & Erwin Manu-
facturing Company
was organized in
1 85 1, to carry on
the business of the
firm, and thus ranks
among the older
manufacturing cor-
porations. Cor-
nelius B. Erwin
was its first presi-
dent, and Henry
E. Russell its first
treasurer, and they
held these offices
until the death of
Mr. Erwin, in
March, 1 885, when
Mr. Russell be-
came President ;
and M a h 1 o n J.

Woodruff, who had been assistant-treasurer for many years, was elected Treasurer.
The company's New-York offices were at the corner of Cliff and Beekman Streets
until 1868, when it purchased its present building in Chambers Street.

The corporation was organized under a special charter, obtained from the Legis-
lature of Connecticut. Its principal manufactories are in New Britain, Conn. They
consist of many extensive buildings of brick and stone, which cover about nine acres
of ground. In 1885 the company purchased the property of the Dayton Screw Com-
pany, at Dayton, Ohio, at a cost of about $500,000. It operates the establishment
as a branch manufactory, and markets the products through the New-York house.
The goods manufactured by the concern are those classed as builders' hardware and
house trimmings, and include bronze, brass, wrought-steel and cast-iron door locks,
knobs and bolts, and all varieties of wood and machine screws and bolts. The com-
pany maintains a warehouse in Philadelphia, and another in London. Its export-
trade is very large, although by far the greater portion of its products is sold in the
United States. At the New-York house a very large general wholesale hardware
business is conducted. The corporation is capitalized at $1,000,000, all of which,
with its large surplus, is invested in its business. It employs about 1,600 men. The
present officers and directors are Henry E. Russell, of New York, President ;

ERWIN MANUFACTURING

AND 47 CHAMBERS STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

871

Mahlon J. Woodruff, of New York, Vice-President and Treasurer ; Henry E. Rus-
sell, Jr., of New Britain, Assistant-Treasurer and Secretary; J. Andrew Pickett, of
New Britain, William G. Smythe, of New York, George J. Laighton, of Brooklyn,
and Thomas R. Bishop of New Britain. Theodore E. Smith is Assistant Secretary.

The Nathan Manufacturing Company has had a corporate existence of about
eight years, having in 1884 succeeded to the well-known firm of Nathan & Dreyfus,
their predecessors in the same line of business ; and in that time its injectors, its
lubricators, its ejectors, boiler-washers, and fire-extinguishers have become cele-
brated and are in use on both continents. The company has reduced to a science
the lifting and forcing of water, or other fluids, by steam.

Its injectors are speeding over the land on the locomotives of the great railroad
lines ; and its ejectors are constantly engaged in lifting bilge- water from the holds of
naval and mercantile steam-vessels ; and are to be found in mines or tunnels where
water is required to be raised speedily. They are widely known and appreciated.

This company has stood foremost in the rapid strides made in the science of
boiler-feeding and lubrication in the last ten years. Its double and triple automatic
locomotive sight feed cups are unsurpassed in perfection of action. The sale of

NATHAN MANUFACTURING COMPANY'S FACTORY, FOOT OF 106TH STREET, NEAR THE EAST RIVER.

these cups in Europe and in America is probably larger than that of any others in
the world. The "Monitor" injector, an adaptation of the company's well-known
locomotive injector of that name, has been successfully applied to the stationary
boilers. The ejectors, or water elevators, are the most effective agents within recog-
nized limits that can be employed for raising water, or conveying fluids ; in many
cases they are the only ones that can properly do the work. They are compact in
shape, small, and may be readily moved from place to place. Ejectors of the largest
capacity require but one-twentieth of the space used by the ordinary steam-pump,
and for this reason are especially applicable to vessels for raising bilge-water. They
are in practical operation in the vessels of many navies, and are especially service-

872

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

able to steamers in times of danger, from leakage or breaking seas. They are also
extensively applied in coal-mines and tunnels. It was only when one of these ejec-
tors was pressed into service that the water could be kept clear in that ill-fated
tunnel, some years ago, under the North River, until the bodies of the unfortunate
eighteen men who lost their lives on that occasion were recovered. Some of the
largest ejectors placed on vessels have a capacity of throwing out 300 tons of water
an hour. The smaller ones have proved effective and serviceable on steam-yachts.

A modification of the company's ejectors has been applied to the washing and
filling of locomotive -boilers with warm water. These can also be made to do instant
service in extinguishing fires where steam and water are available, and where their

steam fire-extinguishers are not in
use. The works of the company
are at the foot of 106th Street, near
the East River. The principal
offices are at 92 to 94 Liberty Street,
New York. The Chicago office is
at 147 to 149 Van Buren Street.

Copeland & Bacon, manufac-
turers of hoisting and mining ma-
chinery, a firm composed of C. Ed-
ward Copeland and Earle C. Bacon,
whose main offices are at 85 Liberty
Street, are widely known in their
trade and in mining districts especi-
ally for the thoroughness of their
work. Their specialty, in connection
with their hoisting engine building,
is the fitting of mines with complete
" Plants." Their work is found in
the famous Albert Mines of Capel-
ton, P. Q., and in nearly all of the
prominent asbestos mines in Cana-
da. The plant in the Albert Mines
consists of a battery of 500 horse-
power boilers, a 250 horse-power
hoisting engine complete with ropes
and cars, a 1 00 horse-power cut-off
milling engine, and a complete con-
centrating and crushing outfit. Also
numerous smaller-sized engines for
the various shafts in connection
with the mines. Among their other
extensive undertakings have been
the furnishing of the complete plant
in the construction of the Wee-
hawken tunnel for the West-Shore
Railroad, and the mining equipment
copeland & bacon, 85 liberty street. for the Sea-Island Chemical Com-

pany at Beaufort, S. C, consisting of three large steam dredges and the shore works
of inclines and hoisting plant, with a capacity of 600 tons a day ; and facilities

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

373

for loading steamers at the rate of 1,500 to 2,000 tons in a day of ten hours.
Their machine shops and manufactories are at Bridgeport, Conn., and at Sher-
brooke, P. Q., Canada; and all of their work is of their own design and done
under their personal supervision. In this is found the secret of their noteworthy
success.

Both the members of the firm are thoroughly trained men, each in his particular
lines. Mr. Copeland, the senior member, was brought up in the iron business,
joining Mr. Bacon in 1874 ; and Mr. Bacon served his time through all the de-
partments of the Delamater Iron Works, graduating from that great establishment
with the personal endorsement of Mr. Delamater of the excellence of his work, and
pronounced by that authority to be an expert in the various departments of the manu-
factory. While engaged in the Delamater Works, Mr. Bacon developed inventive
genius, designing a number of mechanical contrivances ; and soon after his graduation

BROADWAY, SIXTH AVENUE AND 32D STREET, SHOWING UNION DIME SAVINGS INSTITUTION.

he invented the compact and most serviceable hoisting engine which bears his name.
He early established a business of his' own, and the work thus began was continued
by the firm of Copeland & Bacon, and rapidly developed. The United-States Gov-
ernment has used the Copeland & Bacon engines for the past twenty years ; the
United-States Fish-Commission steamers, the Albatross and Fish Hawk, and the
Blake of the Coast-Survey service are fitted with them ; and each of the Light-
house supply steamers, 40 or 50 in number, carries a windlass designed by Mr.
Bacon before he was 21, for Mr. Copeland's father, who was at that time consulting
engineer for the Light-House Board.

Mr. Bacon is also consulting engineer for mines in Canada, Virginia and elsewhere,
and mining engineering is a specialty of the firm.

At the warehouse and offices at 85 Liberty Street may be seen a variety of the
Copeland & Bacon machinery.

874

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Charles A. Schieren & Co., of Ferry and Cliff Streets, are preeminent as
manufacturers of leather belting and lace leather. Their factory is considered a
model establishment in its line, because of its improved machinery and economic
appliances. The firm owns a number of patents, granted on inventions by Mr.
Schieren, and under them manufactures such specialties as electric and perforated

belting for use on
dynamos and
swift-running
electric-light ma-
chinery ; leather-
link belting, for
use in mines and
on machinery ex-
posed to water ;
and planer belt-
ing, suitable for
w o o d - w o r k i n g
machinery. The
leather for planer
belting is tanned
with a view to
flexibility and
durability. In
order to supply its
factory with ma-
terials, the firm
operates three
oak-leather tan-
neries, in Pennsyl-
vania and Mary-
land, and one lace-leather tannery in Brooklyn. Charles A. Schieren, the founder of
the firm, was born in Rhenish Prussia, in 1842, and with his parents emigrated to this
country in 1856. He had received a public-school education in Germany. In his
youth he assisted his father in conducting a cigar and tobacco business in Brooklyn.
In 1864, as clerk, he entered the service of Philip F. Pasquay, leather-belting manu-
facturer, of New York. By virtue of energy and close application he soon mastered
the details of the business, and he became the manager of the establishment, on the
death of his employer, in 1866. Two years later, with limited means, he set up his
own establishment. In a comparatively short time he was at the head of a prosperous
manufactory, which to-day ranks as one of the largest in the leather-belting line in
the country. In 1887 Mr. Schieren admitted as partner F. A. M. Burrell, who had
been in his service as clerk for ten years. The firm has branch-houses in Chicago,
Boston and Philadelphia, and the products of its factory are shipped to all parts of
the civilized world. Mr. Schieren was one of the founders of the Hide and Leather
National Bank, and is now its Vice-President. He is also identified with mfany
public institutions in Brooklyn, where he resides.

The leather belting made by this house comprises every length and width, and
also of heavy and light weights, as their users may require. Whatever is not
carried in general stock can readily be produced by the house of Charles A.
Schieren & Co.

CHARLES A. SCHIEREN & CO., FERRY AND CLIFF STREETS.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

875

Alfred Dolge, manufacturer of piano-felt and felt shoes, whose office and sale-
rooms are at 122 East 13th Street, has established a new industry in this country,
and has also created a manufacturing village. He is of German birth, not yet forty-
five years of age, and has been in America since he was sixteen. He had learned the
trade of a piano-maker in Saxony, and worked at it for a time in New Haven.
Then he began to import materials of a superior quality for piano manufacturers,

ALFRED DOLGE'S DOLGEVILLE FACTORIES.

and at length, perceiving that all the felt used for piano hammers was made in
Europe, he set about manufacturing it in America. Mr. Dolge succeeded so well
that in 1873, when he was only twenty-five years old, his piano-felt won the first prize
at the Vienna Exhibition. Then he went into the wilderness in the southern portion
of the Adirondack region, purchased a magnificent water-power, and many thou-
sands of acres of spruce timberland, erected sawmills and shops for turning spruce
timber into sounding-boards for pianos, and eventually removed his felt-manufactur-
ing establishment to the new settlement, which, originally known as Brockett's
Bridge, was after a time rechristened Dolgeville. The reduction of tariff, which
took effect in 1883, made competition with foreign makers of piano-felt almost
impossible. Then Mr. Dolge turned his attention to the manufacture of feit shoes,
and this industry has now grown to enormous proportions. There are, in the group
of factories at Dolgeville, the main felt-mill, a felt-shoe factory, a sounding-bor.rd
manufactory, a wood-working and planing mill, a grist mill, and several other exten-
sive buildings. Mr. Dolge employs regularly about 600 people. In the winter,
during the lumbering season, the number is considerably larger. More than half a
million pounds of wool are turned into felt every year. Three million feet of spruce
lumber are made into sounding-boards in the same period. The capacity of the
felt shoe factory is fifteen hundred pairs of felt shoes every day. And, in addition,
Mr. Dolge imports and deals in a great variety of materials, fittings and appliances,
required in the making of pianos. His catalogue, in fact a large profusely illustrated
volume, is an interesting exhibit of the innumerable articles used in the manufac-
ture of a piano. At the New-York establishment is kept the complete line of Alfred
Dolge's productions.

876 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Steinway & Sons, at 107-109-m East 14th Street, in their own building —
the white marble portico of which has four Corinthian columns, classic as the lyre
which the double "S" of the firm-name forms — have their offices, warerooms and
Steinway Hall. The hall attracts the artists that artists applaud. The offices are
known to every lover of New York, for the name of William Steinway is the name
of a peer among the merchants whom Brander Matthews calls princes. The ware-
rooms are a quick stopping place, a halt for the Steinway pianos. Their cases and
Actions are made at Steinway, Astoria, L. I. There are a dock and bulkhead 384
feet in length, on the East River, enclosing a basin, 100 feet wide by 300 feet long,
filled with logs ; there are lumber yards, metal foundries, a saw mill, drying rooms,
wherein are constantly 500,000 square feet of air-dried lumber.

A sketch of Steinway Hall, so famous in the annals of music in this country,
appears in this volume, in the chapter on Amusement Places.

In the Steinway public-school, English, German and music are taught. In the
Steinway public bath are 50 dressing-rooms. The Steinway public park, the Stein-
way dwellings, the Steinway residence, workmen, artisans of the Steinway pianos,
make of Steinway an Arcadia. The finishing manufactory of the Steinway piano is in
New- York City, and occupies the whole square from Park to Lexington Avenues and
from 52d to 53d Streets. There 500 workmen plane, saw, join, drill, turn, string,
fit, varnish and tune the piano works and cases received from the 600 workmen of
Steinway, Astoria. A branch piano factory is in Hamburg, Germany. Warerooms
in the Neue Rosenstrasse at Hamburg supply the Continent ; warerooms in Lower
Seymour Street, London, supply Great Britain and Ireland. At the London Inter-
national Exhibition in 1862, the Steinway pianos obtained a First Prize Medal; at
the Paris International Exhibition in 1867, a Grand Gold Medal; at the Vienna
International Exhibition in 1873, this flattering comment of the jury : "It is much
to be deplored that the celebrated path-breaking firm of Steinway & Sons, to whom
the entire pianoforte manufacture is so much indebted, did not exhibit." At the
Philadelphia International Exhibition of 1876, the Steinway pianos obtained the
highest awards for the best pianofortes and the best pianoforte material. The dis-
position of the strings in the form of a fan, patented in 1859 ; the duplex scale,
patented in 1872 ; the cupola metal frame, patented in 1872 and 1875 > tne special
construction of the sound board, patented in 1866, 1869 and 1872 ; the metallic
tubular frame action, patented in 1868 and 1875 ; the tone-sustaining pedal, patented
in 1874 ; the personal attention given by Steinway & Sons to every detail of their
manufacture, account for the excellence of the Steinway pianos. The century has
produced four musicians of genius greater than all others : Berlioz, Wagner, Liszt
and Rubinstein. They have written enthusiastic praise of the Steinway pianos.
The Royal Academy of Fine Arts, of Prussia ; the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, of
Sweden ; the Empress of Russia ; the Sultan of Turkey ; the Emperor of China ;
the Queen of England ; every artistic association, every personage whose judgment
is above dispute has given by academic honors, by acquisition for personal use, by
words of praise, sanction to the pride with which New-Yorkers regard as the
supreme and visible expression of the art of music, the pianos marked with a lyre
formed of the initials of Steinway & Sons. During 1890 the Steinways were ap-
pointed piano-manufacturers to the Queen of England, and the Prince and Princess
of Wales — and further, in 1892, they received from His Majesty Emperor William
the appointment as manufacturers to the Royal Court of Prussia.

The Steinway name appears among the directors, officers, and patrons of an
endless list of social, financial, commercial, political and other institutions.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

877

878 KING'.S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The New-York Biscuit Company is a corporation, the business of which is
conducted on an enormous scale. It was organized in 1890, under the laws of Illi-
nois, with a capital stock of $10,000,000. It now owns most of the profitable plants
for the making of biscuits in the East. Its products are sold in every portion of the
United States, and it has also an enormous export trade. Its brands are held in the
highest esteem all over the world. The company's principal plant, completed and
set in full operation in 1892, is at Tenth Avenue and 15th and 16th Streets, New
York. The enormous building, one of the largest of any kind in New- York City,
occupies the whole easterly end of the city block, bounded by the streets named, and
is 525 feet long, 206 feet wide, and six stories high. It is arranged in the form of a
hollow square, enclosing a court-yard 56 feet wide. This court-yard is intended for
convenience in receiving and shipping goods, and is large enough to accommodate 80
trucks. The building contains 40 ovens, of a capacity sufficient to convert 1,000
barrels of flour into biscuits of various sorts, every day. The ovens, as well as all
of the machinery of the establishment, are of the newest designs, with the latest and
best improvements. Some portions of the mechanical outfit are of special design,
and are not in use in other biscuit manufactories. There are in the mixing-room 40
mixers, of capacity varying from five to eight barrels of flour in a single operation,
and they are so arranged that the process of fermentation may be hastened or
retarded, as may be desired. In full operation, the plant gives employment to from
1,000 to 1,200 people. The offices of the company occupy the entire western end
of the sixth story of the building, and are larger than those of any banking-house in
New York. The new plant, which is the largest and most thoroughly equipped in
the world, represents in its operations those formerly owned and operated by Holmes
& Coutts, the Vanderveer & Holmes Biscuit Company, John D. Gilmor & Co., and
Anger Bros., of New York, and Hetfield & Ducker, of Brooklyn. The company
also operates in New York the plants formerly controlled by E. J. Larrabee & Co.
and Brinckerhoff & Co.

While the manufacturing and trade interests of the New-York Biscuit Company
naturally centre in this city, it also owns and operates large plants in various other
cities. The one next in size to the New- York establishment is located in Cambridge-
port, Mass., and was formerly controlled by the F. A. Kennedy Co. It contains 16
ovens. It supplies the goods sold in the New-England States, and is the only very
large establishment of the sort in that territory. The third largest plant owned by
the company is located in Chicago. It contains ten ovens, and its product is dis-
tributed through the Northwest, South, and Southwest. Another large plant is
that formerly operated by Sears & Co., in Grand Rapids, Mich.; and still another,
that formerly owned by the Wilson Biscuit Company of Philadelphia. Besides
these large establishments, the New-York Biscuit Company also operates the Bent
& Co. plant of Milton, Mass., the product of which is the famous hand-made water-
cracker ; a plant at Newburyport, Mass., which produces Pearson's creams and fine
pilot breads; and also establishments in Newark, N. J., and Hartford and New
Haven, Conn.

The New- York Biscuit Company, by these numerous and gigantic plants, is not
only by far the greatest producer in the world of biscuits, or crackers, but it is also
enabled to produce them at the lowest possible figure of cost. Its enormous pur-
chases of flour and materials give it a purchasing advantage impossible under any
other circumstances. Its varieties cover the whole range of plain and fancy biscuits,
popularly called in this country crackers. It supplies its widespread trade by means
of teams, railroads and vessels ; its products reach all civilized parts of the world.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

879

■n

O
2

ms>

880 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

B. Kreischer & Sons, one of the largest concerns in the country engaged in
the clay industry, have offices at 132 Mangin Street. Their works are at Kreischer-
ville, Staten Island, opposite Perth Amboy. The house has an interesting history.
Balthaser Kreischer, its founder, was born in Hornbach, Germany, March 13, 181 3.
He was educated in the village school, and at 15 years of age was apprenticed to a
stone-cutter. Later, he learned the mason's trade, and was the workman who laid
the corner-stone of the fortress at Germerschein, Prussia. He came to New York
in 1836, with a diploma as an architect, but the only employment that he could get
was that of a laborer, on a new building in Yorkville, at 50 cents a day. In a very
short time, however, he was foreman of the work, and later the partner of the
builder. Presently, Mr. Kreischer invented a baker's oven, to be fired with coal
instead of wood. English fire-bricks were not uniform in size and did not suit him.
None were made in this country, and he set about manufacturing them. One Sun-
day he went to New Jersey with a laborer, and found some potters' clay, which he
bought on three months' credit. Monday he leased a lot of land at 58 Goerck Street,
and Tuesday he began to build a manufactory. His capital was $3,000. This was
in 1845. Prejudice was so strong in favor of English fire-bricks that Mr. Kreischer
had to give a bond in $2,000 to the Manhattan Gas Company, for which he erected
a furnace, that his fire-brick should prove to be as good as those imported. A few
years later he controlled the market. The Goerck- Street establishment grew until
it covered 13 lots. In 1852 Mr. Kreischer purchased extensive clay deposits at
Charleston, S. I. (since renamed Kreischerville~), built new works, and then gave up
the New- York factory. In 1871 he admitted his son, George F., to partnership,
and later two other sons, Charles C. and Edward B. , and finally the firm was incor-
porated as B. Kreischer & Sons. In 1877 the works were burned. There was no
insurance, and the loss was $150,000. They were rebuilt, covering three acres, in
three months.. After a time the elder Kreischer retired from active business, leav-
ing George F. as the manager of the company and affairs. Balthaser Kreischer died
in 1886. He had been" prominent in various circles. He was one of the original
trustees of the Dry-Dock Savings-Bank, a past master of one of the oldest German
lodges of Masons, and a leader in charitable work. A monument to his memory
exists in a church at Kreischerville, which he himself built and gave to his work-
men, and the expenses of which are in major part paid by his sons, who own the
industry which he founded. Kreischer's establishment has grown from year to year,
and in the summer of 1892 was enlarged to cover eight acres. It consumes from
200 to 250 tons of fire-clay every day, and turns out 70,000 brick every 24 hours.
Employment is given to about 250 men. The products include fire-brick, pressed
building brick, terra cotta, blast-furnace linings, gas-retorts (of which the Kreischers
were the first manufacturers in this country), and everything pertaining to the clay
industry. These products include the whole range of sizes and shapes.

For forty-seven years the Kreischer products have held a first place in the mar-
ket, the quality improving as the plant and facilities were increased. Moreover,
the discovery of finer grades of clay, the improvements to machinery, the more
modern construction of kilns, have all made it possible for this great establishment
to keep at the present time the same foremost position it has so long held. They
are now introducing a higher grade of pressed building brick than has heretofore
been produced by the dry or plastic processes. To meet this demand a complete
plant has been erected for the manufacture of front brick, and has been equipped
with all the mechanical appliances for making every variety and shape of the
highest grade of front or ornamental pressed brick.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

8Si

882 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Berwind-White Coal Mining Company was incorporated in 1886 as
the successor of Berwind, White & Co., a coal-producing firm which had been organ-
ized in 1874 from the still older firms of Berwind & Bradley and White & Lingle.
The capital stock of the present corporation is $2,000,000, and its executive officers
are : Edward J. Berwind, President ; John E. Berwind, Vice-President ; H. A.
Berwind, Secretary, and F. McOwen, Treasurer. The company own and operate
extensive coal-mines in the Clearfield and Jefferson County regions, and are mining
what is known as the Eureka Bituminous Steam Coal. They operate 29 collieries —
22 of which are at and around Houtzdale ; 2 at Karthaus, and 5 at Horatio, all of
which have an aggregate capacity of upward of 15,000 tons a day. The tonnage
of the company for 1891 aggregated over 3, 500,000 tons. The works of the company
are among the best equipped in the bituminous coal regions, being supplied with
every modern improvement and labor-saving machinery, and calculated to expedite
and economize the cost of the production of coal, as well as to insure its reaching the
market in strictly first-class condition.

The company also own and operate 300 coke-ovens, where they are turning out
a very superior grade of coke, which finds a ready market among manufacturers and
steel-workers.

The Berwind-White Company own 3,000 coal cars and a fleet of 60 coal barges,
used exclusively for the delivery of coal to ocean steamships in New York harbor.
The coal is of the highest grade of steam coal, and is supplied under yearly contract
to nearly all transatlantic and coasting lines running from New York, Philadelphia
and Boston, among these steamship lines being the Inman, the North German Lloyd,
the Cunard, the Hamburg, and the French lines, whose gigantic and palatial ocean
greyhounds have a world-wide reputation. This coal is also supplied to nearly all the
railways in the Eastern and Middle States, for locomotive use. It is likewise largely
used for rolling-mills, iron-works, forges, ylass-works and lime-kilns, in the burning of
brick and fire-brick, and for kindred purposes. The mines are located on the Pennsyl-
vania Railroad, or lines accessible thereto, over which they ship to tide-water for ship-
ments coastwise and foreign, and to New York, the New-England States and Canada.

The company's shipping piers are located at Greenwich Point, Philadelphia ;
Harsimus, Jersey City, New-York Harbor ; and Canton Piers, Baltimore. The gen-
eral offices of the company are in the Bullitt Building, Philadelphia ; at 55
Broadway, New York ; at 19 Congress Street, Boston ; and in the Rialto Build-
ing, Baltimore. The Berwind-White is the largest bituminous coal mining company
in America, employing 5,000 men, and an extensive staff of mining engineers,
accountants, etc.

The company's shipping point in New-York harbor is at Harsimus Cove, Jersey
City, just north of the Pennsylvania Railroad's freight pier. It consists of an exten-
sive pier which reaches from Henderson Street to the North River, and is sup-
plied with two main tracks, with such sidings as are required for the proper handling
of coal cars, and so arranged as to load six barges at the same time. There are
extensive coal-sheds capable of storing many thousand tons of coal, and also a
weighing-house and suitable offices. The pier reaches to deep water, and can give
accommodation to ships of the deepest draught, so that coal may be loaded directly
to the ships from the company's sheds or trains. The pier is also the home station
of the company's own fleet of specially constructed tugs and barges, which are chiefly
engaged in the transhipment of their coal to various points in and around the harbor.

The business transacted by the Berwind-Wrhite Company is by far the most exten-
sive in bituminous steam coals, either in Europe or the United States.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

884 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The J. Ottmann Lithographing Co.'s history began in 1868, when Jacob
Ottmann, a practical lithographer, familiar with the business in all its departments,
from office-boy up, organized a small lithographing concern, which has since grown
to be the largest and foremost establishment on the American continent ; having
the most extensive buildings and the greatest number of machines, and producing
the largest volume of work.

Eight years later, in 1876, Jacob Ottmann printed the first cartoons of Puck, in
plain black. Since then the business has grown up side by side with Puck, an alli-
ance which has been beneficial to both parties in a remarkable degree. As Puck's
drawings improved in excellence, so did the Ottmann Company improve and per-
fect its mechanical facilities, until now it stands easily at the head of all its business
competitors, in its facilities for turning out the highest quality of work, keeping
thirty great lithographic presses constantly going, and employing in its various
departments over 400 persons.

But, although perfect of their kind, the Puck cartoons, which are necessarily
printed under great pressure for time, and in five colors only, are not the finest speci-
mens of the company's work. In the J. Ottmann Lithographing Company's
counting-room, in the first floor of Puck Building, one may obtain an accurate idea
of the perfection to which color-printing on stone has now advanced. In artistic
profusion on the walls hang some of the most successful results of artistic modern
lithography, — all of them specimens of the J. Ottmann Lithographing Company's
work. They comprise, variously, reproductions of oil-paintings, of water-colors, of
pastels, and even of natural objects, with such fidelity to the originals as to bewilder
the uninitiated observer, who requires the assurance of an expert that he is not gaz-
ing on the direct production of brush or crayon.

Some of these reproductions require over twenty printings and the most delicate
handling, and have been used as supplements and premiums for art magazines and
other high-class periodicals. Others are samples of maps, astronomical, botanical,
and anatomical charts, and similar scientific work, demanding absolute accuracy ;
calendars, show-cards, labels, theatrical, steamboat and railroad posters, fashion-
plates, illustrated catalogues, and all the uses of artistic advertising.

Lithography is also largely and happily employed in printing bill-heads, business-
cards, policies of insurance, certificates of stock, bonds, and other business forms, of
which the J. Ottmann Lithographing Company has countless specimens, in as many
interesting and attractive designs.

The '■'■Puck Building" is a fitting monument to these two great institutions. It
is a handsome edifice, in the style of the Italian Renaissance, cleverly adapted to
the exigencies of modern business. With its recent addition, it is the largest build-
ing in the world devoted to the business of lithographing and publishing, having a
floor-area of nearly eight acres. The most prominent features of the building are
long lines of round arches on the two fronts, with massive supports of polished
granite. Both fronts are divided by main belted piers and pilasters, and horizon-
tally by string-courses in the third and fifth stories. In the second story the arches
support intermediate pillars, dividing the front above into a series of large mullioned
windows. At the angle, on a long graceful column, stands the pretty, emblematic
figure of Puck, with a crayon as a staff in one hand and a mirror in the other. The
flagstaff support, at the height of the sixth story, and the arches in the recessed
entrance, are of wrought iron. The general effect is that of strength combined with
lightness and graceful simplicity, an effect fitting to the work of Puck and the J.
Ottmann Lithographing Company.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

885

886 KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The New-York Anderson Pressed Brick Company, the office of which is
in the Lincoln Building, at 14th Street and Union Square, west, is one of the three
great brick-making companies licensed to use the processes of manufacture invented
by J. C. Anderson, of Chicago. It controls the territory included in the States of
Connecticut and New Jersey, and that part of New York lying east of the meridian
of Washington. It manufactures obsidian brick, remarkable for rich body colors in
browns, grays and blues ; metallic drossed brick, of bronze and other metal-tinted
lustres ; mossed brick, which simulate the moss-grown material which has been in
place for years ; aluminum brick, of a silvery or bronze appearance, upon which
neither heat, weather, nor abrasion leaves any marks, and which are hard enough to
turn a steel point ; brecciated enamel brick, richly colored and glazed, and adapted
for interior decorative work ; plain enamel and rock-faced brick ; and brick in a vari-
ety of shapes and sizes and styles of finish, for decorative use. The products of the
company's works are used in the finest and most elaborate buildings in New York and
Brooklyn. In point of fact, the external decorative architecture of buildings recently
erected was stimulated in a great measure by the inventions of J. C. Anderson, who
is the genius of the brick-making industry, and who has developed it into high art.
The United- States and foreign governments have granted to him many times more
patents on brick than have ever been granted to any man or corporation.

The New-York company has an immense establishment at Kreischerville, Staten
Island, on the shore of Staten-Island Sound. Its buildings cover several acres of
land. It owns enormous deposits of the finest and rarest of clay, which is particu-
larly valuable, as it yields itself readily to the finishing processes to which the archi-
tectural brick are treated. The company gives employment to a large number of men,
and the capacity of its works is about 1,000,000 of high-grade bricks each month.

One of the most valuable of the Anderson inventions in use at the company's
works is the process of burning brick in long tunnel-kilns, through which they are
conveyed by slow-moving cars. At the works at Kreischerville there are two tunnel -
kilns, 400 feet long, in the centres of which fires hot enough to melt steel burn per-
petually. Cars of standard size, made of iron and protected by fire-proof material,
are loaded with green brick, 10,000 to a car, and, one after another, are slowly
pushed into and through the tunnel-kilns. There is a never-ending procession going
each way. Thus the green bricks are carried past those which are coming from the
centre of greatest heat, and by means of the natural radiation they are burned to a
cherry red before they reach the fire. In the centre of the tunnel-kiln they encounter
the final shrinking hot blast, and then move out, assisting to burn other green brick
which are coming in. There are thirty such cars in the Kreischerville works. They
receive their loads direct from the press, and from these the finished brick are loaded
upon boats ready to be sent to market, and thus the labor of handling is reduced to
a minimum, and a great saving is made.

Besides manufacturing an absolutely incomparable variety of the finest grades
of pressed and ornamental brick, the company is also extensive manufacturers of
a superior quality of the more common grades.

The products of the New-York Anderson Pressed Brick Company's work are in
great demand all through the States in which it is licensed to carry on the manufac-
ture and sale. The business grows apace, as architects and builders become familiar
with the fine quality of the brick, and recognize the facilities for furnishing unusual
shapes, colors, finish and sizes. The present officers of the company are J. C.
Anderson, President ; John Weber, Vice-President ; Louis Weber, Treasurer ; J. C.
Cushman, Secretary ; and Jules Fehr, General Manager.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

887

888

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

Colgate & Co., the largest and most widely known manufacturers of toilet
soaps and perfumes, have been located at the corner of John and Dutch Streets for
86 years. The firm is not only the oldest in its branch of trade in America, but it is
one of the few very old business houses in New York which have remained on vir-
tually the same ground on which they were established. Its main offices and sales-
rooms are at 53-55 T°hn Street. Other offices occupy the lower floor of the build-
ings 4-6-8 Dutch Street, around the corner, the rest of the five stories being devoted
to the manufacture of perfumes. These buildings are the oldest in the vicinity, and
are on the site of the original factory. For the manufacture of soaps the firm occu-
pies the large group of buildings in Jersey City, bounded by York, Green,
Hudson and Grand Streets ; and for shipping and storage purposes, the dock in the
Morris Basins at the foot of Grand Street. The buildings in this group are of
various heights, the tallest being of five stories. About 600 people are employed in
the factories, and the office staff consists of 35 clerks and accountants. The main
salesroom is the largest in the city, devoted exclusively to toilet soaps and perfumes.
In the centre stands an exquisite show-case which contained the firm's exhibit at the
Centennial in 1876; a handsome affair of plate glass and elaborately carved wood.

1 J [Til 11 11

COLGATE & COMPANY'S MANUFACTORY, IN JERSEY CITY.

Colgate & Co. manufacture fine goods only. Their products, and especially their
Cashmere Bouquet toilet soap and perfume, are known the world over. They are
sold in every retail store in America which deals in toilet articles. For their distri-
bution in foreign countries, Colgate & Co. have branch-houses at 67 Holborn Via-
duct, London; 13 Avenue de l'Opera, Paris; 15 Hare Street, Calcutta; and 54
Margaret Street, Sydney, Australia. The growth of the business has been steady
and solid from the outset, promoted only by the superior and uniform quality of the
goods. The Colgate productions have been awarded the highest prizes at the
greatest expositions. They cover the entire range of toilet soaps, toilet waters and
perfumery. They are put up in an endless variety of exquisite ways. As the old
house grows older, it grows stronger, and its new productions add still more honor
to the long-honored name of Colgate & Co.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

889

F. W. Devoe & C. T. Raynolds, the best-known manufacturers of paints,
varnishes and artists' materials, have a genealogy as interesting as that of an old
family. It was nearly a century and a half ago, in 1755, that William Post started
a small business as painter and glazier at 43 Water Street, New York. He extended
his business, his sons succeeded him, and various changes took place in the mem-
bership of the firm until in 1855, just 100 years after the beginning of the business,
it became Raynolds, Devoe & Pratt, still, however, occupying its old office on Water
Street. Later Mr. Raynolds and Mr. Pratt dropped out, and in 1864 the name
became simply F. W. Devoe & Co. In that year the present offices at the corner of
Fulton and William Streets were established. In 1892 the old firm was re-united,
under the title of F. W. Devoe & C. T. Raynolds. In these offices to-day is to be
seen an interesting relic of the original house, a life-size painting of William Post.
The factory for the manufacture of paints, artists' materials and brushes was built in
1852, on Horatio Street, New York. It has been many times enlarged, until now
it extends through to Jane Street and has a floor-space of four acres. For 35 years
it has been under the superintendence of James F. Drummond, a member of the
firm. The articles there manufactured have obtained an enviable reputation through-
out the country for their purity and high quality. The firm has another large fac-
tory in Newark, N. J., for the manufacture of varnishes. These are the largest
varnish works in
the country, and
are under the per-
sonal supervision
of J. Seaver Page,
also a member of
the firm. That the
varnishes made at
this factory are held
in high repute is
well attested to by
the fact that they
are considered as
standards of excel-
lence, and are used
by the Pennsyl-
vania, the New-
York Central and
other railroads of
the country where
their wearing quali-
ties are put to the
severest tests. The
firm, in order to
supply the great
West, has also
established stores
and factories in
Chicago. In 1882
advantage was
taken of the firm's F- w- devoe & c. t. raynolds, fulton and william st

89o

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

preeminent position to introduce at its paint-factory a department for the manufac-
ture of engineers', architects' and mathematical instruments, with the result that these
also have become known as being the best of their class. Little is now left undone
by this firm to give decorators, painters and artists the best of materials for their
work.

John Dwight & Co. enjoy the distinction of establishing the pioneer bi-carbo-
nate of soda factory in the United States. Before 1846 pearl-ash was almost exclu-
sively used throughout the country for domestic purposes. What bi-carbonate of
soda was then used was imported from England. In that year John Dwight started
his soda factory, at the foot of West 25th Street, New York. He there began the
manufacture of soda saleratus and bi-carbonate of soda. In introducing new articles,
subversive of old ideas, he threw clown the gage of war to the pearl-ash monopolists
and the English manufacturers. By placing only the very best articles on the market

he in time educated the house-
keepers out of the use of the old-
fashioned pearl-ash saleratus, and
gave them an article much cheaper
in price, and of double the carbonic-
acid gas strength. He was aided
in this innovation by the fact that
at that time, owing to an extensive
destruction of the forests from
which the raw material for the
pearl-ash was obtained, the prices
of the old article were materially
advanced. His bi-carbonate of
soda was successfully pushed in the
home markets, in opposition to the
English importations. And since
that time these latter have never
regained a foothold in this country.
The attempts to do so have been
various. They have been sold to
the packers of saleratus in America,
and placed on the market as pearl-
ash saleratus. But this substitute
could never usurp the place which
Mr. Dwight's pure article has
gained. As a result, the English
manufacturers, in order to sell their
goods at all in this country, have
been obliged to reduce the price of
their soda from nine cents a pound,
which existed in 1847, at tne ^me
of the inception of Mr. Dwight's
business, to three cents a pound.
When it was seen that John Dwight
could successfully compete with the long-established pearl-ash and the English
bi-carbonate of soda, factories for the manufacture of soda saleratus sprang rapidly
into existence. But from that time to this, in the midst of an ever-increasing

JOHN DWIGHT & CO., 11 OLD SLIP.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

891

892

ICING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

competition, Mr. Dwight has maintained his reputation of being the pioneer in the
business and standing at its head. In 1847 ne formed a partnership with John R.
Maurice, which was continued until 1881. It was dissolved then on accouut of Mr.
Maurice's increasing years, and Mr. Dwight again carried on the business alone. By
this time his business had assumed extended proportions, and had become known as
the most successful bi-carbonate of soda manufacturing firm in the United States,
and the famous " Cow Brand " trade-mark is familiar in all households.

In 1885 ^r- Dwight took his son, John E. Dwight, into partnership, and in 1886
William I. Walker was admitted to the firm. These three now constitute the firm
of John Dwight & Co., with offices at 11 Old Slip, where Mr. Dwight had estab-
lished himself in 1856. In 1868 the old factory on 25th Street was given up, and
the present one, much larger, established between 11 2th and 113th Streets. At
this factory, besides the bi-carbonate of soda, is manufactured sal soda or washing
soda. This article by its extensive consumption makes an additional branch to the
business, of great importance. Of the large quantities of bi-carbonate of soda required
annually in the United States for domestic uses this firm supplies one-third.

Fairchild Brothers & Foster, manufacturing chemists, and manufacturers
of digestive ferments, were established in 1878 by Benjamin T. and Samuel W. Fair-
child, and continued three years under the name of Fairchild Brothers, after which
Mr. Foster became connected with the business, which then consisted of wholesale

and retail drugs and
chemicals. Before unit-
ing in the present enter-
prise, the Messrs. Fair-
child underwent years
of experience as apothe-
caries and chemists, with
leading houses in Phil-
adelphia and New-York
City, and received pro-
fessional college diplo-
mas. In 1884 Fairchild
Brothers & Foster dis-
posed of their wholesale
and retail drug business,
and removed from 60
Fulton Street to 82-84
Fulton Street, into their
present extensive offices
and warerooms. A Lon-
don agency is connected
with the concern. Since
then the production of
"Digestive Ferments"
has become their manu-
facturing specialty. The
study of "pancreatine"
and "pepsin" as agents
in digestion awakened

FAIRCHILD BROS. & FOSTER, FULTON AND GOLD STREETS. the firm's attention tO

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK. 893

the important r6le these remedies are destined to perform, and made apparent the
necessity of finer grades of nearly all these preparations than were in the market
for both experimental and practical purposes. And as a result this house now leads
the world in the production, in both quantity and quality, of digestive ferments.

In what is known among apothecaries and chemists as the "Pepsin War,"
Fairchild Bros. & Foster have been unconcerned, so far as regards the originality of
their "Pepsin in Scales." Their Pepsin not being a Peptone, they have sought to
protect the individuality of their product, and in the furtherance of this have formally
adopted the title "Fairchild's " to characterize their articles.

It may be noted that one of the brothers, Samuel W. Fairchild, was elected
President of the College of Pharmacy in 1890, and since that time has been re-elected.
He is also Chairman of the Drug Section of the Board of Trade and Transportation,
and was appointed by Governor Flower as one of the three Commissioners of the 1st
Judicial District of the State of New York at the World's Columbian Exposition.
Among the valuable and original products the firm has successfully introduced are :
"Pepsin in Scales," free from any added substance or re-agent ; and the permanent
"powder" of this pepsin. " Extractum Pancreatis," the first pure dry extract from
the pancreas, exhibiting all the properties of this gland. "Essence of Pepsin,"
made by direct maceration from the fresh calf-stomach, representing the peptic and
rennet ferments. "Peptonising Tubes," for the pre-digestion of milk and other
foods. "Trypsin," for the solution of the diphtheritic membrane. " Diastasic
Essence of Pancreas," active in the digestion of starch. " Peptogenic Milk-Powder,"
for the preparation of cow's milk as a food for infants. This the originators and
manufacturers consider the most important and useful application of the peptonising
process, inasmuch as it affords a "humanised milk" that most resembles mother's
milk, in its chemical and physiological properties and physical characteristics. Also
the "Modified Warburg Tincture, " that has proven useful in the treatment of
malarial fevers. The "Pure Bile Salts," Sodium Glychocolate and Taurochocolate,
— a means of facilitating the absorption of Cod-Liver Oil inunction.

Tingue, House & Co., whose office and salesroom are at 56 Reade Street,
just west of Broadway, are manufacturers of woolens and feltings. They are the
most extensive manufacturers of feltings in the country. The firm was organized
in 1872. Charles W. House had been connected with the business of feltings
from boyhood. William J. Tingue had been a jobber of woolens, until that branch
of trade was absorbed by the commission men. They began the manufacture
_, of feltings in a plant in New Jersey, which they purchased. It was burned in
1874, and then the firm purchased mills at Glenville, Conn., which had formed a
part of the plant of Hoyt, Sprague & Co. These mills were fitted for the manufac-
ture of men's woolens, and so Tingue, House & Co. added this industry to their
own specialty, and developed it until it has become a very important branch of the
business of the house. The mills are now known as the Hawthorne Mills, the firm
having organized the Hawthorne-Mills Company on January 1, 1892, with William
J. Tingue as president, Charles W. House as vice-president, and James H. Hunt as
secretary and treasurer and resident-manager. The corporation is controlled ano"
virtually owned, however, by the firm. The plant consists of three large brick
buildings, four stories in height, and several outlying structures, besides the super-
intendent's residence and cottages for the employees, the whole constituting a manu-
facturing village of considerable importance. There are 13 sets of cards. The
number of employees is 275, and the output of the establishment amounts in value to
about $1,000,000 a year. The mills are lighted with electricity by means of an

894

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

HAWTHORNE WOOLEN MILLS, TINGUE, HOUSE & COMPANY, OFFICE, 56 READE STREET.

Edison system. Steam-power is supplied by a battery of four boilers, three of which
are heated by coal-fires, while crude oil is burned under the fourth. There is also
a water-power of considerable volume, but it is made of service in the washing and
dyeing of wool, rather than for motive-power. The washing and dyeing department
is in many respects the most complete in the country. The feltings which the con-
cern produces are used in an almost infinite variety of industries, while the Haw-
thorne cheviot is known and used by all the clothing manufacturers of the country.
In connection with their own goods, Tingue, House & Co. sell the entire production
of .plushes made by the Tingue Manufacturing Co., at Seymour, Conn., of which
William J. Tingue is president.

The Automatic Fire-Alarm and Extinguisher Company (Limited) of
New York renders an invaluable service to the public by means of its efficient
devices for the protection of property from loss by fire. Its apparatus consists of
the Watkins Automatic Fire-Alarm and the Grinnell Automatic Sprinkler ; both of
which have been extensively used for many years, and have a record far above all
other devices for the early detection and effective suppression of fires. Both of these
devices have the approval of the fire departments and fire underwriters, and the insur-
ance companies make a decided reduction in the rates where either or both are
introduced. Nearly a thousand important buildings in New- York City alone are
protected by the Watkins Fire-Alarm, which comprises a series of thermostats, or
heat detectors, placed at frequent intervals on the ceiling of each room, and made
sensitive to heat at any required degree. In case of a fire near any of these ther-
mostats an alarm is automatically sounded at the main office of the Automatic Fire-
Alarm and Extinguisher Company, where the operators, who are on duty day and
night, immediately transmit the alarm to the headquarters of the Fire-Depart-
ment and the Insurance Patrol ; the alarm designating the exact spot of the fire.
It can be easily seen that this immediate automatic notice of a fire means an
all-essential difference in the amount of loss ; for it is said that the loss by fire
more than doubles every minute a fire rages. As a matter of fact the amount of

KING'S HAND/WOK OF NEW YOA'A'

<s95

property already actually saved by the early knowledge of fires, as announced by the
Watkins Fire-Alarm, runs up into millions of dollars.

Of complementary value with this Automatic Alarm is the Grinnell Automatic
Sprinkler, by means of which
any number of effective
showers of. water are instant-
ly spread over the fire. It
is only since the Grinnell
Sprinkler became so emi-
nently successful that other
sprinklers have come for-
ward as competitors, not one
of which has made an im-
portant inroad on the
preeminence of the Grinnell.

The Automatic Fire-
Alarm and Extinguisher Go. ,
Limited, of New York, is
the sole owner of the patents
of the Watkins Fire-Alarm,
and controls the Grinnell
Sprinkler for New York,
which, together, constitute
the most complete fire pro-
tection known. This com-
pany is introducing its Wat-
kins Alarm throughout the
United States, and now has
an enviable record of about
eighteen years' standing in
New- York City. It is a
stock corporation, under
New- York laws, with a paid
capital of $300,000. The
executive offices are at 413
Broadway, occupying the greater part of the building at the corner of Lispenard
Street. The President is Elijah S. Cowles ; the Treasurer, Richard S. Barnes ; and
the Secretary, Edward O. Richards.

The New-York Photogravure Co., at 137 West 23d Street, makes perfect
pictures for artistic, scientific and commercial purposes, by special, inimitable photo-
gravure, photogelatine, and half-tone block processes. They publish Sit n and Shade,
a monthly magazine with one page of descriptive text and plates wherein the deli-
cacy of the photogelatine and the strength and richness of the photogravure pro-
cesses are amazingly displayed. The President of the company is Ernest Edwards,
inventor of the photogelatine process called heliotype, and manager of the Heliotype
Printing Co. from 1872 to 1886. The Art-Director is A. V. S. Anthony, formerly
Art-Director for Ticknor & Fields and Fields, Osgood & Co.

The work of the New- York Photogravure Co. is in some of the most valuable
art-books of the present time, in Muybridge's Animal Locomotion ; in the Home and
Haunts of Shakespeare, published by Charles Scribner's Sons ; in the Ada Rehan,

AUTOMATIC FIRE-ALARM AND EXTINGUISHER CO., 413 BROADWAY,
CORNER OF LISPENARD STREET.

S96

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

published by Augustin Daly ; in She Stoops to Conquer, illustrated by Abbey, pub-
lished by Harper & Bros.; in exquisite publications of D. Appleton & Co., Dodd,
Mead & Co., Jos. Knight Co., and others. It appears in catalogues, in menus, in me-
morial papers and play bills, and is
everywhere acclaimed. It cannot
be rivalled in fidelity of execution,
finish of workmanship, delicacy of
lines, softness of half-tones, by en-
gravers whose tools are not light
and chemistry. The ancient xylo-
graphy has other merits, but not
these merits of an art which directs
light as the potter's art directs fire.
The New- York Photogravure
Co. has a gallery fitted to produce
negatives of all sizes up to 24 x 30,
by the best orthochromatic
methods. From this department to
the packing room there is not a
phase of any work, however trivial
apparently, not carefully attended
with the most zealous supervision.
It seems easy, it is extremely diffi-
cult ; but it is intensely fascinating.
Mr. Edwards has yielded the
energy, the incessant labor of a
life-time, to that fascination. It
is due to him that if the reproduc-
tion of paintings made in the United
States, may be matched abroad,
the reproduction of landscapes from
original negatives remains an un-
equalled, unapproachable American
art. The New-York Photogravure
Co. gives of it extraordinary models.
Sun and Shade reproduces, not
only the most notable paintings and
portraits, but the best work of amateur and professional photographers. If it gave
nothing but the latter work it would be deserving of the most liberal patronage that
it receives ; but it is an admirable record of the greatest paintings at the Metropolitan
Museum of Art, of living American players, of portraits of celebrated Americans,
of great American painters with reproductions of their work, and it is a monument
of the New-York Photogravure Co., which is a monument of artistic New York.

Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, sole manufacturers of the Remington
Standard Typewriter, with a capital of $3,000,000, have indeed become one of the
gigantic and preeminent manufacturing establishments of America. Its executive
offices and main selling headquarters occupy the plain and unpretentious, though
substantial marble structure on Broadway, near the corner of Worth Street, and as
the centre of such an industry may well invite the thoughtful attention of all visitors
to the city. Here is a business absolutely American, which has its connections

NEW-YORK PHOTOGRAVURE CO., 137 WEST 23d STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

897

with the very ends of the earth. There is nothing in the history of commercial
enterprises more strikingly suggestive than the growth of this business. It is esti-
mated that there are in the
neighborhood often thousand
Remington Typewriters in
use in New- York City and
the immediate vicinity. From
very small beginnings, about
the year 1873, the growth of
the Remington Typewriter
business has been simply un-
precedented. If, as it has
been said, the invention of
the typewriter has done more
to promote the spread of
human intelligence than any
one invention since the advent
of the printing - press, how
great an influence upon the
world of thought and action
has emanated from this estab-
lishment.

Few have any adequate
conception of the magnitude
of the business done annu-
ally at 327 Broadway. From
this point general control and
supervision is exercised over
more than a score of branch -
offices located in the leading
cities of the United States
and Europe. To this office
come the reports of an army
of representatives stationed
in all quarters of the globe,
and from thence issue orders
to the great factory at Ilion,
New York, where the ma-
chines are manufactured. The organization

WYCKOFF, SEAMANS & BENEDICT, 327 BROADWAY.

and equipment of

this business is
thorough and admirable throughout.

To the uninitiated, the number of typewriters made by the Remington factory
seems to be simply incredible. Over one hundred complete typewriters each
day are turned out by the factory, which employs some seven hundred men.
These machines are readily sold, and the demand increases so rapidly that the manu-
facturing department is often kept running overtime so as to fill the orders promptly.
The company's plant is now arranged with a view to increasing the production to
one thousand machines a week, in the near future, as it is believed that the day is not
far distant when the rapid growth of the trade will require at least this number.
Work is about commencing on a brick and stone building which, in itself, will be
larger than any other typewriter factory in the world.

898

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The surprising success of the Remington is in no small degree to be attributed
to the policy of Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict. From the first they perceived that
in order to keep pace with the demands of users, the machine, which was at first a
crude and unsatisfactory device, must be constantly improved. A settled policy of
steady progress in this direction was, therefore, adopted, and has been faithfully

WYCKOFF, SEAMANS & BENEDICT : INTERIOR OF REMINGTON STANDARD TYPEWRITER HEADQUARTERS.

carried out ever since. The result of this, together with the firm's enterprise and
skill in making known the merits of the machine, has contributed to procure for the
Remington Standard Typewriter its universal recognition as the standard writing
machine of the world.

Eberhard Faber, the American representative of A. W. Faber, enjcys the
distinction of having one of the best-known names in the educated world. It is rare
in these days of progress and inventive ingenuity to find the product of a house
established 130 years ago still at the head of the market. Such is a fact, however,
with the A. W. Faber celebrated lead pencils and other specialties.

In 1 76 1 Caspar Faber began the manufacture of " Faber's Pencils," in the village
of Stein, near Nlirnberg, Germany. In 1784 Antony William Faber, whose name
the firm bears to this day, succeeded his father. In 18 10 Antony was succeeded
by his son, George Leonard Faber, who in 1839 was m turn succeeded by his son,
John Lothar Faber. He enlisted with him the services of his two younger brothers.
The youngest, Eberhard, moved to the United States, where the great increase of
the business demanded more intimate connections. He established a branch-house
at New York, where centered the immense trade of the United States, the Canadas,
Central and South America and the West Indies. Similar reasons called for the
establishment of an agency in Paris ; which was followed by another in London,
where was centered the trade of England, Australia, the East Indies and other

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

899

British colonies ; and one at Berlin, for German trade. The supplying of Italy,
Russia and the rest of Europe and the East is carried on from the factory at Stein.
The establishment at Stein, like those of Krupp and Pullman elsewhere, almost

realizes the ideal Utopia. Comfortable houses are

erected for the operatives, and a savings-bank, a li-
brary, a child's nursery, and an open-air gymnasium
have been established. The Siberian Lead Mines,
wholly under the control of A. W. Faber, are on the
summit of Mount Batougal, about 270 miles west of
Irkutsk, near the Chinese frontier. They yield vast
quantities of the purest graphite in the world, large
blocks being taken from them with unbroken surfaces,
bright like polished steel, and weighing 80 pounds
and more.

Eberhard Faber in 186 1 erected a
lead-pencil manufactory, the first in
this country, in New York, at the
foot of East 42d Street. This
was burned out. In 1872 a much
larger one was established at
Green point, Long
Island, which, besides
lead-pencils, produces
the best-known pen-
holders in the world,
and other stationery
novelties. Another
factory at Newark turns
out rubber bands made
from the purest Para
rubber, and an unsur-
passed line of rubber
erasers for artists, type-
writers and schools. A
saw-mill at Cedar Keys,
Florida, turns out the
cedar slabs for pencils
and penholders.

The original ware-
rooms of the firm were
at 133 William Street,
where the United-
States business was
carried on for 22 years.
In 1877, these proving too small, the offices were removed to 718-720 Broadway.
In 1887 the block at 541 to 547 Pearl Street was built, which the firm now owns,
and of which it occupies the first and second floors. The Chicago house is at
141-143 Wabash Avenue. It is estimated that 100,000 stores in the United States
deal in Faber goods, which have not failed at a single leading Exposition to be
awarded prizes.

EBERHARD FABER,
545 AND 547 PEARL STREET, BETWEEN BROADWAY AND ELM STREET.

900

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

signature of

constitute a

The busi-

in 1850, by

E. R. DURKEE & CO., 135 WATER STREET, CORNER OF PINE.

E. R. Durkee & Co., Manufacturers of Spices, Extracts, Sauces, Condiments
and Food-Preparations, are more universally known throughout the United States

than any other house in their line.
Their goods are the acknowledged
standards of excellence, and their
trade-mark of the "Gauntlet,"
coupled with the
the firm, always
guarantee of purity
ness was founded
E. R. Durkee, and the industry
(which is a unique one) has gone
on increasing year after year, until
now it is one of the most import-
ant, in its bearing on the daily
life of the people in all parts of
the country.

The firm's office and sales-
rooms are at 135, 137 and 139
Water Street ; and their labor-
atory, factories and warehouses
occupy several large buildings on
Water, Pine and Depeyster
Streets. Their mills in Brooklyn
are very extensive, and well
equipped with the newest and most approved machinery. Several hundred trained
hands find employment in them, and the whole business is carried on under the per-
sonal supervision of the members of the firm. Many of the processes of prepara-
tion are their own inventions, and wholly controlled by the firm. To the superior
excellence, uniformity, and reliability of the various articles is due their success,
and their products are now shipped to every civilized quarter of the globe.

The members of the firm are Eugene W. Durkee and David M. Moore, who are
devoted to their business, and whose sole aim is to put up the finest articles in their
line that can possibly be produced. They continue to maintain the good name that
has been established over
forty years already. In any
nook or corner of this whole
country everyone meets on
the tables of the hotels, res-
taurants, and in the private
homes some of the products
of the house of E. R. Durkee
& Co. And expressions of
approval and commendation
at all Food Exhibitions in-
dicate that their goods are
widely known and highly
appreciated by all who enjoy
good living and study do-
mestic comfort.

mill6.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

901

The A. D. Farmer & Son Type Founding Company has an establishment
at 63 and 65 Beekman Street, and 62 and 64 Gold Street, that is the result of more
than three-quarters of a century's growth and development. It is the successor in
direct line of the famous old type-foundry of Elihu White, established in 1804,
and known to all printers of the past generation.

Aaron D. Farmer, who established the present house, came from Connecticut to
New York in 1830, when a boy of twelve years, and entered Mr. White's establishment,
at Lombard and Thames Streets, as an apprentice, and here he developed remark-
able ability, not only as a manufacturer but also in the business management, and
in course of time he became the
manager of the establishment.
Elihu White was succeeded by
Charles T. White & Co., and this
firm was followed in 1857 by
Farmer, Little & Co., of which
house Aaron D. Farmer was at the
head. In 1892 two of the partners,
Andrew Little and John Bentley,
were retired, and Aaron D. Farmer
and his son, William W. Farmer,
re-organized the house as a private
corporation, under the style of A.
D. Farmer & Son Type Founding
Company. During all these years
the products of the house have held
first position in the trade, and have
been well-known in printing-houses
throughout the country. The com-
pany manufactures all classes of
plain and ornamental type, borders,
ornaments, rules and dashes, and,
in fact, every article which is re-
quired in fitting out a complete
composing-room. It builds its
own casting-machines, steel-
punches, matrices, and other apparatus. Its designs for ornamental type at e made
in its own establishment. It also deals in printing-presses and other machinery
required in large printing establishments. It has its own line of patented devices
for the making 'of type ; and it owns or controls various patented specialties that
are especially valuable in printing establishments. The factory and office-building
is a large brick structure, and has a frontage of 65 feet on Beekman Street, and 85
feet on Gold Street, and for the most part is six stories in height. As an evidence
of the favor in which the Farmer type is held, it may be stated that many of the
great New- York daily newspapers, and also great papers of other cities, are printed
with equipments furnished by the predecessors or the present house of A. D. Farmer
& Son Type Founding Company.

It is safe to say that every important printing-office — newspaper, periodical, book
or job — has the whole or part of its outfit from this establishment. The company
has an extensive branch-house at 109 Quincy Street, Chicago, where is kept a full
supply of the productions of the New-York house.

A. D. FARMER & SON TYPE FOUNDING CO.
AND GOLD STREETS.

902

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Moss Engraving Company, at 535 Pearl Street, corner of Elm Street,
is a corporation, organized in 1 880, to operate the processes perfected by John C.
Moss, who was the inventor of photo-engraving. Its establishment was one of the
first of its class in this country, and it is to-day the largest and most comprehensive.
It occupies five floors of the building, which has a frontage of 75 feet. This build-
ing was for many years the home of Frank Leslie's publications. The company gives
employment to about 150 people. Its customers are found in all the civilized
countries of the globe. The business of the company has outgrown its original limits.
It now includes electrotyping and art-printing, as well as photo-engraving, and the
department of printing is of fully as great importance as is that of photo-engraving.
A fully equipped printing-office is a portion of the establishment. Fine art work of
all descriptions included in these branches, and particularly such as is required for com-
mercial purposes, forms the bulk of the company's output. A specialty is made of etch-
ings on copper, which are backed up with metal, so that the original plate may be
used on the printing-press, together with electrotypes of the reading matter. Another
specialty is the preparing of catalogues for manufacturers and merchants, and this
has come to be an important branch of the company's business. Large numbers of
engravings are made for the use of newspapers and job printers. In fact, the per-
fecting of the process of photo-engraving, with its speedy production of plates, ready
for the printer's use, has changed the character of newspaper and commercial print-
ing materially, in that
free use is now made
of pictorial and orna-
mental features which
were beyond the range
of possibility a few
years ago. To this
great change is due, in
a large measure, the
growth of the business
of the Moss Engraving
Company. The officers
of the company at pres-
ent are : Robert B.
Moss, President ; M.
A. Moss, Treasurer ;
James E. Ramsey, Sec-
retary : and James A.
Belford, Superin-
tendent.

The Moss Engrav-
ing Company executes
every variety of photo-
engraving, and its corps
of artists are capable of
producing any originals
that may be needed.
Its patrons extend
rgjjlll into every State and

MOSS ENGRAVING COMPANY, PEARL AND ELM STREETS. territory.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

9°3

S. M. Bixby & Co., the well-known manufacturers of fine shoe-blackings and
shoe-dressings, are worthy of special attention in noting the successful enterprises of
the metropolis during recent years. The founder of the house, Samuel M. Bixby, is
a native of New Hampshire. He began business for himself at an early age, and
still retains the vigor and energy which have carried him through a successful career.
The impression prevails among many of those who have used Bixby's Blacking for a
number of years that this famous New- York manufacturer is a man of advanced
years, and it may be surprising to some to know that he is still in the prime of life.
He engaged in the manufacture of blacking in i860, while he was in the retail shoe
business, and the venture proved a pronounced success from the start. The success
he has achieved is well-known to the best portion of the trade in such goods every-
where, and his blacking bears a world-wide reputation. The particular articles by
which S. M. Bixby & Co. have won their reputation are "Three Bee" Blacking and
"Royal Polish," the former a paste blacking for men's boots, and the latter a liquid
dressing, for restoring the color and gloss to ladies' and children's shoes. The build-
ing in which these goods are manufactured is an imposing six-story structure, sup-
plied with machinery
and appliances neces-
sary for the business,
and is the largest one
in existence devoted
exclusively to the man-
ufacture of shoe-black-
ing. It is located at
194 and 196 Hester
Street, adjacent to the
busiest part of Broad-
way, and one block
from Canal and Centre
Streets. The salesroom
and offices of the com-
pany occupy a portion
of the second floor,
while the shipping de-
partment and stock-
rooms are on the main
floor. The remainder
of the space in this
immense building is
divided into various
departments, where the
compounding and
putting up of the black-
ing is done. In all departments the manufacture is an interesting one, and furnishes
employment to upwards of 150 hands. It is not alone the excellence of their
blackings and dressings and the convenient and perfect form of putting them
up, that have given S. M. Bixby & Co. the leading position they occupy to-day
in their especial line, but their persistent and novel methods of making the merits
of the goods known, and a display of an unflinching determination to be always
abreast of the times.

ER AND BAXTER STREETS

9°4

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Pope Manufacturing Company, whose New- York branch is at 12 War-
ren Street, is by far the largest concern of the kind in the world. Col. Albert A.
Pope, the founder of the bicycle industries in America, organized this company and
furnished its capital, in 1877, and he has ever since been its president and active

manager. At first the opposi-
tion to the wheel was outspoken
and intolerant, but this prejudice
was overcome by the free distribu-
tion of the best foreign cycling lit-
erature, and by interesting home
talent. It was in pursuance of
this policy that The American
Bicycler was written, and that
Col. Pope founded The Wheelman,
which is flourishing as the Outing
of to-day. The Columbia bi-
cycles were made from the outset
by the Weed Sewing Machine
Co., of Hartford, Conn., a corpo-
ration which the Pope Mfg. Co.,
finally absorbed in 1890, paying
the stock-holders 50 per cent,
premium for their holdings. Ad-
ditions have been made to the
factory, until it has five acres of
flooring, and employs a thousand
people. Besides this, the com-
pany own an extensive seamless
steel tube and forging plant, and
have recently purchased and ma-
terially enlarged the fine works of
the Hartford Rubber Co. Most
of the best records for fast riding
have been made with Columbias. It was on an Expert Columbia that Stevens made
his famous tour around the world. The Standard Columbia, Expert Columbia,
and Columbia Light Roadster were the three best-known high wheels, while the
Columbia Safety, Light Roadster Safety, and Century Columbia mark three im-
portant steps of progress in the more modern style of bicycles.

January I, 1 892, the Pope Mfg. Co. took possession of its fine new office-build-
ing at 221 Columbus Avenue, Boston. Its architecture is of the early Renaissance
school. The front is of Indiana limestone and Perth-Amboy brick, with terra-cotta
ornamentations. The store on the first floor, and the general offices, occupying
the entire second story, are furnished in quartered oak. The fifth story is devoted to
a riding school, equipped with double padded rails, and a fine maple floor. The
company have a paid-in capital of $ 1,000,000, and a very large surplus. It has a
number of branch offices in various large cities, and its agents are scattered everywhere.
The New- York branch was opened in 1882, and represents to-day a very impor-
tant factor of the business. Connected with the Warren-Street store there is a riding-
hall. Here may be found at all times a complete line of the Columbia bicycles, tri-
cycles, and other cycles, together with their hundreds of parts and attachments.

POPE MANUFACTURING CO., 12 AND 14 WARREN STREET.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

9°5

Amasa Lyon & Company of New York may not be the largest or oldest
manufacturers of umbrellas, parasols and walking sticks in this country, but there
is no house in this industry that stands so prominent for the general high grade of
its productions. A "Lyon" umbrella is indicative of taste, durability and reliability
as to shape and
color. The fa-
miliar trade-mark
of the upright
majestic lion's
head, with the
assuring legend of
"Sans Varier,"
and the bold au-
tograph of Amasa
Lyon, has become
known every-
where. No trade-
mark in its line
is regarded as so
valuable in this
trade, and no lines
of umbrellas and
parasols are so
widely known as
those of Amasa
Lyon & Co. The
best evidence of

their acknowledged supremacy is the fact that they are the specially favored
wares of the leading establishments throughout the Union wherever fine goods
of this character are sold. The business was established in 1877 by Amasa
Lyon, who still remains at the head of the establishment, being the president
of the corporation known as Amasa Lyon & Co., which was organized in 1889.
The main sales-rooms, exhibition rooms and finishing shops are in New York, at
the conspicuous corner of Broadway and Great Jones Street, where they have
been for about twelve years. The stick factory is at the corner of Hudson
and 13th Streets, and here are made all the sticks used by this concern; the
woods being imported from all quarters of the globe. The silver and gold shops are
in the Broadway building, and here are made all the handles and ornaments, for the
style and finish of which the Lyon goods are famous. Any one who has the oppor-
tunity of going through these factories becomes amazed at the infinite variety of
articles used in the making and ornamenting of umbrellas, parasols and canes :
woods, metals, precious stones, ivories, horns, etc., and silks, laces and various fab-
rics, requiring for their proper use exquisite taste and great skill. These are the
only manufacturers who, in their own shops, produce every part of the umbrella,
excepting the fabrics and frames, and even these to a great extent are made on
special orders, with furnished designs and under exclusive arrangements. To the
first-class traveller throughout the continent one of the New- York names that is
always to be seen in first-class establishments is that of Amasa Lyon.

The Amasa Lyon productions rank equal to the highest grades of those made
in foreign countries.

AMASA LYON & COMPANY, 684 BROADWAY, CORNER OF GREAT JONES STREET.

go6

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The Jennings Lace Works, the office of which is at 77 Greene Street, New York,
has a manufacturing establishment at Park Avenue and Hall Street, Brooklyn, which
covers more than an acre of ground. It employs about 700 people, mostly women, in
making silk laces, mitts and gloves. The industry has been built up by A. G. Jen-
nings and his three sons. About twenty-five years ago the elder Jennings purchased
twelve Levers twist and warp lace machines, and began the manufacture of silk nets
for the hair. He located in a building in Park Place, running through to "Barclay
Street, New Yoi'k. The business outgrew these quarters, as the manufacture of lace
was taken up, and in 187 1 Mr. Jennings purchased land at Park Avenue and Hall
Street, Brooklyn, and erected a large five-story building. This gave room for all
the processes of his manufacture, some ten in number, including dyeing. Other
buildings have been erected from time to time, as the business extended. The plant
of machinery has also been increased. It is all intricate and costly. It has been
imported at an expense of about $200,000. In 1879 tne Jennings added to their
products silk lace mitts, and a few years later silk Jersey and Milanese mitts and
gloves. In 1888 the firm was incorporated under its present title. Some of the
styles of laces which the Jennings were the first to make in this country are silk
guipure, Chantilly, Thread, Spanish, Maltese, Point d'Alen^on, Duchesse, Honiton,
Bretonne, Mechlin, and Brussels, and also silk veiling. The establishment now
turns out goods suitable for every purpose to which lace is devoted. There is on

exhibition at the
Smithsonian Insti-
tution in Washing-
ton a collection of
samples of the first
laces made in the
United States. It
was arranged by
the Jennings Lace
Works, at the re-
quest of the Director
of the Institution.
The products of the
establishment have
won first prizes in
all of the principal
industrial exhibi-
tions in the country.
The elder Jennings
comes from an old

Connecticut family, and has been an active business man for half a century. He
and his sons have added a new industry to the list of manufacturing enterprises of
America, and have taught hundreds of people a new method of earning a living.
They have moreover built up an industry which requires the highest order of
mechanism, artistic skill and exquisite taste.

Among the various specialties of the Jennings Lace Works are veilings, dress
silk laces, millinery silk laces, lace scarfs, silk lace, Jersey and Milanese mitts and
gloves. This company is also the sole proprietors of the retrograde stitch and other
patents for mitts and gloves. These, however, being only a few of the patents
owned by the Jennings Lace Works.

JENNINGS LACE WORKS.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

907

Joseph Loth & Co., manufacturers of "Fair and Square" ribbons, whose
store is at 65 Greene Street, were the first business men to invade the historic locality
at the northern end of Manhattan Island, known as Washington Heights ; a locality
that was the site of fortifications and military camps during the War of the Revolu-
tion, and which has been a residence section of the city for many years. Messrs.
Loth & Company's factory occupies the block on Tenth Avenue between 1 50th and

JOSEPH LOTH & CO., "FAIR AND SQUARE" RIBBON MANUFACTORY.

151st Streets. It is a handsome structure of Philadelphia brick and granite, three
stories in height, and is in appearance more like a public building than a factory.
Good taste and a degree of public spirit were shown by the firm in so designing the
outward aspect of their establishment as to avoid the prosiness of business and keep
in harmony with the surroundings. Messrs. Loth & Co. have been engaged in manu-
facturing " Fair and Square " ribbons since 1875. Their present factory was erected
in 1886, and they now employ some 600 operatives. They make fine goods only.
They have never put any cheap grades upon the market, but such is the range and
scope of their enterprise that the product of their establishment is of 14 different
widths, 165 shades of color and from 80 to 90 styles. The trade-mark, "Fair and
Square," is known in every corner of the United States. The uniform excellence
of the goods has spread its fame far and wide, and this has been effectively supple-
mented by a free and liberal use of printer's ink. This firm is the only manufac-
turer of ribbons which advertises extensively, and their announcements are striking ana
effective, as well as dignified, as every one whose range of reading is wide already
knows. It is by means of its unique and liberal advertising that the firm keeps in
touch with the public. It does not sell to the consumer. It comes in direct con-
tact only with the trade, through the efforts of twenty-three salesmen, but such is the
reputation of Joseph Loth & Co. and their "Fair and Square" ribbons that the busi-
ness has shown a steady and substantial growth from the beginning.

9oJ

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

The J. M. Horton Ice Cream Co. is a name familiar to all New-Yorkers,
Brooklynites, and neighboring residents ; for its delicious creams have been enjoyed
by all. To the epicureans of the table they are indispensable. Their cool and soft
flavors lie upon the palate with a delicacy that only experience can appreciate.
Upon transatlantic liners ; upon the luxurious dining-cars that speed from city to
city ; at balls, at parties, at festivals, at all private or public gatherings in or about
our great metropolis where delicacies vie with one another, Horton's cream is wel-
comed as an old friend. Always at its best, it stands without an equal. And Mr.
Horton's name has been so closely associated with the purest ice cream for many
years that the two have become synonymous. Indeed, a little girl on being asked
how to spell ice cream, said, " H-o-r-t-o-n." It was 22 years ago, in 1870, that
James M. Horton began the manufacture of ice cream in New-York City. It took
the fastidious public but a short time to realize that there was being placed before
them creams of the purest quality. In four years they had so grown in popular favor
and their manufacturing had become so extensive that an incorporated company was
required to carry on the business. In 1873 the present company was formed, witli
James M. Horton, President; Joseph Cozzino, Secretary; John J. Freeh, Treasurer;
and Hugh Stewart and Chauncey E. Horton, Directors. The headquarters of the
company are at 305 Fourth Avenue. There are numerous branch depots scattered
through New York and Brooklyn.

Of ice creams, the company manufactures both French and American ; the former,
made of milk and cream with eggs added, being more expensive and somewhat
smoother to the taste than the latter, which is made without eggs. Besides ice
creams, its water-ices, charlotte russe and jellies are well known.

The Hamburg- American Packet steamer that left New York on Christmas Day,
1 89 1, for a voyage around the world carried one thousand bricks of the company's
creams. Nearly every steamer that leaves New York carries from 100 to 400 bricks,
each brick weighing about if pounds. For the Cleveland and Harrison Inaugural
balls at Washington there was furnished one half car-load of these creams, a portion
of which was made up into appropriate figures, such as Liberty, Washington and
Columbia. At the New-York World's festival 15,000 children were fed with about

3,000 pounds of
Horton's ice
cream. A large
share of the pub-
lic institutions of
the city are daily
supplied with it.
Indeed, this com-
pany furnishes
three-fifths of all
the ice cream used
in the city. The
main offices
of the company,
Fourth Avenue
and 23d Street,
are in the build-
ing owned by J.

J. M. HORTON ICC CREAM CO., FOURTH AVENUE AND 23D STREET. M. Horton.

INDEX.

Black-faced or heavy-faced figures indicate the pages of illustrations.

Abbey, H. E., 540, 546, 551, 559.
Abbott, Austin, 250.
Abbott, Frank, 253.
Aberdeen Hotel, 134.
Academies, 241.
Academy of Design, 279, 261,

278, 64, 65.
Academy of Fine Arts, 34, 261.
Academy of Medicine, 451,

450, 252, 301.
Academy of Mt. St. Vincent,

262, 260.
Academy of Music, 550, 66, 545.
Academy of Sciences, 290.
Accident Insurance, 640, 641.
Accounts, Com. of, 231.
Accumulation Policy, 620.
Achelis, Thomas, 823.
Acton, Thomas C , 650.
Actors' Fund, 408, 550.
Actors' Fund Fair, 544, 44.
Adams, Dr. Wm., 335.
Adee, David, 608.
Adirondacks, 774.
Adler, Felix, 26rT 264, 365.
Advertiser, 577.
Advertising Agency, 761, 762.
African Methodists, 57.
Africans, 48.

Aged and Infirm Hebrews, 415.
Aged Couples' Home, 406.
Aged Women's Homes, 405.
Agramonte, 263.
Agricultural Dep't, 240.
Aguilar Aid Soc, 415.
Aguilar Free Library, 61, 302.
Ahavath Chesed, 367, 368.
Air Line, 118, 119.
Aitken, John W., 686, 805.
Aitken, Son & Co., 805, 806.
Albany, 7, 94.
Albany Post Road, 322.
Albemarle Hotel, 210, 134.
Alcoholic Pavilion, 422.
Alden, H. M., 587.
Aldermen, Board of, 222, 223,

224, 225, 227, 229, 230, 234.
Aldine Club, 514, 66, 132, 302.
Aldrich Court, 768, 769, 129,

621.
Aldrich, H. D., 768.
Alexander, James W., 509.
All Angels' Church, 329, 327.
Allan-State Line, 78.
Alleghany Mts., 108, 104.
Allen, Timothy F., 253.
All Souls' Church, 326, 325.
All Souls' Unit. Church, 349,

35°-

Almshouse, 28, 459,461,601,

460, 32, 421, 456, 230.
Almshouse Chapel, 457.
Almshouse Hospital, 459.
Alpha Delta Phi Club, 515.
Aluminum Brick, 886.
Amazon River, 93.
Amberg's Theatre, 558, 66.
Ambulance Service, 421, 422.
Am. Academy Dramatic Arts,

562.
Am. Actors' Amateur Athletic

Assoc, 525.
Am. Art Assoc, 283, 282, 280,

284.
Am. Art Galleries, 283.
Am. Art School, 262.
Am. Art Union. 724.
Am. Bankers' Assoc, 655, 754.
Am. Bank Note Co., 851, 850.
Am. Bible Soc, 373, 57.
Am. Board C. F. M., 373
Am. Church Building Fund,

373-
America, Bank of, 644, 661,

660, 662

America Cup, 527.

American Artists' Soc, 279.

Am. District-Tel. Co., 192.

American Newspaper Direc-
tory, 761, 762.

Am. Fine-Arts Building, 64,
279.

Am. Fine-Arts Soc, 279.

Am. Fire-Ins Co., 609, 606.

Am. Geographical Soc , 290.

Am. Home Missionary Soc,

373-

Am. Institute, 290, 807, 61.

Am. Institute Library, 301.

Am. Inst, of Phrenology, 292.

Am. Jockey Club, 66, 53c.

Am. Kennel Club, 66, 530.

Am. Missionary Assoc , 373.

Am. Pharmaceutical Assoc,
807.

Am. Press Assoc, 281, 566.

Am. Protective Tariff League,
818.

American Registry, 76.

Am. Shipmasters' Assoc, 747.

Am. Society of Civil Engi-
neers, 290, 301.

Am. Sugar-Refining Co., 700.

Am. Sunday -School Union,

373-
Am. Surety Co., 636, 635, 717.
Am. Telephone & Tel. Co.,

196, 678.

Am. Tract Society, 373.

Am. Veterinary College, 255,
452.

Am. Veterinary Hospital, 255.

Am. Water-Color Soc, 279, 65.

Am. Yacht Club, 527.

Amusement Hall, 457.

Amusement Places. — Play-
Houses, Opera - Houses,
Theatres, Public Halls,
Museums, Outdoor Sports,
etc., 533-564.

Amusements, 65, 66.

Anarchists, 42.

Anchor Line, 78, 86.

Anderson Brick Co., N.-Y.,
887, 886.

Anderson, J. C, 886.

Andros, Sir Edmond, 23, 24.

Anglo-American Cables, 189,
192.

Animal Industry, 240.

Annexed Dist., 176.

Ansonia Clock Co., 853, 852.

Anthony, A. V. S., 895.

Anti-Abolition Riots, 39.

Apartment Houses, 217.

Apgar, A. S., 478, 597, 640, 666.

Apollo Hall, 552.

Appeals, Court of, 235.

Appleton, W. H., 5<-8.

Appraisers' Department, 735.

Apprentices' Library, 298,
382, 408, 61.

Appropriations, 49.

Aquarium, 536, 766.

Aqueduct, 182, 52, 181.

Aqueduct Commissioners, 231.

Arabs, 48.

Arbitration, Court of, 238.

Arcadian Club, 200, 503.

Arch, 159, 158.

Archbishop's Residence, 356,
358.

Arch in Central Park, 151.

Architectural features. —
Development in Architecture
— Notable Office- Buildings
and Business Blocks, 763-786.

Architectural League, 279.

Architecture, 64. 247, 763.

Arch, Washington, 159, 158.

Area, 45.

Arion Society, 66, 288, 519, 476.

Arizona, 78.

Arkell, W. J., 850.

Arlington Hall, 531, 564.

Armitage, Thomas, 346.

Armories, 49T.

910

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Armory Commission, 231, 492.
Armstrong', Trio, 613.
Army Building, 500, 128.
Arnold, Aaron, 788, 830.
Arnold, Constable & Co., 789,

787, 788, 790, 689, 830.
Arnold, Hicks, 689, 788.
Aronson, Rudolph, 550, 556.
Arrests, 486.
Arsenal Building, 488.
Art Amateur, 587.
Art and Architecture, 61.
Art-Collections, Private, 281.
Art Education, 261.
Art-Galleries, 283, 138, 273,

298.
Arthur-Kill Bridge, 116, 121.
Artillery, 491.
Artist-Artisans. 280.
Artist-Artisans' Institute, 262.
Artist Materials, 889.
Artists' Society, 280.
Art Museum, 275, 274, 273,

276, 278, 64, 122, 147, 166, 167.
Art-Schools, 262, 280, 281.
Art-Printing, 902.
Art Stores, 280,
Art Students' League, 262, 279,

280.
Art Taste. 64.
Aryan Theosophical Society,

289.
Asbury M. E. Church, 340,

341, 153.
Ascension Church, 323.
Assay Office, 652, 651, 646,

650, 669, 671, 53, 698, 699, 141.
Assembly Districts, 44, 48, 49.
Assessed Valuation, 225.
Assessment Value, 49.
Assistant Treasurer, 6co, 652.
Associated Banks, 647, 648, 652.
Associated Literary Press, 591.
Associated Press, 566, 572.
Association Boat-House, 379.
Association for Improving the

Condition of the Poor, 383.
Association Hall, 376.
Assoc, of the Bar, 517.
Astor Family, 61, 65, 488, 504.
Astoria, 68, 179, 123.
Astor House, 39, 64, 66, 123,

130, 211, 616, 862.
Astor, J. J., 39, 145, 198, 293,

294* 3°°* 4°5> 477i 5°3> 644, 667,

684.
Astor Library, 294, 293, 39,

61, 132, 145, 272, 282.
Astor Place, 34, 39, 123, 132,

145, 162, 294, 296, 506, 780.
Astor-Place Opera-House, 537,

40, 296.
Astor-Place Riot, 492.
Astor Vault, 477.
Astor, W. B., 293, 294, 312, 477,

504, 815.
Astor, W. W., 209, 294, 562,

668, 706, 718.
Astronomical Observatory, 246,
Asylums for Insane Persons,

425,456.
Asylum for Lying-in Women,

442.
Asylums, 60.

Atalanta Boat Club, 528.

Athletic Clubs, 524.

Atlantic Cable, 190, 192, 232,

648, 766.
Atlantic Gardens, 17, 197.
Atlantic Mutual Ins. Co., 599,

598, 706.
Atlantic Transport Line, 78.
Atlas Steamships, 91.
At wood, Kimball C, 64c.
Auchmuty, Col. R. T., 265.
Auction Goods, 828.
Auditors of Accounts, 224.
Audubon, 338.
Audubon Yacht Club, 528
Austin, Nichols & Co., 838,

837.
Australasian Line, 85, 86.
Austrians, 216, 240.
Authors' Club, 507, 66.
Automatic Fire-Alarm and

Extinguisher Co., 895, 894.
Avery Architectural Library,

300.
Avery, Samuel P., 302.
Azore Islands, 85.

Babb, Geo. W , Jr., 612.
Babcock, S. B., 518.
Babcock, S. D , 717.
Babies' Hospital, 443.
Babies' Shelter, 390, 323.
Bachelor Apartments, 218.
Bacon, Earle C, 872.
Baker, Geo. F., 655, 684.
Baker, Geo. H., 300.
Baker, Wm. H., 189.
Baldwin, C. C, 715.
Baldwin, Cyrus W., 856.
Baldwin, Wm. D., 856.
Ball Ground, 146.
Ballston Spa, 846.
Baltimore & Ohio, 52, 98, 114,

121.
Bancroft, George, 290.
Bancroft Hotel, 134.
Bank Clearings, 731.
Bank for Savings, 721, 720,

724, 666.
Banking Houses, 697.
Bank Note Co., 851, 850.
Bank of America, 661, 660,

662, 666, 701, 714.
Bank of Commerce, 671.
Bank of New York, 25, 656,

655, 653, 658, 666, 671.
Bank of the Metropolis, 689.
Bank of the United States, 643,

651, 658, 660, 666, 671.
Banks, 643, 652, 56.
Bank Statement, 655.
Banta, Cornelius V., 660.
Baptist Church, 343, 346, 17, 57,

566.
Baptist Church, First, 343.
Baptist City Mission, 372.
Baptist Home, 407.
Baptist Tabernacle, 299, 346.
Bar Association, 532.
Bar Association Library, 61,

3°°i 5X7-
Barge Office, 69, 536, 735, 127.
Bar Harbor, 87.
Baring Bros., 648, 649, 700, 741.

Baring, Magoun & Co., 700.
Barnard College, 248, 61.
Barnard School, 271.
Barnard, F. A. P., 244.
Barnes, Catharine W., 764.
Barnes, Richard S., 895.
Barnum, P. T., 536, 538.
Barnum's Museum, 537, 541,

570.
Barrett House, 134.
Barrow Street, 76.
Bartholdi, 42, 64, 161, 16?, 494.
Bartholdi Creche, 390.
Bartholdi Hotel, 134.
Barton, Enos M.,858.
Base-Ball Club, 524.
Batcheller, Geo. C, 826.
Batteries, 491.
Battery, 139, 127, 16, 24, 28, 33,

45, 52, 68, 70, 96, 125, 126, 127,

141, 187, 196, 212, 765, 7(6.
Battery Park, 535, 127, 766,

767.
Battery Place, 69, 127, 767.
Baxter Street, 219, 144.
Bay and Harbor, 71.
Bay Ridge, 121.
Bayles, Robert, 678.
Bayne, Samuel G., 764, 694.
Beadleston, W. H., 723.
Bears, 740.

Beaver-St. House, 214.
Bedloe's Island, 163, 71, 70,

160, 500, 64.
Beekman, Jas. W., 506.
Beekman's Swamp, 19, 25.
Beemer, J. G., 637.
Beethoven Maennerchor, 286.
Beethoven Bust, 154, 164.
Belding Bros. & Co., 835.
Belgian Society, 411.
Bellevue Hospital, 420, 421,

60, 61, 252, 251, 254, 418, 449,

458, 46r.
Bellevue-Hosp. Medical Col-
lege, 252, 422.
Bell, Isaac, 718.
Bellomont, Earl of, 25.
Bellows, H. W., 350.
Belmont, August, 712,574, 684,

702.
Belting, 86?, 874.
Belting & Packing Co. (N. V.),

863, 862.
Belt Line Surface Roads, i2r.
Belvedere, 155, 147.
Benedict Chambers, 153, 218.
Bennett Building, 777, 776, 56.
Bennett, J. G., 96, 190,482, 566,

569, 576, 776.
Berkeley Ladies Club, 268,

53°-
Berkeley Lyceum, 562, 66.
Berkeley School, 272, 271.
Bermuda, 91.
Berwind-White Coal Mining

Co., 883, 882.
Best& Co., 801.
Beth-El, Temple, 367.
Bethesda Church, 353.
Bethesda Fountain, 165, 147.
Beth Israel Bikur Cholim, 369.
Beth-Israel Hospital, 438.
Bible and Fruit Mission, 416.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

911

Bible House, 372, 373, 297,

4i7i 343-
Bible Soc. Library, 6r.
Bi-carbonate of Soda, 890.
Bicycle Clubs, 66, 528.
Bigelow, Wm. L., 604.
Bijou Theatre, 556, 134.
Bill-heads, 884.
Bindery, 761.

Biographical Society, 301*.
Biscuit Co., N. Y., 879, 878.
Bituminous Steam Coal, 882.
Bixby (S. M.) & Co., 903.
Black Crook, 560.
Black Friday, 42, 648.
Blacking, 903.

Blackwell, Dr. Emily, 253, 439.
Blackwell Homestead. 457,

456, 460.
Blackwell's Island, 456, 457,

458, 459. 46i, 14, 60, 45,

230, 235, 402, 418, 421, 422,

423i 453, 460-
Blackwell's-Island Bridge, 179.
Blair & Co., 699.
Blair, Hon. J. I.. 699
Blanchard, Jas. A., 523.
Blankets, 823.
Blant, Jos. F., 642, 690.
Blauvelt, C. A., 595.
Bleecker-Street Savings-Bank,

721.
Blind, Destitute, 404.
Blind Institution, 270.
Blind Library, 301.
Bliss, Cornelius N., 818, 613,

712.
Bliss, Fabyan & Co., 818, 613.
Bliss, Geo., 706, 813.
Bliss, Wm. M., 681, 682.
"Blizzard of 1888, 41, 44, 192.
Block, Adriaen, 7, 768.
Block House, 148.
Block Island, 8.
Bloomingdale, 45.
Bloomingdale Asylum, 427,

425, 426.
Bloomingdale Heights, 152,

246, 248, 428.
Bloomingdale Ref. Church,

308, 310.
B'nai B'rith, 299.
B'Nai Jeshurun, 364.
Board, 220.

Boarding-Houses, 218.
Board of Aldermen, 222.
Board of Brokers, 736.
Board of Education, 49, 60,

231, 243, 266.

Board of Electrical Control,
189.

Board of Excise, 229.

Board of Fire Underwriters,
491.

Board of Health, 419, 391, 742.

Board of Police, 225, 227.

Board of Taxes and Assess-
ments, 492.

Board of Trade and Transpor-
tation, 750.

Boat-House, 148, 155.

Bogardus Iron Fronts, 807.

Bogardus, Rev. E., 304.

Bogart, John, 291.

Bohemians, 503, 578.
Boiler-Tubes, 865.
Boiler-Washers, 871.
Bolivar Statue, 150, 165.
Bombardments, 29, 30.
Bond List, 737.
Bonner, Robert, 580.
Book-Stores, 132, 138.
Booth, Edwin, 156, 470, 514,

538, 540-
Booth Line, 93.
Booth's Theatre, 540, 557.
Bordeaux Line, 82.
Boreel Building, 129, 197, 604.
Boston, 14, 16, 23, 30, 40, 52, 72,

77, 87, 93, 94, 97, 119, 120, 126,

196, 732, 733, 749.
Boston, SOI.
Boston Road, 29, 40.
Botanical Garden, 157, 246.
Boucicault, Dion, 48^, 539, 540,

557-
Bouck, W. C, 649.
Bouguereau's Painting, 206.
Boulevard, 134, 126, 168, 268.
Bow Bridge, 153.
Boweries, 144.
Bowers, Henry E.,611.
Bowery, 143, 267, 16,20, 144,

212,314, 319, 341, 403.
Bowery Boys, 144.
Bowery Branch, 377.
Bowery Fire-Ins. Co., 596,

595-
Bowery Mission, 387.
Bowery Savings Bank, 723,

708, 668.
Bowery Theatre, 536, 198, 560,

535, 54i-
Bowling Green, 31, 129,743,
32, 81, 82, 88, 13, 17, 18, 28,
30, 65, 74, 76, 128, 134, 153,

197, 347, 694.

Boys' Lodging-House, 392.
Brace, C. L. , 392.
Bradford, Gov , 20.
Bradford, Wm., 27, 468, 565.
Bradford's Map, 9.
Bradley, E. A., 315.
Bradstreet Company, 760,

761, 4.
Bradstreet s, 760, 761, 580.
Brandies, 844.

Brass and Iron Fittings, 864.
Bread and Cheese Club, 503,
Breese, Sydney, 468.
Breslin, J. H., 207, 208, 710.
Brevoort House, 210, 66.
Brewers' Association, 746.
Brewers' Exchange, 746.
Brewer, Wm. A., Jr., 629.
Brewster, W. C, 682, 730.
Brice, Calvin S., 515.
Brick-making, 880, 886.
Brick Presb. Church, 332, 333,

586, 139, 574.
Bridewell, 32, 453, 460.
Bridge of Sighs, 454.
Bridgeport, Conn., 52, 826.
Bridges, 169.

Bridges, Contemplated, 178.
Bridge Street, 17, 19.
Brigade Headquarters, 497.
Briggs, C. A., 258.

Brinckerhoff, E. A., 660.
Brinckerhoff, G. C, 668, 670.
Bristol City Line, 78.
British Occupation, 30.
Broad Street, 140, 141, 18, 23,

25, 26, 30, 33, 142, 304.
Broad Street in 1796, 24.
Broadway, 33, 17, 18,128,123,

Broadway and Fifth Ave., 130.
Broadway and Seventh Ave.

R R., 694.
Broadway and Sixth Avenue,

130.
Broadway, at City-Hall Park,

131.
Broadway Athenaeum, 539.
Broadway, at 32d Street, 873.
Broadway Bank, 723.
Broadway Central Hotel, 133,

132, 198, 209, 808.
Broadway, from Barclay Street,

226.
Broadway, from Bond Street,

133.

Broadway in 1828, 31.
Broadway Ins. Co., 600.
Broadway Line, 123.
Broadway Surface R. R., 42.
Broadway Tabernacle, 349,

813.
Broadway Theatre, 134, 540,

554, 556-
Brokers, 736.
Brokers' Language, 740.
Bronx Park, 65, 125, 157, 15S.
Bronx River, 45, 157, 183.
Bronzes, 852.

Brooklyn, 18, 52, 53, 68, 174.
Brooklyn Bridge, 170, 59,

702, 169, 231, 778, 784, 88.
Brooklyn Ferry, 17, 27.
Brooklyn Heights, 16, 169.
Brooklyn Mills (E. R. Durkee

& Co.), 900.
Brooks Brothers, 798, 799.
Brooks' Clothing Store in 1845,

798.

Brooks, Erastus, 570.
Brooks, Henry S., 798.
Brooks, James, 570.
Brooks, Rev. Dr. A., 327.
Broome Street Tabernacle,

353. 352.
Brougham's Theatre, 538.
Brown Bros. & Co., 698, 660.
Brown, Charles E., 688.
Browne, H. K., 64, 160, 162.
Brown, J. C, 706, 721.
Brown, P. A. H., 313.
Brown, Rev. Dr. J. W., 320.
Brown, T. McKee, 327.
Brown, V. H., 674, 722.
Bruggerhof, F. W., 809.
Brunswick Hotel, 209, 66, 139,

214.
Bryan, T. J., 289.
Bryant, W. C, 156, 168, 350,

5°3i 5°8, 566.
Bryant Building, 694, 750.
Bryant Park, 158, 160, 140,

156, 162, 538, 539, 787.
Buck, Dudley, 263.
Buckingham Hotel, 209, 66, 139.

912

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Buenos Ayres, 93.

Buffalo, 98, ioi, 102, 104, 113.

Builders' Hardware, 870.

Building Dep't, 231, 764, 542.

Building-Material Exchange,
7S2.

Buildings, Number of, 49.

Building-Trades' Club, 518.

Bulbs, 8oq.

Bulkley, Dunton & Co., 845,
844.

Bulkley, Edwin, 844, 845.

Bull's Head, 198, 668.

Bunce, Seymour A., 729.

Bunner, H. C, 582.

Burbank, W. H., 3.

Bureau of Charities, 230.

Bureau of Corrections, 230.

Bureau of Medical and Surgi-
cal Relief, 252.

Burford, Geo. H., 621.

Burgher Guard, 17, 483.

Burial Places, 465.

Burnet, Wm., 26.

Burnham, G. W., 165, 210.

Burns' Coffee- House, 197.

Burns' Statue, 154, 164.

Burr, Aaron, 34, 467, 566, 656,
658.

Burrell, Dr. D. J., 306.

Burtnett, Daniel, 598.

Burton's New Theatre, 537,

53*.
Burton, W. E., 472, 540.
Busk & Jevons, 93.
Bussing Homestead, 764.
Butchers' & Drovers' Bank,

Nat., 668, 666.
Butler, B. F., 250.
Butler, Charles, 249.
Butler, W. A., 517.
Butler, W. S., 297.
Butter and Cheese Exchange,

751-

Butterheld, Daniel, 730.
Butterworth, John, 651.
Byrnes, Thomas, 486, 487,

Cable Cars, 125, 44, 52, 123.
Cable Conduits, 196.
Cafes, 212.

Caledonian Club, 519, 524.
Caled-onian Fire-Ins. Co., 602.
Californians, 206.
Callisen's School, 272.
Calumet Club, 507, 140, 506.
Calvary Baptist Church, 345,

344-
Calvary Cemetery, 482.
Calvary Church, 322, 287, 322.
Calvary Meth. Church, 342.
Calvinists, 534.
Cambridge, 139, soq.
Cambridge Hotel, 844, 843, 209,
Camden & Amboy R. R., 107.
Campbellites, 353.
Camp, W. A., 655.
Canal Boats, 141.
Canal Street, 142, 10, 36, 130,

i43-
Canarsie, 15.

Cancer Hospital, 445, 141.
Candee, W. L., 866.
Cannon, H. W., 655.

Capture of N. Y., 30.
Caracas, 92.
Carmansville, 45.
Carnegie, Andrew, 300, 548.
Carnegie Laboratory, 253.
Carnegie Music Hall, 549, 44,

64, 548.
Carpenter, Reese, 478.
Carpets, 788, 795.
Carrigan, Andrew, 726.
Carrousel, 146.
Car Springs, 862.
Cartagena, 91.
Carter, James C, 517, 524.
Carter, O. S., 672.
Case, J. S., 686.
Cashmere Bouquet, 888.
Casino, 134, 66, 64, 549, 550.
Casino, Central Park, 149, 147.
Castle Clinton, 535.
Castle Garden, 535, 52, 53,

127, 212, 498, 536, 538, 766.
Castle Williams, 502, 70, 499.
Castree, John, 676.
Catharine Market, 754.
Cathedral of St. John the

Divine, 331, 64, 329, 434.
Cathedral of St. Patrick, 374,

122, 140, 303.
Catholic Apostolic Church,

354, 353-

Catholic Church, B. I., 459.

Catholic Club, 375, 516.

Catholic Half-Orphan Asy-
lum, 434.

Catholic Protectory, 269, 398.

Catholics, 355, 360, 363, 364,
385, 394, 482.

Catholic Schools, 260.

Catskill Mts., 856.

Cavalry Troop, 496, 497.

Cave, Central Park, 155.

Cedar Slabs, 899.

Cemeteries, 465, 482.

Central Bridge, 176.

Central Building, in, no.

Central Nat. Bank, 681, 641.

Central Park, 765, 375, 218,
122, 123, 125, 134, 64, 65, 140,
146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 158,
164, 165, 166, 167, 184, 187,
189, 45, 492, 196, 208, 268, 271,
275, 289, 295, 366, 488, 498,
156.

Central-Park Apartments, 375,
140.

Central-Park Reservoir, 181,
182, 183.

Central-Park Sanatarium, 447.

Central Park West, 277, 141,
156, 289, 332, 447.

Central Presb. Church, 336.

Central Railroad of N. J., no,
ill, 112, no, 116.

Central Stores, 759, 758.

Central Trust Co., 711, 710,
712, 632.

Central Turn-Verein, 526.

Centre Market, 776, 754, 762.

Centre Street, 54.

Century Club, 508, 66, 302, 746.

Century Magazine, 145, 57.

Chamberlain, 221. 224.

Chamberlain, P, H., 350, 522.

Chamber of Commerce, 26, 65,
x97, 232, 236, 238, 593, 649, 660,
724, 734. 735, 75i» 820.

Chambers, T. W., 306.

Champagne, 842, 843, 844.

Chandler, A. B., 189.

Chandler, C. F., 247.

Chapel, Bloomingdale, 427.

Chapyi, E. H., 351.

Chapin, G. S., 729.

Chapin Home, 408.

Chapin's, Dr., School, 272.

Chapman, J. H., 600.

Charitable Institutions, 49, 229,
383, 456.

Charitable Societies 415.

Charities and Corrections, 49,
57, 60, 230, 234, 383.

Charity and Benevolence. —
Institutions and Associations
for the Poor and Unfortu-
nate— Homes and Asylums,
and Temporary Relief, 383-
418.

Charities Building, 868.

Charity Hospital, 457, 459,
456, 60, 254, 423.

Charity Organization Soc, 391,
400, 417, 384.

Charleston. 88.

Charter of Liberties, 24.

Chatham Square, 144, 465, 605.

Chatham-Street Garden, 540.

Cheap Hotels, 212.

Cheap Restaurants, 216.

Cheap Transportation Assoc,

75°-
Cheever, A. D., 862.
Cheever, G. B., 337.
Cheever, H. D.. 866.
Cheever, J. H. 862.
Chelsea, 40, 217, 64, 45, 466.
Chelsea Square, 257, 256.
Chemical Nat. Bank, 665, 666,

621, 677, 682, 724.
Chemical Soc, 291.
Chemistry School. 250.
Cheney Brothers, 824.
Cherry Street, ig.
Chesapeake, 467.
Cheviot, 804.
Chiar, Arthur, 4.
Chew, Beverly, 302.
Chicago, SOI.

Chicago and Boston Fires, 610.
Chicago Fire, 601, 604.
ChickeringHall, 66,140, 261, 564.
Chief of Fire Dept., 230.
Children, Cruelty to, 388, 389.
Children's Aid Soc, 57, 269,

391, 392.
Children's Charitable Union,

398.
Children s Clothing, 801.
Children's Fold, 397.
Children's Hospital. 60.
Child's Hospital, 440.
China, 794.
Chinatown, 144.
Chinese 48, 144. 214, 216, 410.
Chinese Rooms, 537.
Chinese Temple, 37<>» 369-
Choate, J. H., 350, 473, 505, 515,

517,664.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

9*3

Chocolates, 802.

Christ Church, 310, 316, 318.

Christiaensen, 7.

Christian Aid to Employment

Soc, 373.
Christian Brothers, 260.
Christian Israelites, 57.
Christmas Letter Mission, 416.
Christopher Street, 90.
Church Chorals, 287.
Church Club, 516.
Churches, 57, 303.
Church Extension Society, 372.
Church for Seamen, 354.
Church Hospital, 448.
Churchman. 584, 583, 566, 145.
Church Missionary Society for

Seamen, 371.
Church of Disciples, 353.
Church of England, 303.
Church of Heavenly Rest, 319.
Church of New Jerusalem,

353-

Cilley, J. K., 686.
Cillis, Hubert, 626.
Cisco, J. J., 650.
Citizens1 Bridges, 178.
Citizens' Ins. Co., 598, 597,

602, 603.
Citizens' Line, 94.
Citizens' Savings-Bank, 730,

_ 729-

City and County, 221.

City Bank, Nat., 663, 662.

City Club, 524.

City Court, 235.

City Debt, 49, 230.

City Finances, 48.

City Hall, 50, 233, 28, 32, 37,
49, 26, 52, 61, 64, 65, 123, 130,
142, 156, 190, 212, 231, 234, 235,
236, 289, 297, 312, 330, 454, 484,
489, 506, 537, 568, 581, 605, 666,
682, 795, 854, 862.

City-Hall Branch Elevated,
R R.. 55-

City-Hall Park, 28, 33, 47,
51, 191.224,573,575,581,
18, 28, 32, 52, 130, 142, 156,
168, 174, 198, 218, 228, 231, 236,
239> 447. 453. 46°. 465. 628, 666,
677, 776, 778, 780, 784.

City-Hall Park in 1809, 28.

City-Hall Place, 224.

City Hotel, 198.

City Improvement Soc, 524.

City Judge, 229.

City Legislature, 249.

City Mission and Tract Soc,

352. 373-
City of Neiv York, 75, 74, 76,

68.
City of Paris, 75, 74, 76.
City of Rome, 78.
City Prison, 236, 235, 453.
City Record, 236, 221, 222, 224,

576.
City Reform Club, 523.
Civil Courts, 235.
Civil Engineering School, 250.
Civil Service Board, 23.
Claflin (H. B.) Co., 613, 816.
Claflin, John, 682.
Claremont, 45.

Claremont Park, 65, 158.
Clarendon Hall, 564.
Clarendon Hotel, 210.
Clark, Charles F., 137, 4, 714,

761.
Clark, Col. E., 493, 494.
Clark, H. F., 476.
Clark, J. S., 706.
Claussen, Henry, Jr., 746.
Clay Industry, 880.
Clearing-House, 653, 56, 142,

646, 649, 652, 654, 655, 662, 667,

672, 73". 754-

Clergy Club, 370. 516.

Clerk of Arrears, 224.

Clermont, 34, 73.

Cleveland, Grover, 210, 568.

Clews, Henry, 473.

Climatic Cure Fund, 414.

Clinical Soc , 451.

Clinton, 754.

Clinton, De Witt, 232, 244, 289,
482, 721.

Clinton, Gen., 30, 31.

Clinton, George, 26.

Clinton, Gov., 32, 38, 30, 499.

Clinton Hall, 145, 296, 537, 722,
780.

Clinton Hotel, 78:..

Clinton Market, 754, 138.

Clipper, 580.

Clocks, 790, 852.

Clothiers, 798.

Clothing, 56.

Clover Pastures, 25.

Clubs, 66, 503.

Clyde's Pier, 88.

Clyde Steamship Co., 87, 89.

Clyde, Thomas, 88.

Clyde West-India and Central-
American Line, 91.

Coaching Club, 209.

Coal and Iron Exchange, 775,
628, 774.

Coal Barges, 882.

Coal- Mines, 882.

Cockerill, J. A., 514, 566, 578.

Coe, E. B., 305.

Coe, George S., 189, 635.

Coenties Slip, 114, 116, 139,
786, 14, 197.

Coffee Exchange, 692, 752.

Coffee-House, 198, 593.

Coffee Roasting, 838.

Coffin, C. A., 860.

Coggeshall, E. W., 638.

Cogswell, Dr. J. C, 293, 294.

Cohen, Max, 299.

Coke, 882.

Colden, Cadwailader, 28, 719,

735-

Coleman House, 134.

Colgate & Company, 888.

Collamore (Gilman, & Co.,
794-

Collector of the Port, 734.

Collect Pond, 453, ^6.

Colleges, 241, 60.

College of New York, 243,
242, 60, 264.

College of Physicians and Sur-
geons, 248, 247, 429, 439, 447,
34-

College Place, 27, 244, 246.

College Settlement, 385.
Collegiate Church, 304, 305,

306, 307.
Collegiate Church, 7th Street,

305.
Collegiate Church, 29th Street,

305.
Collegiate Church, West End

Ave., 306.
Collegiate Grammar School,

271, 3°4. 3°6-
Collegiate Reformed Church,

139, 271, 304.
Collingwood, Francis, 291.
Collins Line, 74.
Collis, C. P., 472.
Collyer, Robert, 351.
Colon, 92.

Colonial Club, 510, 66, 509.
Colonnade Row, 584, 145.
Colored Glass Windows, 285.
Colored Home, 413.
Colored Mission, 413.
Colored Orphan Asylum, 42,

338, 413-
Colored People, 360.
Columbia Bicycles, 904.
Columbia Building, 632, 769,

621, 56, 128, 129, 764.
Columbia College, 246, 247,

244. 34. 6°. 61, 134, 243, 248,

249, 252, 290, 291, 300, 428,

439, 468, 626. •

Columbia College Law School,

638.
Columbia College Library, 61,

300.
Columbia Grammar School, 271.
Columbia Heights, 170.
Columbia Restaurant, 214.
Columbia Yacht Club, 527.
Columbus Fountain, 168.
Columbus Hospital, 437.
Columbus Statue, 167, 168.
Columbus Theatre, 561.
Combustibles, 490.
Commerce, National Bank of,

67 a.
Commerce Statute, 151, 166.
Commercial Advertiser, k6*>,

566.
Commercial Association, 742.
Commercial Bill let in, 576.
Commercial Cable, 190, 189, 192.
Commercial Preeminence, 731.
Commercial Schools, 267.
Commissioner of Jurors,49, 236.
Common Council, 222, 232, 421,

484.
Common Pleas Court, 234, 235.
Commons, 28, 32, 454.
Commonwealth Club, 523.
Compagnie Generale Trans-

atlantique, 80, 81, 82.
Compahia Transatlantica, 01.
Comptroller, 222, 224, 225, 754.
Comstock, Anthony, 463.
Concert Saloons, 65.
Condiments, 900.
Coney Island, 53, 67, 48, 93, 121,

500.
Coney-Island Jockey Club, 66.
Coney-Island Steamboats, 68.
Confectioner, 802.

914

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Cong'l Church Building Soc,

373-
Congregationalism, 349, 350,

57-
Congressional Districts, 49.
Connecticut Militia, 29.
Conner, W. E., 138, 473, 527.
Conservatory of Music, 264.
Conservatory Water, 148.
Consistory Building, 306.
Consolidated Stock and Petro-
leum Exchange, 741, 740,
621, 129, 56.
Consolidation Act, 221.
Constable, F. A., 788.
Constable, J. M., 722, 788, 656,

830.
Constables, 484.
Contents, 2.

Continental Hotel, 211, 134.
Continental Trust Co., 719.
Convalescents' Home, 404.
Convent, Sacred Heart, 260.
Converse, E. C, 850, 865.
Converse, E. W., 865.
Cooke, G. F., 313, 470, 534.
Cooking-Schools, -zti.
Cooper, Edward, 706.
Cooper Institute, 299.
Cooper, J. F., 503.
Cooper, Myles, 244.
Cooper, Peter, 40, 265, 299, 350.
Cooper-Union, 267, 264, 355,

61, 132, 263, 264, 265, 564.
Cooper-Union Art-School, 280.
Cooper-Union Free Night

Schools, 28-).
Cooper-Union Library, 299.
Cooper-Union Woman's Art

School, 280.
Cop, 484.

Copeland & Bacon, 872, 873.
Corbin, Austin, 474.
Corbin Bridge, 179.
Corbin Building, 863.
Cornbury, Lord, 25, 499.
Cornell, J. B., 342.
Corn Exchange, 742.
Corning, Erastus, 706.
Coroners, 238.
Corporate Schools, 241.
Corporation Borrowings, 704.
Corporate Schools, 60.
Corporation Counsel, 222, 229.
Corrections, 453.
Corsets, 826.

Cortlandt Street, 105, 193, 107.
Cortlandt-Street Ferry, 107.
Cosmopolitan Hotel, 212.
Cosmopolitan Magazine, 587,

690.
Cosmos Club, 513.
Costumes, 793.
Cotton Exchange, 747, 655,

692, 215, 145.
Cotton Exchange, Main Floor,

748.
Cotton Goods, 820.
Coudert, F. R., 505, 517, 715.
Couldock, C. W., 540.
County Clerk, 238.
County Court-House 51, 237,

42, 52, 236, 156, 677.
County Medical Soc, 450.

County Officers, 238.
Coarrier des Etats-Unis, 568.
Court House, 51, 237, 236, 52,

42, 64, 156, 677.
Court of Arbitration, 236.
Court of Chancery, 25.
Court of Common Pleas, 49.
Court of General Sessions, 51,

54-

Courts, 221, 234.
Covenant Church, 336.
Cowles, Elijah S., 895.
Cox, S. S., 164, 145, 162.
Crackers, 878.
Crane, J. M., 677, 678.
Crapes, 824.
Crematory, 420, 482.
Cremorne Mission, 388.
Criminal Courts, 235, 236.
Crippled Boys' School, 393.
Critic, 580.

Crocker, Charles, 545.
Croisic, Marquis de, 210.
Crolius Wm. H., 608.
Cromwell, Frederic, 717.
Cromwell, Steamship Co., 90.
Crosby, Howard, 249, 334, 463,

476.
Crosby Street Synagogue, 365.
Cross-Town Lines, 123.
Crotona Park. 65, 157, 158.
Croton Aqueduct, 175, 39, 176.
Croton Dam, 182.
Croton Lake, 181.
Croton Reservoir, 147, 181, 183.
Croton Water-Shed, 181, 52.
Croton Water-System, 472.
Cruelty to Animals, 462.
Cruelty to Children, 388, 389.
Cruger, John, 735.
Cruger, S. V. R., 294.
Crystal Palace, 535, 39, 156,

538.
Cunard Line, 77, 69, 73, 674.
Curacoa, 92.
Curbstone Brokers, 740.
Cushman, Charlotte, 200, 536.
Custom House, 734. 53, 64, 141,

649, 651, 699, 733, 736, 770.
Cutler School, 272.
Cutting, R. L., 718.
Cypress Hill Cemetery, 482.

Daily Papers, 577, 581.

Dairy, 146.

Dairy Kitchen, 214.

Dakota, 141, 218, 868.

Dalhousie, The, 375.

Daly, Augustin, 514, 552, 553,

554-
Daly's Theatre, 66, 134, 554.
Damrosch, Dr. L., 288, 476, 546,

564-
Damrosch, W. J., 264, 287, 549,

564- „
Dana, C. A., 568, 578.
Dancing Schools, 269.
Darling, A. B., 554, 561, 684.
Dauntless Rowing Club, 528.
David's Island, 500.
Davis, Jefferson, 89.
Day-Book, 570.
Day Nursery, 390.
Deaconess Home, 258.

Deaf and Dumb, 270.

Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 346.

Deaf and Dumb Inst., 338.

Deaf Mutes, 270, 271, 325.

Death Rate, 419.

Deaths, 49.

Debating Societies, 291.

Debt, 49, 225.

Debtors' Prison, 236, 454.

Declaration of Independence,

Decorations, 286.
Decorative Art Soc, 262, 280.
Deems, C. F., 351.
Defense and Protection, 483.
Delamater Iron Works, 873.
Delaware & Hudson Canal

Co., 775, 666, 774.
Delaware, Lackawanna &

Western R. R., 113, 115, 114,

664, 689, 52.
Delmonico's, 213, 214, 212, 204,

206, 140,
Delmonico's, Beaver Street,

215.

Delta Kappa Epsilon Club,

140, S15.
Delta Phi Club, 515.
Delta Upsilon Club, 515.
De Milt Bequest, 298.
De Milt Dispensary, 452, 448.
Democratic Club, 140, 522.
Dent, Dr. E. C, 424.
Dentistry, 253.
Dentistry, College of, 253.
Depew, C. M., 138, 478, 505, 515.
Deposit, Nat. Bank of, 694.
Depot in Jersey City, 112.
Dep't of Arts, 250.
Dep't of the East, 502.
Dep't of Public Parks, 225.
Departments and Officers, 221,
Dermatological Soc, 451.
Desbrosses St., 105, 107.
Desbrosses St. Ferry, 123.
Desbrosses St. Pier, 94.
Desbrosses St. Station, 108.
Design, Acad, of, 64, 65.
Destitute Children, 396, 399.
Detective Bureau, 487.
Detectives, 488.
Deutsch - Amerikanische

Schuetzen Gesellschaft, 529.
Deutscher Liederkranz, 287.
Deutscherverein, 375, 511.
De Veau, J. M., 691.
De Vinne Press, 145.
De Vlackte, 18, 32.
Devoe, F. W., 678.
Devoe (F. W.) & C. T. Ray-

nolds, 889.
Diamond Cutters, 804.
Diamonds, 804.
Diana, 64, 542.
Diastasic Essence of Pancreas,

893.
Di Cesnola Collection, 64.
Dickel's, 268, 528.
Dickens, Rev. John, 372.
Diet-Kitchen Assoc, 452.
Digestive Ferments, 892.
Dilks, G. W., 488.
Dillon, Gregory, 726.
Dime-Museums, 66.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

9!5

Dimocky H. F., 87.
Dimock, H. F., 710.
Diocesan Church Missions, 322.
Diocesan House, 370, 145.
Discharged Convicts, 464.
Disciples Church, 352.
Dispensaries, 452, 60.
Dispensary, 432, 439, 447, 440,

448, 449.
Dispensary for Women, 440,

254-
Distributive Trade, 732.
District Attorney, 229, 49.
District Courts, 235.
Ditson (Charles H.) & Co.,

589, 590.
Ditson (Oliver) & Co., 590.
Divine Paternity, 351, 351, 139.
Dix, John A., 650, 477.
Dix, Morgan, 312.
Dock Dept., 226.
Dodge Statue, 165.
Dodge, W. E., 162, 474.
Dodsworth's, 269.
Dolge's (Alfred) Factories,

875.

Dolgeville, 875.

Domestic and Foreign Mis-
sionary Soc, 371, 373.

Domestic Architecture, 784.

Domestic Missions, Reformed
Church, 372.

Dominican Convent, 398.

Dominican Church, 264.

Dommerich, L. F., 819.

Donald. James M., 675.

Dongan, Gov., 24, 355.

Dorman, O. P., 832.

Down-Town Assoc, 518.

Down-Town Club, 610.

Down-Town Relief Bureau,

385-
Doyers Street, 144.
Draft Riots, 42, 413, 486, 493,

798.
Drama, 533.

Dramatic Neius, 583, 582.
Draper, J. W., 249.
Dreadnaught :, 38.
Dress Goods, 793, 815, 823, 822.

823, 830, 832.
Drexel Building, 141, 698.
Drexel, Morgan & Co., 672, 698.
Drexel-Morgan Building, 770.
Driggs, M. S., 606.
Drills, 869.

Drinking Saloons, 216.
Druggists, 847.
Drugs and Chemicals, 848.
Drummond, J. F., 889.
Dry-Dock Company, 666, 688.
Dry-Docks, 53, 69.
Dry-Dock Savings Inst , 725,

717, 689, 880.
Dry-goods, 681, 789, 792, 796,

797. 33. 8l2, 813, 823, 815, 818,

819, 820, 822, 823.
Dry-Goods Restaurants, 214.
Duane-Street Church, 334.
Du Bois, Henri Pene, 3.'
Ducking- Stool, 26.
Duel, 467.
Duelling Ground at Wee-

hawken, 34.

Duke of York, 8, 20.

Duke's Plan, The, 8.

Dunham, Buckley & Co. 813.

Dunton, W. C, 645.

Durkee, E. W., 900.

Durkee (E. R.) & Co., 900.

Durland's, 268, 529.

Durr, Louis 289

Dutch Cottage, 7, 76, 79.

Dutch Greenland Co., 7.

Dutch Inns, 197.

Dutch Map. 6.

Dutch Merchants, 7.

Dutch Reformed, 25.

Dutch Regime, 22.

Dutch Soldiers, 14.

Dutch Vauxhall, 198.

Dwelling-Houses 49.

Dwight, John. 136.

Dwight (John) & Co., 891 , 890,

Dwight School, 272.

Dynamos, 858, 874.

Eagle Cage, 149.

Eagle Fire-Ins. Co., 613.

Eagles and Goat, 165.

Eagles. Central Park, 151.

Eames, F. L., 738.

Earle Guild, 417.

Earle's Hotel, 211, 212.

Earl of Stirling, 468.

Eastchester 48.

East 86th Street, Y. M.C. A.,377.

Eastern Dispensary, 448.

Eastern Lines, 94.

East River, 16, 89, 114, 702,

786, 68, 48, 49, 53, 67, 93, 119,

169. 179, 188.
East-River Bridge, 171, 170,

73, 169, 42, 52, 125, 130, 178,

250, 454, 482.
East-River Nat. Bank, 680,

678, 808.
East-River Park, 156.
East-Side Boys' Lodging-

House, 392.
East-Side Ladies' Aid Soc, 417.
Eaton, Cole & Burnham Co.,

864.
Eaton, Dorman B., 350.
Eaton, John, 864.
Eaton, Wm. S., 865.
Ebraucus, King, 22.
Eclectic Dispensary, 449.
Eclectic Medical College, 254.
Eden Musee, 561.
Edgehill Chapel, 339.
Edison Building, 861, 140,

142.
Edison Electric Illuminating

Co., 186, 187, 769.
Edison, Thomas A., 187.
Edson, Franklin, 234.
Educational Institutions, 60,

61, 241, 267.
Education, Board of, 243, 225.
Edwards, Ernest, 4, 895, 896.
Edwards-Ficken, H.,282, 478,

5^4-
Egyptian Obelisk, 765, 140,

167, 64.
Eiffel Tower, 856.
Eighth Avenue, 14T.
Eighth-Avenue R. R., 123,688.

Eighth- A venue Theatre. 861.
Eighth Regiment 495, 491,

492, 868.
Eighth- Street Theatre, 561,

'45-
Eighth- Ward Mission, 395.
Ejectors, 871.
Eldorado Garden, 856.
Electrical Subways, 189.
Electric Club, 517, 291.
Electric Elevator, 856.
Electric Illumination, 860.
Electricity, 866.
Electric-light Machinery, 874.
Electric Lights 49, 185.
Electric Railways, 124
Electric Wires, 188.
Electrotyping, 902.
Elevated Railroads, 114, 116,

120, 121, 124, 143, 52.
Elevator and Station, 124.
Elevators, 96, 124, 72, 763,

765, 856, 857.
Eleventh Ward Bank, 688, 717.
Elgin, 246.

Ellis Island, 79, 240, 69, 53.
Ellsler, Fanny, 535.
Elmendorf, Joachim. 307.
Ely, George W., 738.
Emanu-El, Temple, 366, 365,

139-

Embroideries, 814.

Embury, Philip, 340.

Emergency Hospital, 60.

Emery Wheels, 862.

Emigrant Houses. 412.

Emigrant Industrial Savings-
Bank, 726.

Emmett Monument, 469, 313.

Empire-State Express, 101, 126.

Empire Theatre, 134.

Employment, Aid to, 417.

Employment of Poor Women,
400,

Engineers' Club, 519, 518.

Engine House No. 7, 490.

Engine No. 15, 490.

Englishmen, 519.

Engraving, 850, 895, 896, 902.

Eno, Amos R., 684.

Entrance, Central Park, 374.

Entrance, Mount Hope, 481.

Epernay Wines, 843, 844.

Epiphany Church, 344.

Episcopal Churches, 309=330.

Episcopal Church, B. I . 459,
460.

Episcopal City Missionary
Soc, 401.

Episcopal Corporation, 316.

Episcopal Diocesan House,

584.
Episcopalians, 29* 310, 316, 287.
Episcopal Seminary, 257, 255.
Equestrian Washington, 106,

64. 152, 160.
Equitable Building, 625, 766,

622, 681, 56, 64, 129, 702, 715,

802, 854.
Equitable Life Assurance Soc,

625, 622, 300.
Ericsson, John, 471.
Erie Canal, 38, 67, 97, 98, 232,

417, 644, 735.

910

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Erie Railroad, 117, 37, 52.
Ervvin, Cornelius B., 87J.
Esplanade, 147.
Essex Market 762, 754.
Essex-Market Court-House,

231, 453.
Estimate and Apportionment,

222 225. 300.
Estimate, Board of, 221, 225,

231.
Etching Club, 65, 279.
Ethnological Soc, 291.
European Plan Houses, 198.
Evacuation Day, 31, 649.
Evangelical Aid Soc, 412.
Evange'ical Alliance, 373.
Evans, Win. T., 814.
Evarts, Wm. M , 505, 517, 523,

664. _
Evening Express 570.
Evening Mail, 571, 570.
Evening Post, 567, 566, 580,

n°, 391, 565, 568.
Evening Schools, 242, 60.
Evening Sun, 569, 578.
Evening Telegram, 576.
Evening World, 578.
Everett House, 210.
Evergreen Cemetery, 482.
Ewer, Dr. F. C, 318.
Execution of Goff, 14.
Executive Dep't, 223.
Exempt Firemen's Fund, 409.
Explosives, 869.
Exports and Imports, 72, 53.
Express, 566.
Extracts, 900.

Extractum Pancreatis, 893.
Eye and Ear Infirmary, 443,

60.

Faber. Eberhard, 899, 898.
Faber's Pencils, 898.
Fabre Line, 87.
Faculty of Medicine, 251.
" Fair and Square," 907.
Fairbanks Company, 867.
Fairchild Bros. & Foster, 892.
Fairchild, C. S., 714.
Fairchild, H J., 613.
Fairchild, S. W., 893, 253.
Fairmount. 45.
Falconer Statue, 150, 166.
Fallen Women, 402, 403, 462.
Fall River, 93, 69.
Fall-River Line, 93.
Falls of Niagara, 562.
Fancher, C. H., 676, 728.
Faneuil, Benjamin, 468.
Farmer (A. D.) & Son, 901.
Farmer's Bridge, 177.
Farmers' Loan and Trust Co.,

718, 664.
Farmers' Market. 755.
Farragut Monument. 475.
Farragut's Grave, 476.
Farragut Statue, 168, 162, 64.
Far Roc<away, 316.
Fastest Long-Distance Train,

101.
Fayerweather, D. B., 474.
Federal Hall, 21, 24, 33, 142,

160, 232.
Federal Interests, 53.

Fellowcraft Club, 503.

Fellows, E. B., 605.

Felt, 875.

Feltings, 893.

Felt Shoes, 875.

Female Almshouse, 461.

Female Assistance Soc, 400.

Female Asylum, 401.

Female Guardian Soc, 396,
306.

Female Insane Pavilion, 457.

Fencers' Club, 269, 530.

Fencing Classes, 269.

Ferry-Boats, 106, 95, 52.

Fidelio Club, 511.

Fidelity and Casualty Co., 635.

Fidelity Insurance, 635, 636.

Fiduciary Institttions. —
Trust and Investment Com-
panies, Savings- Banks, Safe-
Deposit Companies, etc.,

703-733-
Field, B. H., 721.
Field, C. W., 156, 570, 766.
Fifth Avenue, 146, 302, 134,

139, 122, 365, 800, 202, 206.
Fifth-Avenue Baptist Church,

347, 346.
Fifth Avenue, Bird's-eye

View, 785.
Fifth-Avenue Collegiate

Church, 305.
Fifth Avenue, 58th Street,

374-

Fifth Avenue from 51st St.,

"35-

Fifth-Avenue Hotel, 201, 685,
803 > 20J, 36, 40, 66, 530, 538,

554, 561, 684, 690, 798, 832.

Fifth-Avenue Presb. Church,

333, «35, 333. J4°-
Fifth-Avenue Safe Deposit

Co., 730, 686.
Fifth-Avc, South, s8th Street,

374.

Fifth-Avenue Stage. 122.
Fifth-Avenue, Sunday Morn-
ing, 381.
Fifth-Avenue Theatre, 44, 66,

■134, 54i. 55i> 539-

Fifty-ninth Street, from Sixth
Ave.. 375-

Final Resting-Places. — Cem-
eteries, Burial-Places, Crem-
atories. Church Yards and
Vaults, Tombs, etc, 465-482.

Finance Department, 224.

Finances of the City, 225.

Financial and Commercial
Associations. — The Custom
House, Chamber of Com-
merce, the Stock, Produce,
Cotton and otherExchanges,
Board of Trade, Mercantile
and other Agencies, Ware-
houses and Markets, 731-762.

Financial Institutions. —
United-States Treasury and
Assay Office, Clearing
House, National and State
Banks, Bankers, Brokers,
etc., 643-702.

Financial Organization, 649.

Financial Power, 703.

Finlayson, Bonsfield & Co.,

834-

Fire-Alarm Telegraph, 49, 490.

Fire and Marine Insurance.
— Offices and Companies for
Assuming Losses by 1 ires
and Transit, and Fire and
Marine Underwriters' Asso-
ciations, 593-614.

Fireboat Neiv-Yorker 491.

Fire-bricks, 880.

Fire Dep't, 489, 230, 19, 26,
49, 409. 490, 595, 894.

Fire Extinguishers, 871.

Fire Insurance, 593, 611.

Fire Insurance Companies,

595, 596.
Fire Losses, 596.
Fire Marshal, 230, 490, 594, 606.
Firemen, 542. 483.
Firemen at Work in i8co, 492.
Hremen's Monument, 482.
Fire Patrol, 593, 594 595.
Fire-proof Warehouses, 757.
Fire Protection, 488.
Fires, 49, 594.
Fire Underwriters, 594, 595.

Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs

23'

Firs
sh
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs
Firs

'3'
Firs
Firs
Firs

American Cardinal, 258.
American Congress, 31.
Avenue Line, 123.
Battery, 497.
Boy, 10.

Brigade 491, 492.
British Governor, 22.
Church School, 304.
Clergyman. 14.
Compound Engine, 89.
Cong. Minister, 349.
Dutch Church, 304.
Engine-House, 489.
Ferry, 95.
Fire Co., 19, 489.
Great Trunk Line, 37.
Insurance Company, 593.
Judicial District, 234, 235.
Lawyer, 19.

Library of Congress, 297.
Locomotive, 774.
Market-House. 18.
Merchants' Exchange,

Methodist Place of Wor-

P, 339-

National Bank, 684, 655.
N.-Y. Girl, 10.
Ocean Steamship, 73.
Opera, 534.
Paved Street, 19.
Presb. Church, 330, 25,

333-

President, 649.
Public School, 241.
Reformed Presb. Organ-

ization, 339.
First Schoolmaster, 14, 241.
First Sidewalk, 33.
First Soldiers, 14.
First South Church, 307.
First Steam Frigate, 34.
First Steam Vessel, 34-
First Steel Steamship, 89.
First Stock Marine Insurance

Co., 593.
First Street-Car, 122, 38.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK

917

First Street-Railway, 122.

First Unitarians, 350.

First Visitor, 5.

First White Male Child, 10.

Fish-Commission 240.

Fish, Nicholas, 658, 668.

Fish, Preserved, 662, 664.

Fisk, James, Jr., 496, 559, 553.

Five Points, 144, 386.

Five-Points house of Indus-
try, 385. 447. 386, 448.

Five Points in 1659, 38.

Five- Points Mission, 386,
387, 269, 300.

Flagler, H. M., '38,474.

Flagler, J. H., 865.

Flats, 218.

Fleischmann's Bakery, 214.

Flood Rock Explosion. 869.

Florence Night Mission, 403.

Florida, 88.

Florio-Rubattino Line, 87.

Flower, R. P., 138.

Flower Surgical Hospital, 438.

Flushing, 48.

Folger, Charles J., 650.

Font Hill, 26.'.

Food and Shelter Depot, 377.

Foot Post to Albany, 97.

Fordham, 45, 123, 125, 167, 258,
403, 409.

Fordham Heights, 266, 445.

Fordham Hospital, 60, 422.

Foreign Bankers, 649, 697.

Foreign Commerce. 645.

Foreign Fruit Exchange, 754.

Foreign Insurance Cos , 595.

Foreign Missions, 371, 372.

Foreign Relief Societies, 410.

Forest and Stream, 580.

Forget, Augustin, 82.

Fornes, C. V., 727.

Forrest, Edwin, 40, 260, 534.

Fort Amsterdam, 13, 17, 128.

Fort Columbus, 70, 498, 499.

Fort George, 17, 176, 158, 177.

Fort Hamilton, 53, 70, 498, 499.

Fort Lafayette, 70, 499.

Fort Schuyler, 53, 70, 498, 500.

Fort Tompkins, 70, 499.

Fort Wadsworth, 501, 53, 70,
420, 498, 499, 500.

Fort Washington, 31.

Fort Wood, 71, 70, 161, 498,
500.

Forty-Second St. in i863, 39.

Forum, 57 587.

Fosdick, C. B., 686, 696.

Foster, Paul & Co., 831.

Foundling Asylum, 390, 389.

Fourteenth Street, 132.

Fourteenth-St. Theatre, 558.

Fourth-Avenue Line, 37, 123.

Fourth-Avenue Presb. Church,

37<i» 3 Hi 355-
Fourth Nat. Bank, 68*. 655.
Fowler & Wells Co., 292, 291.
Fraleigh, C. P., 621.
Franconi's Hippodrome, 538.
Frankfort Street, 59.
Frank Leslie's Illustrated, 580,

587, 697.
Frank Leslie 's lllustrirte Zeit-

ung, 580 697.

Frank Leslie's J^opular Month-
ly, 588, 58 .

Franklin Square, 592, 19, 142.

Franklin Statue, 162, 164, 161.

Franklin Theatre, 540.

Fraunce's Tavern, 23, 31, 197.

Free Banking Act, 045.

Freebooters, 25.

Free Circulating Library, 300,
61, 299.

Freeland, William, 271

Free Public Schools, 241.

Free School Society, 34.

Free-Trade Club, 522.

Freight Depot, West St., 109.

French Branch, Y.M.C.A., 378.

French Evang. Church, 411.

French. F. O., 7:4.

French, H. Q., 474, 473.

French Huguenot, 25.

French Line, 80, 81, 82, 69.

Frenchmen, 48, ^56.

French, P. W., 865.

French Quarters, 214, 216, 341.

French's Hotel, 198, 576.

French, T. Henry, 545, 556, 559.

Fresh-Air Fund, 391, 57, 416.

Fresh-Air Gardens, 68.

Fresh Water Pond, 34.

Freundschaft Verein, 511.

Friendless, Home for, 396.

Friends' Meeting-House, 355.

Friesland, 83.

Frohman, Daniel, 552, 555.

h ruit and V lower Mission, 415.

Fruit Exchange, 754.

Fruit Steamers, 72.

Fulton Bank, 678, 666.

Fulton Club, 507, 678.

Fulton Ferry, 94.

Fulton Fish Market, 752, 754.

Fulton Fish-Mongers, 754.

Fulton Market, 752, 754, 568.

Fulton, Robert, 34, 73, 95, 168,
468, 472.

Fulton-St. Prayer-Meeting, 306.

Funded Debt, 49, 225.

Furniture Storage, 756-759.

Fur Trade 39.

Fiirst-Bismarck, 82.

Gaelic Society, 301.

Gage, Gen., 28, 197.

Galilee Rescue Mission, 322.

Gallatin, Albert, 468, 653, 667.

Gallatin Nat. Bank, 669, 667,
668, 655, 868.

Gallaudet, Dr. T., 325.

Gallows, 17, 32.

Galveston, qo.

Gansevoort Market, 754.

Garden Theatre, 545, 66, 134.

Gardiner's Island, 37.

Gardner, Harrison, 820.

Garibaldi Statue, 156, 160, 153.

Garner & Co., 817, 816.

Gas-Lights, 49, 185.

Gate House, 182.

Gazette, 27, 565.

Gedney House, 134.

Genealogical Society, 291.

General Culture, 241.

Ghneral Culture. — Educa-
tional Institutions — Univer-

sities, Colleges, Academies,

and Seminaries : and Pub-
lic, Private and Parochial

Schools, 241-272.
General Electric Co., 861.
General Fund, 229.
General Sessions, 229, 235, 236.
General Theol. Sem., 257, 255,

301, 61.
Geographical Society, 290, 301.
George Bruce Library, 300.
George III., i8, 30.
German American Ins. Co.,

608, 610.
German American Real Estate

Title Guarantee Co., 642.
German Y. M. C. A., 378.
German Clubs, 66, 510.
German Dispensary, 448.
German Hospital, 436.
Germania Life Ins. Co.. 624.
German Odd Fellows, 532.
German Poliklinik, 449.
German Population, 144.
Germans, 356, 48, 394, 216, 44S.
Gerry, Elbridge T., 389, 527.
Gibb, John, 814.
Gibbens School, 272.
Gibbons, John J., 794.
Gilbert Manufacturing Co.,

832.
Gilder, R. W., 587.
Gilman Collamore & Co., 794.
Gilsey Estate. 134, 208, 552, 557.
Gilsey House, 207, 206, 208,

134, 710, 66.
Gladstone Hotel, 134.
Gloves, 822, 831, 836.
Goddard (J. W.) & Sons, 825.
Godkin, E. L., 566, 580.
God's Acres, 466, 312, 465.
Goelet Family, 138, 208, 472,

665, 666, 7 '7.
Goethe Society 291.
Gold & Stock Telegraph, 738.
Gold Bars, 651.
Gold Board, 738.
Golden Eagle Inn, 198.
Golden Hill, 28.
Gold Room, 647.
Good Samaritan Disp., 448.
Good Shepherd, 256, 460, 402.
Gorham Mfg. Co., 791, 790.
Gotham Art-Students, 262.
Gotham Club, 507.
Gotham Wheelmen, 520.
Gould, Jay, 65, 126, 138, 488,

527< 55Qi 574, 647.
Gould's Mausoleum, 474.
Gouverneur Hospital, 422.
Government, 221.
Governor's Island 502,70,314,

498, 499, 26, 45, 14.
Governor's Room, 65, 232.
Grace Church, 317, 316, 356,

370, 796, 800, 39, 64, 65, 130.
Grace Memorial House, 316.
Grace, W. R., 234, 758.
Graduate law School, 251.
Graduate Sem., 250.
Graef (C.) & Co. 843, 842.
Grain-Laden Steamships, 72.
Gramercy Park, 40, 156, 210,

354. 5i3-

91 5

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Grammar Schools, 241, 60.
Grand Army, 521, 44
Grand Central Station, 99,
•°3> 77°» 10°i 52> llrf» 123i

126, 180, 211, 326, 379, 473, 478,

756, 770, 868.
Grand Hotel, 134.
Grand Opera House, 559, 564.
Grand Union Hotel, 211.
Grant, Hugh J., 234.
Grant Monument, 44, 64, 134.
Grant. U. S., 152, 200, 341.
Graves. Arthur B., 681.
Gravesend, 30.
Gravity Road, 774.
Gray, Prof. Elisha, 858.
Greater New York 48.
Greeley, Horace. 202, 482, 568.
Greeley Statue, 164, 161, 44,

142, 64 168.
Green, Andrew H., 48.
Greene, Thos. B., 604.
Greenwich, 15, 45, 64, 217.
Greenwich Ins. Co.. 597, 596.
Greenwich Savings- Bank, 730.
Greenwich Street. 26
Greenwich Village, 29. 40, 198,

322, 345, 395, 458.
Green- Wood Cemetery, 482.
Griffin, Eugene, 860
Grinnell Sprinkler, 895, 894.
Grinnell, Minturn & Co., 38.
Grolier Club, 513, 302.
Guardian Assurance Co., 610.
Guernsey Building, 636.
Guion Line. 78, 69.
GustavusAdolphus Church, 348.
Gutenberg, 164.

Hahnemann Hospital, 435.

Hale, Nathan, 168.

Half-Moon, 7.

Half-Orphans, 396.

Hall, A. Oakey, 232, 234, 540.

Halleck Statue, 154, 164.

Hall, John, 240, 333, 476.

Hall of Records, 228, 31, 32,
52, 156, 236, 454, 573.

Halls, 564.

Hall's, Dr., Church, 135, 374.

Halsey, Jacob L., 622.

Hamburg-American Baltic
Line, 83.

Hamburg-American Steam-
ships, 82, 80.

Hamilton, A., 28, 34, 166, 232,
244, 467, 566, 655, 658, 66o.

Hamilton Statue, 150, 166.

Hammerstein, Oscar, 561.

Hanover Fire-Ins. Co., 602,
603, 598.

Hanover Nat. Bank, 674.

Hanover Square, 145, 17, 655,

674. 747-
Harbor, 71, 92, 67, 68, 73.
Harbor Defences, 500.
Harbor in 1892, 73.
Harlem, 138, 124, 19, 29, 125,

134, 152, 218, 3 7, 330, 453, 691.
Harlem Art Assoc, 262.
Harlem Y. M. C. A., 377.
Harlem Bridge, 177, 178, 180.
Harlem Club, 508, 509.
Harlem Dem. Club, 522.

Harlem Dispensary, 449.
Harlem Hospital, 60.
Harlem Law Library, 300.
Harlem Mere, 147.
Harlem Opera-House, 561.
Harlem Railroad, 118, 180.
Harlem Republican Club. 52-.
Harlem River, 173, 175, 178,

782, 45, 52, 65. 67, c8, 100,

120, 124, 156, 157, 176, 177,180,

182, 188, 220, 266, 271.
Harmonie Club, 510.
Harmony Mills. 816.
Harper & Brothers, 592, 142,

296, 655.
Harper. E. B., 634.
Harper, James, 40, 234, 484, 727.
Harper s Bazaar, 580.
Harper's Magazine, 587. 57.
Harper's Weekly. 580.
Harpers Young People, 580
Harrigan's Theatre. 555, 134.
Harriman, Oliver, 662, 717, 719.
Harry Howard Square, 142.
Hart's Island, 60, 230, 418, 423,

460, 482.
Hart's Island Hospital, 422, 424.
Harvard Club, 516.
Harvard School, 271.
Hatch, Edward P., 792.
Havana, 90, 91.

Havemeyer Building. 56, 64,764.
Havemeyer, Henry O., 138.
Havemeyer, John C, 719.
Havemeyer, Wm. F., 232, 234.
Haven, George G., 662. 717.
Haver, Sylvester A., 812.
Hawk & Wetherbee, 203, 204.
Hawthorne Mills, 894.
Haxtun, Wm., 629.
Haynes, John C, 589. ■
Haynes, Tilly. 209.
Hays, D. C, 738.
Heald, Daniel A., 604.
Health Officer, 227, 22^, 238.
Healy Building, 59, 695.
Heaton, Clarence D., 728.
Heavenly Rest, Church, 318,

319, 65, 139.
Hebrew Actors. 560.
Hebrew Americans, 410.
Hebrew Orphan Asylum, 414.
Hebrew Charities, 414.
Hebrew Children, 415.
Hebrew-Christian Church. 355.
Hebrew Congregations, 364.
Hebrew Families, 365.
Hebrew Immigrants, 415.
Hebrew Institute, 379.
Hebrew Lying-in Soc, 443.
Hebrew Organizations, 303.
Hebrew Relief Society, 414.
Hebrew Restaurants, 214.
Hebrews, 48, 144 355, 368, 431,

432, 437- 5°7, 5TI! 56r-
Hebrew Sheltering Guardian

Soc, 414.
Hebrew Sheltering Home, 415.
Hebrew Technical School, 264.
Hegeman, John R., 630, 677.
Hegger's Photographs, 284.
Heimath, Isabella, 408.
Heins & LaFarge, 330.
Heliotype Printing Co., 895.

Hell Gate. 85, 869, 26, 37, 42.
Hell Gate Pilots, 239.
Hempstead, 48.
Herald, 39, 190, 537, 539, 566,

569. 570. 776.
Herrmann's Theatre, 134, 557.
Hewitt, A. S., 156, 172, 234, 67 .
Hickok, Geo. S., 684.
Hide and Leather Nat. Bank

695. 874.

High Altar. 359.

High Bridge, 175, 782, 176,
181, 182, 184.

High-Bridge Park, 156, 176.

Higher Culture. — Art Mu-
seums and Galleries, Scien-
tific. Literary, Musical and
Kindred Institutions, and Or-
ganizations, 273-292.

Highlands, 101.

High Service Station, 183.

High-Service Water, 854.

Hillhouse, Thos., 650, 712, 721.

Hill, J. M., 557, 558.

hine, C. C , 624.

Hippodrome, 538.

Historical. — New York of
the Past, from the Earliest
Times to the Present, 5-44.

Historical Society, 299, 34, 65,
289, 29S. 35.

Hitchcock," D. W., 865.

Hitchcock, Darling & Co., 201.

Hitchcock, Hiram, 545.

Hitchcock, W. G., 686.

Hitchcock (W. G.) & Co., 830.

Hobart Hall, 256, 370.

Hoboken, 27, 34, 96, 113.

Hoboken Ferry Pier, 90.

Hoffman House, 205, 685,
204, 210, 216, 134, 66, 690.

Hoffman Island, 71, 238, 420.

Hoffman, Josiah O., 658, 662.

Hoisting Engine, 872.

Holland, Dr. J. G., 587.

Holland House, 208, 640, 66, 139.

Holland's Map, 12.

Holland Society, 44, 513, 768.

Holiey Bust, 157, 160, 153.

Holy Comforter, 404.

Holy Communion Church, 323.

Holy Cross Church, 362, 364.

Holy Cross School, 260, 265.

Holy Family House, 309, 400.

Holy Rosary School, 260.

Holy Spirit Church, 3-5.

Holy Trinity, 327,328, 326.

Homans, Sheppard. 630, 632.

Home, Destitute Blind, 404.

Home for Aged, 406, 407, 57.

Home for Aged Hebrews, 416.

Home for Incurables, 403.

Home for Old Men, 406.

Home Ins. Co., 604, 603, 605.

Home Journal, 580.

Home Life Building, 130, 764.

Home Life-Ins. Co.. 627, 626.

Homer Ramsdell Transporta-
tion Co., 95, 94.

Home Missions, 371.

Home of Industry. 464.

Homoeopathic Hospital, 423,

435- 439' 6°- _
Homoeopathic Coll., 253, 438.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

919

Homoeopathic School, 61.

Hone, Philip, 232,472,492,503,
721, 662.

Hop-Dealers' Exchange, 754.

Hopper, Isaac T., Home, 401.

Horse-Railroads, 37, 122.

Horse-Shoe Curve, 7 08.

Horton Ice Cream Co., 908.

Hosack, Dr. D., 246, 289, 443.

Hose. 862.

Hospital, Incurables, 60. 456.

Hospital Graduates' Club, 451.

Hospital Newspaper Soc, 416.

Hospitals, 60, 241, 420, 452, 464.

Hospital Ship, 420.

Hospital Sunday Assoc, 452.

Hotel Brunswick, 209.

Hotel Cambridge, 844, 843, 209.

Hotel de Logerot, 210.

Hotel District, 199, 198.

Hotel Imperial, 2c8.

Hotel Monico, 211.

Hotel Rates in 1650, 197.

Hotels, 198, 66.

Houghton, Dr. G. H., 324.

House, Charles W., 893.

House of Industry, 269.

House of Mercy, 370, 402.

House of Refuge, 40, 60, 269,
460, 461, 724.

House of Relief, 426.

House of Rest, 371.

Howard, Gen., O. O., 498.

Howard Mission, 397.

Hoyt, Chas. H., 553.

Hoyt's Madison-Square Thea-
tre, 553, 552-

Hubbard, Thomas H., 692.

Hubert Street, 32.

Hudson, Henry, 7, 101.

Hudson River, 48, 52, 53, 67,
68, 73, 93, 95, 97, 100, 117, 120,
134, 148, 244, 260, 643, 644.

Hudson-River Day Line, 94.

Hudson-River Tunnel, 179.

Hughes, Archbishop, 42, 167,
258, 356.

Huguenots, 22, 482.

Huguenot Soc, 300.

Hume, W. H., 398, 414, 509, 634.

Humboldt Statue, 154, 166.

Hungarians, 216.

Hunter, Robert, 25.

Hunter's Island, 157.

Huntington, C. P., 374, 65,
138, 474, 692, 712.

Huntington, Daniel, 508, 780.

Huntington Mansion, 64.

Huntington, W. R., 316.

Hunt, Richard M., 161, 774.

Hunt, Wilson G., 706.

Hurlbut, H. A., 635, 684.

Hydrants, 49.

Hydraulic Works, 854.

Ice Bridge, 44.
Ide, George E., 628.
Idiot Asylum, 60, 460.
Immaculate Virgin, 399.
Immigrant Bureau, 240.
Immigrant Station, 79.
Immigration, 53, 412, 240.
Imperial Hotel, 208, 64, 66, 134.
Importers' Traders' Club, 518.

Importers' and Traders' Bank,

684, 621, 655.
Imports, 53, 72.
Inauguration of Washington,

31, 21.
Incandescent Lamps, 860, 186.
Incarnation Church. 328, 327.
Incurables, Ward for, 459.
Indian Councils, 18.
Indian Hunter, 151, 165, 64.
Indians, 20.
Indian Slaves, 23.
Indian War, 15.
Indigent Females' Home, 405.
Industrial Art-Education, 262.
Industrial Life-insurance, 629.
Industrial Schools, 401, 269,

264, 400, 412.
Infant Asylum, 389, 371.
Infants' Hospital, 60.
Infirmaries, 60.
Infirmary for Women, 439.
Infirmary, N. Y., 157.
Indians Drunk, 197.
lnman and International Navi-
gation Co., 75, 76, 74, 77.
Inspection of Buildings, 227.
Inspector of Combustibles 230.
Insane Asylum, B. I., 423.
Insane Asylum for Males, 63.
Insane Asylums, 459, 464.
Insane Asylum, W. I., 424.
Insane Pavilion, 421.
Institute Artist-Artisans, 280.
Institution for Savings of

Merchants' Clerks, 724.
Institute of Mercy, 401.
Insular Navigation Co., 85.
Insulated Wire, 858, 866.
Insulation, 866.
Insurance, 637.
Insurance Club, 517.
Insurance Dep'ts, 594, 595, 606,

616, 620, 634, 636.
Insurance Legislation, 594.
Insurance Patrol, 490, 894.
Insurance Report, 612.
Insuring of Vessels, 599.
Intemperate Men, 447.
International Banking-Houses,

697, 700, 701.
Internat. Medical Missionary

Institute, 258.
International Navigation Co.,

74. 77-
International Okonite Co.,

866.
Invalids1 Homes, 403.
Irish Emigration Soc, 411, 726.
Irishmen, 48, 519.
Irish Regiment, 496.
Iron Skeletons, 764.
Iron Work, 868.
Iroquois Club, 522.
Irving, 591, 503.
Irving Hall, 559.
Irvingites, 353.
Irving National Bank, 676,

677, 728.
Irving Place, 210.
Irving Savings Institution,

728, 676.
Irving, W., 158, 39, 146, 156,

162, 293, 294, 763.

Isabella Heimath, 408.
Iselin, Adrian, 667, 721.
Iselin, A., Jr., 712, 717, 668, 754.
Isham, Wm. B., 689.
Island Mission, 416.
Italian Club. 449.
Italian Immigrants, 418.
Italian Institute, 410, 418.
Italian Quarter, 145, 269, 464.
Italian Restaurants, 216.
Italians, 48, 356, 410, 160, 165,
168, 240.

Jacksonville, 88.

Jaffray (E. S.) & Co., 812.

Jaffray, H. S.. 812.

Jamaica, 48, 92.

Japanese Club, 214, = 19.

Japanese Restaurant, 214.

Jay, John. 505.

Jeannette Park, 139, 786, 158.

Jefferson Market, 140, 236, 754.

Jefferson-Market Police Court,
229, 52. 454.

Jenkins, Charles, 680.

Jenkins, E. F., 389.

Jennings Lace Works, 906.

Jerome Park, 176.

Jersey, 31.

Jersey Central Building, 56.

Jersey City, 27, 96, 105, 106,
107, 180.

Jesuit Fathers, 355, 361.

Jesuit Institutions, 259.

Jesup, Chas. M., 712.

Jesup, M. K., 276, 387, 712.

Jewelers' Association, 488.

Jewish Cemetery, 465.

Jewish Church, 57, 365.

Jewish Congregation, 368.

Jewish Immigrants' Protective
Soc, 410.

Jewish Literature, 299

Jewish Philanthropies, 410.

Jewish Poor, 415.

Jewish Reform, 367.

Jewish Theol. Seminary, 258.

Jews, 365.

Jobbing Trade, 811.

Johnson, Geo. P., 697.

Johnson, Isaac G., 478, 597, 667.

Johnson, Samuel, 244.

Johnston, J. T., 249, 721.

Johnston's Photos., 43, 501.

John-Street M. E. Church,
346, 351, 465, 316.

John-Street Theatre, 534.

Jones, George, 572.

Jones, J. D., 600.

Jones, John Q., 665.

Journal, 58 1, 27.

Journalism, 27.

Journalism and Publishing.
— Newspapers and Periodi-
cals, Book, Music and other
Publishing, 565-592.

Journal of 'Commerce, 566, 568.

Judaism, 367, 415.

Judge, 136, 580, 697.

Judiciary, 49.

Judson Memorial Church, 343,

344- 153-
Juillard. A. D., 662, 712, 717.
Jumel Estate, 606.

920

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Jumel Mansion, 22.

Jurors, 236.

Juvenile Asylum, 462, 269,

338, 461.

Kean, Charles, 470.

Kean, Edmund, 470.

Kean Riot, 534.

Kearny, Gen. Phil., 469.

Keener, William A., 247.

Keene, Laura, 539.

Keep, Mrs. E. A., 444.

Kelly, Eugene, 656, 684, 727,

780.
Kendrick, A. C, 346.
Kennedy (F. A.) Co., 878.
Kennedy, R. L.,721.
Kenny, W. J. K., 576.
Kensico Cemetery, 479, 478.
Kent's Commentaries, 247.
Keppler, Joseph, 582.
Kidd, Capt. Robert, 25.
Kidder, Peabody & Co., 700.
Kieft, Wm., 14, 197, 483.
Kimber, A. C, 314.
Kindergarten, 270, 271, 243.
Kindergarten Assoc, 269.
Kindergartens, 398.
Kindergarten School, 389.
King, David H., Jr., 574, 710.
King, Edward, 294, 516, 7j8,

728.
King, George, 735.
King, John, 137.
King, Richard, 672.
King's Arms Tavern. 17, 197.
Kingsbridge Road, 176, 177.
King's College, 27, 34. 244.
King's Daughters, 418, 417.
King's Farm, 14.
Kingsland. A. C, 234, 727.
Kingsley, W. C, 169, 170, 172,
Kip's Bay, 30.
Kitchin's Map, 15.
Kit-Kat Club, 279, 281.
Kittredge, A. E., 308.
Knights Templar, 531.
Knapp, Shepherd, 338, 660.
Knevals, Caleb B., 476.
Knickerbocker Canoe Club,

528.
Knickerbocker Casualty Co.,

635-
Knickerbocker Club, 506, 66.
Knickerbocker Fire-Ins. Co.,

593-
Knickerbocker Hotel, 208.
Knickerbocker Trust Co., 708.
Knox, John Jay, 672.
Koster & Bial's, 561. 564.
Kreischer (B.) & Sons' Fire

Brick Works, 881, 880.
Kreischerville, 880, 886.
Krigier's Tavern, 17, 197.

Laces, 906, 814.
La Guayra, 91, 92.
Lackawanna Building, 56.
Ladenburg, Adolph, 545, 702.
Ladenburg, Thalmann & Co.,

701.
Ladies' Christian Union, 400.
Ladies' Deborah Nursery, 415.
Ladies' Fuel Society 417.

Ladies' Health Protective As-
sociation, 451.

Ladies' Mission, 418.

Ladies' N.-Y. Club, 530.

Ladies' Union Relief Associ-
ation, 417.

LaFarge, 320, 333, 362, 363, 505.

Lafayette, 162, 152, 499.

Lafayette Place, 145, 132, 293,
294, 296, 32?, 514, 516, 584.

Lafayette Statue, 166, 161. 162.

Laffan, W. M., 569.

Lake Hopatcong, 112, m. 208.

Lake in Central Park, 147.

Lake, Kensico, 479.

Lake, Woodlawn, 475.

Lamb, Martha J., 588.

Lambs, 740.

Lamont, Daniel S., 715.

Lancashire Ins. Co., 613, 612.

Lancey, J. De. 469.

Land of the Sky, 117.

Landon, C. G., 662, 712.

Lane. I. R., 602.

Langdon, Batcheller & Co.,
826.

Langdon, C. G., 478.

Langdon, Edwin, 682.

Langill, C. C, 4, 41.

Lanier, Charles, 545, 672, 712.

Las Novedades, 576.

Laryngological Soc, 451.

La-Salle Academy, 260.

La-Salle Institute, 375.

Laura Franklin Hospital, 442.

Laura Keene's Varieties, 538.

Law Dept., 229, 250.

Law Institute, 234, 300.

Law Libraries, 300.

Lawrence (A. & A.) & Co., 820.

Lawrence, Capt.. 467.

Lawrence, F. R., 509, 527.

Law Schools, 61, 244, 247, 250.

Lawyers. 19.

Lawyers' Club, 300, 517.

Lawyers' Title Ins. Co. of New
York, 638.

Lead-Pencils, 899.

L. A. W , 529.

Leake and Watts Orphan
Home, 393, 394.

Leary, Arthur, 684.

Leather Belting, 874.

Leather Trade, 677, 695.

Lebanon Hospital, 60, 437.

Le Brun (Napoleon) & Sons,
626, 630.

L' Eco a" Italia, 572.

Ledger, 580.

Leeson (J. R.) & Co., 834, 835.

Leggett (F. H.) & Co., 839,
838 840.

Legislative Dept.. 222.

Lehigh Valley Railroad, 52.

Leisler, Peter, 24, 25.

Lenox, 471.

Lenox-Avenue Unit., 351.

Lenox Hill, 256, 320.

Lenox Institute, 271.

Lenox, James, 289, 294, 337, 430.

Lenox Library, 295, 294, 61,
64, 65, 140 272.

Lenox Lyceum, 66, 288, 562,
563-

Lenox, Robert, 442.

Leo Immigrant House, 412,
412.

Leslie, Mrs. Frank, 588, 587.

Leslie, Frank. 475, 476, 902.

Leverich, C. B., 656.

Lexington-Ave. Opera-House,
562.

Liautard. Dr. A., 255.

Libbey, Wm., 704.

Liberty Enlightening the
World, 163, 160, 42, 70.

Liberty Pole, 28.

Libraries, 61, 241, 293, 301.

Library, Columbia College,
247.

Licenses, 229.

Liederkranz, 287, 519, 66, 288,
264.

Life, 580.

Life Insurance, 624.

Life Insurance Companies, 616,
618, 628, 629, 630.

Life - Insurance. — Companies
for protection of widows,
orphans and others, and for
providing incomes in ad-
vanced age, etc., and Life-
insurance Associations, 615-

634-

Life-Insurance Privilege, 615.

Life in the Metropolis. —
Hotels. Inns, Cafes, Restaur-
ants, Apartment- H ouses ,
Flats, Homes, Tenements,
etc., 197-220.

Life-Underwriters, 616.

Light House, 457.

Lighting Streets, 185.

Liliputian Bazaar, 801.

Lily Pond, 148.

Limburger. Richard, 701.

Lincoln Club, 522.

Lincoln Statue, 167, 152, 162,

345-

Lind, Jenny, 127, 536, 538.

Linens, 814.

Linings for Garments, 825.

Lioness, 151.

Lispenard Meadows, 34.

Listy, 578.

Litchfield, Edward, 613.

Literary Culture, 293.

Literary Culture. — Libra-
ries, Public, Club Society
and Private, 293-302.

Lithographing, 884.

Littauer Brothers, 837, 836.

Little Church Around the
Corner, 324.

Little Mothers' Aid, 391.

Little, Robbins. 294.

Little Sisters of the Poor, 406,
407.

Little Wanderers, 397.

Liverpool, London and Globe
Ins. Co., 610.

Livingston, Edward, 232.

Livingston, Ref. Church, 310.

Livingston, R. R., 34, 36, 244.

Livingston, R. S., 472.

Livingstons, 28, 467, 468, 477,

5°4-
Livingston, S. B., 642.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

921

Lloyds Plate Glass Ins. Co.,

637.

Local Dispensaries, 449.
Local Traffic, 52.
Locomotive, First, 98.
Lodging-Houses, Boys', 393.
Lodging-Houses, 218.
Loeser (Frederick) & Co., 814.
Loew, E. V , 688, 694.
Logerot. Hotel de, 139, 210.
London Theatre, 561.
London Steamships, 78.
Long Branch, 52, 53, 93, 112.
Long, De, 476.
Long-Distance Telephone, 192,

196.
Long Island, 48. 53, 60, 67, 70,

94, 169, 179, 316.
Long-Island City, 48, 52, 96,

120, 179.

Long-Island Railroad, 52, 120,

121, 179.

Long-Island Sound, 48, 53, 67,

68, 93, 118. 141, 156, 157.
Loomis Laboratory, 250, 251.
Loomis. Mathematician, 250.
Lord & Taylor, Broadway,793.
Lord & Taylor, Grand St., 792.
Lord & Taylor, Old Store, 792.
Loring, C. H., 291.
Lorillard, Jacob, 660.
Lorillard, Pierre, 347.
Loth (Joseph) & Co., 907.
Lotos Club, 509, 66, 136, 312.
Lounsbury, P. C, 478, 640, 666,

667, 716, 850.
Lovell. J. W , 590.
Lovers' Walk, 149.
Lovelace, Col. F., 23, 97, 14.
Lower Bay, 48, 67, 70, 238.
Lower Broadway, 129.
Lower Market Landing, 19.
Lower Quarantine. 71.
Low, Nicholas, 655.
Low, Seth, 244.
Loyal Legion, 521.
Lubricators, 871.
Ludlow-Street Jail, 231, 454,

230.
Lumber-Trade Assoc, 753, 754.
Lummis, Wm . 716.
Lunacy Law Reform, 464.
Lunatic Asylums, 230.
Lusk, Dr. W. T., 253.
Lutheran Cemetery, 482.
Lutheran Church, 57, 343, 347,

348-
Lutheran Emigrant House,

412.
Lutheran Residents, 348
Lutherans, 17, 261, 346.
Lutheran Society, 36.
Lyceum, 66

Lyceum Theatre, 134, 555.
Lying-in Hospital, 448, 724.
Lyman, H. D., 636,
Lyne's Map, 11.
Lyon (Amasa) & Co., 905.
Lyon's School, 272.

Mac Arthur, R. S., 345.
MacCracken, H. M., 249.
Mackaye. Steele, 552, 555.
Mackay, John W., 189, 190.

Macready Riot, 145, 537.
Macy, W. H., 722.
Macy, Wm. H., Jr., 704, 722.
Madison-Avenue Baptist, 346.
Madison Avenue, between 69th

and 70th Streets. 137.
Madison-Avenue Church, 341.
Madison Avenue, from 42d

Street, 137.
Madison-Avenue Line, 123.
Madison-Av. Ref. Ch., 308.
Madison Cottage, 36, 538.
Madison Square, 201, 205,

'99. 63'» 685, 786, 40, 138,

140, 152, 162, 167, 2 2, 204, 209,

213, 282, 283, 465, 630, 684, 686,

690, 787, 798.
Madison-Square Bank, 690.
Madison-Square Garden 541,

543, 64 66, 408, 537, 542, 545,

570, 865.
Madison-Square Tower, 64.
Madison-Square Presbyterian,

Church, 334, 335.
Madis.on-Square Theatre, 66,

134, 55°-

Msennerchors, 287, 164.

Maennergesangverein Arion,
288.

Magdalen Asylum, 402.

Magnetics. College of, 254.

Magoun, G. C, 700, 708, 722.

Maiden Lane, 18, 23, 24, 169,
488, 689.

Mail and Express, 577, 57 1,
130, 570, 572.

Maillard, Henry, 803, 802, 268.

Mail-Routes, 97,23.

Maimonides Library, 299.

Maine Steamship Co., 87.

Mall, Central Park, 149, 147.

Mallory Line, 87, 90.

Manhattan, 5, 7, 68, 96, 176,
178, 180, 188, 216, 217, 231.

Manhattan Athletic Club, 137,
524, 66. 268.

Manhattan Beach, 120.

Manhattan Bicycle < lub, 528.

Manhattan Building, 658.

Manhattan Club, 505,66, 136,
140, 503, 521, 800.

Manhattan Co., 644, 656, 658,
706, 716.

Manhattan College, 258, 260.

Manhattan Dispensary, 436.

Manhattan Eye and Ear Hos-
pital, 444.

Manhattan Gas Company, 880.

Manhattan Hospital. 436.

Manhattan Island, 45, 48, 52,
67, 102, 120, 125, ^48. 355.

Manhattan Life-Ins. Co., 623,
129, 621, 622.

Manhattan Opera House, 134.

Manhattan Railway, 124.

Manhattan Safe-Deposit and
Storage Co., 618.

Manhattan Savings- Institu-
tion, 727.

Manhattan Square, 141, 156,
276, 289.

Manhattan Storage & Ware-
house Co.. 756, 757.

Manhattan Trust Co., 713.

Manhattanville, 45 123, 260.

Manhattan Water Works 30,
39, 180.

Manning, Capt. John, 456.

Manual Training Schools, 264.

Manufactures, 50, 849.

Manufacturers. — An Outline
History of some Preeminent
Industries Carried on or
Represented in New York,
849-908.

Manuscript Soc, 287.

Maps, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15.

Marble Arch, 147.

Marble Cemetery, 466.

Marble Ref. C hurch, 305.

Margaret Louise Home, 382.

Margaret Strachan Home, 403.

Marine Court. 235.

Marine Insurance, 593, 594, 599.

Mariner's C hurch, 376.

Mariner's Family Asylum, 410.

Marine Society, 409.

Marine Underwriters, 747.

Maritime Association, 749.

Maritime Exchange, 301, 750.

Maritime Insurance, 593, 615

Market and Fulton Bank. 679,
507, 678.

Markets, 7-4.

Markets, Sup't of, 224.

Marquand, H. G. 276, 281, 300.

Marquand Pavilion, 421.

Martin. Timothy J., 794.

Martyrs' Monument, 467.

Masonic Hall, 530, 480, 564.

Masonic Library, 301.

Masonic Temple, 531.

Massage, (. ollege of, 254.

Materia Medica Soc, 451.

Maternity Home, 439, 254,
438.

Mathematical Soc, 291.

Matsell. George W., 4S4, 486.

Matthews, Geo. E.. 4.

Maverick's Map, 13.

Mayor, 223, 221, 225, 226, 227,
229, 230, 232, 243.

Mayor, Aldermen and Com-
monalty, 221.

Mazzini Statue, 154, 165.

McAnerney, John, 670.

McAuley. Jerry, 388.

McCall, John A., 620, 682, 715.

McCloskey, John. 258.

McClure, S. S., 592, 591.

McComb's-Dam Bridge, 176.

McCord, Wm. H., 868.

McCreery (James) & Co., 796,
797, 132.

McCullough, J. G., 635.

McCurdy, R. A., 717.

McGown's Pass, 148.

McKim, Mead & White. 570..

Mechanical Engineers, 291.

Mechanics' and Traders' Ex-
change. 742.

Mechanics' and Traders' Bank.
666.

Mechanics' and Tradesmens'
Soc, 297, 408, 660.

Mechanics' Nat. Bank, 659,
660, 666, 699, 868.

Medical and Surg. Soc. 450.

922

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Medical College for Women,

441. 254.
Medical Directory, 450.
Medical Inspectors, 419.
Medical Jurisprudence, 451.
Medical Libraries, 301.
Medical Schools, 246, 247, 250.
Medico-Chirurgical Soc, 450.
Medico-Historical Soc, 450.
Medico- Legal Soc, 451.
Mediterranean Trade, 86.
Memorial Arch, 159, 153.
Menagerie, 152, 147, 492.
Mendelssohn Glee Club 287.
Mercantile Agency, Brad-
street. 580, 716.
Mercantile Exchange, 751.
Mercantile Library, 296, 61,

132, 272, 298, 537, 145, 722, 780.
Mercantile Nat. Bank, 675,
Mercantile Trust Co., 715.
Merchants' Clerks' Savings

Bank, 728.
Merchants' Club, 518.
Merchants' Coffee House, 198.
Merchants' Exchange Nat.

Bank, 666, 667, 649.
Merchants' Nat. Bank, 657,

694, 658, 661.
Messiah, Church, 350, 371.
Methodist Book-Concern, 136,

301. 372, 797.
Methodist Church Home, 409.
Methodist. Episcopal Church,

387, 341, 351, 397.
Metropolis, Bank of the, 689.
Metropolitan Club, 140, 66, 505.
Metropolitan Railway, 124.
Metropolitan Hotel, 211, 560.
Metropolitan Life Ins. Co.,

631, 629, 650.
Metropolitan Museum, 274,

275, 64, i47> 63, 66, 262, 273,

370, 896.
Met. Museum School, 262.
Metropolitan Opera - House,

547, 65, 5?8, 541, 542, 545, 546.
Met. Rowing Club, 528.
Metropolitan Telephone and

Tel. Co., 193, 194, 195, 196.
Metropolitan Trust Co., 712.
Middle Dutch Church, 18, 25,

31, 142, 305, 465, 616.
Midnight [Mission, 371 402.
Milhau's (J.) Son, 806.
Military Defences, 7J.
Military Department of the

East, 53, 70.
Military Service Institution,

70, 499-
Militia, 52, 491.
Millionaires, 56.
Mills & Gibb, 814.
Mills, Andrew, 717, 725.
Mills Building, 771, 140, 141,

680, 769, 712, 770, 771, 854, 56,

681, 142.

Mills, D. O., 138, 254, 450, 545,
712, 718, 572, 6^6, 769, 770.

Mills (D. O.) Training School,
255. 254, 450, 770.

Mills. Ogden, 572.

Miner's Bowery Theatre, 561.

Miner's Theatre, 561.

Mining Machinery, 872.

Minuit. Peter. 10, 12, 13, 20,
304, 483, 216.

Miscellaneous Insurance. —
Companies for Providing
against Accidents, Explo-
sions, Broken Plate-glass,
Dishonest Employees, Loss
of Salaries, and for Furnish-
ing Bonds, 635-642.

Missionary College, 258.

Model Lodging-House, 451.

Mohawk Building, 833, 834.

Montague, George, 480, 670,
684, 723, 730.

Montefiore Home, 415, 403.

Moore, David M., 900.

Moore Statue, 154, 166.

Moravians, 57, 346, 354, 355.

Morgan, E D., 727.

Morgan, J. Pierpont, 265, 318,
505, 545, 672, 696.

Morgan Line, 90.

Morgue, 423.

Morning A dvertiser, 578.

Morning Journal, 578.

Morningside Park, 331, 152,

65- !34, 33°-
Morrisania, 102, 45, 123, 124,

158, 453-
Morrison, D. M., 4t8, 716.
Morse Building, 783, 782, 521,

586.
Morse, S. F. B., 40, 166, 249,

250, 261, 294, 468 482.
Morse Statue, 150, 166.
Mortimer Building, 773, 772.
Morton, Bliss & Co., 702.
Morton House, 211, 134.
Morton, L. P., 316, 702.
Moss Engraving Co., 902.
Most Holy Redeemer, 64.
Mott Haven, 100, 45, 123, 124,

268, 379.
Mott Memorial Library, 301.
Mott Street, 144, 403, 466,
Mott, Valentine, 168, 251, 252.
Mount Hope Cemet'y, 481, 480.
Mount Morris Bank, 691.
Mount-Morris Park, 161, 156.
Mount-Morris Square, 136
Mount-Sinai hospital, 264,

432, 60, 431.
Mount St. Vincent, 262, 45.
Mulberry-Bend Park, 145, 157.
Mulberry Street, 30, 347, 485.
Municipal Ordinances, 222.
Murray Hill, 28, 30, 38, 210, 282.
Murray-Hill Hotel, 210, 66, 214.
Museum of Art, 44, 272.
Museum of Natural History,

277, 242, 276, 289, 301.
Museums, 241.
Music, 286, 589.
Music, Acad, of, 66, 545, 559.
Music Halls, 66, 140, 288, 289,

345, 3691 542, 548.
Mutual Assurance Co., 593.
Mutual District Messenger

Co., 192.
Mutual Insurance Co., 598.
Mutual Life Building, 37, 609,

56, 64, 130, 142. 305, 465, 603,

642, 7 '5, 736, 854-

Mutual Life-Ins. Co., 617, 615,

616, 618, 702.
Mutual Reserve Fund Life

Assoc, 633, 632, 130, 634, 778.

Name New York, 22, 23.
Narrows, 33, 37, 48, 53. 67, 70,

71, 88, 218, 499, 500, 766.
Nassau Street. 26, 142, 528.
Nathan Mfg. Co., 871.
Nation, The. 567, 580.
National Academy of Design,

"279, 278, 261, 64, 65, 780.
National Banking Act, 645,

647, 667.
National Banking Assoc, 655.
Nat. Bank of Commerce, 671.
National Bank of Deposit, 694.
National Bank of the Republic,

673. 655.
National Banks, 56 647, 652.
National City Bank, 663, 664,

662, 674.
National Guard, 39, 52, 157,

491, 492.
Nationalities, 48.
Nationality in Hotels, 211.
National Lead Co., 648, 692.
National Line, 78.
National Park Bank, 683, 682,

1^0, 717, 780. 692.
National Shoe and Leather

Bank, 677.
National Tube Works. 865.
Natural History Museum, 277,

276, 278. 141, 156, 272.
Nautical School, 266, 60.
Nautilus Ins. Co., 615.
Naval Hospital, 56.
Naval Reserve, 52, 127, 491, 498,

536.
Naval Station, 53.
Navy-Yard, 53, 502.
Negroes, 24.
Negro Riot of 1741, 303, 355,

453-
Neighborhood Guild, 385.
Nelson, Stuart G., 694, 715.
Netherlands-Am. Co., 84.
New-Amsterdam Eye and Ear

Hospital, 445.
Newark, 50 1.
Newburgh, 94, 95, 101.
New Club, 140, 507.
New-England Soc, 166, 412,

417, 520. 532.
New Etching Club, 279.
Newgate Prison, 458.
New Haven, 118 119.
New-Jersey Cent. R. R ,110, 52.
New-Jersey Coast, 112.
New-Jersey Southern R. R., 52,
New Netherland, 6, 9.
New Netherland Hotel, 209,

374, 375, 64 66, 139.
New Orange, 23.
New Park System, 157.
News, 577, 576. 578.
Newsboys Lodging-House,

S8, 391.
Newspaper Row, 577, 581.
Newspapers, 56, 778.
New Sweden, 20.
New Year's, 32.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

923

N.-Y. & Cuba S. S. Co., cp.
N.-Y. Anderson Pressed Brick

Co., 887, 886.
N.-Y. & Harlem R. R., 99,

475. 52, 103, 473.
N.-Y. & New-England R. R.,

119, 120.

N -Y. & N.-J. Bridge Co., 178.
N.-Y. & Northern Railway, 52,

120, 176, 177, 480, 481.
N.-Y. & Porto-Rico Line, 91.
N.-Y. & Sea-Beach R. R.. 121.
N.-Y. Athletic Club, 525, 66,

268, 269.
New York, Bank of, 644.
N.-Y. Belting & Packing Co ,

863, 862.
New- York Biscuit Co., 879,

878, 697.
N.-Y. Bowery Fire-Ins. Co.,

596, 595-
N.-Y. Central & Hudson River

R. R., 96, 98, 99, 100, 101,

102, 103, 181,758, 770, 37,

52, I02, IO4, 120, I48*, 164, I76,

*77, 178, 478, 480, 545, 647, 665,

774-
N.-Y. Central & Hudson River

R. R. Freight Depot, 758.
N.-Y. City Dispensary, 447.
N.-Y. City Marble Cemetery,

471, 470.
N.-Y. City Mission, 57.
New- York Club, 506, 66, 140,

505, 6go.
N.-Y. College of Music, 264.
N.-Y. College of Pharmacy,

254, 253, 806, 807
N.-Y. College of veterinary

Surgeons, 255, 452.
N.-Y. Drawing Assoc, 261.
New- York Dry-Dock Co., 688.
New Yorker Zeitung, 572.
N.-Y. Fruit Exchange, 754.
New-York Harbor, 67.
N.-Y. Historical Soc, 64, 724.
N.-Y. Hospital, 426, 254, 301,

425, 428, 443, 451, 848.
New- York Hotel, 211, 132.
New York in 1728, II.
New York in 1746, 18, 19.
New York in 1775, 17.
New York in 1778, 15.
New York in 1789, 13.
New York in 1805, 26.
New York in 1851, 35.
N.-Y. Ins. Co., 593, 615.
N.-Y., Lake Erie & Western

R. R. 117.
N.-Y. Life-Insurance & Trust

Co., 615.
N.-Y. Life-Ins. Co., 619, 130,

208, 618, 620.
N.-Y. Maennerchor, 286.
N.-Y. Marble Cemetery 471.
N.-Y., New-Haven & Hartford

R- R-, 99. 52, 118, 119, 177.
N.-Y. Observer, 585, 584, 778.
New York of the Present. —

A Comprehensive Outline of

the Whole City — Area, Popu-
lation, Wealth, etc.. 45-66.
N.-Y., Ontario & Western

R. R., 116.

N.-Y. Photogravure Co., 896,

895, 4-

N.-Y. Press Club, 551, 482.
N.-Y. Produce Exchange, 746.
N.-Y. Security and Trust Co.,
714.

New York, the Name, 22.
N.-Y. Trade-School, 266, 265.
N.-Y Turn-Verein, 527, 526.
N.-Y. Underwriters' Agency,

603, 598, 602.
New- York University, 249, 289.
N.-Y. Yacht Club, 527, 96.
Niagara Fire Ins. Co., 601,

601, 602.
Niblo's Theatre, 132, 211, 298,

503, 535, 541, 560.
Niblo, Wm., 298, 503, 560.
Nicolls, Richard, 22, 346.
Niew Amsterdam, 10, 19.
Night-Watch, 25.
Ninth National Bank, 687,

686, 688, 130, 641.
Ninth Regiment, 491, 492, 497.
Normal College, 245, 244, 243,

6o, 242.
North America, Bank, 644.
North American Review, 587.
North Battery, 32, 40.
North Brother Island, 60, 419.
North Church, 345.
Northern Assurance Co., 611.
North German Lloyd Line, 82,

86, 80.
North Meadow, 148.
North River, 95, 67, 68.
North-River Bank, 666.
North-River Bridge, 178, 179.
Norwich Line, 94, 119.
Novelty in Restaurants, 214.
Numbering of Houses, 33.
Numismatic Society, 291, 301.
Nurseries, 60, 230, 390.
Nursery and Child's Hospital,

440.
Nurses' Home, 433.
Nurses' Training School, 254.

Obelisk, 146, 765, 147.

Observer, 338, 566.

Ocean Traffic, 53.

Odd Fellows, 532.

Odd Fellows' Library, 301.

Oelbermann, Dommerich &
Co., 819.

Oelbermann, E., 608, 819.

Office Buildings, 765, 56.

Ohio Society, 520.

Oil-Weil Supply Co., 864.

Okonite Co., 860.

Olcott, F. P., 662, 710.

Old Custom House and Vicin-
ity in 1825, 29.

Old Dominion Steamships, 89.

Old Fort, Central Park, 155.

Old Guard, 520, 52 1.

Old Merchants' Exch , 732.

Old Middle Church, 304

One Hundred and Tenth Street
Trestle. 121.

Ophthalmic Institute, 445.

Ophthalmic Hospital, 254, 444.

Ophthalmological Society, 450.

Ophthalmology, Otology, 254.

Oratorio Society, 66, 286, 288,
476, 548.

Original Tram-Car, 122.

Orphan Asylum, 395, 140. 394.

Orphan Asylum Society, 395.

Orr, Alex. E.,635, 660, 672,694,
706, 717.

Orthopedic Dispensary, 446.

Osborn(John), Son & Lo.. 842.

Otis Bros. & Co., 857, 856, 778.

Otis Elevators, 208, 236, 574,
782, 792, 618, 772.

Ottendorfer Library. 448.

Ottendorfer, Oswald, 300, 569.

Ottmann (J.) Lithographing
Co., 885, 884, 582.

Our Lady of the Rosary, 412.

Overhead and Underfoot. —
Bridges, Tunnels, Sewers,
Water, Aqueducts, Reser-
voirs, Lighting, Telegraph,
Telephone, etc., 169-196.

Oyer & Terminer, 234, 235, 236.

Pacific Mail Steamships, 92.
Packard's College, 267.
Packet Lines, 38, 72.
Paillard (M. J.) & Co., 808.
Palisades, 6-j, 95, 101, 148, 157,

480, 856.
Palmer's Theatre, 550, 551,

66, 134, 550, 408, 514
Park Avenue, 136, 181, 177.
Park-Avenue Hotel, 210.
Park Commissioners, 225.
Parker, James H., 691, 692, 697.
Park Place, 223.
Park Police, 488.
Park Presb. Church, 337, 337.
Park Row, 33, 573, 227, 130,

174, 228, 236, 239, 240, 605, 862.
Park Ro w , from Record e r

Office, 577.
Parks, 65, 145, 158, 418.
Parks, Dep't of Pub., 536.
Park Theatre, 33, 134, 534, 540,

54t, 557, 798.
Passavant & Co., 822.
Pasteur Institute, 446.
Pastor's, Tony, Theatre, 560,561.
Patriot Party, 29.
Patrol, 485, 72.
Patti, Adelina, 538, 544, 564.
Paulist Fathers, 361, 362, 363.
Peabody (Henry W.) & Co.'s

Offices, 86.
Pearl Street, 10, 17, 18, 23, 197.
Peck Slip, 89, 17, 95.
Pedagogy School, 248 250.
Pelham-Bay Park, 157, 65.
Penitentiary, 456, 459, 458.
Pennsylvania Railroad, 105,

106, 107, 108, 109, 52, 68,

96, 104, 119, 126 647.
Pension Office, 502, 729.
People's Presb. Church, 336.
Petroleum Exchange. 741, 740.
Pettit, John, 776.
Pharmacy. College of, 254, 253.
Phelps, W. W., 664, 706, 718.
Philadelphia, 32, 34, 40, 45, 72,

77, 89, 97, 104, 106, 108, no,

116, 119, 196, 258, 348, 622, 644,

646, 732, 733. 749-

924

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Philharmonic Soc, 286, 66.
Phillips Presb. Church, 337.
Philosophy School, 247.
Phrenological Journal \ 292.
Physical Culture, 268.
Piers, .68. 141, 49.
Pilgrim Statue, 151, 166.
Pillory, 26.

Pintard, John, 289, 593, 721.
Pirates, 25, 161.
Pitcher, J. R., 641, 664.
Players, The, 514, 66, 156, 302,

5I3-
Plaza Hotel, 374, 375, 208, 66,

i39) r52) 2I7-
Pneumatic Tubes, 192.
Police, 225, 49, 221, 419, 464, 482,

483, 484, 488.
Police Boat Patrol, 486.
Police Commissioners, 225.
Police Courts, 54, 235, 236, 453.
Police Headquarters, 485, 486.
Police Justices, 40, 229.
Police Pension, 487, 216, 229.
Political Clubs, 521.
Political Divisions, 49.
Political Science School, 247.
Pope Manufacturing Co., 904.
Population, 45, 220.
Port Society Library, 301.
Portuguese, 364, 465.
Port-Wardens, 238, 239.
Postal Telegraph Cable Co.,

191, 189, 56, I30, 102, 626, 628.

Post & McCord, 868.
Post-Graduate Medical School,

252, 253) 437. 45°-
Postmasters, 240.
Post Office, 37, 47, 226, 227,

239, 573. 53, I23) J42, 130,

156, 212, 234, 240, 56S, 581, 616,

778, 780, 784, 862.
Post-Office Stations, 240.
Potter Building, 779, 581, 778,

56, 130, 227, 578, 586, 632, 784.
Potter, O. B., 706, 721, 778.
Potter's Field, 40, 153, 465,

482.
Powell, Ramsdell & Co., 94, 95.
Pratt, Dallas B., 389, 662.
Preferred Mutual Accident

Association, 640.
Presbyterian Home, 405.
Presbyterian Hospital, 4 3 1 ,

137, 430, 6o, 868.
Presbyterian House, 371.
Presbyterians, 57, 256, 332,350,

386, 43T.
Press, 581, 578, 778.
Press Club, 302, 514.
Prevention of Crime, 463.
Prevention of Cruelty, 463 •
Primary Schools, 60, 241, 242.
Printers'1 Ink, 761, 762.
Printing-House Square, 573,

142, 161, 162, 164, 572, 778, 78r\

Printing-House Sq. in 1868,570.
Private Art Collections, 281.
Private Detectives, 488.
Private Libraries, 302.
Private Schools. 270.
Private Watchmen, 488.
Proctor's 23d-Street Theatre,
555. 554. 134, 154-

Produce Exchange, 743, 742,

56, 64, i?7, 128, 145, 187, 301,
500, 667, 692, 694, 750, 758, 854.

Produce Exchange Bank, 696.
Produce Exchange, Main

Floor', 744.
Progreso Italo-Amcricano, 576.
Progress Club, 511, 140, 511.
Protectory, 398.
Protestant Episcopalians 257,

57, 3IQ, 395, 4°2, 4 4, 4°6, 4*8,
433) 446, 448, 583) 615.

Protection and Defence. —
Police Department, Military
and Militia, Army and Pen-
sion Offices, Fire Depart-
ment, Fire Patrol, Detect-
ives, etc. 483-302.

Provident Savings Life- Assur-
ance Society, 632, 630.

Provincial Congress, 29.

Psi Upsilon Club, 515.

Public Administration, 229.

Public Buildings, 52.

Public Charities and Correc-
tion, 384, 383, 398, 416, 413,
421, 460, 458, 456, 454, 422, 423.

Public Parks Dep't, 49, 273.

Public Schools, 60, 231, 241,
261, 266.

Public Works Dep't 226, 49,
177, 1F8, 222, 227, 230, 492.

Publishing, 27, 56, 132, 145.

Puck, 582, 885, 884.

Puck Building, 885.

Pulitzer, Albert, 578.

Pulitzer, Joseph, 574, 576, 578.

Pullen, Eugene H., 655, 672.

Pupils, 241.

Puritans, Church of, 338, 337.

Pyne, Percy R., 664, 718.

Quadrangle, Columbia Col-
lege, 247.
Quarantine, 70, 227, 238, 419.
Quebec Steamship Co., oi.
Quinlan, Jr., Wm. J., 666.
Quintard, G. W., 670, 688, 717.

Racquet and Tennis Club, 526,

562, 268, 269.
Railroad Y. M. C. A., 378, 379
Railroads, 97.
Ramsdell Line, 95.
Randall's Island, 45, 60, • 260,

418, 422, 460, 461.
Rand Drill Co., 869.
Randei, Baremore & Billings,

804.
Rapid-Transit, 126.
Raritan Bay, 67.
Rate of Taxation, 225.
Rattle Watch, 19, 483.
Raynolds, C. T., 889.
Reading Rooms, 293, 393.
Real-Estate Exchange, 753.
Real Estate Title Insurance

Cos., 638, 642.
Real-Estate Valuation, 40.
Receiving Department, 459.
Receiving Tomb,Kensico, 479
Reception Hospital, 60, 419.
Reception Pavilion, 423.
Recorder, 577, 578.

Recorder Office, 579.

Record of A 711. Shipping, 747.

Red-Cross Steamships, 87.

Red " D" Line, 92.

Red Star Line, 83, 84, 77.

Reformatories, 242, 453.

Reformatories and Correc-
tions.— The Police Courts,
Prisons, House of Refuge,
Penitentiaries, House of Cor-
rection, etc., 453-464.

Reform Club, 523, 524, 140.

Ref. Dutch Church, 57, 303,

3°8, 345-

Reformed Episcopal, 355.

Reformed Presb. Church, 57.

Refuge for Convicts, 464.

Reich, Lorenz, 844, 209, 843.

Reid, Whitelaw, J38, 509, 572,
770.

Relief of Respectable Indi-
gent Females, 405, 404.

Religious Instruction, 255.

Religious Papers, 566.

Remington Typewriter, 896,
897, 898.

Rents, 217.

Renwick, James, 339, 356.

Republican Club, 523, 140.

Republic, Nat. Bank of, 655.

Reservoir, 140.

Reservoir, Fifth Avenue, 184.

Reservoir, Old, 30.

Reservoir Park, 156.

Reservoirs,. 5?, 147, 183.

Residence of S. G. Bayne, 764.

Restaurants, 212.

Retail Establishments. — In-
teresting and Prominent Re-
tail Concerns, nearly all being
Leading Houses, 787-810.

Retail Stores, 132, 140.

Revenue, City, 224.

Rhinelander's Sugar -House,
10, 31.

Ribbons, 822, 907, 805.

Richardson, Leander, 58c.

Richmond & Danville, 117.

Riding Club, 528, 529.

Riding Schools, 268.

Riker, John L., 597, 635, 656, 684.

Riverdale Presb. Church, 339.

Riverdale Station, 100.

River-Front, 68.

Riverside Drive, 764, 148, 395.

Riverside Hospital, 60, 419.

Riverside Park, 148, 65, 134, 152,
160.

Rivington's Gazetteer, 27, 29.

Roberts, M. O., 167, 474, 788.

Rockaway Beach, 48, 93, 120.

Rockefeller, Wm., 488, 674, 706.

Rock, Mathew, 800.

Rodoph Sholom, 367.

Roebling, 169, 170, 172.

Roelandsen, Adam, 14, 241, 304.

Rogues' Gallery, 487.

Rolston, Roswell G., 664, 718.

Roman Cath. Cathedral, 357.

Roman Catholic Orphan Asy-
lum, 394.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK,

925

Roman Catholics, 303,355, 431,

561, 338, 57, 361, 364.
Rome, Watertown & Ogdens-

burg R. R., 104.
Roof-Gardens, 68.
Roosevelt Hospital, 429, 60,

431, 428.
Roosevelt, J. A., 597, 666, 721.
Roosevelt, J. H., 60, 428.
Rossiter Stores, 758.
Roumania Opera-House, 561.
Rouss, Charles Broadway,

829, 828, 132.
Rowell(G. P.) & Co., 761, 762.
Royal Blue Line, no, 116, 126.
Royal Dutch Line, 93.
Royal Exchange, 16.
Rubinstein Soc, 287.
Rule of the City. — The City,

County, State and National

Government — Officers and

Buildings, Courts, 221-240.
Ruptured and Crippled, 446.
Russell & Erwin Co., 870.
Russian Immigrants, 415, 240.
Russian Restaurants, 216, 214.
Rutgers College, 271, 319, 343.
Rutgers Fire-Ins. Co., 605.
Rutgers Presb. Church, 531.

Sabbath Committee, 373.
Sacred Heart Academy, 260.
Safe-Deposit Vault, 684, 686.
Sagamore Club, 522.
Sage, Russell, 44, 138, 488, 706.
Sailors' Snug Harbor, 409.
St. -Agnes' Chapel, 315, 312.
St. -Ambrose Chapel, 371.
St.-Ann's Church, 318, 325.
St.-Ann's Home, 399.
St. -Andrew's Church, 323,

361, 364
St.-Andrew's Coffee- Stands,

216.
St.-Andrew's Hospital, 442.
St.-Andrew's Church, 342.
St.-Andrew's Society, 411.
St. -Anthony's Monastery, 772.
St. -Augustine's Chapel, 314,

312, 480.
St. Barnabas, 37 r.
St. -Barnabas' House, 371, 401.
St.-Bartholomew's Church,

137. 325, 413

St.-Bartholomew's Hosp., 446.
St.-Bartholomew's House,

324. 325-
St Benedict, 360.
St. -Bernard's Church, 361, 364.
St. -Catharine's Convent, 263.
St. -Cecilia's Church, 365, 364.
St. -Christopher's Home, 307.
St.-Chrysostom's Chapel, 313,

3I2i 3!4-
St. -Cornelius Chapel, 314.
St. -David's Society, 411.
St. -Denis Hotel, 134.
St.-Elizabeth's Hospital, 436.
St. -Francis Hospital, 435.
St. -Francis Xavier, 6r, 361.
St. -Francis Xavier College,

259.
St. Gaudens, 64, 162, 168, 262,

32:)> 35o-

St. George, 96, 116, 121.

St. -George's Church, 318, 64,

157. 310, 312, 318.
St. -George s Club, 519.
St. -George's Memorial House,

319.

St. -Ignatius' Church, 318.
St. -James Hotel, 210, 134.
St. -James' Lutheran Church,

347-
St. -James' P. E. Church, 320.
St. -John's Buryi g Ground, 472,
St. -John's Chapel, 312, 36, 313.
St. -John's College, 258, 61, 167.
St. -John's Guild, 391.
St. -John's Park, 40.
St. John the Divine, 329, 246.
St. John, Wm. P., 67;, 684.
St. -Joseph's Day Nursery, 390.
St. -Joseph's Home, 400, 269.
St. -Joseph's Home for the

Aged, 385.
St. -Joseph's Hospital, 437.
St.-Joseph's Industrial Home,

399-
St.-Joseph's Institute, 270.
St.-Joseph's Orphan Asylum,

„ 394-

St. -Joseph s Refuge, 402.

St.-Joseph's Union, 399.

St. -Lazarus Guild, 404, 445.

St.-Louis College, 260.

St.-Luke's Church, 321, 322,

406.
St.-Luke's Churchyard, 472.
St.-Luke's Home, 405.
St.-Luke's Hospital, 434, 60,

140, 254, 323, 433.
St. -Mark's Church, 318, 472,

22, 310, 319, 471.
St. -Mark's Churchyard, 471.
St. -Mark's Hospital, 437.
St. Marys, 50 1, 266.
St.-Mary's Free Hospital, 441.
St. -Mary's Lodging-House, 401.
St.-Mary's Park, i=;8, 65, 437.
St. Mary the Virgin, 321, 327.
St. -Matthew's Church, 346.
St. -Michael's Church, 321, 329,

396, 4-2.
St. Nicholas, 304, 589.
St.-Nicholas Bank, 680, 770.
St.-Nicholas Club, 507, 140, 506.
St.-Nicholas Soc, 532.
St.-Patrick's, 466.
St. -Patrick's Cathedral, 356,

357. 358, 359, 64, 65, 140,

209, 360, 482
St.-Patrick's Church, 360.
St -Paul's Chapel, 311, 47, 130,

312, 394, 470, 665, 682, 683, 862.
St. -Paul's Churchyard, 469.
St. Paul the Apostle, 363, 361.
St. -Peter's Church, 348, 358.
St. Stephen's, 360.
St. -Thomas' Chapel, 320.
St. -Thomas' Church, 135,

321, 65, 320, 93.
St. Vincent de Paul, 434.
St. -Vincent de Paul Soc, 38-.
St. -Vincent de Paul's Asylum,

398.
St. -Vincent Ferrers, 264, 260.
St. -Vincent's Hospital, 60, 434.

Salvation Army, 376.

Samaritan Home for Aged, 408.

Sandy Hook, 52, 53, 70, 71, 88,
92, 93, 238, 500, 750.

Sandy- riook Bay, 67.

Sandy-Hook Pilots, 239.

Sanitary Aid Society, 451.

Sanitary Code, 220, 419.

Sanitary Commission, 350, 505.

Sanitary Condition, 419.

Sanitary Organizations. —
Board of Health and Health
Statistics — Hospitals, Dis-
pensaries, Morgue, Curative
Institutions, Insane and
other Asylums, 419-452.

Sanitary Superintendent, 227.

Sa7<a)inali, jt.

Savings, Bank for, 721.

Savings-Banks, 720-730.

Savoy, Hotel, 375, 208, 64, 66,

139-
Scandinavians, 342.
Schieffelin (W. H.) & Co., 847.
Schieren (Charles A.) & Co.,

874, 696.
Schiller Bust, 150, 166.
School Buildings, 60.
School of Arts, 246, 247.
School of Mines, 247, 244.
School-Ship, 501, 266.
Schurz, Carl, 566, 524.
Scotch Presb. Church, 332.
Scottish Rite Hall, 531, 564.
Scott Statue, 154, 164.
Scribner's (Chas.) Sons, 715.
Scribner ' s Magazine, 587, 57.
Seaboard Nat. Bank, 692.
Seal of the City, 234.
Seamen's Bank for Savings,

722, 666.
Seamen's Children, 410.
Seamen's Friend So*.., 301, 376.
Seamen's Libraries, 301.
Seawanhaka Yacht Club, 527.
Second Avenue, 144.
Second Battery, 498, 497,
Second Collegiate Church, 307.
Second National Bank, 685,

684, 670, 696, 730.
See House, 370.
Senatorial Districts, 49.
Seventh Avenue, 140.
Seventh-Avenue Line 123.
Seventh Nat. Bank, 670.
Seventh Reg., 493, 40, 491, 496.
Seventh-Reg. Statue, 151, 166.
Seventh-Reg. Club, 140, 521.
Seventh-Street Church, 341.
Seventy-First Reg.. 491, 492.
Seward (W. H.) Club, 523.
Seward, W. H.. Statue, 167,

152, 162.
Sewers, 188, 49, 169.
Shaarai Tephila, 367, 367.
Shakespeare Society, 513.
Shakespeare Statue, 154, 164.
Sheldon, George P., 681.
Sheltering Arms, 397, 371, 396.
Shepard, A. D., 850.
Shepard, E. F., 135, 570, 850.
Sheriff, 49, 230, 238.
Sherman Bank, 696, 697.
Shillaber, William, 768.

926

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Shipbuilding, 266, 725.

Ship-Canal, 178.

Shipping, 53.

Shoe & Leather Bank, 677.

Shrines of Worship. — Cathe-
drals, Churches, Syna-
gogues, and other Places of
Worship and Work, 303-382.

Sichron, Ephraim, 368, 489.

Sick Children's Mission, 393.

Sigma Phi Club, 515.

Signal Corps, 491, 497.

Silberhorn, Henry. 595, 670.

Silks, 797, 822, 823, 824, 835.

Simmons, J. E., 655, 686.

Sinking Fund, 49, 185, 225.

Sisters of Charity, 260.

Sisters of Mercy, 401.

Sisters of Notre Dame, 394.

Sisters of the Poor of St.
Francis, 435, 437.

Sixth Avenue, 140.

Sixth-Avenue Railroad, 123.

Sixty -Ninth Regiment, 491,
492, 496.

Skin and Cancer Hospital, 445.

Slaves, 24.

Sloane Maternity Hospital,
439, 60, 248, 438, 447.

Sloane, W. & J., 795, 790, 689.

Sloan, Wm. D., 135, 248, 438,
689. 706.

Sloan, Samuel, 664, 689, 706,
718.

Sloman Line, 03.

Slum Posts, 376.

Smith, C. S., 660, 736, 820.

Smith, Hogg & Gardner, 821.

Smit's Vley, 23.

Snug Harbor, 409.

Sociability and Friendship.—
Clubs and Social Associa-
tions, Secret and Friendship
Organizations, 503-532.

Social Purity, 464.

Societe* Francais, 411.

Society of War of 1812, 521.

Society Library, 297, 296,618.

Society for Ethical Culture, 261.

Sons of Liberty, 28, 29, 198.

Sons of the Revolution, 168.

Sorosis, 140, 291, 530.

Soulard, A. L., 642, 690.

South-American Coast, 93.

South-American Shipping, 141.

South Battery, 499.

Southern Society, 520.

South Ferry, 120, 123, 125.

South Ref., Church, 307, 307.

South River, 68.

South Street, 92, 139, 702, 141.

Spanish Synagogue, 364.

Sparrow Cops, 488.

Special Sessions, 229, 236, 454.

Spirit 0/ the Times, 580.

Spring. Gardiner, 249, 333.

Spuyten Duyvil, 45, 102, 126,
134, 176, 177, 339, 389.

Spuyten-Duyvil ( reek, 25, 68.

Staats Zeitung, 54, 55, 130,
164, 569.

Stadt Huys, 17, 18, 23, 197.

Stage Coaches, 26, 122.

Stamp Act, 27.

Standard Oil Co., 72, 128, 474,

608, 62 1, 648, 674, 694, 854.
Standard Theatre, 134, 557.
Star Theatre, 66, 132, 538, 557.
State Arsenal, 498, 140.
State Banks, 56, 643, 652.
Staten Island, 23, 27, 48, 53,67,

71, 96, 116, 121, 169, 179, 238,

499, 500, 880, 886.
Staten Island R. R.,121, 114.
State Street, 19, 412.
State Taxes. 49, 225.
State Trust Co., 716, 723.
Station, Kensico, 479.
Station, Mt. Hope, 481.
Statue of Liberty, 163, 160, 48,

64, 500, 766.
Statues, 64, 158, 168.
Steamboat Squad, 485.
Steam Navigation, 34, 52, 73.
Steam Railways, 52, 97.
Steamship Lines, 67.
Steamship Row, 74.
Steers, Henry, 688, 717.
Steinway & Sons, 877, 876,

717. 689.

Steinway Hall, 563, 876.
Steinway, Wm., 642, 689, 715,

876.
Stevens, F. W., 95, 666, 667, 721.
Stevens, John, 34, 73.
Stewart, A. T., 210, 281, 472,

5°5, 539. 658, 666, 713, 800,

816.
Stewart Building, 715, 130,

231,465.
Stewart, J. A., 650, 660, 706.
Stewart Mansion, 64.
Stewart's Store, 132.
Still Hunt, 150, 167, 64.
Stillman, James, 664, 674, 713,

718, 758.

Stillman, T. E., 692, 768.

Stock Exchange, 737, 739,
140, 141 , 735, 736, 56, 142, 643,
646, 648, 686, 699, 709, 704, 708,
716, 719, 732, 740, 741, 770, 772.

Stock Ticker, 737.

Stoddard, Dr. C. A., 338, 586.

Stoddart, Alexander, 602, 603.

Stokes, E. S., 204, 690.

Stone, Mason A., 596, 597.

Stonington Line, 94.

Storage Buildings, 756-760.

Storrs, Rev. R. S., 43, 172.

Stourbridge Lion, 98, 774.

Strangers, Church of, 352,

_ 334, 351.

Street-Cars, 52, 68, 122, 127.
Street Cleaning, 26, 49, 226, 227.
Street Department, 419.
Street - Improvements, 230.
Street-Lighting, 185.
Streets Sewers, Water, 49.
Strong, Wm. L., 520, 681, 682,

7J5-

Sturges, Frederick, 672, 722.

Sturges, Jonathan, 50^, 671.

Sturgis Surgical Pavilion, 421.

Stuyvesant, 18, 19, 20, 156.

Stuyvesant Ins. Co., 164, 613.

Stuyvesant, Peter, 17, 20, 144,
164, 197, 221, 241, 307, 319, 346,
354, 471, 472, 483, 504, 742-

Stuyvesant Square, 355, 253,

318, 319, 347, 156.
Subterranean Transit. 125.
Sub-Treasury, 43, 650, 713,

53, 64, 141, 142, 160, 613, 646,

649, 651, 698, 699, 700, 770.
Suburban Elevated Railway

Bridge, 179.
Sun, 581, 569, 570, 25, 130,

566, 568, 763.
Sun and Shade, 895, 896.
Sunday, 5th Avenue, 381.
Sunday-Schools, 303.
Superior Court, 49, 234, 238.
Suppression of Vice, 463.
Supreme Court, 49, 234, 235,

744, 748, 750.
Surety Company, 636.
Surrogate, 235.
Surveyor's Department, 735.
Suspension Bridge, 477.
Swamp Church, 347.
Swedenborgian Church, 352,

57, 352,
Swedes, 240, 348.
Swedish Church. 348.
Swedish Luth. Church, 353.
Swedish M. E. Church, 342.
Sweetser, Pembrook & Co., 815.
Swinburne Island, 71, 238, 420.
Swiss Benevolent Soc, 411.
Swiss Club, 519.
Switchboards, 196, 858.
Switch-Room, 194.
Symphony Soc, 286, 66, 288,

476, 548.
Syms Operating Theatre, 429.

Table d' Hote Dinners, 214.

Talmage's (Dan) Sons, 841.

Tammany Hall, 522, 561, 568.

Tammany Society, 521, 32.

Tank-Steamships, 72.

Tappen, K. D., 65?, 667, 712.

Tarrant & Co., 848.

Taverns, 197.

Tax Commissioners, 231.

Taxes and Assessments, 225.

Tax Rate, 49, 225.

Taylor, Najah, 721, 722.

Tea-Gardens, 198.

Telegraph, 38, 468.

Telegraphy School, 265.

Telephone, 194, 195, 196.

Telephone and Telegraph, 858.

Telephone Building, 193, 194.

Telephone Exchange, 192, 194.

Telephone Operating Room,
194.

Temple Beth-El, 366.

Temple Court, 781, 868, 581,
780, 56. 296, 534, 682, 784.

Temple Emanu-El, 366, 36=;, 64.

Temple Shearith Israel, 368.

Tenement-House Districts, 269.

Tenements, 220, 417, 419, 472.

Tennis, 526.

Terminal Warehouse Com-
pany, 759, 758.

Terrace, Central Park, 147.

Thalia Theatre, 560, 66, 198, 537.

Theatre Alley, 535, 682, 780.

Theatre Fires, 540.

Theatres, 533, 65.

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

927

Theatres, Construction of, 541.

Theological Libraries, 301.

Theology, 251.

Theosophical Society, 289.

Therapeutical Society, 451.

Thingvalla Line, 85.

Third-Avenue R. R., 123.

Third- Avenue Theatre, 567.

Thirty-Second Precinct Police
Station, 487.

Thomas, Chas. W., 553.

Thomas, Theodore, 286, 563.

Thompson Street, 343, 772.

Thorburn (J. M.) & Co., 809.

Thoroughfares and Adorn-
ments. — Streets, Avenues,
Boulevards, Alleys, Ways,
Parks, Squares. Drives,
Monuments, Statues, Foun-
tains, etc., 127-168.

Throat Hospital, 445.

Throgg's Neck, 53, 500.

Thurber, Horace K., 590.

Tiemann, D. P., 234, 670.

Tiffany, C. L., 64, 138, 505, 689,
717.

Tiffany Glass and Decorating
Co., 285, 308, 315, 347.

Tiffany, Louis C, 286.

Tigress and Young, 64, 167.

Tilden, S. J., 61, 156, 44.

Tile Club, 503.

Times, 581, 570, 573, 46, 47,
227» 572, 42, 64* x3°i 262.

Tingue, House & Co., 894, 893.

Title Insurance, 638, 642.

Tombs, 455, 453, 36, 52, 229,
236.

Tompkins, D. D., 658.

Tompkins, Eugene, 552, 559.

Tompkins Market, 749, 754,
496.

Tompkins-Market Armory, 492.

Tonnage, 53.

Torrey, Dr. John, 250, 651, 652.

Torrey Herbarium, 246.

Tow-Boats, 96.

Tower, Charles P., 3.

Townsend Cottage, 422.

Townsend's Civil War Record,
300.

Trade- Associations, 56.

Trade-Schools, 266, 408, 270.

Tradesmens Nat. Bank, 664.

Training Schools for Nurses,
60, 254, 423, 425, 432, 440, 449.

Tramp Steamships, 72.

Transatlantic Navigat'n, 36, 74.

Transfiguration Chapel, 324.

Transfiguration Church, 324.

Transportation and Transit.
— Railroads, Steam, Ele-
vated, Cable, Horse and
Electric — Stages, 97-126.

Transverse Roads, 146.

Treasure- Vault, 684.

Treasury Department, 650.

Trenholm, W. L., 636, 660, 717.

Tribune, 570, 581, 592, 572,
46, 64, 130, 138, 161, 566, 42,
578, 586i 59*i 77o.

Tribune Fresh-Air Fund, 391.

Trimble, Merritt, 721, 724.

Trinity Baptist Church, 345.

Trinity Cemetery, 476.

Trinity Chapel, 313, 312.

Trinity Churchyard, 467, 197,
466, 469.

Trinity Mission House, 385.

Trinity Church, 309, 380, 27,
645. M, 25, 26, 30, 36, 64, 65,
129, 142, 244, 287, 303, 305, 310,
312, 3*4, 3l6, 3J8, 320, 322, 449,
465, 466, 468, 621, 772, 850.

Troop A Armory, 528.

Truancy, 242.

Trust-Companies, 703, 56, 126.

Tryon Row, 569.

Tunnels, 779, 126.

Turnverein, 526, 268, 269.

Turtle Bay, 29.

Turtle Feasts, 198.

Tweed, W. M., 43, 52, 172, 208,
232, 236, 512.

Twelfth Regt., 494, 491, 492.

Twenty-Second Regt., 491, 492.

Twenty-Second Regt. Armo-
ry, 496, 497.

Twenty-Sixth Street, 690.

Typewriters, 896, 897, 192.

Underground Cables, 196.
Union Bank, 666.
Union Boat Club, 528.
Union Club, 504, 66, 136, 140,

5°3> 5°5. 507-
Union-College Alumni, 514.
Union Dime Savings Inst.,

729, 873,728, 140.
Union League Club, 504, 140,

66, 521, 503, 505, 64.
Union Market, 754.
Union Square, 39, 40, 132, 152,

161, 162, 167, 198, 2ii, 338, 418,

689, 787, 788.
Union-Square Fountain, 165.
Union-Square Theatre, 550,

558.
Union Theol. Seminary, 256,

61, 251, 248, 301, 333, 335.
Union Trust Co., 709, 129,

621, 706.
United Bank Bldg., 673, 684.
United Charities, 383.
United Presb. Church, 57.
United Relief Works, 264, 397.
United Service Club, 520.
U.-S. & Brazil Steamships, 93.
LT.-S. Army Building, 500.
United-States Bank, 566, 645.
U.-S. Barge Office, 69.
United-States Bonded Ware-
houses, 734.
United-States Book Co., 590,

132.
U.-S. District Court, 234.
U.-S. Life-Ins. Co., 621, 620.
United-States Mutual Acci-
dent Assoc, 641, 664.
U.-S. National Bank, 693, 691,

692, 697.
U.-S. Naval Hospital, 502.
U.-S. Navy Yard, 60.
U.-S. Trust Co., 707, 706, 650,

66o.
Universalism, 57, 351.
Universities, 241,243.
University Athletic Club, 525.

University Club, 509, 66, 506.
University College, 250.
University Medical College,

250, 251, 252.
University of New York, 249,

39, 61, 132, 153, 243, 244, 300,

302, 308, 325, 337, 351.
University Place, 211, 802.
Uni v ers i t y - Place Presb.

Church, 334.
University bettlement, 385.
Ursuline Academy, 260.

Value of Exports, 733.
Van-Cortlandt Park, 157, 65.
Van Cott, C, 240, 522.
Vanderbilt, C, 374. 34, 57, 164,

325, 351, 473, 379, 647-
Vanderbilt Clinic, 452, 248, 447.
Vanderbilt Family, 60, 65, 96,

126, 482, 488, C27.

Vanderbilt, F. W., 717.
Vanderbilt, G. W.. 248, 300.
Vanderbilt Houses, 135, 138.
Vanderbilt, W. H., 135, 248,

281, 438, 4 17
Van Ingen (E. H.) & Co., 833.
Van Twiller, Wouter, 14, 483.
Vauxhall Garden, 28, 30, 198.
Vermilye, W. G., 660, 666, 658.
Verplanck, G. C, 508, 656, 724.
Veteran Assoc, 807.
Veterinary Colleges, 254.
Vietor (F.) & Achelis, 823.
Vital Statistics, 616, 618.

Waldorf, 209, 39, 66, 139, 800.
Walker Street, 142.
Wallabout Bay, 502.
Wallace Henry E., 3.
Wallach's (H.) Sons, 827.
Wallack, Lester, 132, 53S, 550,

55i, 557, 534, £40, 55"» 560.
Walloons, 9.
Wall Street, 21, 27, 711, 771,

309, 141, 31, 33, 53, 56, 126,

!2Q, 310, 332, 487, 772, 10.
Wall-Street Church, 330.
Wall Street, Assay Office. 645.
Wall Street, from Custom

House, 646.
Wall Street in 1789, 21.
Wall Street in 1800, 25.
Wall Street in i860, 644.
Walton (D. S.)&Co.,846.
Warden's Residence, 457.
War Department, 314.
Ward Fleet, 91.
Ward, J. Q. A., 64, 160, 161,

162, 164, 165, 166, 168, 494, 649.
Ward s Island, 45, 60, 230, 390,

418, 422, 423.
Ward's Mexican Line, 90.
Warehouses, 756, 758.
Ware, Wm. R., 247, 626.
Warner, Col. Andrew, 724.
War of 1812, 37, 644, 662.
Watch House, 484.
Water-Color Society, 279.
Water- Front, 67.
Water Gate, 18.
Water-Mains, 49.
Water-Street Mission, 388.
Water-Supply, 52, 180.

02<

KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK.

Wat kins Automatic Fire-

A'.arm. -
Waverly Place. 158, zn.
Washington Arch, 159, 158,

14 1 1 - - -
Washing-ton Bridge, 173,782,

174, 176,52-

Washington Building. 767,

127, 766, 12

- ■
Washing-ton Building Views,

614. 639.
Washington, Fort. 31.
Washington, George, 43, 30,
:2, 07, 101. : -

--. 312, 534. _ : 19,

Washington Heights, 45, 52,
3, : .:.--: ■ - :- .

:--. _-:. : 7.
Washington - Heights Presb.

Church, 338, 58 .'.
Washington Life - Ins. Co.,

628,
Washington Market. 745 , 5
Washington Square 156,157,

'59. 249

140, 153. 158, : : '■:. 18c

217, 220, 34I. 344,

Washington Statues, 162, 166,

Washington Trust Co.. 715.

Water Wai -. — The Harbor
and Rivers — Piers and
Shipping — Fortiiica
and Quarantine — Ex
and Imports — Oceanic
Coastwise Lines, etc., 6

Weather Bureau. 766, 624.

Webb's Academy. 266.

Webb's Home. ._

Webster. Daniel. 117.

Webster Statue. 154, 165.

Weehawken. 103, 116, 178,467,
758. 856, 872.

W eeks. Lyman H., 3.

-- - :

Welles Building.
Wendell. Evert J.. 4 :. 5
Wesley. John.

West-End Ave. Church, 306.
West-End Avenue School, 272.
West-End Club.
West-End Presb. Church.
Western Electric Co., 859,

_
- rnland, 84, 83,

Western Union Tel. Co., 192,

3:. : :. . I :. 73S.
West Farms. 45. 123. 125, 157.
West 57th Street. 778.

George, 846.
West India Co., 10, 12. 17. 1 .

2C : 5, 221, : :.-.

minster Hotel. 210.
Westminster Presb. Church,

335-
W est Point. 101.

West Presb. Church, 334.

-2d- Street Branch. 37
West-Shore Railroad, 103, 52.
'.Vest-Shore Stores. 758.
".Vest-Side Dem. Club, 522.
West Street, no, 141.
West Washington Market,

755. 734-
W etherbee. G., 47S, 203. 204.
Wharves, t 8.

Wheelock, Wm. A.. 68i, 682.
Whipping-Post. 26.
Whitehall. 128, . 123.

V.'hite Sqna r :.. 501.
White. Stanford, 64. 158.
White Star Lir.:.
White Train, 119, is
Whitney, W. C. 374, 476, 717.

B ESTABLISHME

— Some Gigantic Firms and
Corpora.: se Yearly

Transactions Involve Mil-
lions of Dollars ar.d Extend
Over the Earth

14 t, 700, 868.
Willard Parker h. . spital. 41 .
Willard Tract Repository, 373.
Willett's Point, 70, 53, 68, 500.
-.msbridgf- i 4.

msburg City Fire-Ins.
Co., 607, 6c6, 129.
Williams, G. G., 621, 635, 665,

}
William btreet, 55, 63, 33, 114.

L
Winds »r Hotel, 203, 66, 139.
Windsor Theatre. «
Windward Islands.
Winston. F. S., 618/
Wolcott. Oliver, 65S. 662.
Wolfe, Miss C. L.. 27 I . - 1 >, 370.
Woman's Art-School. 2^3, 265.

an's Hospital, 438, _
Women's Legal Education
Society, 251.

Women's Medical College, 253.
Women's Press Club, 530.
Women's Prison Assoc. 401.
Women's Union Missionary

Soc: .-■
Wood, Edw., 710, 723.
Wood, Fernando, 14
Woodlawn Cemeter 474.
, .473. 475 "

W oodward, James T. ,545, 74
ster, Gen., 2q
-House, 458, 46;

60.
Working Girls' Vacation, 400.
Workingman's School, z6g.
'■'■' r dng Women's Pro:^

Union. 4 :

■ 575- 570, 5*". SJA -

I3C. - : " .

I Building. Views from.
46, 47, 50, 51, 54, 55, 58,
59, 62, 63- --•

Worthington Pumps. 855.

. 24, 745 -- -
79*i 854, 855.

Worth Monument. 168, 685,

690, 152. 162, 506.

damans 6c Eenedict,

897, 898,
Xavier Club, 516, 516.
Yacht:: g
Yale Alumni. 3:5.
Yale University. :._l. 3:5.

He Dispensary.
Yorkville Medical Assoc 451.

Y. M. C. A.. 376, 377. 37^ 57,

j, 503, 524.
Y. M. C. A.

Y. M. C. A. Library

Young Men's Hebrew Assoc.

}
Young Men's Institute 377,

378, 3"

Young W omen s Christian As-
sociation, 379.

Young Women's Hebrew As-
sociation, 313.

Young Women's Home, 400,
411.

Zenger. J. P . 2-. 565.

Zeta Psi Club, 515.

Zion and St. Timothy, 321,
326.

Zion Church, 308.

}\ >

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